El Transporte Internacional de Carga

 

CJ PVDOQ]KVPC GOPCVODAGKODJ @C ADVID.

Cj trdospkrtc cs cj akepkocotc `c jd ad`cod jkiåstgad quc scrvgrä pdrd bdacr jjcidr jd dsgstcoagd dj sgtgk `ko`c cs rcqucrg`d. Dj `clgogr jd cstrdtcigd `c trdospkrtc ok skjk sc `cfco tkedr co aucotd jks ec`gks y rcaursks ocacsdrgks pdrd jd ekvgjgzdagño, sgok quc sc `cfc `ctcregodr auäjcs sko jds pksgfgjg`d`cs rcdjcs y auäjcs jds djtcrodtgvds pdrd jd cotrcid `c jd dsgstcoagd. Cstk qugcrc `cagr, d`ceäs, quc ok sc trdtd skjdecotc `c jjcvdr jks suegogstrks `c audjqugcr edocrd y audo`k scd, sgok quc cj rctk akosgstc co bdacrjks jjcidr `c edocrd prkotd edocrd  prkotd y sciurd.  D`ceäs, co cstc cstc adpåtujk sc goajuyc goajuyc ok skjk jd jd ekvgjgzdagño `c jks suegogstrks suegogstrks `cotrk `cj pdås k jd zkod `c kpcrdagkocs, sgok tdefgço jd jjcid`d `c fgcocs `cs`c cj cxtcrgkr, yd scdo covgd`ks pkr jd akeuog`d` gotcrodagkodj k d`qugrg`ks pkr jds egseds kridogzdagkocs pdrd sus tdrcds `c dtcoagño `c jd cecricoagd. W co euabds kadsgkocs, cstks ekvgegcotks gepjgado gepjgado jd akefgodagño `c ec`gks `gvcrsks `c trdospkrtc, yd scdo dçrcks, tcrrcstrcs k `c våds odvcidfjcs.

Pgpks `c trdospkrtc y adrdatcråstgads Jds `gvcrsds våds y ec`gks `c trdospkrtc tgcoco adrdatcråstga adrdatcråstgads ds y rcqucrgegcotks `glcrcotcs quc rcljchdo vcotdhds y `csvcotdhds `c daucr`k d jd sgtudagño pdrtgaujdr `c jd kpcrdagño y quc vdo `cs`c sus akstks bdstd sus adpdag`d`cs. ]crk pdrd jd `cagsgño `cj tgpk `c trdospkrtc d utgjgzdr, gotcrvgcoco d`ceäs ktrds vdrgdfjcs rcjdagkod`ds ako jds ocacsg`d`cs g`cotglgad`ds y jds pksgfgjg`d`cs akoarctds y daacsgfjcs. Qc puc`co ecoagkodr8 • Jds ocacsg`d`cs8 jd uricoagd `c jd cotrcid> cj tgpk y adrdatcråstga adrdatcråstgads ds `c jks suegogstrks quc sc vdo d trdospkrtdr, jd adotg`d`, cj tdedôk y `cstgok `c jd adrid, `gstdoagds d rcakrrcr, cta. • Jds pksgfgjg`d`cs8 trdospkrtc `gspkogfjc> akstks y rcaursks `gspkogfjcs> ako`gagkocs `c daacsk dj `cstgok (cstd`k `c jd rutd, ako`gagkocs `cj tgcepk, cta.) Ok sgceprc sc tco`rä jks rcaursks ocacsdrgks pdrd pdidr cj trdospkrtc g`cdj k, `gabk `c ktrd edocrd, cj trdospkrtc g`cdj ok sgceprc cstdrä `gspkogfjc k fgco jds ako`gagkocs `c daacsk d jd zkod ok pcregtgräo cj usk `c uo `ctcregod`k tgpk `c trdospkrtc duoquc sc aucotc ako çj. ]kr csd rdzño, cj rctk akosgstc ok skjdecotc co `ctcregodr jds ocacsg`d`cs, sgok tdefgço jds pksgfgjg`d`cs rcdjcs y jds djtcrodtgvds. ]kr ad`d ec`gk `c trdospkrtc pjdoglgad`k `cfcrä bdfcr uo pjdo djtcrodtgvk pdrd cj adsk co quc jds agrauostdoagds gepksgfgjgtco su usk. Prdospkrtc akecragdj vcrsus trdospkrtc ok akecragdj

Cj trdospkrtc ok akecragdj k irdtugtk, klrcag`k d vcacs pkr ktrds kridogzdagkocs k pkr vkjuotdrgks, djgvgd idstks `c kpcrdagño, pcrk pkr jk icocrdj jks `ucôks `cj trdospkrtc ok dsueco rcspkosdfgjg`d`cs pkr jdjks sciurg`d` `c jd ecrad`cråd. Cs gepkrtdotc dprkvcabdr cstks scrvgagks, y eäs døo, ako lrcaucoagd sko jks øogaks `gspkogfjcs. ]crk co cstks adsks bdfrä quc cxtrcedr jds ec`g`ds `c sciurg`d` pdrd prktcicr jd adrid.  Duoquc djiuods vcacs sc puc`c ocikagdr djiøo trdtdegcotk prclcrcoagdj prclcrcoagdj pdrd jks suegogstrks suegogstrks buedogtdrgks, cj trdospkrtc akecragdj cs uo ocikagk akek audjqugcr ktrk. Dj akotrdtdr sc `cfc tcocr co aucotd ok skjk cj prcagk, sgok jd akolgdfgjg`d` y adjg`d` `c jd ceprcsd (rdpg`cz, sciurg`d`, scrgc`d`, cta.) y pkr trdtdrsc `c uo akotrdtk `c scrvgagks pkr cj audj bdfrä quc pdidr, sc puc`c cxgigr cj adfdj auepjgegcotk `c jk pdatd`k.

Aäjaujk `c trdospkrtc rcqucrg`k ]drd `ctcregodr cj tgpk y jd adotg`d` `c trdospkrtc quc sc ocacsgtd bdy quc tcocr co aucotd djiuoks dspcatks akek8 • Odturdjczd `c jks suegogstrks quc sc vdo d trdospkrtdr>

 

• Adotg`d` `c jd adrid quc sc vd d trdospkrtdr> • @cstgok `c jd adrid8 `gstdoagd, lkred `c daacsk dj sgtgk `c cotrcid (dgrc, diud, tgcrrd), ako`gagkocs `c jds våds `c daacsk> • Sricoagd `c jd cotrcid.

Akotrkj `c vcbåaujks Audo`k jds agrauostdoagds jk pcregtdo, sgceprc cs echkr akotrdtdr uod akepdôåd co juidr `c tcocr quc edochdr uod ljktgjjd `c vcbåaujks, jk audj cs suedecotc `cjgad`k y akepjgad`k. ]crk jd rcdjg`d` `c jds cecricoagds cs quc jks vcbåaujks pucstks d jd `gspksgagño `c jds kpcrdagkocs sko `c `gvcrsks tgpks y `c prkac`coagds `glcrcotcs> uoks scräo `c `gcscj, ktrks `c idskjgod> uoks co fucods ako`gagkocs, ktrks quc do`do edj> djiuoks vco`räo ako su prkpgk ako`uatkr dsgiod`k, ktrks rcqucrgräo jd dsgiodagño `c uo ako`uatkr, cta. Jk eäs gepkrtdotc co tk`k adsk, cs idrdotgzdr jds fucods ako`gagkocs ecaäogads y cstdfjcacr ec`g`ds `c edotcogegcotk y akotrkj pdrd bdacr uo usk ñptgek `c cstc rcaursk. Cj edochk `c uod ljktgjjd `c vcbåaujks cs präatgadecotc uod kpcrdagño jkiåstgad co så egsed, `cfg`k d jd adotg`d` `c datgvg`d`cs quc icocrdrä. Djiuoks `c jks prkac`gegcotks quc sc `cfco dpjgadr sc ecoagkodo d akotgoudagño8 • @csgiodr uod pcrskod quc sc kaupc cspcaålgadecotc `c `dr sciugegcotk d tk`k jk rcjdagkod`k ako jks vcbåaujks. Cstc scrä cj supcrvgskr `c jks ako`uatkrcs y cotrc ktrds aksds, su `cfcr cs vcjdr pkr jd dpjgadagño `c jds okreds cstdfjcag`ds pdrd cj usk y edotcogegcotk d`caud`k `c jd ljktd. • Cstdfjcacr cj usk `c lkreujdrgks pdrd cj rcigstrk `c jks akotrkjcs, g`cdjecotc fdhk jd lkred `c uo "aud`crok `c vg`d" `c ad`d vcbåaujk co `ko`c sc doktdräo tk`ks jks `dtks rcjcvdotcs skfrc cj dutkektkr, sus ako`gagkocs y datgvg`d`cs, tdjcs akek rcspkosdfjc `cj vcbåaujk, akotrkj `c scrvgagks ecaäogaks, ngjkectrdhcs, ngjkectrdhcs, akosuek `c akefustgfjcs, gtgocrdrgks, cta. • ]kjåtgad `c "uo vcbåaujk, uo abklcr" pdrd dsgiodr rcspkosdfgjg`d`cs `c edotcogegcotk y akotrkj `c ad`d vcbåaujk d uod skjd pcrskod. Cj `ctcrgkrk `c jks vcbåaujks sucjc scr edykr audo`k cs utgjgzd`k pkr vdrgds pcrskods y co cstds agrauostdoagds cs eäs `glåagj cstdfjcacr rcspkosdfgjg`d`cs skfrc su usk y edotcogegcotk. • Jks ako`uatkrcs rcagfgräo gostruaagkocs prcagsds skfrc cj usk `cj "aud`crok `c vg`d" `cj vcbåaujk, skfrc jds rcvgsgkocs `gdrgds y pcrgñ`gads y jds datgvg`d`cs `c edotcogegcotk quc cstks rcqugcrco, dså akek skfrc sus `cfcrcs, rcspkosdfgjg`d`cs y okreds `c ako`uatd. • Jks ako`uatkrcs `cfcräo bdacr cj akotrkj `gdrgk `c sus vcbåaujks y dotcs `c gogagdr jd rutd, cspcagdjecotc audo`k sc trdtd `c irdo`cs `cspjdzdegcotks. Audjqugcr prkfjced rcjdagkod`k ako cj vcbåaujk d adrik, yd scd ecaäogak k `c audjqugcr tgpk, `cfc scr akeuogad`k dj supcrvgskr goec`gdtdecotc. • Pdotk jks vcbåaujks akek sus ako`uatkrcs `cfco tcocr sus `kauecotks co kr`co y d fkr`k, dså akek sus sciurks y pcregsks dj `åd. Jks sgiugcotcs sko djiuoks chcepjks `c dspcatks quc sc `cfco akotrkjdr co ad`d vcbåaujk8 4. Akotrkj `gdrgk `c cstd`k y ogvcjcs • Ogvcj `c akefustgfjc • Jåqug`k `cj sgstced bg`räujgak • Ogvcj `c dacgtc • ]rcsgño `c jds jjdotds (goajuyco`k jjdotd `c rcpucstk) • Diud `cj rd`gd`kr  • Diud `c jds fdtcråds (sg akrrcspko`c)

 

• Cstd`k icocrdj `c juacs • Jåqug`k jgepgdpdrdfrgsds • Pcosgño `c akrrcd `cj dfdogak • Jåqug`k `c lrcoks • Bcrrdegcotds fäsgads `cj vcbåaujk Akefustgfjc y jufrgadotcs Cj akefustgfjc cs uo fgco euy ak`gagd`k co tk`k tgcepk y euy cspcagdjecotc co tgcepks `c csadscz akek jk sko jds cecricoagds. ]drd dfdstcacr ako akefustgfjc y jufrgadotcs d jks vcbåaujks dj scrvgagk `c jds kpcrdagkocs, sc `cfc cstdfjcacr `cs`c cj prgoagpgk uo akotrkj ectgaujksk `cj akosuek `c daucr`k d jks rcakrrg`ks quc rcdjgzdo. Co djiuods kadsgkocs, cs pksgfjc kftcocr arç`gtk co uod cstdagño `c scrvgagk pdrd cj `cspdabk `c akefustgfjc, y jks vcbåaujks sko dfdstcag`ks ec`gdotc jd prcscotdagño `c aupkocs dutkrgzd`ks. Cstd cs uod skjuagño euy akovcogcotc y quc cvgtd jd akepjgadagño `c tcocr quc djedacodr y `cspdabdr akefustgfjc. Qgo cefdrik, rcqugcrc giudjecotc uo akotrkj cstrgatk pdrd cvgtdr jks dfusks y `csvåks. ]kr chcepjk8 • Cj `cspdabk sc puc`c bdacr akotrd aupkocs u ñr`cocs `c akeprd, jks auäjcs scräo väjg`ks øogadecotc ec`gdotc jd lgred `c jd pcrskod dutkrgzd`d y cj scjjk `c jd kridogzdagño. @cfcrä bdfcr uo daucr`k dotcrgkr ako jd cstdagño `c scrvgagk skfrc jds adrdatcråstga adrdatcråstgads ds `cj `kauecotk väjg`k pdrd cj rctgrk `c akefustgfjc u ktrks edtcrgdjcs dutkrgzd`ks. Cstc scrä giudjecotc øtgj co cj ekecotk `c pdidr d jd ceprcsd dfdstcac`krd, yd quc sc pdidrä øogadecotc jk akosueg`k ec`gdotc jks aupkocs klgagdjcs. • Cj akosuek `c jks vcbåaujks sc doktd co su "aud`crok `c vg`d", go`gado`k jd lcabd y cj ngjkectrdhc `c ad`d rcdfdstcagegcotk. • Cstc akotrkj `cfc scr rcvgsd`k pcrgñ`gadecotc pkr cj rcspkosdfjc `c jd ljktgjjd y vcrglgadr audjqugcr dokredjg`d` co jks akosueks, jds audjcs puc`co scr go`gagk `c prkfjceds ecaäogaks k `c edochk god`caud`k `c jks dfdstcagegcotk dfdstcagegcotks. s.

Cj trdospkrtc `c jks suegogstrks Jd adrid `cfc scr prktcig`d akotrd jks `dôks `urdotc cj `cspjdzdegcotk, akotrd jds goajcecoagds `cj tgcepk, jks rkfks, cta. Jd dpjgadagño rciujdr y cstdo`drgzd`d `c djiuods ec`g`ds fäsgads puc`c ldagjgtdr cj drrgfk sciurk `c jks suegogstrks d su `cstgok8 • Jks vcbåaujks ok `cfco scr adrid`ks ako pcsks edykrcs d su adpdag`d` `c adrid. Eäs døo, co agrauostdoagds co quc jd rutd quc sc vd d trdosgtdr cstç suedecotc `ctcrgkrd`d, quc scd grrciujdr k pcjgirksd, cs prclcrgfjc dpjgadr cj akoacptk `c adrid sciurd, sciurd, cs `cagr, quc jks vcbåaujks ok jjcvdräo jd adpdag`d` eäxged `c adrid, pdrd pcregtgrjcs edykr edogkfrdfgjg`d` co ako`gagkocs `c tcrrcok `glåagjcs. • Co uo vcbåaujk dfgcrtk jd adrid `cfc scr aufgcrtd ako tkj`k k pjästgak, pdrd prktcicrjd `c jd jjuvgd y cj pkjvk, pcrk tdefgço pdrd edotcocr agcrtd `gsarcagño rcspcatk dj edtcrgdj quc sc trdospkrtd. • Jd adrid `cfc scr goekvgjgzd`d ako aucr`ds pdrd cvgtdr quc sc `cspjdac, jk audj puc`c `dôdr jks fujtks y cepdqucs k `cscstdfgjgzdr cj vcbåaujk. • Audo`k sc trdospkrtc co vcbåaujks tcrrcstrcs djiuod adrid quc skfrcpdsc jds `gecosgkocs jdtcrdjcs `cj vcbåaujk (p.ch. vdrgjjds `c akostruaagño, ed`crd, tufks, cta.), jks sciecotks quc skfrcsdjco `cfco scr scôdjgzd`ks ec`gdotc cj usk `c pdôucjks `c akjkr rkhk k djiøo tkok jjdedtgvk pdrd quc puc`do scr vgstks y `gecosgkod`ks pkr ktrks ako`uatkrcs y quc cstks tkeco jd `gstdoagd pru`cotc. • G`cdjecotc jks vcbåaujks vgdhdräo ako uo scjjk co sus pucrtds y quc ok `cfc scr rktk sgok pkr cj `cstgodtdrgk `c jd adrid> sgo cefdrik, cs lrcaucotc quc jks vcbåaujks ok tcoido pucrtd, pkr jk audj sc `cfcrä dakr`dr ako

 

jks ako`uatkrcs, dotcs `c jd pdrtg`d, jds ec`g`ds `c prktcaagño y su rcspkosdfgjg`d` rcspcatk d jd sciurg`d` `c jks suegogstrks trdospkrtd`ks. Giudjecotc pdrd audo`k jks vcbåaujks `cfdo pcrokatdr ako jd adrid d fkr`k. • @cfc tcocrsc co aucotd cj usk `c cqugpk d`caud`k (rclrgicrdagño, bcjd`crds, cta.) audo`k sc cstäo trdospkrtdo`k suegogstrks quc rcqugcrdo ad`cod `c lråk.

Prdospkrtc `c edtcrgdjcs pcjgirksks11 11

 \cr adpåtujk 3, scaagño "Edtcrgdjcs pcjgirksks". ]drd trdospkrtdr edtcrgdjcs pcjgirksks cs `c sued gepkrtdoagd dpjgadr ako tk`d rcspkosdfgjg`d` jks prkac`gegcotks rcakeco`d`ks pkr jds iuåds `c EDP]CJ (Edtcrgdjcs ]cjgirksks) sciøo cj tgpk `c prk`uatk.  D`gagkodjecotc, bdy quc tcocr co aucotd aucotd djiuods ec`g`ds fäsgads fäsgads pdrd sdjvdiudr`dr sdjvdiudr`dr jd sciurg`d` `c jds pcrskods8 • @cfco scr trdospkrtd`ks scpdrd`decotc `c jks prk`uatks `c akosuek buedok. • Jks rcagpgcotcs k fujtks quc akotgcoco cstc tgpk `c prk`uatks `cfco scr g`cotglgad`ks ako jd ctgquctd rcspcatgvd, `c daucr`k d jd okredtgvd gotcrodagkodj `c trdospkrtc `c edtcrgdjcs pcjgirksks (vcr docxk 3.4 co cj adpåtujk 3) y cj ako`uatkr `cfc tcocr jks akokagegcotks ocacsdrgks skfrc quç bdacr co adsk `c daag`cotc k `crrdec `c jks prk`uatks quc trdospkrtd. • Co tk`k adsk, audo`k vdydo d scr trdospkrtd`ks pkr akepdôåds akecragdjcs, jks edtcrgdjcs  pcjgirksks `cfco scr `cajdrd`ks pdrd quc jd ceprcsd sgid cj prkac`gegcotk quc akrrcspko`c (vcr docxk 9.1 co cj adpåtujk 9). • Qc `cfc vcrglgadr jd akepdtgfgjg`d` cotrc jks prk`uatks quåegaks u ktrks quc sc trdospkrtco huotks, pdrd cvgtdr cj pcjgirk `c uod rcdaagño `urdotc cj vgdhc. • Akek okred `c sciurg`d`, cj akefustgfjc (cspcagdjecotc jd idskjgod, ncrksço y ktrks `c läagj akefustgño) `cfc scr trdospkrtd`k co rcagpgcotcs ok ectäjgaks. Qg ok bufgcrd ktrd kpagño, cstks `cfco scr dgsjd`ks `cj pgsk, pdrc`cs ectäjgads y cotrc så pdrd cvgtdr jd lrgaagño quc pu`gcrd prkvkadr jd akefustgño. • Jks rcagpgcotcs quc akotgcoco cstc tgpk `c edtcrgdjcs `cfco scr ectgaujksdecot ectgaujksdecotc c rcvgsd`ks pdrd jkadjgzdr y cvgtdr audjqugcr luid k `crrdec. • D ecou`k jks trdospkrtcs dçrcks ok pcregtco adrid `c akefustgfjc co ogoiøo tgpk `c covdsc y tgcoco uod scrgc `c rcstrgaagkocs pdrd cj trdospkrtc `c prk`uatks quåegaks. • Jks trdospkrtcs dçrcks dacptdo jjcvdr cqugpks akek icocrd`krcs cjçatrgaks, fkefds pdrd diud, ektkrcs lucrd `c fkr`d, cta., skjdecotc sg sko oucvks, `cfg`k d quc jks rcsg`uks co jks `cpñsgtks `c akefustgfjc `c jks ektkrcs usd`ks puc`co icocrdr rgcsiks `urdotc cj vucjk. Cvcotudjecotc trdospkrtdo cqugpk usd`k sgceprc y audo`k sus `cpñsgtks bdydo sg`k vdagd`ks y jdvd`ks.

akovkycs k adrdvdods Qc `cokegod akovky k adrdvdod d uo irupk `c vcbåaujks quc vgdhdo huotks bdagd uo egsek `cstgok. Duoquc cs prclcrgfjc cvgtdr jks akovkycs co jd ec`g`d `c jk pksgfjc, yd quc jks vcbåaujks go`gvg`udjecotc sc `cspjdzdo eäs räpg`k y jd kridogzdagño `c uod adrdvdod akojjcvd euabd prcpdrdagño y akepjgadagkocs `c tgpk jkiåstgak, pkr jk icocrdj cstc prkac`gegcotk sc utgjgzd pdrd trdospkrtdr jd dsgstcoagd bdagd uod zkod `c cecricoagd, skfrc tk`k pdrd jdrids `gstdoagds k audo`k pkr rdzkocs `c sciurg`d` cs ocacsdrgk quc jks vcbåaujks sc `cspjdaco co irupks.  Djiuods vcacs vdrgds kridogzdagkocs kridogzdagkocs `cag`co akkr`godr cslucrzks cslucrzks y ako`uagr ako`uagr `c edocrd akohuotd akohuotd su dsgstcoagd d jd zkod `c kpcrdagkocs ec`gdotc uod adrdvdod.

 

Ec`g`ds fäsgads `c sciurg`d`10 10

 Qkfrc dspcatks `c sciurg`d` pdrd jds egsgkocs co ärcds `c akoljgatk sc rcakegco`d jd rcvgsgño `c Qtdygoi  Djgvc. @dvg` Jjky` Vkfcrts. Gotcrodtgkodj Akeegttcc kl tbc Vc` Arkss (GAVA). Igocfrd, 4777. Jds kpcrdagkocs `c cecricoagd sc adrdatcrgzdo pkr rcdjgzdrsc co akotcxtks co quc jds ako`gagkocs akosg`crd`ds "okredjcs" bdo sg`k gotcrruepg`ds k trdoslkred`ds. @c csd edocrd, jds rutds puc`co cstdr `cstrug`ds k co euy edjds ako`gagkocs, puc`c bdfcr irupks dred`ks co akolrkotdagño, jd sgtudagño skagdj k pkjåtgad puc`c scr uo cjcecotk `c rgcsik, cta., y cstds sgtudagkocs kfjgido d rc`kfjdr jds ec`g`ds `c sciurg`d` y `c prktcaagño, quc yd `c pkr så sc `cfcrådo dpjgadr co tgcepks okredjcs.  D`ceäs, `d`k jk akepjchk `c uod kpcrdagño kpcrdagño `c cstc tgpk, cs ocacsdrgk kfscrvdr kfscrvdr ako euabd rcspkosdfgjg`d` rcspkosdfgjg`d` djiuods ec`g`ds fäsgads pdrd ldagjgtdr cj drrgfk sciurk `c jd dsgstcoagd. Qc `cfc scôdjdr, dsgegsek, quc cstds `cfco dpjgadrsc tdotk pdrd jks akovkycs akek pdrd jks vcbåaujks quc vgdhdo go`gvg`udjecotc. • Jks vcbåaujks utgjgzd`ks co jd kpcrdagño `c trdospkrtc `cfco cstdr co ñptgeds ako`gagkocs ecaäogads y `c edotcogegcotk, y `cfco scr rcvgsd`ks dotcs `c gogagdr jd rutd. • @cs`c cj puotk `c vgstd `c jd sciurg`d`, cs echkr vgdhdr `c `åd. • Jds adrdvdods `cfco vgdhdr fdhk jd rcspkosdfgjg`d` `c uod pcrskod adpdz `c edotcocr jd `gsagpjgod y tkedr `cagsgkocs co adsk `c prkfjceds (`cspcrlcatks, daag`cotcs, goag`cotcs `c sciurg`d`, cta.). Cstd pcrskod `cfc scr g`cotglgad`d pkr tk`ks jks gotcirdotcs dotcs `c jd pdrtg`d `cj akovky. Audo`k jd adrdvdod cstä lkred`d pkr vdrgds kridogzdagkocs vgdhdo`k huotds, cstds `cfco akkr`godr ako dotcjdagño tk`ks jks dspcatks rcjdagkod`ks ako jd dutkrg`d` y jd tked `c `cagsgkocs co cj trdycatk. • Jds akosgiods `c sciurg`d`, cstdfjcag`ds ako dotcrgkrg`d`, `cfco scr akokag`ds y rcspctd`ds pkr tk`ds jds pcrskods quc gotcrvgcoco co jd kpcrdagño, pdrd prktcicr dj pcrskodj y d jks suegogstrks. ]kr chcepjk8 • okreds `c akepkrtdegcotk `cj pcrskodj • vcjkag`d`cs eäxgeds `c `cspjdzdegcotk • aug`d`ks y sciurg`d` `c jks suegogstrks • bkrds `c rutd y tgcepks `c `csadosk • rcjdagño ako jds dutkrg`d`cs co jd rutd • Csakjtd egjgtdr8 pdrd `cag`gr su usk, sc `cfc tcocr co aucotd jd agrauostdoagd pdrtgaujdr, yd quc pkr chcepjk, co sgtudagkocs `c akolrkotdagño fçjgad, bdacrsc csakjtdr pkr uok `c jks irupks fcjgicrdotcs (goajuyco`k cj chçragtk `cj pdås), pk`råd icocrdr `u`ds co jks ktrks irupks akotco`gcotcs, k fäsgadecotc akovcrtgr cj akovky co kfhctgvk egjgtdr. • G`cotglgadagño `c jks vcbåaujks8 giudjecotc `cfc scr `cag`g`k `c daucr`k d jd sgtudagño, yd quc co djiuods agrauostdoagds (dsdjtks, sdqucks, akolg`coagdjg`d`) akolg`coagdjg`d`) cstk pk`råd ok scr rcakeco`dfjc. • Akeuogadagño8 jks vcbåaujks `cfco tcocr uo ec`gk `c akeuogadagño quc jcs pcregtd cstdfjcacr akotdatk cotrc så y ako jks puotks `c pdrtg`d y `c jjcid`d. • @kauecotks `c vgdhc8 jks kaupdotcs, jks vcbåaujks y jd adrid, `cfco tcocr tk`ks sus pdpcjcs co rcijd y vgdhdr ako cjjks. Jks ako`uatkrcs `cfco tcocr akpgd `cj edoglgcstk `c adrid y uod dutkrgzdagño klgagdj `c jd kridogzdagño pdrd trdospkrtdr `gabks fgcocs, quc puc`do ekstrdr d jds dutkrg`d`cs co adsk `c scr rcqucrg`k co jd rutd. • Aruac `c lrkotcrds8 `d`ds jds agrauostdoagds co quc `cfdo aruzdr lrkotcrds ako suegogstrks, sc `cfc bdacr drrcijks prcvgks ako jds dutkrg`d`cs `c jks pdåscs quc sc trdosgtdräo pdrd ldagjgtdr cj pdsk `c lrkotcrds. \crglgadr quc jks abñlcrcs k cj pcrskodj quc dakepdôd jd adrid ok tcoido goakepdtgfgjg`d`cs pdrd vgdhdr dj ktrk pdås (akoljgatk gotcrodagkodj, tcosgkocs, cocegstd`cs). • Audo`k jd rutd gepjgad cj pdsk pkr ärcds `c träosgtk rcstrgoig`k, sc `cfc akkr`godr dotcrgkrecotc ako jds dutkrg`d`cs d adrik `c jd zkod co aucstgño.

 

• Cvdaudagño k trdospkrtc `c pcrskods8 audo`k sc trdtc `c jd ekvgjgzdagño `c pcrskods, cs gepkrtdotc quc cj akovky cstç dakepdôd`k `c uod csakjtd eç`gad ako cj cqugpk fäsgak ocacsdrgk pdrd dtco`cr ocacsg`d`cs `c sdju`. Giudjecotc, sc `cfc jjcvdr diud, djgecotdagño y ktrks suegogstrks fäsgaks pdrd su fgcocstdr y prktcaagño `urdotc cj trdycatk quc sc `cfd rcakrrcr y prcvgco`k pksgfjcs rctrdsks co jd rutd. • Co tk`ks jks adsks, cj pcrskodj `c jds kpcrdagkocs `c trdospkrtc sgceprc `cfc jjcvdr akosgik bcrrdegcotds fäsgads pdrd colrcotdr sgtudagkocs co jd rutd (ecaäogads, ako`gagkocs `cj adegok, cta.), y suegogstrks pcrskodjcs `c "skfrcvgvcoagd", tdjcs akek gepjcecotks `c prgecrks duxgjgks, diud, lrdzd`ds, djgecotks, cta. • Qg jd adrdvdod goajuyc vcbåaujks quc trdospkrtco edtcrgdjcs pcjgirksks, tdjcs akek akefustgfjc, cstks `cfcräo ufgadrsc dj lgodj `cj akovky. • Pdotk co jd vdoiudr`gd akek co jd rctdiudr`gd sc `cfcrä ufgadr dj ecoks uo vcbåaujk pcqucôk quc puc`d ekvgjgzdrsc läagjecotc cotrc jds jåocds `cj akovky. Cstks dyu`dräo giudjecotc d edotcocr jd uog`d`, cj akotrkj y cj rgtek `c jd adrdvdod. • Qcråd euy gepkrtdotc goajugr co jd adrdvdod d pcrskodj `c dpkyk akek eç`gaks y ecaäogaks. Qcjcaagño `c jds rutds • Jd scjcaagño `c jds rutds `cpco`c `cj trdospkrtc ako quc sc aucotc, jd uricoagd `c jd cotrcid, cj gtgocrdrgk `c cotrcids (p.ch. sg bdy quc bdacr cotrcids co puotks gotcrec`gks), cta. • Akek prgoagpgk icocrdj sc `cfc csakicr jd rutd eäs sciurd duoquc djiuods vcacs cstd ok scd jd eäs akrtd. Co cstd `cagsgño gotcrvgcoco uod adotg`d` `c vdrgdfjcs quc bdfrä quc `cspchdr sciøo ad`d sgtudagño pdrtgaujdr co su ekecotk y akotcxtk. • Qc `cfc g`cotglgadr prcvgdecotc puotks `c dsgstcoagd d jk jdrik `c jd rutd scjcaagkod`d (akefustgfjc, (akefustgfjc, akeg`d, scrvgagk ecaäogak, dtcoagño eç`gad). • Dsgegsek, sc `cfco g`cotglgadr scatkrcs aråtgaks co tçregoks `c sciurg`d`> pkr chcepjk, trdycatks co edjds ako`gagkocs, `crruefcs, zkods `c dsdjtks, cta. • Audjqugcr adefgk k `csvåk `c jd rutd `gspucstd, dså akek djiuod sgtudagño cspcagdj quc sc prcscotc co cj adegok, `cfc scr akeuogad`k `c goec`gdtk d jd fdsc eäs acradod, yd scd cj puotk `c pdrtg`d k `c jjcid`d.

Edochk `c kpcrdagkocs dçrcds Cstc dpdrtd`k sc rclgcrc tdotk d jks adsks co quc sc djqugjco dcrkodvcs pdrd cj scrvgagk `c jds kpcrdagkocs `c dsgstcoagd, akek d jds sgtudagkocs sgtudagkocs co quc, `cfg`k d jd adotg`d` `c dsgstcoagd quc jjcid pkr våd dçrcd, cs ocacsdrgk cstdfjcacr uo pjdo pdrd jd akkr`godagño `c jks dspcatks rcjdagkod`ks ako jd jjcid`d `c jds dcrkodvcs y jd rcacpagño y `cscefdrquc `c jks suegogstrks. Cstds tdrcds rcqugcrco `c euabd prcpdrdagño y `c`gadagño, pkr jk audj sc `cfcrä dsgiodr d uod pcrskod cspcaålgadecotc cspcaålgadecot c pdrd cstc trdfdhk, g`cdjecotc djiugco ako cxpcrgcoagd.  Dj djqugjdr uod dcrkodvc dcrkodvc pdrd uo scrvgagk pdrtgaujdr, pdrtgaujdr, jds rutds y jks bkrdrgks sko `glcrcotcs `c jks jks vucjks akecragdjcs rciujdrcs y co icocrdj jds kpcrdagkocs `c vucjk sko `clgog`ds pkr cj ajgcotc co akkr`godagño ako jd ceprcsd dçrcd. Giudjecotc sucjc suac`cr quc sc aucotc ako dcrkodvcs, pkr jk icocrdj egjgtdrcs, quc akjdfkrdo ako jds datgvg`d`cs `c dfdstcagegcotk y ekvgjgzdagño `c rcaursks bdagd jd zkod `c `csdstrc. Audjqugcrd quc scd cj adsk, djiuods ec`g`ds fäsgads `cfco scr pucstds co edrabd pdrd kptgegzdr cj usk `cj rcaursk dçrck8

 

• Juidr `c dtcrrgzdhc8 jk g`cdj scråd akotdr ako uo dcrkpucrtk, jk audj ok sgceprc cs pksgfjc. Qg ok cxgstc uo dcrkpucrtk, sc `cfc coakotrdr uo fuco juidr pdrd cj dtcrrgzdhc. Cj jdrik y cj doabk `cj sgtgk `cfco scr d`caud`ks pdrd cj tgpk `c dvgño quc vd d dtcrrgzdr. Jds ako`gagkocs `cj tcrrcok `cfco scr vcrglgad`ds y bdacr jds rcpdrdagkocs k dako`gagkodegcotks eåogeks ocacsdrgks pdrd uo dtcrrgzdhc sciurk. • Pk`d jd golkredagño skfrc jds adrdatcråstgads (jdrik, doabk, edtcrgdj `c akostruaagño, krgcotdagño, ufgadagño) y scrvgagks (gjuegodagño, akefustgfjc, akefustgfjc, cta.) `cj sgtgk `c dtcrrgzdhc, dså akek ktrks `ctdjjcs gepkrtdotcs tdjcs akek cj cstd`k `cj tgcepk co jd zkod, k golkredagño skfrc dspcatks `c sciurg`d`, `cfc scr trdosegtg`d d jks rcspkosdfjcs `c jds odvcs. • Audo`k sc trdfdhc co uo dcrkpucrtk k uo adepk `c dtcrrgzdhc, cs dfskjutdecotc go`gspcosdfjc jd akkr`godagño ako jds dutkrg`d`cs d adrik `c jds gostdjdagkocs pdrd tk`k jk rclcrcotc dj daacsk d jds `gvcrsds ärcds, jd `clgogagño `c zkods `c trdfdhk y pdrd kftcocr tk`d jd golkredagño rcqucrg`d pdrd cj edochk `c jd kpcrdagño. • ]rcpdrdagño pdrd jd jjcid`d8 tk`ks jks `ctdjjcs skfrc lkredjg`d`cs pdrd jd dutkrgzdagño `c dtcrrgzdhc `cfco scr vcrglgad`ks ako jds dutkrg`d`cs jkadjcs (sg jds bufgcrd). Cs ocacsdrgk `ctcregodr quç tgpk `c dpkyk y cqugpk co tgcrrd sc ocacsgtd pdrd cj dtcrrgzdhc y prcvcr edok `c kfrd pdrd jd `csadrid `c jd odvc. Cs gepkrtdotc sdfcr sg jd odvc tgcoc quc rcdfdstcacrsc `c akefustgfjc, jk audj rcprcscotd uo prkfjced, yd quc ok sgceprc sc `gspkoc `c akefustgfjc `cj tgpk quc usdo jds dcrkodvcs k `cj cqugpk pdrd fkefcdrjk. • Lcabd y bkrd `c jjcid`d8 `cfco scr cstdfjcag`ds ako ajdrg`d`. ]drd cvgtdr akolusgkocs cotrc DE y ]E cs eäs akovcogcotc utgjgzdr cj sgstced `c `cokegodagño `cokegodagño bkrdrgd `c 60 bkrds co jd audj jd 4 `c jd tdr`c cs jds 418== bkrds, jds 6 sko jds 408== bkrds y dså suacsgvdecotc. ]drd vucjks prkac`cotcs `c zkods ako bkrdrgk `glcrcotc, `cfc cstdfjcacrsc sg sc trdtd `c bkrd jkadj u ktrd bkrd. • Qciurg`d` pdrd cj dtcrrgzdhc8 cj rcspkosdfjc `c jd kpcrdagño k jd pcrskod quc sc `csgioc `cfc cstdr co cj sgtgk `cj dtcrrgzdhc dj ecoks uod bkrd dotcs `c jd jjcid`d `cj vucjk pdrd vcrglgadr jds ako`gagkocs y cjgegodr audjqugcr kfstäaujk (pcrskods, dogedjcs, kfhctks) pdrd uo dtcrrgzdhc sciurk. • Acotrk `c akkr`godagño y pjdocs `c vucjk8 cs `c vgtdj gepkrtdoagd jd gostdjdagño `c uo acotrk `c akkr`godagño co `ko`c sc `cag`co jks bkrdrgks y rutds `c jks vucjks `gdrgdecotc. Co cstc acotrk `cfco pdrtgagpdr akek eåogek, cj rcspkosdfjc `c jds kpcrdagkocs dçrcds, uo pgjktk k rcprcscotdotc `c jd akepdôåd dçrcd y qugco cstç d adrik `c akkr`godr jd dsgstcoagd. Jks docxks 4=.6 y 4=.1 prcscotdo jds prgoagpdjcs adrdatcråstgads `c vdrgks tgpks `glcrcotcs `c dcrkodvc.