El Sistema Solar Informe

 

Rocvbrscnkn Ykokabrcjkok nbl Yubrt` Fkjultkn nb Jcbojcks y Euakocnknbs Bsjublk nb Bnujkjcúo Cotbhrkl Yubrt` Jkmbll`-Bstkn` Jkrkm`m`

BL ZCZ^BAK Z@LK]

Yr`fbs`r7

Kut`r (k)7

Gbs÷s [ubvbn`

Akrák Mkrrbt` J.C7 =5.:83.686

Yubrt` Jkmbll`, == nb Gulc` nbl =9=9

 

Bl scstbak s`lkr

Bl scstbak s`lkr sb f`raú ekjb aës nb >.699 acll`obs nb kû`s j`a` j`osbjubojck nb lk bxpl`scúo nb uok oumb nb hks y p`lv` a`lbjulkr hchkotb, llkaknk oãmulk s`lkr. Bst` hbobrú lk f`rakjcúo nb uo o÷abr` coj`otkmlb nb bstrbllks. Bo t`n` bl scstbak s`lkr p`nba`s boj`otrkr plkobtks, kstbr`cnbs, sktãlctbs, p`lv`, abtb`rct`s, bstrbllks y hks cotbrbstblkr. ^`n` bst` j`ap`ob lk fka`sk Vák Lëjtbk, uok nb lks aujeks hklkxcks nbl uocvbrs`. Bo t`tkl bxcstbo >9 hklkxcks j`o`jcnks. Y`r tkot`, skmba`s qub bxcstb aës nb uok hklkxck y aës nb uo scstbak s`lkr bo bl mkst` uocvbrs`. Bo jknk uok nb bstks bxcstbo ncfbrbotbs scstbaks  plkobtkrc`s, tkamcão llkakn`s scstbaks s`lkrbs. L`s scstbaks s`lkrbs sb mksko bo uok bstrbllk jbotrkl klrbnbn`r nb lk jukl `rmctko ncfbrbotbs `mgbt`s. Bl oubstr`, n`onb bstë umcjknk lk ^cbrrk sb bojubotrk bo lk oumb cotbrbstblkr l`jkl, qub sb l`jklczk bo lk Murmugk L`jkl nbl mrkz` nb @rcúo nb lk hklkxck bspcrkl bo lk Vák Lëjtbk. Ro nkt` o` auy j`o`jcn` bs qub oubstr` scstbak s`lkr bstë umcjkn` k =2.599 kû`s luz nbl jbotr` nb lk hklkxck y qub hcrk klrbnbn`r nbl Mrkz` nb @rcúo k =29 da p`r sbhuon`, tkrnkon` ==2 acll`obs nb kû`s bo nkr lk vubltk j`aplbtk. Bstb tcbap` bs j`o`jcn` j`a` kû` hklëjtcj`.

Rmcjkjcúo nb lk tcbrrk bo bl scstbak s`lkr

Lk ^cbrrk bs bl plkobtk qub ekmctka`s. Ybrtbobjb kl Zcstbak Z`lkr y nbotr` nb ãstb, k l`s llkakn`s  plkobtks r`j`s`s, cotbrc`rbs ` abo`rbs, p`r su bstrujturk y j`ofchurkjcúo.

 

Bl Zcstbak Z`lkr j`o t`n` su j`rtbg` sb umcjk bo uo` nb l`s mrkz`s nb oubstrk hklkxck (Vák Lëjtbk), j`o`jcn` j`a` bl mrkz` nb @rcúo. Lk Vák Lëjtbk tcbob uok bxtboscúo nb ;99.999 kû`s luz nb ncëabtr`. Oubstr` scstbak (kpboks uo puot` jksc nbsprbjckmlb) sb umcjk k =9.999 kû`s luz nbl m`rnb bxtbro`. Nb a`n` qub bstë k uo`s :9.999 kû`s luz nbl `jult` o÷jlb` hklëjtcj`. Lk Vák Lëjtbk k su vbz pbrtbobjb k uo hrup` nb uoks :9 hklkxcks qub j`ostctuybo uo j÷aul` ` ks`jckjcúo llkakn` "Hrup` L`jkl nb Hklkxcks". Lk hklkxck nb Konrúabnk bs lk prcojcpkl nb bstb hrup`. S fcoklabotb lks hklkxcks qub f`rako pkrtb nbl hrup` l`jkl, s`o s`l` klhuoks nb l`s aclbs nb acll`obs qub eky bo bl uocvbrs`. Lk ncstkojck abnck nb lk ^cbrrk kl Z`l bs nb kpr`xcaknkabotb ;>3,6 acll`obs nb Da, qub sb trknujbo p`r prkjtcjcnkn bo bl o÷abr` rbn`on` nb ;29 acll`obs. ^kakû` Ncstkojcks aáocak y aëxcak kl Z`l7 ;>8 y ;2= acll`obs nb da. Ncëabtr` ;=.826 da. Aksk7 2,386 x ;9 k lk => dh. V`luabo7 ;,95> x ;9 k lk ;= da/j÷mcj`s.

Bl o÷jlb` nb lk ^cbrrk, j`ostctucn` p`r blbabot`s pbskn`s (oáqubl y ecbrr`) pubnb ncvcncrsb bo n`s pkrtbs7 uo o÷jlb` cotbro` nb aktbrcklbs abtëlcj`s súlcn`s nb ;.:99 da nb rknc`, r`nbkn` nb uo o÷jlb` bxtbrc`r láqucn` nb uo bspbs`r nb =.=99 da. Bo ncrbjjcúo ekjck bl bxtbrc`r sb bojubotrk bl akot` r`j`s` nb :.999 da qub k su vbz bstë ncvcncn` bo n`s pkrtbs, uok z`ok cofbrc`r aës

 

ráhcnk (akot` cofbrc`r) y `trk supbrc`r aës blëstcjk (akot` supbrc`r). L`s ÷ltca`s ;99 da nbl akot` rbjcmbo bl o`amrb nb lct`sfbrk s`mrb lk jukl tboba`s uok fcok jkpk nb r`jk nb uo bspbs`r qub vkrák nb 2 da bo bl f`on` `jbëocj` ekstk 29 ` p`j` aës bo tcbrrk fcrab.

Zktãlctbs nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr

Bo oubstr` Zcstbak Z`lkr bxcstbo 5 plkobtks, juktr` cotbrc`rbs, r`j`s`s y pbqubû`s, y `tr`s juktr` bxtbrc`rbs, hchkotbs y hksb`s`s. Nb bst`s `je` plkobtks, n`s o` tcbobo sktãlctbs hcrkon` k su klrbnbn`r, s`o Abrjurc` y Vbous. ^`n`s l`s nbaës plkobtks, cojluybon` lk ^cbrrk, tcbobo kl abo`s uo`. Oubstr` sktãlctb sb llkak lk Luok, y p`r bxtboscúo sb pubnbo llkakr luoks k l`s nbaës sktãlctbs. L`s n`s plkobtks aës hrkonbs nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr, G÷pctbr y Zkturo`, bl nb l`s fka`s`s kocll`s, s`o l`s qub aës luoks tcbobo7 aës nb sbsbotk jknk uo`. Lk ^cbrrk, j`o uo`, y Akrtb, j`o n`s, s`o l`s qub abo`s tcbobo. Ro sktãlctb okturkl bs t`n` jubrp` jblbstb o` krtcfcjckl qub `rmctk klrbnbn`r nb `tr`, hbobrklabotb aës hrkonb. Bl j`ojbpt` sb rbfcbrb k t`n`s kqubll`s qub tkamcão rbjcmbo bl o`amrb nb “luoks‑ y sb aubvbo bo t`ro` k l`s plkobtks nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr, kuoqub pubnbo ekjbrl`

klrbnbn`r nb plkobtks boko`s b cojlus` `tr`s jubrp`s aës pbqubû`s j`a` l`s kstbr`cnbs. Bo bl  prbsbotb, bl Zcstbak Z`lkr bstë j`of`rakn` p`r 5 plkobtks, 2 plkobtks boko`s rbj`o`jcn`s, j`abtks, kstbr`cnbs y kl abo`s ;>6 sktãlctbs okturklbs nb plkobtks. Bl aës j`o`jcn` bs bl nb lk ^cbrrk, llkakn` scaplbabotb “luok‑, qub bs bl ÷ocj` qub bl plkobtk p`sbb. L`s plkobtks cotbrc`rbs

` tbrrbstrbs tcbobo p`j`s ` ocoh÷o sktãlctb, y bo j`otrkstb, l`s nbaës plkobtks p`sbbo vkrc`s

 

sktãlctbs qub k rkáz nb su nbsjumrcacbot` fubr`o nbschokn`s j`o ncvbrs`s o`amrbs, nb l`s juklbs klhuo`s pr`vcbobo nb lks act`l`háks hrcbhk y r`akok.  

Jkrkjtbrástcjks

  Z`o jubrp`s jblbstbs súlcn`s.

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  Y`r l` hbobrkl, bstëo nbspr`vcst`s nb ktaúsfbrk.

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Bl Zcstbak Z`lkr bstë j`of`rakn` p`r kl abo`s ;>6 sktãlctbs okturklbs nb plkobtks.

Bst`s sb akotcbobo bo sus `rmctks y o` sb klbgko klbgko ` sb kjbrjko nbaksckn k l`s plkobtks qub l`s r`nbko nbmcn` k lk ktrkjjcúo hrkvctkjc`okl. J`of`rab l`s prcactcv`s plkobtks jrbjcbr`o, knqucrcbr`o uo jkap` hrkvctkt`rc` jkpkz nb akotbobr `tr`s jubrp`s jbrjk nb sá.

^kl j`a` lk ^cbrrk sb aubvb klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l, l`s sktãlctbs okturklbs sb aubvbo klrbnbn`r nb uo jubrp` aës hrkonb, bs nbjcr, `rmctko. Zu f`rakjcúo sb nbmb k ncstcot`s pr`jbs`s nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr. Klhuo`s sb f`rakr`o k pkrtcr nb oumbs nb hks y p`lv` qub sb boj`otrkmko klrbnbn`r nb l`s plkobtks nurkotb l`s prcabr`s kû`s nbl Zcstbak.

 

 O` t`n`s tcbobo bl acsa` tkakû`. Ro`s s`o aës hrkonbs qub lk luok nb lk ^cbrrk, pbr` `tr`s s`o auje` aës pbqubû`s qub bstk. Lk luok aës hrkonb acnb 2,=6= dclúabtr`s nb ncëabtr`,  pbrtbobjb k G÷pctbr y sb llkak Hkocabnbs. Auje`s s`o bsfãrcj`s, acbotrks qub `tr`s prbsbotko uok f`rak auy crrbhulkr. Zus úrmctks pubnbo sbr rbhulkrbs ` crrbhulkrbs. @rmctko k ncvbrs`s pbrá`n`s nb tcbap`. Lk luok nb lk ^cbrrk tkrnk kpr`xcaknkabotb =8 náks bo j`aplbtkr uok vubltk, pbr` Hkocabnbs j`aplbtk su úrmctk bo 8.;6 náks.

^cp`s

Zbh÷o sus úrmctks, bxcstbo = tcp`s mëscj`s7

  Zktãlctbs okturklbs rbhulkrbs.  Z`o kqubll`s qub hcrko klrbnbn`r nb uo jubrp` bo bl

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acsa` sbotcn` bo bl qub bstb hcrk bo t`ro` kl Z`l. Ksá, sc lk luok hcrk nb bstb k `bstb y su  plkobtk tkamcão, bs uo sktãlctb rbhulkr p`rqub bstë bo úrmctk ncrbjtk klrbnbn`r nbl jubrp` aës hrkonb.

Bgbapl`s7 Á`, Hkocabnbs, Bur`pk, ^btcs, ^ctëo, Acrkonk, Krcbl y @mbrúo.

 

  Zktãlctbs okturklbs crrbhulkrbs. Zus úrmctks schubo úrmctks auy klbgknks nb sus plkobtks,

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nbmcn` k qub bs p`scmlb qub o` sb ekyko f`rakn` bo bllks, sco` qub puncbr`o sbr “jkpturkn`s‑ p`r lk ktrkjjcúo hrkvctkjc`okl ` ekmbr scn` klhuok vbz j`abtks. Kscacsa`,

sus úrmctks s`o auy bláptcjks y auy cojlcoknks. Bgbapl`s7 Fbmb, Ecaklck, Lbnk y Obrbcnk.

Luoks nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr.

k) F`m`s nb Akrtb  m) Bur`pk nb G÷pctbr j) Gëpbt` nb Zkturo` n) Acaks nb Zkturo`.

Zktãlctbs p`r plkobtk

Ylkobtk

O÷abr`  O`amrbs nb luoks

Abrjurc` 9

 

Vbous

9

^cbrrk

;

Luok

Akrtb

=

F`m`s y Nbca`s

G÷pctbr

29

Á`, Bur`pk, Hkocabnbs, Jklcst`, Kakltbk, Ecaklck, Blkrk, Yksáfkb, Zco`pb, Lcsctbk, Jkrab, Kokodã, Lbnk, ^bmb, Knrkstbk, Abtcs, Jklárr`b, ^bacst`, Abhkjlctb, ^ëchbtb, Jkln`ok, Ekrpëlcjb, Jëlcjb, S`jkstk, Bráo`ab, Cs`o`ã, Yrkxáncjb, Kutúo`b, ^c`ob, Ebracpã, Kctoã, Burán`ab, Bukotb, Bup`rck, @rt`sck, Bsp`onã, Jklã, Yksátbk, Ebhãa`ob, Aobabk, Kbnbk, ^blxáo`b, Krjb, Dkllcje`rb, Eblcdã, Jkrp`, Budãlknb, Jclbob, D`rb y Ebrsb.

Zkturo`

2: Acaks, Bojãlkn`, ^btcs, Nc`ob, ]bk, ^ctëo, Ecpbrcúo, Gëpbt`, Brrckp`, Fbmb, Gko`, Bpcabtb`, Eblbok, ^blbst`, Jklcps`, Dcvcuq, Ktlks, Yr`abtb`, Ykon`rk, Yko, Sacr, Ykklckq, ^krv`s, Cgcrkq, Zuttuohr, Auonclfkrc, Klmc`rcx, Zdknc, Zckrokq, ^eryar, Okrvc, Abt`ob, Yklbob, Y`llux, Nkfob, Kbhcr, Mbmec`oo, Mbrhblacr, Mbstlk, Fkrmkutc, Fborcr, F`rog`t, Ektc, Eyr`ddco, Dkrc, L`hb, Zd`ll, Zurtur, Hrbcp, Gkroskxk, ^krqbq, Koteb (` Kotbk) y Bhbúo.

 

Rrko`

=8

J`rnblck, @fblck, Mckojk, Jrãscnk, Nbsnãa`ok, Gulcbtk, Y`rjck, ]`sklconk, Akm, Mblconk, Ybrnctk, Yujd, Jupcn`, Acrkonk, Frkojcsj`, Krcbl, Ramrcbl, ^ctkock, @mbrúo, Jklcmëo, Ztbfko`, ^ráojul`, Zcj`rkx, Akrhkrctk, Yrúspbr`, Zbtbm`s y Fbrncokon`.

 Obptuo`

;:

^rctúo, Obrbcnk, Oëyknb (` Okckn), ^klksk (` ^eklkssk), Nbspcok, Hklktbk, Lkrcsk, Yr`tb`, Eklcabnb, Ysëaktb, Zk`, Lk`abnbck y  Obs`.

J`apkrkjcúo, bo bsjklk, nb Lk ^cbrrk j`o lks luoks aës cap`rtkotbs nb jknk plkobtk nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr.

 

  A`vcacbot`s

L`s plkobtks rbklczko vkrc`s a`vcacbot`s jkrkjtbrástcj`s, l`s aës cap`rtkotbs s`o7 lk trkslkjcúo, lk r`tkjcúo y lk prbjbscúo. Lk trkslkjcúo bs bl a`vcacbot` qub bfbjt÷ko kl a`vbrsb klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l. Lk r`tkjcúo j`oscstb bo uo hcr` s`mrb sá acsa`s. Lk prbjbscúo bs bl a`vcacbot` nbl bgb nb r`tkjcúo.

Lk p`scjcúo nb oubstr` Zcstbak Z`lkr j`o rbspbjt` kl plko` nb lk hklkxck “lk Vák Lëjtbk‑ nbpbonb nb a÷ltcplbs fkjt`rbs, j`a` lk cojlcokjcúo nb lk bjláptcjk s`lkr, lk cojlcokjcúo nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr, btj. Eky p`j`s lcmr`s nb kstr`o`aák qub prbsbotbo nckhrkaks nb rbfbrbojck nb plko`s botrb bl Zcstbak Z`lkr j`o rbspbjt` k lk hklkxck, ksá bs qub rbhulkrabotb pboska`s qub bl “krrcmk‑ ` bl o`rtb pkrk lk tcbrrk tkamcão bs “krrcmk‑ ` o`rtb pkrk lk hklkxck. Zco bamkrh`, bl  plko` nbl Zcstbak

Z`lkr o` bs j`plkokrc` j`o rbspbjt` kl plko` nb lk Vák Lëjtbk, sco` qub bstë cojlcokn` bo jksc 39¹.

Lk ^cbrrk bstë n`tknk nb vkrc`s a`vcacbot`s, pr`pc`s ` j`a` rbsultkn` nb su trkslkjcúo bo bl bspkjc`, rbv`lujcúo klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l ` kfbjtkjcúo hrkvctkt`rck nb `tr`s jubrp`s jblbstrbs4 sb ncstcohubo bl nb r`tkjcúo, trkslkjcúo, prbjbscúo y outkjcúo. Bst`s n`s ÷ltca`s o` s`o tko cap`rtkotbs pkrk lk vcnk bo bl plkobtk, ` sb rbklczko bo pbrc`n`s tko lkrh`s qub kpboks s`o kprbjckmlbs.

 

  Yrbjbscúo

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Lk prbjbscúo nb l`s bquco`jjc`s, tkamcão llkaknk lcmrkjcúo, bs uo a`vcacbot` nbl bgb nb r`tkjcúo tbrrbstrb klrbnbn`r nbl bgb nb lk bjláptcjk (plko` nb lk úrmctk)4 bst` sb trknujb bo qub bl bgb nb lk ^cbrrk o` kpuotk scbaprb kl acsa` puot` jblbstb. Ykrk bxplcjkrl` p`nba`s p`obr j`a` bgbapl` bl nbsplkzkacbot` júocj` qub rbklczk bl bgb nb uok pb`ozk j`o rbspbjt` k lk vbrtcjkl acbotrks hcrk s`mrb sá acsak. Bl a`vcacbot` nb prbjbscúo sb pr`nujb p`r bl bfbjt` hrkvctkt`rc` nbl Z`l y lk Luok s`mrb bl bjukn`r nb lk ^cbrrk Bstb a`vcacbot` tcbob luhkr p`r bl bfbjt` hrkvctkt`rc` nbl Z`l y lk Luok s`mrb bl bjukn`r nb lk ^cbrrk4 k j`osbjubojck nb ãl tcbob luhkr uo knblkotkacbot` nb l`s bquco`jjc`s4 lk prcakvbrk sb knblkotk jknk kû` uo`s 2> sbhuon`s. Kjtuklabotb bl puot` nb prcakvbrk sb bojubotrk bo lk j`ostblkjcúo nb Ycsjcs, pbr` jknk =.999 kû`s kpr`xcaknkabotb jkamck nb j`ostblkjcúo z`nckjkl.  O` `mstkotb, bo jukot` kl nbsbov`lvcacbot` nb lk vcnk o` tcbob uok cojcnbojck puotukl, yk qub bstb a`vcacbot` sb nbskrr`llk auy lbotkabotb4 uok vubltk j`aplbtk nurk =2.859 kû`s. Rok j`osbjubojck nb lk prbjbscúo bs lk `rcbotkjcúo bo bl akr abnckotb l`s jubrp`s jblbstbs. J`a` sb skmb, nbsnb kotchu` l`s akrcobr`s sb eko huckn` p`r lks bstrbllks4 e`y bo nák tboba`s bl j`ojbpt` nb qub lk bstrbllk p`lkr kpuotk kl O`rtb y qub ek scn` uok rbfbrbojck cap`rtkotb bo lk okvbhkjcúo, sco bamkrh` nbsnb lk pbrspbjtcvk s`mrb lk ^cbrrk bstk bstrbllk o` scbaprb ek `jupkn` bsb luhkr, prbjcskabotb p`r bfbjt` nbl a`vcacbot` nb prbjbscúo, nb ebje` bo lk kjtuklcnkn lk bstrbllk p`lkr bstë sbpkrknk nbl p`l` o`rtb jblbstb uo`s 9,8·, pbr` sb bstë kjbrjkon` kl acsa`4 bo bl kû` =.;99 bstkrë k súl` 9,>· y k pkrtcr nb bot`ojbs sb klbgkrë. Klrbnbn`r nbl kû` 3.999 y ;9.999

 

lk bstrbllk qub akrjkrë bl O`rtb sbrë Nbobm, bo lk j`ostblkjcúo nbl Jcsob, y ekjck bl kû` ;:.999 lk  p`scjcúo p`lkr sbrë `jupknk p`r Vbhk, Vbh k, bo lk j`ostblkjcúo nb lk Lcrk.   Outkjcúo

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Lk outkjcúo j`oscstb bo uok lchbrk `sjclkjcúo pbrcúncjk nbl bgb nb lk ^cbrrk. Bstk jkuskn`  prcojcpklabotb p`r lk ktrkjjcúo luokr y tkamcão p`r lk nbl Z`l, qub lb ekjbo nbsjrcmcr uok  pbqubûk blcpsb klrbnbn`r nb l`s p`l`s.   ]`tkjcúo

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Lk ^cbrrk hcrk s`mrb sá acsak j`ostkotbabotb nb @bstb k Bstb bo uo pbrc`n` jcrjulkr qub nurk => e`rks, bs nbjcr, tkrnk uo nák bo rbj`rrbr :69 hrkn`s nbsnb uo puot` nkn`4 k bstb a`vcacbot` sb lb llkak r`tkjcúo. Lk r`tkjcúo bs lk rbsp`oskmlb nbl nák y lk o`jeb. Lk ^cbrrk, kl hcrkr pbrakobotbabotb s`mrb su bgb, vk prbsbotkon` su supbrfcjcb kl Z`l nb f`rak sujbscvk, p`r bll` jknk luhkr vk pkskon` p`r bl nák y lk o`jeb k l` lkrh` nb uo hcr` j`aplbt`. Nurkotb bl "a`vcacbot` kpkrbotb" nbl Z`l, jukon` sb bojubotrk bo l` aës klt` nb su trkybjt`rck jblbstb sb ncjb qub bs abnc`nák.

  ^rkslkjcúo

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Lk ^cbrrk akotcbob uo a`vcacbot` nb trkslkjcúo klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l bo uok trkybjt`rck bláptcjk4 ãstb sb bojubotrk sctukn` bo uo` nb l`s f`j`s nb bsk blcpsb, p`r bsb a`tcv` kam`s jubrp`s Z`l y ^cbrrk sb bojubotrko scbaprb k ncstkojcks ncfbrbotbs k l` lkrh` nb sus rbj`rrcn`s. L`s puot`s aëxca`s y aáoca`s nb bsks ncstkojcks sb llkako rbspbjtcvkabotb kfblc` y pbrceblc`. Bl kfblc` bs

 

bl puot` nb lk úrmctk tbrrbstrb aës klbgkn` nbl Z`l, sb pr`nujb bl = nb gulc`, y bo bsk fbjek lk ncstkojck botrb kam`s bs nb ;2;.599.999 da.4 p`r su pkrtb bl pbrceblc` bs bl puot` nb lk úrmctk tbrrbstrb aës prúxca` kl Z`l, sb pr`nujb bl = nb bobr`, y bo bsk fbjek lk ncstkojck sb ek rbnujcn` ekstk l`s ;>8 acll`obs nb da. kpr`xcaknkabotb. Lk ncstkojck abnck ^cbrrk-Z`l bs nb ;>3.659.999 da., y su vbl`jcnkn abnck nb =3,6 da/sbhuon`. Bo uok trkslkjcúo j`aplbtk klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l lk ^cbrrk tkrnk :62 náks, 6 e`rks, 3 acout`s y 3,2> sbhuon`s bo rbj`rrbr l`s 3:9 acll`obs nb da. qub j`ap`obo bl jcjl`, bs nbjcr, uo kû`. Jcvclabotb sb j`oscnbrko súl` :62 náks p`r kû`, nbsprbjckon` lks e`rks y acout`s rbstkotbs, pbr` súl` ekstk juktr` kû`s nbspuãs, bo qub sb suako t`n`s pkrk f`rakr uo kû` nb :66 náks4 k bsb kû` sb lb nbo`acok mcscbst` y bl abs nb fbmrbr` pkskrë k tbobr =3 náks bo vbz nb =5.

L`s eus`s e`rkrc`s

Zb ek j`ovbocn` lk ncvcscúo nb lk ^cbrrk bo => eus`s e`rkrc`s. J`ak yk sb ncg`, j`o rblkjcúo kl Z`l uo puot` juklqucbrk nb lk ^cbrrk rbj`rrb bo uo nák :69·4 pubst` qub bl nák tbrrbstrb bqucvklb k => e`rks. Bst` schocfcjk qub bo uok e`rk bl s`l rbj`rrb ;2· nb abrcncko` nb lk supbrfcjcb tbrrbstrb (:697=>1;2).

  Bl tcbap` HA^

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Zb ek j`ovbocn` qub bl abrcncko` nb `rchbo ` rbfbrbojck, bs nbjcr, bl abrcncko` 9, sbk bl qub pksk  p`r lk jcunkn cohlbsk nb Hrbbowcje. Bl tcbap` mkskn` bo bstb bs tb abrcncko` tkamcão sb j`o`jb j`a` ^cbap` HA^ ` tcbap` Abnc` nb Hrbbowcje (Hrbbowcje Abko ^cab)4 ^cbap` R^ ` ^cbap` Rocvbrskl4 ^cbap` ^RJ, R^J ` ^cbap` Rocvbrskl J``rncokn`, btj.

  ^cbap` Rocvbrskl J``rncokn` (R^J ` ^RJ)

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Ykrk bl ^cbap` Rocvbrskl J``rncokn` (R^J ` ^RJ) sb t`ak j`a` rbfbrbojck bl abrcncko` 9 nb Hrbbowcje, p`r bs` bs tkamcão llkakn` tcbap` HA^ ` tcbap` abnc` nb Hrbbowcje Jukon` bspbjcfcjka`s qub uo tcbap` bs HA^ ` R^J, o`s bstka`s rbfcrcbon` k uo eus` ` z`ok e`rkrck qub kn`ptk lk e`rk nbl puot` abnc` sctukn` bo Hrbbowcje. Y`r bgbapl`, Hrko Mrbtkûk, Frkojck, Bspkûk y Akrrubj`s bstëo gustkabotb bo bl acsa` eus` e`rkrc` k pbskr nb boj`otrkrsb bo ncfbrbotbs lktctunbs. Juklqucbr `tr` pkás qub sb bojubotrb fubrk nb bstb eus` kl Bstb u @bstb, bs nbjcr, qub bstã aës kllë nbl koje` nb ;2· qub kmkrjk lk e`rk l`jkl nb Hrbbowcje, pkskrák bot`ojbs k tbobr uo o÷abr` nb e`rks aës ` abo`s j`o rbspbjt` k Hrbbowcje, sbh÷o bl o÷abr` nb eus`s nb ncfbrbojck qub ekyk botrb bll`s. Y`r bgbapl`, sc bo Bspkûk, qub sb bojubotrk bo bl abrcncko` 9 nb Hrbbowcje, fubsbo lks ;= nbl abnc`nák, bo Krhbotcok y uok pkrtb nb Mrkscl sbráko > eus`s e`rkrc`s abo`s (;= - > 1 5), ` sbk lks 5 nb lk akûkok. Zc bo vbz nb cr ekjck bl @bstb o`s vka`s ekjck bl Bstb, bot`ojbs suakráka`s bo vbz nb rbstkr4 ksá, bo Ctklck sbrák ; eus` e`rkrc` aës (;= + ; 1 ;:), ` sbk lk ; nb lk tkrnb. Bstk rbfbrbojck tkamcão bs utclczknk ekmctuklabotb bo ncfbrbotbs ëamct`s y kjtcvcnknbs pkrk bvctkr lk ncsjrbpkojck nb e`rkrc`s l`jklbs, p`r bgbapl`, sbrák covckmlb qub uo muqub okvbhkon` botrb

 

Bur`pk y Kaãrcjk utclczksb lk e`rk l`jkl nbl abrcncko` p`r n`onb vk pkskon` pkrk su pr`pck hbstcúo cotbrok4 chuklabotb, bs auy j`a÷o utclczkr lk e`rk HA^ bo lks rknc`j`auocjkjc`obs cotbrokjc`oklbs, kstr`o`aák, btj.

Nbfcocjc`obs e`rkrcks

Bxcstbo ncfbrbotbs nbfcocjc`obs nb e`rk sbh÷o lk rbfbrbojck ` okturklbzk nb ãstk, qub j`ovcbob kjlkrkr pkrk bvctkro`s j`ofuscúo. Zb ncstcohubo lk s`lkr, uocvbrskl, l`jkl, lbhkl y `fcjckl.

  E`rk Z`lkr

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Lk e`rk s`lkr bs lk e`rk mksknk bo bl a`vcacbot` kpkrbotb nbl Z`l4 sbh÷o bstb scstbak jukon` bl Z`l sb bojubotrk bo l` aës klt` bo bl jcbl` bs abnc`nák, y bl cotbrvkl` botrb n`s pks`s p`r bsb  puot` j`ostctuyb uo nák. Kl prcojcpc` o` sb tuvcbr`o bo jubotk lks vkrckjc`obs bxcstbotbs bo bsb a`vcacbot` kpkrbotb, lks juklbs s`o schocfcjktcvks k l` lkrh` nbl kû`, nkon` luhkr k náks nb ncfbrbotb nurkjcúo (o` tcbobo => e`rks)4 bstb ebje` fub nb áon`lb abo`r ekstk qub bo bl schl` UVCC kpkrbjcbr`o l`s rbl`gbs nb prbjcscúo, qub nbo`tkr`o lks kprbjckmlbs ncfbrbojcks nb lk e`rk s`lkr j`o rbspbjt` k lk e`rk abnck qub akrjkmko l`s rbl`gbs. Ykrk s`lujc`okr bstb pr`mlbak sb rbjurrcú k bstkmlbjbr bl llkakn` tcbap` s`lkr abnc`, j`oscstbotb bo cakhcokr uo Z`l qub sb nbsplkzk p`r bl jcbl` nb f`rak uocf`rab k l` lkrh` nbl t`n` bl kû`.

  E`rk Rocvbrskl

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Lk e`rk Rocvbrskl bs lk e`rk l`jkl nbl abrcncko` nb Hrbbowcje ` us` 9. J`a` yk sb ncg`, sb utclczk j`a` rbfbrbojck uocvbrskl pkrk bl tcbap` j``rncokn`.

  E`rk L`jkl

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Lk e`rk L`jkl bs lk e`rk jbotrkl nb juklqucbr abrcncko`4 su rbfbrbojck bs scbaprb bl abrcncko` 9 nb Hrbbowcje. J`a` bgbapl`, sc uo mkrj` puncbsb okvbhkr nkon` uo járjul` j`aplbt` klrbnbn`r nbl hl`m`, crák pkskon` p`r lks ncfbrbotbs e`rks l`jklbs nb jknk abrcncko`, y okturklabotb p`r sus ncfbrbotbs us`s (lk acsak e`rk nbotr` nb l`s ;2· qub kmkrjk)4 sc okvbhksb ekjck bl @bstb crák rbstkon` uok e`rk k jknk abrcncko`, y sc l` ecjcbsb ekjck bl Bstb lk crák suakon`. Zc sb pksksb nbl us` +;= tbonrák bot`ojbs qub rbstkr uo nák kl jklbonkrc`. Bl eus` Oubvk Wblkonk-Zka`k, tkamcão llkakn` Kotbabrcncko` nb Hrbbowcje, sb bojubotrk bo lk láobk nb jkamc` nb fbjek4 bstk láobk ncvcnb kl hl`m` bo n`s ebacsfbrc`s, jknk uo` nb bll`s p`sbb fbjeks ncstcotks pkrk uo acsa` nák, sco bamkrh`, gustkabotb jukon` bs abnc`nák bo Hrbbowcje lk fbjek bs uocf`rab bo t`n` bl auon`.

  E`rk Lbhkl

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Lk e`rk lbhkl bs lk e`rk l`jkl j`rrbsp`oncbotb kl abrcncko` kn`ptkn` bo jknk pkás, p`r bgbapl` bo Bspkûk j`cojcnb j`o bl abrcncko` 9 (bl nb Hrbbowcje)4 pkrk `tr`s pkásbs ekmrák qub suakr ` rbstkr kl abrcncko` 9 bl o÷abr` nb us`s j`rrbsp`oncbotbs k su sctukjcúo bo bl hl`m`, ncje` nb `trk f`rak, l`s pkásbs qub sb bojubotrko fubrk nb lk e`rk uocvbrskl (eus` nb Hrbbowcje) tcbobo qub suakr ` rbstkr k bsk e`rk (sbh÷o sb bojubotrbo k Bstb u @bstb nb Hrbbowcje) bl o÷abr` nb e`rks

 

j`rrbsp`oncbotb pkrk ekllkr su pr`pck e`rk lbhkl4 p`r bgbapl`, Jeclb sb bojubotrk bo bl eus` -2 j`o rbspbjt` k lk e`rk uocvbrskl. Klhuo`s pkásbs, nknk su bxtboscúo, p`sbbo aës nb uo eus` e`rkrc` nbotr` nb su tbrrct`rc` y p`r tkot` aës nb uok e`rk lbhkl.

  E`rk @fcjckl

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Lk e`rk `fcjckl bs lk qub kn`ptk jknk pkás j`a` lbhkl bo fuojcúo nb nbtbracokn`s cotbrbsbs, p`r bgbapl` j`o `mgbt` nb ke`rrkr bobrhák kpr`vbjekon` lks e`rks nb luz. O`raklabotb, lk e`rk `fcjckl sb fcgk knblkotkon` ` ktrkskon` lk e`rk lbhkl bo uok e`rk, nbpboncbon` nb lk bstkjcúo nbl kû` bo qub o`s boj`otrba`s4 bo lk Rocúo Bur`pbk bs uok prëjtcjk ekmctukl.

J`ap`scjcúo nbl scstbak s`lkr

J`a` Ylutúo yk o` bs j`oscnbrkn` uo plkobtk, bl scstbak s`lkr bstë j`apubst` p`r bl Z`l, `je`  plkobtks, uo plkobt`cnb y sus sktãlctbs. O` súl` bstëo bst`s jubrp`s, sco` qub tkamcão bxcstbo kstbr`cnbs, j`abtks, abtb`rct`s, p`lv` y hks cotbrplkobtkrc`. Bo l`s ÷ltca`s kû`s, ouabr`s`s bstunc`s b covbstchkjc`obs eko j`osbhucn` nbsjumrcr klhuo`s  plkobtks `rmctkon` uok bspbjcb nb Z`l. Bst`s plkobtks eko scn` nbsjumcbrt`s concrbjtkabotb. Bs nbjcr, bo actkn nb uok covbstchkjcúo, sb eko boj`otrkn` l`s plkobtks y sb eko nckho`stcjkn`. Lks

 

nbnujjc`obs ekjbo pboskr qub ocoh÷o plkobtk nb l`s boj`otrkn`s pubnb klmbrhkr vcnk cotblchbotb. K bst`s plkobtks qub sb bojubotrko lbgko`s k oubstr` scstbak s`lkr sb lbs llkak Bx plkobtks.  Oubstr` Zcstbak bstë j`apubst` p`r uok hrko bstrbllk lk jukl lb pr`p`rjc`ok bl bl jkl`r  jkl`r objbskrc`  pkrk lk bxcstbojck nb vcnk k oubstr` plkobtk, ncjek bstrbllk bs bs Bl  Bl Z`l (p`r bll` bl o`amrb nb Zcstbak Z`lkr), kscacsa` bxcstbo plkobtks bxcstbo plkobtks (5), klhuo`s j`o sus rbspbjtcv`s rbspbjtcv`s sktãlctbs  sktãlctbs ksá j`a` uo jcoturúo nb kstbr`cnbs umcjkn` botrb Akrtb y G÷pctbr. Bo `rnbo nb pr`xcacnkn kl Z`l, l`s juktr` prcabr`s plkobtks (Abrjurc`, Vbous, (Abrjurc`, Vbous, ^cbrrk  ^cbrrk y Akrtb) s`o nbo`acokn`s l`s plkobtks cotbrc`rbs nbmcn` k qub bstëo umcjkn`s botrb bl Z`l y bl jcoturúo nb kstbr`cnbs, ncje` jcoturúo nb kstbr`cnbs bstë j`of`rakn` p`r jubrp`s nb botrb ;,2 k 829 dclúabtr`s nb ncëabtr`. ncëabtr`. L`s plkobtks bxtbrc`rbs s`o G÷pctbr Zkturo`, R Rrko` rko` y Obptuo`.

Ylkobtks cotbrc`rbs 

L`s plkobtks nb oubstr` Zcstbak Z`lkr pubnbo ncvcncrsb bo n`s hrup`s n`s  hrup`s mcbo  mcbo nbfcocn`s. L`s  plkobtks cotbrc`rbs tkamcão nbo`acokn`s pbqubû`s, r`j`s`s, tbrrbstrbs ` tbl÷rcj`s (bst` qucbrb nbjcr7 nb lk nb lk fkaclck nb lk tcbrrk). Ybrtbobjbo k bstb bstb hrup`7  hrup`7 Abrjurc`,  Abrjurc`, Vbous, ^cbrrk y Akrtb. Lks jkrkjtbrástcjks hbobrklbs s`o scaclkrbs. ^kakû`s aës ` abo`s pbqubû`s f`rakn`s mëscjkabotb  p`r  r`jks  r`jks y knbaës sklv` Abrjurc` t`n`s bstëo r`nbkn`s nb uok kta uok  ktaúsfbrk úsfbrk qub tcbob

 

 p`j` ecnrúhbo`  p`j`  ecnrúhbo` y eblc`. Bo hbobrkl tcbobo p`j`s -` ocoh÷o- sktãlctb okturkl7 Abrjurc` y Vbous o` tcbobo ocohuo`, lk tcbrrk tcbob lk Luok y Akrtb tcbob n`s qub s`o7 F`m`s y Nbca`s.

Ylkobtks hchkotbs 

Ybrtbobjbo k bstb hrup` G÷pctbr y Zkturo` l`s qub tcbobo uo tkakû` vkrcks vbjbs supbrc`r k lk ^cbrrk, bl prcabr` ;= vbjbs y bl sbhuon` ;9 vbjbs.

Ylkobtks Bxtbrc`rbs

Ybrtbobjbo k bstk jlkscfcjkjcúo Rrko` y Obptuo`

Kstbr`cnbs

L`s Kstbr`cnbs, nbo`acokn`s tkamcão "plkobtctks", s`o pbnkz`s nb r`jks qub `rmctko klrbnbn`r nbl Z`l, botrb Akrtb y G÷pctbr bo uo kaplc` jcoturúo llkakn` gustkabotb "Jcoturúo nb Kstbr`cnbs". Bxcstbo `tr`s Kstbr`cnbs qub schubo úrmctks ncstcotks. Ekstk bl a`abot` sb eko cnbotcfcjkn` k aës nb 2999 acll`obs nb Kstbr`cnbs. Zb pcbosk qub l`s n`s sktãlctbs nb Akrtb7 F`m`s y Nbca`s s`o Kstbr`cnbs qub qubnkr`o ktrkpkn`s p`r lk fubrzk lk  fubrzk nb hrkvbnkn nbl plkobtk.

 

@tr`s Kstbr`cnbs j`a` bl Hkspkr, Cnk y Nkjtyl fubr`o f`t`hrkfckn`s p`r lk okvb bspkjckl Hklclb` bo su vckgb k G÷pctbr. Bl tkakû` vkrák nbsnb 382 Da. Jbrbs, 2=2 Da. Vbstk.

Bl Z`l

Bl Z`l bs uok bstrbllk j`apubstk p`r aës nb 89 blbabot`s ncstcot`s, botrb l`s juklbs p`nba`s abojc`okr kl Ecnrúhbo` (5;,86%), Eblc` (;5,;8%), @xáhbo`, (;5,;8%), @xáhbo`, Ecbrr`,  Ecbrr`, Akhobsc`,  Akhobsc`, botrb `tr`s qub llbhko k rbprbsbotkr bl 9,98% rbstkotb. Bs uo jubrp` hksb`s` kuoqub klhuo`s lk j`oscnbrko nbotr` nbl bstkn` nbl  bstkn` nb plksak nbmcn` k lk kltk kltk tbapbrkturk  tbapbrkturk k lk qub sb bojubotrk (bo lk supbrfcjcb lk tbapbrkturk llbhk k l`s 6,929· J y bo bl jbotr` sb jkljulk qub pubnb llbhkr k l`s 2'999,999· J). Bstë k ;29 acll`obs nb dclúabtr`s nb lk ^cbrrk, su ncëabtr` bs kpr`xcaknkabotb nb ;¾>99,999 dclúabtr`s y p`sbb uok aksk bqucvklbotb k ::=,999 vbjbs bl nb lk tcbrrk.   °[uã °[uã tcbap`  tcbap` nb vcnk tcbob bl s`l0

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Yubst` qub kpr`xcaknkabotb jknk sbhuon` bl s`l pcbrnb >¾999,999 nb t`oblknks nb  aktbrck bo f`rak nb rknckjcúo, nb rknckjcúo, sb  sb bstcak qub bl s`l llbhkrë k kh`tkr lk t`tklcnkn nbl ecnrúhbo` bo 2¾999,999 nb kû`s.   °Juëot` nurk "uo nák" bo bl s`l0

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Lk r`tkjcúo s`lkr nurk bl bqucvklbotb k =6 náks ;3 e`rks y ;= acout`s tbrrbstrbs. Bs nbjcr, => e`rks nbl s`l bqucvklbo k 6>: e`rks y ;= acout`s nb lk tcbrrk. Chukl qub `trks bstrbllks, bl Z`l bs uok bo`rab m`lk nb hks nb  hks bo bo rbv`lujcúo.  rbv`lujcúo.   Bo su o÷jlb` tcbobo luhkr rbkjjc`obs oujlbkrbs qub lcmbrko bobrhák. Bl Z`l bs lk ÷ocjk bstrbllk qub bstë rblktcvkabotb

 

jbrjk pkrk p`nbr pkrk p`nbr sbr bstuncknk bo nbtkllb. Lks jkrkjtbrástcjks nb su supbrfcjcb j`a` lks akojeks s`lkrbs y lks pr`tumbrkojcks, pubnbo `msbrvkrsb nbsnb lk ^cbrrk .

Bo su o÷jlb`, bl

Z`l j`ovcbrtb ecnrúhbo` bo eblc` k rkzúo nb 699 t`oblknks p`r sbhuon`, l` qub schocfcjk qub bl kstr` pcbrnb juktr` acll`obs nb t`oblknks nb su aksk jknk sbhuon`. Bstb kstr` ouojk nbmb sbr `msbrvkn` ncrbjtkabotb, cojlus` k trkvãs nb hkfks nb s`l, pblájulk f`t`hrëfcjk ` jrcstkl keuakn` eky rcbsh` eky  rcbsh` nb nkûkrsb l`s `g`s. K trkvãs nb bqucp`s bspbjcklbs bs p`scmlb vbr bo bl Z`l akojeks `sjurks qub s`o z`oks nbl Z`l aës fráks y qub s`o frut` nb lk kjtcvcnkn s`lkr. Rok akojek s`lkr  j`aplbtkabotb nbskrr`llknk, j`oscstb bo uok `sjurk s`amrk r`nbknk nb  pbouamrk aës jlkrk. Lk pbouamrk tcbob uok uok bstrujturk  bstrujturk fclkabot`sk. Lks hrkonbs akojeks s`lkrbs  pubnbo tbobr ncëabtr`s aky`rbs qub bl nb lk ^cbrrk (ncëabtr` nb lk ^cbrrk ^cbrr k bo j`apkrkjcúo j`o lk akojek s`lkr nb lk f`t`hrkfák lk f`t`hrkfák rbprbsbotkn` p`r bl kocll` kzul qub bstë k lk nbrbjek nb lk acsak). Lks pr`tumbrkojcks s`lkrbs s`o bo`rabs je`rr`s nb hks jklcbotb bxpulskn`s nbsnb lk supbrfcjcb nbl Z`l y qub sb bxtcbonbo k auje`s aclbs nb dclúabtr`s. Lks aky`rbs llkakrknks pubnbo nurkr vkrc`s absbs. Bl  Bl  jkap` akhoãtcj` nbl Z`l nbsvák klhuoks pr`tumbrkojcks qub f`rako ksá uo hchkotbsj` krj`.

  Abrjurc`7

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Bs bl plkobtk aës jbrjko` kl s`l y bl aës pbqubû`. ^cbob uo ncëabtr` nb >583 dclúabtr`s, j`otrk l`s ;=286 Da nb lk ^cbrrk. Abrjurc` hcrk uok vbz kl s`l jknk 55 náks tbrrbstrbs y uo nák bo Abrjurc` bs nb 25 náks tbrrbstrbs, bs nbjcr, Abrjurc` hcrk s`mrb sá acsa` jknk 22 nb l`s 55 náks

 

t`tklbs qub nurk su kû`. Jknk n`s vubltks kl s`l bo Abrjurc` pksko trbs náks. Abrjurc` o` tcbob uok Luok pr`pck j`a` Lk ^cbrrk. Bo bl kû` =998 sb pun` j`apr`mkr qub Abrjurc` tcbob uo o÷jlb` bo bstkn` láqucn` qub lb  pr`p`rjc`ok uo jkap` akhoãtcj` k t`n` bl plkobtk. Bstb jkap` akhoãtcj` o` l`hrk pr`tbhbr pr`tb hbr k lk ktaúsfbrk nbl vcbot` s`lkr, yk qub bl s`l sb bojubotrk nbaksckn` jbrjk, p`r l` tkot` lk ktaúsfbrk nb Abrjurc` bs auy nblhknk y bstë j`ostkotbabotb scbon` rb suacocstrknk. Lks tbapbrkturks bo lk supbrfcjcb s`o bxtrbaks, :29 hrkn`s nurkotb bl lkrh` tcbap` qub nurk bl nák y ;89 hrkn`s mkg` jbr` nb o`jeb. Bo bl kû` =9;2 fcoklczú lk acscúo Abssbohbr qub bstuv` bstunckon` kl plkobtk nurkotb aës nb ;9 kû`s.   Ylkobtk Vbous7

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Bs bl sbhuon` plkobtk, nb aky`r tkakû` qub Abrjurc` pbr` nbaksckn` jbrjk nbl s`l pkrk klmbrhkr vcnk. Bo jukot` k tkakû`, jkotcnkn nb aksk y j`ap`scjcúo bs auy scaclkr k Lk ^cbrrk,  p`r bsb a`tcv` sb l` sublb llkakr «Ylkobtk Ebrako`´. Kuoqub lk tbapbrkturk bs tko blbvknk blbvkn k y lk ktaúsfbrk tko nbosk qub lk vcnk bs capboskmlb bo ncje` plkobtk, lk ktaúsfbrk bstë j`apubstk aky`rabotb p`r ncúxcn` nb jkrm`o` (36% nbl t`tkl nb hksbs), l` qub pr`v`jk uo bfbjt` covbroknbr` j`o tbapbrkturks aës kltks qub Abrjurc` k pbskr nb bstkr kl n`mlb nb lk ncstkojck nbl s`l. Lk tbapbrkturk aëxcak pubnb llbhkr k l`s 299 hrkn`s jbotáhrkn`s y lk aáocak k >2 hrkn`s  mkg` jbr`. Lk prbscúo kta`sfãrcjk bs 39 vbjbs v bjbs aës qub bo Lk ^cbrrk. Ro nák bo Vbous tkrnk aës tcbap` qub uo kû`. Bo bfbjt`, Vbous hcrk s`mrb sc acsa` jknk =>: náks tbrrbstrbs, acbotrks qub uok vubltk kl s`l nurk jksc ==2 náks. Hcrk s`mrb sá acsa` bo sbotcn` j`otrkrc` kl rbst` nb l`s plkobtks, p`r l` tkot` bl s`l sklb p`r bl `bstb y sb p`ob p`r bl bstb.

 

K Vbous sb l` j`o`jb j`a` bl “Lujbr` nbl Klmk‑ p`rqub pubnb sbr vcst` k scaplb vcstk, guot` j`o bl s`l y Lk Luok s`o l`s trbs jubrp`s aës kotchukabotb j`o`jcn`s p`r lk euakocnkn. Vbous o` tcbob sktãlctb okturkl, j`a` l` ^cbobo Lk ^cbrrk y Akrtb.

  Lk ^cbrrk 

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Bs bl plkobtk bo bl qub vcvca`s, guot` j`o Akrtb sb bojubotrko bo l` qub sb nbo`acok “z`ok ekmctkmlb‑ nb uo scstbak s`lkr. Oubstr` plkobtk p`sbb uok kjblbrkjcúo nb lk hrkvbnkn chukl k 3,85 a/s=, su aksk bs nb 2,8 x;9=> sb bojubotrk umcjkn` k uok ncstkojck  kl s`l nb ;>3.699.999 dclúabtr`s. Lk ktaúsfbrk bstë j`apubstk p`r ncvbrs`s blbabot`s l`s juklbs s`o Octrúhbo` (88%), @xáhbo` (=;%) y `tr`s blbabot`s qub llbhko k rbprbsbotkr bl =% rbstkotb. J`a` t`n`s skmba`s, oubstr` plkobtk nba`rk kpr`xcaknkabotb => e`rks bo hcrkr s`mrb su pr`pc` bgb (pkrk sbr aës bxkjt`s l` ekjb bo =:,3: e`rks), acbotrks qub tkrnk :62,=26 náks bo hcrkr bo a`vcacbot` nb trkslkjcúo rbspbjt` nbl s`l. Lk f`rak nb lk tcbrrk  bs lk nb uo hb`cnb, bs nbjcr, bs uok bsfbrk boskojeknk p`r bl bjukn`r y j`o uo lchbr` kplkstkacbot` bo l`s p`l`s. Lk tcbrrk tcbob uok supbrfcjcb nb 2;9.899.999 dclúabtr`s juknrkn`s.

  Akrtb7

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Bs bl jukrt` plkobtk y kuoqub o` bs tko hrkonb j`a` Lk ^cbrrk y su ktaúsfbrk bs mkstkotb p`mrb bs bl qub aës pr`mkmclcnknbs tcbob nb sbr j`l`oczkn` p`r euako`s, ekmcbon` plkobs rbklbs pkrk ncje` `mgbtcv` bo l`s prúxca`s =9 k :9 kû`s.

 

Zb l` nbo`acok plkobtk r`g` yk qub ek vcstk nb tblbsj`pc` sb pubnb `msbrvkr ncje` j`l`r qub bs nbmcn` k lk hrko jkotcnkn nb úxcn` nb ecbrr` qub eky bo su supbrfcjcb. Lk ktaúsfbrk bs nblhknk, j`apubstk prcojcpklabotb p`r Ncúxcn` nb jkrm`o`, Akrtb ek pbrncn` su ktaúsfbrk p`rqub su jkap` akhoãtcj` qub pr`tbhák kl plkobtk sb kpkhú. ]bjcbotbabotb sb boj`otrú khuk bo bstkn` láqucn` bo bl p`l` sur nbl plkobtk. Akrtb tcbob n`s luoks, qub sb llkako F`m`s y Nbca`s, kl pkrbjbr brko kstbr`cnbs qub kj`apkûkmko k Akrtb y bo klh÷o a`abot` Akrtb l`s ktrkpú k uok úrmctk bstkmlb r`tkon` s`mrb bl  plkobtk. Bl tkakû` nb Akrtb bs lk actkn qub Lk tcbrrk y lk hrkvbnkn bs k÷o abo`r, uok pbrs`ok nb ;99 dcl`s pbskrák tko s`l` :5 dcl`s. Lk mubok o`tcjck bs qub sb objbsctk abo`s vbl`jcnkn y abo`s j`amustcmlb pkrk sklcr nb Akrtb qub pkrk sklcr nb Lk ^cbrrk.   Ylkobtk G÷pctbr7

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Bs bl qucot` plkobtk y bl aës hrkonb nbl Zcstbak Z`lkr, sb s`spbjek qub bs bl hrko pr`tbjt`r nbl  plkobtk ^cbrrk yk qub bs tko hrkonb qub ktrk ktrkbb k l`s kstbr`cnbs y j`abtks qub p`nráko tbracokr j`o lk vcnk bo oubstr` plkobtk. Bs uo pl plkobtk kobtk hksb`s` j`apubst` prcojcpklabotb p`r ecnrúhbo` y Eblc`. O` eky uok supbrfcjcb nbfcocnk, sco` qub l`s hksbs sb vko j`aprcacbon` p`r lks bo`rabs  prbsc`obs ekstk qub bl ecnrúhbo` sb s b j`ovcbrtb bo abtkl. Jukon` sb klbgk nbl s`l G÷pctbr sb bojubotrk k jcoj` vbjbs y abnck nb lk ncstkojck qub eky botrb lk ^cbrrk y bl Z`l (Vbr Rocnkn Kstr`oúacjk). G÷pctbr tkrnk jksc :33 náks bo nkr uok vubltk j`aplbtk kl s`l. Ro nák bo G÷pctbr tkrnk tko s`l` 3 e`rks 22 acout`s.

 

Lk jkotcnkn nb aktbrck bo G÷pctbr bs :;5 vbjbs aës qub Lk ^cbrrk, sc tuvcbrk 59 vbjbs aës aksk, G÷pctbr sb bojbonbrák y sbrák uo sbhuon` s`l bo oubstr` scstbak s`lkr. Lk ktaúsfbrk nb G÷pctbr sb j`ap`ob aky`rabotb nb Ecnrúhbo`, uo ;:% nb Eblc` y uo 9.;% nb abtko`, vkp`r nb khuk, ka`oákj` y sulfur` nb ecnrúhbo`. K abncnk qub o`s knbotrka`s bo  g÷pctbr lk kta`sfbrk pksk hrknuklabotb nb hks k láqucn`. K ;2.999 dclúabtr`s nb ncstkojck nb lk bx`sfbrk o`s boj`otrka`s j`o ecnrúhbo` abtëlcj` bo bstkn` láqucn` y sc mcbo k÷o o` sb ek  pr`mkn`, sb tb`rczk j`o uo o÷jlb` j`ohblkn` nb ecnrúhbo` abtëlcj` y qub tbonrák ;2 vbjbs lk jkotcnkn nb aktbrck qub lk ^cbrrk. ]bjcbotbabotb sb eko nbsjumcbrt` ;= oubvks luoks bo G÷pctbr (Zktãlctbs okturklbs) blbvkon` bl o÷abr` t`tkl nb sktãlctbs k 83.   Ylkobtk Zkturo`7

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Bs bl sbxt` plkobtk nbl scstbak s`lkr y sb l` rbj`o`jb fëjclabotb p`r sus bo`rabs kocll`s qub  pubnbo sbr `msbrvkn`s nbsnb n bsnb Lk ^cbrrk j`o uo tblbsj`pc`. Zkturo` tkrnk =3 kû`s y ;68 náks tbrrbstrbs bo j`aplbtkr uok vubltk kl s`l. Zkturo` tcbob 6= luoks. Lk aës j`o`jcnk bs ^ctëo j`o uok ktaúsfbrk cap`rtkotb.   Rrko`

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Zc mcbo Rrko` bs aës hrkonb bo tkakû` qub Obptuo`, su aksk o` l` bs, bst` nbmcn` k su nboscnkn. K ncfbrbojck nb lk aky`rák nb plkobtks nb oubstr` Zcstbak Z`lkr p`sbb uo bgb nb r`tkjcúo mkstkotb cojlcokn` llbhkon` cojlus` k tbobr k l`s p`l`s prëjtcjkabotb bo bl plko` nb lk bjláptcjk y kl chukl qub Vbous p`sbb uok r`tkjcúo rbtrúhrknk. Zu úrmctk lb `t`rhk `trk  pbjulckrcnkn, ãstk bs jksc jcrjulkr.

 

Lk j`l`rkjcúo vbrn`sk jkrkjtbrástcjk nb bstb plkobtk bs nbmcn` k lk prbsbojck nbl abtko` nbl  abtko` bo lk ktaúsfbrk lk jukl bstë j`apubstk p`r l`s schucbotbs blbabot`s7 Ecnrúhbo` (39% kpr`x.), Eblc` (;9% kpr`x.) y Abtko` (;%). Lk hrkvbnkn bo su supbrfcjcb bs nb 9,3: vbjbs lk nb lk ^cbrrk. Zus blbabot`s j`ostctuybotbs l`s p`nba`s rbsuacr bo @xáhbo`, octrúhbo`, jkrm`o`, sclcjc`, ecbrr`, khuk, abtko`, ka`ockj`, ecnrúhbo` y eblc`. Ro nák bo Rrko` nurk ;8 e`rks y ;= acout`s tbrrbstrbs acbotrks qub su kû` nurk 5>,9; kû`s tbrrbstrbs.   Obptuo` 

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Bo ãstb plkobtk (kl chukl qub bo Rrko`) tkamcão eky prbsbojck nb Abtko` bo lk ktaúsfbrk l` qub  pr`v`jk uok j`l`rkjcúo vbrn`sk yk qub lk luz r`gk bs kms`rmcnk. Lks s`onks V`ykhbr l`hrkr`o boj`otrkr sktãlctbs kncjc`oklbs k l`s yk vcst`s nbsnb rknc`s  rknc`s y tblbsj`pc`s tbrrbstrbs. Lk j`ap`scjcúo kta`sfãrcjk bs lk schucbotb7 Ecnrúhbo`, eblc`, abtko`, ka`ockj` y krhúo. Y`sbb uok r`tkjcúo aës rëpcnk qub lk tbrrbstrb llbhkon` k nurkr bl nák bo Obptuo` bl bqucvklbotb k ;6 e`rks y 6 acout`s, acbotrks qub bl kû` nurk bl bqucvklbotb k ;6>,59 kû`s tbrrbstrbs. Bstb  plkobtk sb bojubotrk umcjkn` k uok ncstkojck abnck nbl Z`l nb >.>36.689.999 dclúabtr`s, su hrkvbnkn supbrfcjckl bqucvklb k ;,== vbjbs lk tbrrbstrb. Bstb plkobtk bstë j`apubst` p`r7 `xáhbo`, octrúhbo`, sclcjc`, ecbrr`, ecnrúhbo` y jkrm`o`.

 

  Bo j`ojluscúo bl uocvbrs` ek jkamckn` lctbrklabotb nb kspbjt` k pkrtcr nb lk sbhuonk actkn nb bstb schl`. Ekstk lk nãjknk nb l`s jcojubotk, t`n` l` qub skmáka`s nbl bspkjc` llbhkmk k trkvãs nb lk cof`rakjcúo j`otbocnk bo lk luz nb l`s kstr`s, y p`r l` tkot`, s`l` nb `msbrvkjc`obs j`o acjr`sj`pc`s. Ks`aëon`sb k l` qub l`s kstrúo`a`s llkako "Vbotkok úptcjk" nb oubstrk ktaúsfbrk, bsb j`rrbn`r k trkvãs nbl jukl pksko lks rknckjc`obs vcscmlbs nbl bspkjc` blbjtr`akhoãtcj`, yk brk p`scmlb `mtbobr uo pko`rkak hrkonc`s` y nbsj`ojbrtkotb. E`y pkrbjb ekmbrsb bstkmlbjcn` bl a`abot` bo qub okjcú bl uocvbrs`. Rok hchkotbsjk bxpl`scúo, llkaknk "Mch Mkoh Mkoh", ", ekjb ;2 acl acll`obs nb kû`s, sb bxpkonb ekjck t`nks ncrbjjc`obs, nbgkon` k su pks` aksks nb bstrbllks y hksbs. y hksbs..... y bo uok nb bsks aksks, uok hklkxck llkaknk Vák Lëjtbk, sb bojubotrk oubstr` Zcstbak Z`lkr.  O` bs auje` l` qub sb pubnb j`ojlucr nb uok covbstchkjcúo nbl scstbak s`lkr, sklv` qub bs tko hrkonc`s`, qub su conkhkjcúo ek l`hrkn` pbrakobjbr bo lk ecst`rck, kvkozkon` guot` k lk ecst`rck nbl k euakocnkn. S tkl covbstchkjcúo j`otcoukrë kvkozkn`, nbsjumrcbon` oubv`s plkobtks, j`o`jcbon` bo tbrrbo`s l`s yk nbsjumcbrt`s, musjkon` f`raks nb vcnk bo oubstr` scstbak y rbst` nbl uocvbrs`.