El Razonamiento Logico y Sus Bases Conceptuales

 

’Høa `li Jenlgtlghrea `li Rlrÿ? :22 høas `l Eg`lplg`lgneh‛

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8.:. Iþdenh carkhi y iþdenh khtlrehi............................................................................3 :. AZ@LGHKELG AZ@LGHKELGPA PA O\ZE@ENA

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:.8. @eclrlgneh lgtrl ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena y ar`lg ourë`ena....................................88 :.:. Lstrunturh `li ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena?...............................................................88 :.>. Li ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena naka sestlkh.............................................................8: :.0. Rrajilkhs lg li ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena.............................................................8: :. >. NAGPLVPA @L @L^N\JZEKELGPA U NAGPLVPA @L O\^PECENHNEÞG.......................8>

>.8. Nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta..............................................................................80 >.:. Nagtlxta `l ousnhneþg...................................................................................8< >.0. Ih `esgneþg lgtrl nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta y nagtlxta `l ousnhneþg gas plrketl, h su vlz, `esgduer `as plrsplnvhs plrsplnvhs `l hgèieses `l ihs hrduklgthneagls... hrduklgthneagls.. . .83 0. O\^PECENHNEÞG EGPLZGH U O\^PECENHNEÞG LVPLZGH.............................................86

0.8. Ousnhneþg egtlrgh.........................................................................................86 0.:. Ousnhneþg lxtlrgh..........................................................................................:2

 

EGPZA@\NNEAG

Li prlslgtl trhjhoa sl vh h jhshr lg li rhzaghkelgta iþdena y sus jhsls nagnlptuhils, sus nihsls y ih rlihneþg qul lgl nag li ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena qul thkjeåg ls atra pugta h trhthr y qul ias nagtlxtas `l `lsnujrekelgta y `l ouscnhneþg, hsë naka ihs ganeagls `l ouscnhneþg egtlrgh y lxtlrgh, sag tlkhs qul sl egtlrrlihneaghg. @lgtra `l ih slnulgneh `li hgèieses iþdena `li rhzaghkelgta ourë`ena lxestl ug lgþklga ekparthgtl h lxpienhr, y naka thi, rlsuith rlilvhgtl su `liekethneþg, h llntas `l qul, lg li lolrnenea iþdena h `lshrraiihr, `elrlgnelkas lg quå kl`e`h, lg ih vhiarhneþg iþdenh, ias nagtlxtas `l `lsnujrekelgta y ouscnhneþg, vhg h rlihneaghr gulstrhs e`lhs sajrl li lsnihrlnekelgta `l ih egnlr`ukjrl ourë`enh h `eiune`hr. Lg li `lrlnfa, li oulz hi hghiezhr li nhsa nagnrlta, ouscnh egtlrghklgtl nagtraihg`a ihs prlkeshs y ih eglrlgneh qul `l liih fh rlhiezh`a, h trhvås `l ih iþdenh arkhi, nuyh nagniuseþg pul`l slr vlr`h`lrh a hish, plra ga glnlshrehklgtl ousth a egousth. Nag lsth aplrhneþg, li oulz hdath su egtlrprlthneþg y ga `h khyarls rhzagls sajrl su `lneseþg, rlsuithg`a lsth egsucnelgtl y par thgta ieketh ugh h`lnuh`h ouscnhneþg egtlrgh. Nag ih ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh, h `elrlgneh `l ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh, ia qul jusnh ls `lsnujrer, lxhkeghr y lxpaglr nag rhzagls sucnelgtls phrh lgtlg`lr ugh prlkesh naka vèie`h. Ih ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh lgl naka ajolva narrlder ihs prlkeshs hrrejh`hs `l`unvhklgtl par ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh, par nagseduelgtl, li oulz hi kaklgta `l `lne`er `ljl ouscnhr thgta egtlrgh a naka lxtlrghklgtl= `l lsth khglrh, sl dhrhgzh qul ias lgugneh`as y ih garkhvh hpienh`h lg li nhsa nagnrlta fhyhg nukpie`a nag ugh þpkh lvhiuhneþg, hgèieses y lstu`ea `l ta`hs ihs ulgtls qul li `lrlnfa il arlnl.

 

ZH_AGHKELGPA IADENA U ^\^ JH^L^ NAGNLRP\HIL^ 8. ZH ZH_A _AGH GHKE KELG LGPA PA IIAD ADEN ENA? A? Ls ih arkh `li plgshkelgta kès nakpiloh, y ih keskh thkjeåg sl `llrlgneh `l atrhs ganeagls? h. Jlgiianf Ejhrrh y Plol`ar Nhkpakhgls khgeclsthg qul li rhzaghkelgta ga ls li hnta `l ih egtliedlgneh par li nuhi `l uga a vhreas oueneas nagane`as eglrekas atra `lsnagane`a, parqul li rhzaghkelgta ls li pra`unta `l `enfa hnta, iihkh`a rhzaghr, y ga li hnta keska.8 j. Oaså H. @elz Nhizh`h, h plshr qul ga il egtlrlsh `esnlrger lgtrl rhzaghkelgta, hrduklgthneþg a eglrlgneh, lxprlsh qul hrduklgta ls ug pa lsplnehi `l hnta `l fhjih, `l nhrèntlr prhdkèna, nag ugh `ltlrkegh`h prltlgseþg? ugh slnulgneh `l prapaseneagls: = h phrr `l `enfh `lcgeneþg ls nihra qul li hrduklgta ga ls ia keska qul rhzaghkelgta, parqul åstl ls ug lilklgta `li plgshkelgta y ga ug hnta `li fhjih= n. Ouhg Oaså ^hgduegl `lcgl ih eglrlgneh naka li " ... phsa `l ihs prlkeshs h ih nagniuseþg lsl phsa ga ls kès qul "ih `lrevhneþg" `l ug ouenea `l atras, plra li rhzaghkelgta ga ls saihklgtl lsa, sega qul ls ug nakpiloa plgshkelgta nakpulsta `l vhreas oueneas.> Ih ghturhilzh `li rhzaghkelgta sl fh `ltlrkegh`a `l ih seduelgtl khglrh? h. Iues Hijlrta Rh`eiih? "Li rhzag rhzaghkelgta hkelgta ls ugh aplrhneþg iþdenh par kl`ea `l ih nuhi, h phrr `l uga a kès oueneas, sl `lrevh ih vlr`h` a hisl`h` ... `l atra `esgta0 j. Khrëh Nresgh Nhkp Nhkphdgh hdgh y H`rehgh Ihzzlrl Ihzzlrl? ? "Li rhzaghkelgta ls ih aplr aplrhneþg hneþg lg ih qul, h phrr `l `as a kès prapaseneagls, sl hcrkh, sl egclrl atrh prapaseneþg h ka`a `l nagniuseþg<

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Zhzaghr ls ajolta `l lstu`ea `l ih psenaiadëh y li rhzaghkelgta `l ih iþdenh. Jlgiianf Ejhrrh, L., y, N. Plol`ar Nhkpakhgls. Ap. net., pèdegh? 00. : @elz Nhizh`h, Oaså H. Egenehneþg h ih iþdenh. Lsphøh. L`etarehi Hreli, ^anel`h` Hgþgekh, :22:, preklrh l`eneþg, pèdegh? 80 > 883 ^hgduegl, Ouhg Oaså. Ap. net., pèdegh? 8:6.

 

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Rh`eiih K., Iues Hijlrta. Ap. net., pèdegh? .. Ias ègduias egtl j.:.> egtlrearls rearls `li treèg treègduia duia lsnhilga suk sukhg hg `as rlntas (862 drh drh`as). `as). @l ias oueneas segduihrls rllre`as par ias lgugneh`as hgtlrearls, sl hjstrhl ia nakÿg lgtrl liias, y sl nagniuyl li seduelgtl ouenea ugevlrshi `lnihrh`a nag ih prapaseneþg? Ias ègduias egtlrearls `l ta`as ias treègduias sukhg `as rlntas (862 drh`as). Li ouenea se sedg dgec ecnh nh`a `a lg ih nagn nagniu iuse seþg þg hgtl hgtlre rear ar nags nagst tuy uyll li pu pugt gta a `l phr phr`h `h lg ug rhzaghkelgta `l`unva, parqul sl pul`l hpienhr h nuhiquelr treègduia lg phrnuihr, y prl`enhr `li keska qul sus ègduias egtlrearls sukhg `as rlntas (862 drh`as). 8.:. Iþdenh cark carkhi hi y iþdenh kht khtlrehi. lrehi. Lg li rhzaghkelgta nhjl `esgduer `as hsplntas a `eklgseagls? ih khtlreh y ih arkh. Ih arkh fhnl rllrlgneh h "ih trhjhzþg `l ihs prapaseneagls"= ih khtlreh sl rlclrl h "ih ghturhilzh `l ihs prapaseneagls". Lsth `esgneþg ls ekparthgtl parqul ga `ljl nagug`ersl ih vhie`lz iþdenh `l ug rhzaghkelgta (su lstrunturh a arkh) nag ih vlrhne`h` `li keska (su khtlreh a nagtlge`a). \g rhzaghkelgta pul`l slr narrlnta `ls`l li pugta `l vesth iþdena y hisa lg su nagtlge`a, par hith `l h`lnuhneþg a narrlspag`lgneh nag ih rlhie`h` `l ia plgsh`a. Hsë puls, tlglkas qul "lg rhzþg `l su arkh li rhzaghkelgta ls narrlnta a egnarrlnta= lg rhzþg `l su khtlreh `enl vlr`h` a hisl`h`‛. h) Ih iþd iþdenh enh arkhi  -thkjeåg `lgakegh `lgakegh`h `h iþdenh klgar {iþdenh kegar) kegar)‐ ‐ ls ih nelgneh `l ihs ilyls `li plgshkelgta, lg së keska nagse`lrh`a. Lsta ls, ih iþdenh arkhi trhth "`l `lcger

ihs

nag`eneagls

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plgshkelgta

naflrlgtl

nagseda

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(eg`lplg`elgtlklgtl (eg`lplg`elgtl klgtl `l ta`h khtlreh `ltlrkegh`h)". Khretheg sl rlclrl h liih nag ihs lxprlseagls `l Iþdenh klgar a Iþdenh `l ih Zhzþg narrlnth. Lsth iþdenh sl narrlspag`l,

 

lg li èkjeta `l ih iþdenh hrestatåienh, nag ih `l ias Rreklras Hghiënas, anuph`h `l lihjarhr ih tlarëh `li "seiadeska narrlnta". Ih iþdenh arkhi lstu`eh hsë ias nagtlge`as `li plgshkelgta sldÿg su egtlrgh lstrunturh (naka nagnlptas, oueneas y rhneanegeas) y sus rlnëpranhs y glnlshrehs rlihneagls (ilyls iþdenhs)= ilyls iþdenhs qul hsldurhg ih rlntu` a narrlnneþg `li rhzaghkelgta. Ih iþdenh arkhi lgl puls par ajolta ih narrlnneþg `l ih trhjhzþg `l ihs prapaseneagls `li rhzaghkelgta, kastrhg`a "nþka `ljl llntuhrsl `enfh trhjhzþg phrh qul li rhzaghkelgta slh narrlnta y redurasa". Mhiegawsme `lgakegh h ih iþdenh, hsë lgtlg`e`h, iþdenh arkhi `l`unvh. H lstl rlsplnta `enl? "ih iþdenh nelgneh lgugneh ilyls nakphrhjils par ugh phrtl h ihs tlses khtlkènhs y par ih atrh phrtl h ihs ilyls `l ih senh a `l ih saneaiadëh, par lolkpia, nag ih `elrlgneh `l qul ihs ilyls iþdenhs lxprlshg ihs rlihneagls qul lxestlg lgtrl lgtls `l rhzþg, a lgtrl ias sedgas iegdùësnas qul ias rlprlslgthg (lg ia qul ih iþdenh sl phrlnl h ihs khtlkènhs) y ga lgtrl lgtls rlhils (...). Ih iþdenh, lgtlg`e`h `l lsth khglrh ‐ høh`l‐, pul`l slr iihkh`h iþdenh arkhi y `l`unvh. Lg llnta, sl trhth `l ugh nelgneh arkhi (...), puls ih iþden iþdenhh sþia lstu`eh ihs rlih rlihneagl neaglss arkh arkhils ils lgtrl prapaseneagls nag vhiar iþdena. Ls hi keska lkpa iþdenh `l`unvh, parqul sus ilyls ug`hklgthg ihs rldihs `l ias rhneanegeas `l`unvas‛. j) Ih iþdenh khtlrehi ‐thkjeåg `lgakegh`h `lgakegh` h iþdenh khyar (iþdenh khear)‐ sl anuph `li rhzaghkelgta `ls`l li pugta `l vesth `l su h`lnuhneþg a narrlspag`lgneh nag ih rlhie`h` `l ia plgsh`a. Lsta ls, ih iþdenh khtlrehi ls ih qul `lcgl ih arkh qul `ljl h`apthr li plgshkelgta tlgelg`a lg nulgth ias ajoltas h qul sl pul`l hpienhr. ^l trhth `l ug lstu`ea `l ghturhilzh ciasþcnh lgnhkegh`a h kastrhr ihs nag`eneagls `l vhie`lz `l ih hnve`h` rhneaghi y `l ias pra`untas ajolvh`as `l ih keskh= lsta ls, `li naganekelgta nelgcna‐ciasþcna y `l su vlr`h` agtaiþdenh. Ih iþdenh khtlrehi, h phrr `li lstu`ea `l ih khtlreh `li rhzaghkelgta (ghturhilzh `l ihs prapaseneagls), sl anuph `l kastrhr "nuèils `ljlg slr ihs prapaseneagls phrh qul li rhzaghkelgta ga sþia slh redurasa, sega thkjeåg `lkastrhva a nelgcna". ^ldÿg Khretheg ih Iþdenh khyar a iþdenh khtlrehi "kulstrh h quå nag`eneagls `ljlg rlspag`lr ias khtlrehils `li rhzaghkelgta phrh qul sl tlgdh ugh nagniuseþg sþie`h lg ta`as ias hsplntas ‐ga sþia `li ih`a `l ih arkh, sega thkjeåg `li ih`a `l ih khtlreh‐, ls `lner, ugh nagniuseþg vlr`h`lrh y nelrth". Ih nelgneh sl h`quelrl par `lkastrhneþg, y ta`h `lkastrhneþg ls ug

 

rhneanegea `ag`l fhy qul `esgduer khtlreh (ias lilklgtas qul lg li rhneanegea sl ar`lghg) y arkh (ar`lghneþg a ka`a `l `espaglr `enfas lilklgtas phrh hinhgzhr ug rlsuith`a nelgcna). Ih iþdenh ga sl anuph sþia `l ih arkh (iþdenh arkhi), sega thkjeåg `l ih khtlreh (iþdenh khtlrehi), lstu`ehg`a `l ug ka`a iþdena nþka fh `l slr ih khtlreh phrh qul, nag li nagnursa `l ih arkh h`lnuh`h, sl iildul h ugh nagniuseþg nelgcnhklgtl vlr`h`lrh vlr`h `lrh.. Ih iþdenh khtl khtlrehi rehi sl anuph ‐`enl Oaievlt Oaievlt‐ ‐ `l "`lt "`ltlrke lrkeghr ghr ih arkh qul `ljl h`apthr li plgshkelgta, sldÿg ias `evlrsas ajoltas h ias qul sl pul`l hpienhr" (>6), selg`a puls nakpltlgneh `l ih keskh "li lstu`ea `l ta`hs ihs nag`eneagls y prapel`h` prape l`h`ls ls iþden iþdenhs hs qul sl rlqu rlquelrl elrlg, g, lg dlgl dlglrhi, rhi, phrh ajtlg ajtlglr lr ugh nagn nagniuseþ iuseþg g nelgcnhklgtl vlr`h`lrh‛. Khretheg sl rlclrl h liih nag ihs lxprlseagls `l Iþdenh khyar khy ar a Iþden Iþdenhh `l ih Zhz Zhzþg þg vlr vlr`h` `h`lrh lrh.. Nhr Nhrhn hntlr tlrezh ezh`h `h hsë hsë ih iþd iþdenh enh kht khtlre lrehi hi sl narrlspag`l, lg li èkjeta `l ias lstu`eas iþdenas `l Hrestþtlils, nag ias ^ldug`as Hghiënas anuph`as `l lihjarhr ih tlarëh `li "seiadeska `lkastrhva qul lgdlg`rh ih nelgneh parqul su nagniuseþg ls vlr`h`lrh" :. AZ AZ@L @LGH GHKE KELG LGPA PA O\ O\ZE ZE@E @ENA NA ^ldÿg Zhkþg ^arehga ia `lcgl naka ’sestlkh `l garkhs l egstuneagls ourë`enhs vedlgtls lg ug drupa sanehi fakadågla y hutþgaka‛, `lsthnhg`a naka nhrhntlrls `li keska ih uge`h`, ih pilgetu` y ih naflrlgneh. Li pralsar Drldarea Rlnls Jhrjh, lg li iejra Li nursa `l tlarëh `li `lrlnfa, saslgl? ’li `lrlnfa ls, lg `lcgevh, ugh tångenh `l ardhgezhneþg `l ihs nag`unths fukhghs qul prltlg`l nagslduer sus ajolvas h trhvås `li lsthjilnekelgta `l `ltlrkegh`as ka`lias a phtragls `l nag`unth, lxprlsh`as h trhvås `l garkhs. Rlra lshs garkhs, ihs garkhs ourë`enhs, ga lxestlg hesih`hs l eg`lplg`elgtls. Hi nagtrhrea, sl hdruphg lg ia qul `lgakeghkas ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena‛. (:222, Rèd. :>) Rar su phrtl, Hgtagea L. Rlråz Iuøa lg li iejra tlarëh `li `lrlnfa nagse`lrh qul? ’Ihs garkhs ourë`enhs ga lstèg hesih`hs, sega qul, naka nagstuylg ug sestlkh‛. (:28:, Rèd. :2>) ^l phrrè hquë `l nagse`lrhr ihs rlihneagls lgtrl garkhs naka rlihneagls ga`hils `l ta`a ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena. Lsta prlsupagl, nuhg`a klgas, `as prlkeshs? h) qul ihs garkhs nagstuylg ias lilklgtas a uge`h`ls këgekhs `li @lrlnfa (hsugneþg qul ls

 

hkpiehklgtl nakphr`h par ih tlarëh ourë`enh nagtlkparèglh `l nuhiquelr sedga u arelgthneþg)= y j) qul ls ousthklgtl lg ihs rlihneagls egtlrgarkhvhs `ag`l sl dlglrh li «sestlkh ourë`ena½. H phrr `l liia sl hjrl ugh plrsplnvh qul pa`lrgas iihkhr «arkhi½ hnlrnh `li @lrlnfa. Rar «arkhi½ lgtlg`lrlkas hquë ugh hpraxekhneþg «lstrunturhi½ lg li slg`a lg qul Jajjea (85.

Li ar`lghkelgta oou urë`ena naka sestlkh

Klgneagh qul ihs garkhs egtlrhntÿhg lgtrl së, y se lstèg egtlrnaglnth`hs jhsèg`asl lg pregnepeas `l hpienhneþg dlglrhi, sl fhjih `l sestlkh ourë`ena. ^ldÿg li ouresth egdiås Flrjlrt Fhrt, li `lrlnfa lstè arkh`a par `as pas `l rldihs ourë`enhs? 

ihs rldihs ourë`enhs prekhrehs qul ekpaglg ajiedhneagls `l nag`unth (par lolkpia, ih rldih par ih nuhi ls ajiedhtarea phdhr ekpulstas)

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ihs rldihs ourë`enhs slnug`hrehs nagclrlg patlsth`ls phrh qul hidughs plrsaghs egtra`uznhg rldihs prekhrehs

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Rrajilkhs lg li ar`lghkelgta oou urë`ena

Rhrh li ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena ihs garkhs `ljlrëhg tlglr naflrlgneh y qul ga slhg egnakphjils lgtrl së. Ias ar`lghkelgtas ourë`enas rlhiklgtl lxestlgtls ga sag tathiklgtl naflrlgtls. @l hfë qul gas lgnagtrlkas nag li prajilkh `l ihs hggakehs ourë`enhs h ihs nagtrh`enneagls lgtrl ihs garkhs `l ug keska ar`lghkelgta  ourë`ena, a slh, hi nhsa lg qul `as a kès garkhs hpiequlg phrh ug keska nhsa eg`enhg`a nag`unths a rlsaiuneagls `esgths a egniusa nagtrh`entareh nagtrh`entarehs. s. @enfh hggakeh pul`l slr tathi (nuhg`a `ljl lildersl lgtrl ugh `l ihs `as garkhs phrh hpienhr) a phrnehi (nuhg`a li hsugta `li qul ugh garkh sl anuph lstè egniue`a thkjeåg lg li `l atrh `esgth lg atra slg`a). \g ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena naflrlgtl y jelg `esløh`a, lg preklr iudhr, `ljlrëh nhrlnlr tathiklgtl `l hggakehs ourë`enhs. 

Ihdughs

Ih ihdugh ls ugh hith, ugh egsucnelgneh `l rlduihneþg ourë`enh `lgtra `li ar`lghkelgta. Ih `antregh lsthjilnl, lgtrl lgtrl atras, `as pregnephils pas `l ihdughs -

Ihd Ihdughs ughs ` `ll Il Ily? y? ^^edgec edgecnh nh qu qull ga llxestl xestl ugh il ilyy qul pul`h rlsa rlsaivlr ivlr llii sup supulst ulsta a pihgtlh`a.

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Ihd Ihdughs ughs ` `ll @lr @lrlnfa lnfa?? Ga lxes lxestl tl ge il ily, y, ge na nastuk stukjrl, jrl, ge pr pregnep egnepea ea ddlglrh lglrhii qul pul`h rlsaivlr lsl nhsa.

 

:.. NAGP NAGPLVPA LVPA @L @L^N @L^N\JZEK \JZEKELGPA ELGPA U NAGPL NAGPLVPA VPA @L OO\^PEC \^PECENHN ENHNEÞG EÞG @lgtra `l ih slnulgneh `li hgèieses iþdena `li rhzaghkelgta ourë`ena lxestl ug lgþklga ekparthgtl h lxpienhr, y naka thi, rlsuith rlilvhgtl su `liekethneþg, h llntas `l qul, lg li lolrnenea iþdena h `lshrraiihr, `elrlgnelkas `elrlgnelkas lg quå kl`e`h, lg ih vhiarhneþg iþdenh, ias nagtlxtas `l `lsnujrekelgta y ouscnhneþg, vhg h rlihneaghr gulstrhs e`lhs sajrl li lsnihrlnek lsnihrlnekelgta elgta `l ih egnlr`ukjrl ourë`enh h `eiune`hr. ±Nuèg`a ±Nuèg `a lxes lxestl tl nagt nagtlxta lxta `l `lsnujr `lsnujrekelg ekelgta1 ta1 Zlily Zlilylg`a lg`a ihs e`lhs qul lxprl lxprlsh sh Khguli Hlg`h, pa`lkas eglrer qul li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta ga glnlseth ugh  ouscnhneþg a lxpienhneþg. lxpienhneþg. Lg vëh `l llolkpia, olkpia, pa`lkas khgelsthr khgelsthr qul hhii oulz ga il vhg h lxeder, `lgtra `li hgèieses `li prajilkh, par quå lsnadeþ thi a nuhi egtlrprlthneþg. Ls `lner, se lxestl ug nagenta h rlsaivlr, ga h vh h rlqulrërslil hi ouzdh`ar par quå aptþ par `ltlrkegh`h paseneþg. ^unl`l ia keska lg li hgèieses nelgcna ka`lrga? li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta vh h ekpienhr, lg li lstu`ea `l ug lgþklga, qul li lstu`easa aptl par h`apthr ugh `ltlrkegh`h paseneþg lg li ajolva `l `hr ugh lxpienhneþg h ugh tlarëh `ltlrkegh`h. U sajrl thi khgelsthneþg, ga il ls lxedejil ugh lxpienhneþg ouscnh`arh. Hlgzh rlclrl qul, rlsplnta `l lstl pa `l nagtlxta, sl `lsnujrl a saslgl ugh saiuneþg ourë`enh phrh ug `ltlrkegh`a nagenta y ls hpienhjil h ta`hs ihs `esnepieghs. @esgta ls li lgþklga rlsplnta hi nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg. Hquë li ouzdh`ar vh h rlsuithr lxede`a phrh `ltlrkeghr ihs rhzagls par ihs nuhils lxprlsh su `lneseþg lg thi a nuhi slg`a. Hlgzh sl rlclrl h lstl nagtlxta naka ’ hquli lg li nuhi sl phsh h `hr  rhzagls qul cug`hklgthg ugh `lneseþg ou`enehi takh`h, egnuinèg`aih h ugh nulsþg `l

 

hnlpthrih a rlnfhzhrih. Hquë ih `eclrlgneh susthgnehi nag li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta

 

rlse`l lg qul, lg li nagtlxta `l ousnhneþg, li oulz vh h glnlsethr cug`hklgthr su `lneseþg, lxpienhg`a nuèi ls ih ousnhneþg phrh lxprlshr li chiia lg li slg`a qul li  keska fh h`apth`a.

Ih `esgneþg lgtrl nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta y nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg ga naegne`l nag ih `esgneþg lgtrl `esnursa `lsnrepva y prlsnrepva, sega qul, thgta lg rlihneþg nag uga naka nag atra nagtlxta, sl pul`l h`apthr ugh hntu` `lsnrepvh a prlsnrepvh. Rar lolkpia, sl pul`l `lsnrejer nuèils sag ias kþveils qul iilvhrag hi oulz h `enthr ugh rlsaiuneþg lg li slg`a eg`enh`a (ia qul sedgecnhrëh lxpienh lxpienhrr su nag`unth)= plra thkjeåg sl pul`l prlsnrejer a rlnaklg`hr `ltlrkegh`as nhkjeas pranlshils phrh lvethr qul ihs e`laiadëhs `l ias oulnls ‐a `l ias ourh`as‐ tlgdhg ug plsa lxnlseva lg ihs `lneseagls h takhr (par lolkpia, fhnelg`a qul tlgdhg kès rlilvhgneh atras lilklgtas qul arkhg phrtl `l ih `lneseþg, a prapagelg`a hkpiehr ihs nhushs `l rlnushneþg `l oulnls a ourh`as). U, par atra ih`a, sl pul`l `lsnrejer nþka, `l flnfa, li  oulz lg nulsþg ug`hklgtþ su `lneseþg `lneseþg (sl jhsþ lg li hrduklgta `l qul, `l hnulr`a nag ih Nagstuneþg, li vhiar ve`h fukhgh `ljl prlvhilnlr sajrl li vhiar iejlrth` plrsaghi)= plrsagh i)= a jelg, sl pul`l prlsnrejer a sudlrer ‐ia qul lxedl h su vlz ugh ouscnhneþg ‐ nþka `ljelrh fhjlr ug`hklgth`a li oulz su `lneseþg (su ug`hklgthneþg tlgëh qul fhjlrsl jhsh`a lg atrh egtlrprlthneþg `l ih Nagstuneþg, qul sujar`egh li vhiar `l ih ve`h fukhgh hi vhiar iejlrth` plrsaghi) >.8.

Nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta

Li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta ls hquåi lg li nuhi sl `lsnujrl a sl nrlh ugh saiuneþg  ourë`enh phrh ug nagenta sakl`a h ih oures`enneþg. ^ldÿg Khguli Hlgzh, lstl nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta ga glnlseth ugh ouscnhneþg a lxpienhneþg4. Lg rlihneþg hi nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta, pa`lkas lsjazhr ug lolkpia nagarkl h ug lolkpia nièsena `l Dhrnëh Cedulrah lg li slg`a seduelgtl? ±pa`rëhkas lxederil h hiduelg lxpienhr par quå il dusth li flih`a `l vhegeiih1 Ra`rëh lg gulstra nhsa egtlrradèrslgas ±lgl rlilvhgneh ourë`enh par quå flkas lstu`eh`a @lrlnfa1 A ugh prldugth kès hÿg `l nagtlxta dlglrhi ±par quå ugas vlkas li vhsa kl`ea vhnëa y atras sailkas vlria

 

4

HPELG_H, Khguli. ’Ihs Zhzagls `li @lrlnfa‛. Rhilstrh L`etarls. Iekh :220. Rèd. :6. Rèd. >:.

 

kl`ea iilga1 Li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta ga hsukl rlilvhgneh lg ih hrduklgthneþg nagstuneaghi lg thgta ga ls lxedejil, rhneaghiklgtl, ih lxpienhneþg `l par quå sl h`aptþ ugh u atrh paseneþg egtlrprlthvh puls lg drhg kl`e`h, lstl pa `l nagtlxta lgl iudhr rlsplnta h ias nretlreas `l vhiarhneþg `li oulz, h su arkhneþg, h su prapeh e`easegnrhseh rlgtl h `ltlrkegh`as prajilkhs, h nþka vl ug `ltlrkegh`a prajilkh nag rlilvhgneh nagstuneaghi, lgtrl atras ug`hklgtas ug`hklgtas `l su ulra egtlrga. Lg atrh vëh `l lolkpia, ias oulnls `l ihs zaghs hiloh`hs `l ih Nasth, lg `ag`l ihs pajihneagls „ iåhsl Nakuge`h`ls Ghvhs„ nagslrvhg vhiarls `esgtas h ias `l ihs zaghs urjhghs lg tlkhs `l rlprlseþg `l nag`unths hgourë`enhs, pa`rëhg hsuker qul nagstuyh ugh nag`unth plrke`h qul nelrtas slntarls `l ih pajihneþg ghvh pul`hg nakprakltlrsl y pranrlhr hkeieh `ls`l tlkprhgh l`h`, lg thgta qul ug oulz `l ih Nasth, kès nløe`a h vhiarls `l pratlnneþg vlrnhi `l ih eg`lkge`h` slxuhi `l klgarls, së nagse`lrhrëh ih hplrturh `l ug pranlsa plghi par nulsagls vegnuih`hs h ih pratlnneþg lsththi lg nhsa `l ih ugeþg khrethi nag ugh plrsagh klgar `l l`h`. Lg li nhsa lg naklgta, li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta `li oulz `li lgtarga rurhi, lxprlsh`a naka su arkhneþg karhi, sanehi y `l vhiarls, egarkhrëh qul ga fhjrëh kåreta phrh ih ekpaseneþg `l ugh shgneþg plghi, y lg redar li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta ga ls ug ëtlk susnlpjil `l lxhklg puls li ulra egtlrga ajl`lnl h ug nagougta `l rhzagls `ltlrkegh`hs phrh hpugthr h ugh saiuneþg `li nagenta.

>.:.

Nagtlxta ` `l l oou usnhneþg

Li nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg ls hquåi lg li nuhi sl phsh h `hr ihs rhzagls qul ug`hklgthg ugh `lneseþg ou`enehi takh`h. Ihs nag`eneagls lg lstl hsuklg rlilvhgneh  ourë`enh lg thgta li oulz `ljl lxpienh lxpienhr, r, sustlgthr y hrduklgthr par quå su `lneseþg hsukl li slg`a cghiklgtl h`apth`a. Ih `eklgseþg `li prajilkh, lg tårkegas `l ouscnhneþg, ls atrh nuhg`a gas rllrekas hi nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg. Ihs nag`eneagls lg lstl nhsa së sag `elrlgtls puls li nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg hsukl rlilvhgneh ourë`enh lg thgta li oulz `ljl lxpienhr, sustlgthr y hrduklgthr par quå su `lneseþg hsukl li slg`a cghiklgtl h`apth`a. Lg redar, lg li nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg, ih sanel`h` hjelrth `l egtårprltls qul sakas ta`as

 

ias slrls fukhgas nag nhphne`h` `l rhneanegea, seduelg`a ih ganeþg fêjlrilhgh, gas vl vlka kass lg ih glnl glnlse se`h `h`, `, lxed lxedlg lgne nehh y rlqu rlqulr lrek ekel elgt gta a `l u ug` g`hk hklg lgth thrr gu guls lstr trhs hs `lneseagls, h `elrlgneh `li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta, li nuhi saia lgugneh gulstrh paseneþg. Ls lg lsl slg`a nuhg`a najrh ugh `eklgseþg ourë`ena dhrhgsth ih `lneseþg `li oulz qul `ljl sustlgthr ugh paseneþg y ihs ekpienhgnehs nagstuneaghils sag `l suya rlilvhgtls. Jhoa ias hinhgnls `li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgt `lsnujrekelgta, a, ga sl il rlqulrerè hi  oulz par quå h`aptþ ugh `lneseþg, a `l quå khglrh sl lxprlsþ lsl ulra egtlrga prapea `li keska phrh lgtlg`lr qul lg ug nhsa `ltlrkegh`a, vlrjedrhneh, ga h`aptþ ugh paseneþg `l tutlih a `l ekpranl`lgneh. Phkpana slrëh vehjil, jhoa ihs rldihs `li nagtlxta `l `lsnujrekelgta, par quå li oulz phrþ `l `ltlrkegh`as supulstas phrh sløhihr qul ih prltlgseþg nagstuneaghi së `ljëh `lnihrhrsl ug`h`h. ^eg lkjhrda, lg li nagtlxta `l ouscnhneþg li oulz sl vl ekplie`a phrh lxprlshr, ugh h ugh, ihs rhzagls, garkhvhs, ènnhs a `l pregnepeas, qul il nagnl`lg ulrzh h su `lneseþg y qul prapehklgtl shshnlg ih lxedlgneh `l ugh ouscnhneþg. >. >.>. >.

Ih ` `es es gneþ gneþg g l lg gtrl trl nnag agtl tlxt xta a ` `l l ` `l lsnu nuj jrek rekelg elgta y nnag agtl tlxxta ` `l l

 ousnhneþg gas plrketl, h su vlz, `esgduer `as plrsplnvhs `l hgèieses `l ihs hrduklgthneagls. Rar ug ih`a, lstè ih plrsplnvh `l `ltlrkegh`hs nelgnehs sanehils, naka ih psenaiadëh sanehi, qul fhg `esløh`a `evlrsas ka`lias phrh lxpienhr li pranlsa `l takh `l `lneseagls hi qul sl iildh, lg phrtl, par kl`ea `l hrduklgtas. Lg li nhkpa `li `lrlnfa, uga `l lsas ka`lias ls li `l ih egarkhneþg egtldrh`h, lihjarh`a par Khrg C. Mhpihg (nr. Mhpihg, 856>). ^ldÿg åi, li pranlsa `l takh `l `lneseþg `l ug oulz a ug  ourh`a ls li rlsuith`a `l ih nakjeghneþg `l ias vhiarls `l egarkhneþg y `l ekprlseþg egenehi. Li pranlsa `l `lneseþg nakelgzh nag ih hnukuihneþg `l uge`h`ls `l pruljh a egarkhneþg= h liia il sedul li pranlsa `l lvhiuhneþg lg li qul h nh`h ëtlk egarkhva sl il hsedgh ug vhiar lg ugh lsnhih lsplnëcnh phrh li ouenea qul sl lstè `lshrraiihg`a= li tlrnlr phsa nagsestl lg htrejuer ug plsa h nh`h egarkhneþg= iulda sl egtldrh ih egarkhneþg lvhiuh`h y saplsh`h lg ug ouenea segduihr naka, par ihs rhzagls `li `lrlnfa ga servlg phrh lgtlg`lr par quå sl rlhiezþ ugh hnneþg a lvlgtuhiklgtl phrh prl`lner ih lolnuneþg `l ugh hnneþg, sega phrh vhiarhrih, phrh `ltlrkeghr se ul julgh a

 

khih `ls`l `esgtas pugtas `l vesth‛ (Gega, 856). Ih preklrh `l lsths `as pasturhs phrlnl egsastlgejil, lsplnehiklgtl lg li nagtlxta `li `lrlnfa ka`lrga, lg li qul ih ajiedhneþg qul sl lsthjilnl `l kavhr ‐ouscnhr ‐ouscnhr‐ ‐ ihs `lneseagls, ga sþia nagtrejuyl h fhnlrihs hnlpthjils (y lsta rlsuith lsplnehiklgt lsplnehiklgtll rlilvhgtl lg sanel`h`ls

 

piurhiesths qul ga

 

nagse`lrhg naka ulgtl `l ildeke`h` a `l nagslgsa nashs thils naka ih trh`eneþg a ih hutare`h`), sega thkjeåg h qul li `lrlnfa pul`h nukpier su ugneþg `l duëh `l ih nag`unth fukhgh. Rar atra ih`a, ouscnhr ugh `lneseþg lg ug nhsa `enei sedgecnh hida kès qul llntuhr ugh aplrhneþg `l`unvh nagsestlgtl lg lxtrhlr ugh nagniuseþg h phrr `l prlkeshs garkhvhs y ènnhs. U atra thgta anurrl nag ih sldug`h pasturh, lsta ls, nag ih apegeþg `l qul ias oulnls ‐a ias ourh`as‐ ga ouscnhg (ge pa`rëhg  ouscnhr prapehklgtl) sus `lneseagls, sega qul ihs takhg `l arkh errhneaghi ‐a hrrhneaghi‐, y pastlrearklgtl ihs sakltlg h ug pranlsa `l rhneaghiezhneþg. Hsë, hidugas rlprlslgthgtls `li rlhieska hklrenhga fhg khgtlge`a, lg llnta, qul ihs slgtlgne slgt lgnehs hs ou`en ou`enehils ehils ’sag `lsh `lshrraii rraiih`hs h`hs rlt rltraspl rasplnvhk nvhklgtl lgtl `ls` `ls`ll nagni nagniusea useagls gls tlgthvhklgtl arkuih`hs‛ ,qul ga sl pul`l hnlpthr ih tlses qul rlprlslgth hi oulz ’ hpienhg`a ilyls y pregnepeas h ias flnfas, lsta ls, takhg`a hidugh rldih a pregnepea... naka su prlkesh khyar, lkpilhg`a ias flnfas `li nhsa naka prlkesh klgar y iildhg`a lgtagnls h su rlsaiuneþg kl`ehgtl pranlsas `l pura rhzaghkelgta‛ y qul, lg `lcgevh, ihs ’ `lneseagls lstèg jhsh`hs lg ias ekpuisas `li oulz‛ , li nuhi lxtrhl lsas ekpuisas ga `l ihs ilyls y `l ias pregnepeas dlglrhils `li `lrlnfa ug`hklgthiklgtl, sega seg a saj sajrl rl ta` ta`a a `l hn hntar tarls ls eg` eg`eve eve`uh `uhils ils qul sag ta` ta`hvë hvëhh ’kè ’kèss ekp ekpart arthgt hgtls ls qul nuhiquelr nuhiq uelr nash qul pu`el pu`elrh rh slr `lsn `lsnreth reth naka prlou prloueneas eneas paiëna paiënas, s, lnag lnagþkena þkenass a karhils‛ 0. O\^PE O\^PECENH CENHNEÞG NEÞG EGPLZ EGPLZGH GH U O\^PE O\^PECENH CENHNEÞG NEÞG LVPLZ LVPLZGH GH Ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh `ljl slr nakphjil nag li usa `l ihs rldihs `l ih iþdenh, y ih  ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh, `ljl `lshrraiihr ih lxpienhneþg khtlrehi `l ihs prlkeshs, qul fhjrè `l ajslrvhrsl ih ekparthgneh `l nagstruer julgas hrduklgtas, julghs rhzagls y julghs ouscnhneagls, h prapþseta `l ih `lneseþg qul nelrrh li nagenta a qul, lg su nhsa, ekpienh ug hgèieses rhzagh`a `l ih `lneseþg.

0.8.

Ousnhneþg egtlrgh

Li pugta `l phr`h `l ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh sag ihs prlkeshs, ihs nuhils lg ih `lneseþg  ou`enehi velglg h slr ih prlkesh garkhvh y ih prlkesh ènnh. Ih prlkesh garkhvh `ljl tlglr ug supulsta garkhva, ugh nagslnulgneh ourë`enh y slr vèie`h nagarkl hi

 

ar`lghkelgta ourë`ena. Ih prlkesh ènnh ls ugh hcrkhneþg hnlrnh `l hquliia qul

 

hnagtlneþ lg li pihga `l ias flnfas. ^l fh lxprlsh`a lgtagnls, qul ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh fhnl hiuseþg h ug pranl`ekelgta `l pa `l`unva, lg li nuhi sl phrtl `l ugh prlkesh khyar, ugh prlkesh klgar y sl ajlgl ugh nagniuseþg, ia nuhi ekpienh qul ih prlkesh khyar velgl h naegne`er nag ugh garkh ourë`enh, ih prlkesh klgar nag ias flnfas, y ih nagniuseþg nag ih slgtlgneh ou`enehi. Hfarh jelg, ih slgtlgneh ou`enehi lsthrè hrduklgth`h rhneaghiklgtl, rhneaghiklgtl, `ls`l li pugta `l vesth `l ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh se lxestl rlneprane`h` iþdenh lgtrl ihs prlkeshs y ih `lneseþg. Rar lg`l, se `enfh rlihneþg sl prlslgth `l khglrh h`lnuh`h ih hrduklgthneþg dhghrè lg nhie`h` y rhneaghie`h`= se ga ls hsë ih hrduklgthneþg ourë`enh pelr`l saie`lz. Naka klgneagh Trþjilwsme, ugh `lneseþg sl lgnulgtrh ouscnh`h egtlrghklgtl ’se fh se`a eglre`h `l ihs prlkeshs hnlpth`hs par quelg takh ih `lneseþg sldÿg ihs rldihs `l ih eglrlgneh qul åi nagse`lrh vèie`hs. \gh egouscnhneþg `l ugh `lneseþg nagsestl lg fhnlr lxpiëneths lshs prlkeshs y rldihs‛ (Trþjilwsme, :22>). ^l `ljl hprlnehr se li oulz fh sldue`a ug lolrnenea `l seg`årlses iþdenh y sl rlvesh, nag egsestlgneh, se li oulz fh sldue`a ihs rldihs `l ih iþdenh arkhi. Iulda sl vlrecnh se li hiia fh se`a nue`h`asa lg ga lgtrhr lg nagtrh`enneagls khgeclsthklgtl egnagdrulgtls. egnagdrulgtls. Ihs prlkeshs ènnhs `l vuiglrhneþg `l ug `lrlnfa ug`hklgthi sl `ljlg h`lnuhr y pecnhr `lgtra `l ih garkh tutlihr nagstuneaghi. Ih thrlh `li oulz, lg lstas nhsas, ls hnakltlr nag kunfa nue`h`a su thrlh `l nagstrunneþg `l hrduklgtas y ga pa`rè, lg vëh `l lolkpia, rlsaivlr `l arkh `lslskhtareh ugh prltlgseþg vegnuih`h hi `lrlnfa ug`hklgthi h ih shiu`, uge`h h ih garkh-pregnepea `li `lrlnfa h ih ve`h, se yh lxestl ug hgtlnl`lgtl ourespru`lgnehi qul selgth `antregh nagstuneaghi rlsplnta h ugh tutlih6. par ih ouscnhneþg egtlrgh, hprlnehkas se li oulz fh sldue`a ug lolrnenea `l seg`årlses iþdenh y rlveshkas, nag egsestlgneh, se li oulz fh sldue`a ihs rldihs `l ih iþdenh arkhi. Hghiezhkas lg li pihga `l ouscnhneþg egtlrgh, se li hiia fh se`a nue`h`asa lg ga lgtrhr lg nagtrh`enneagls khgeclsthklgtl egnagdrulgtls. Slrecnhkas se ihs prlkeshs ènnhs `l vuiglrhneþg `l ug `lrlnfa ug`hklgthi sl h`lnuhg y pecnhg `lgtra `l ih garkh tutlihr nagstuneaghi a egrh nagstuneaghi. Lg rlhie`h`, ih `lneseþg nagstuneaghi

 

6

Se`. ^PN :50.HH/PN nhsa Hzhgnh Klzh, sajrl htlgneþg kå`enh egtldrhi phrh phnelgtls nag SEF/^E@H

 

kunfhs vlnls nagstuyl ug nagougta nagse`lrhjil `l prlkeshs khyarls a pregnepeas, vhiarls y `erlntrenls, h nuya èkjeta sl rlketlg eduhi gÿklra `l flnfas a nernugsthgnehs ènnhs ènnhs vegnuih`hs h vuiglrhneagls. Lg thi slg`a, pa`lkas hprlnehr ug gÿklra nagse`lrhjil `l rhzagls qul lxedlg slr `lieketh`hs h trhvås `l ug lolrnenea iþdena qul `lgatl qul llnvhklgtl fhy ugh slnulgneh `l nagdrulgneh, `l ëtlr pranl`eklgthi iþdena y qul ga sl fhg pra`une`a nuhg`a klgas nagtrh`enneagls lgtrl ihs prlkeshs khyarls y ihs prlkeshs ènnhs, a lgtrl ias pregnepeas rlntarls `l tutlih y ihs nernugsthgnehs `l flnfa lxpulsths. Ih thrlh `li oulz nagstuneaghi, lg lstas nhsas, ls hnakltlr nag kunfa nue`h`a su thrlh `l nagstrunneþg `l hrduklgtas y ga pa`rè, lg vëh `l lolkpia, rlsaivlr `l arkh `lslskhtareh ugh prltlgseþg vegnuih`h hi `lrlnfa ug`hklgthi h ih shiu`, uge`h h ih garkh-pregnepea `li `lrlnfa h ih ve`h, se yh lxestl ug hgtlnl`lgtl ourespru`lgnehi qul selgth `antregh nagstuneaghi rlsplnta h ugh tutlih. Li oulz ga pa`rè hildhr qul naganl li hgtlnl`lgtl plra qul nagse`lrh rlsthril vhie`lz. ±Rar quå1 Rarqul lg nhsa `l ugh slgtlgneh `lgldhtareh, lg ih nuhi `lslskh ih prltlgseþg, nuhg`a klgas ugh `l ihs nagstrunneagls iþdenhs „ qul ga lxestl tutlih `li `lrlnfa ug`hklgthi ug`hklgthi h ih shiu` nuhg`a së lxestl lg atra nhsa rlsulita par li suprlka egtårprltl `l ih Nagstuneþg„ `lvlg`rëh hish. Slhkas lsta nag ajolve`h`? nrllrëhkas qul li oulz, hi `lgldhr li nhsa, egregderëh ug pregnepea `l ih iþdenh arkhi? `hrëh naka nelrta ug flnfa hisa. Lg nagslnulgneh, sl nagsaie`h ugh khgeclsth nagtrh`enneþg lg su rhzaghkelgta y lsh `lneseþg ls susnlpjil `l slr hthnh`h par ug prajilkh `l ouscnhneþg egtlrgh. Lg atra èkjeta, ih ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh sl hnlrnh kunfa kès h ugh ouscnhneþg khtlrehi `l ihs prlkeshs? ekpienh ug lolrnenea `l ouscnhneþg qul jelg pa`rëh slr þpka, nuhg`a  ouscnh su `lneseþg lg jhsl h ih ily, ih `antregh y ih ourespru`lgneh, a jelg nuhg`a rlnurrl h ug lolrnenea këgeka sucnelgtl `l ih ouscnhneþg, ls `lner, hparth nuhg`a klgas ugh sustlgthneþg qul shshnl ias rlquesetas iekeghrls `l ugh ouscnhneþg sucnelgtl. 0.:.

Ousnhneþg lxtlrgh

Lsth ouscnhneþg ls kès nlrnhgh h ih ouscnhneþg khtlrehi `l ihs prlkeshs? ekpienh ug lolrnenea `l ouscnhneþg qul jelg pa`rëh slr þpka, nuhg`a ouscnh su `lneseþg lg jhsl h ih ily, ih `antregh y ih ourespru`lgneh, a jelg nuhg`a rlnurrl h ug lolrnenea

 

këgeka

 

sucnelgtl `l ih ouscnhneþg, ls `lner, hparth nuhg`a klgas ugh sustlgthneþg qul shshnl ias rlquesetas iekeghrls `l ugh ouscnhneþg sucnelgtl. Lg ih ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh, ias nhsas lg sl`l nagstuneaghi, ias pregnepeas qul ouscnhg ih `lneseþg `ljlg slr þpkhklgtl `lieketh`as, y qul ias flnfas qul ra`lhg li nhsa, fujelrlg narrlspag`e`a h ugh h`lnuh`h lgugnehneþg ènnh. ^aia lg lsas nhsas, pul`l lgtlg`lrsl `lje`hklgtl nukpie`a li lolrnenea `l ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh. Rar thgta, ta`h `lneseþg ou`enehi `ljl shshnlr ias lstèg`hrls `l ouscnhneþg egtlrgh y lxtlrgh, lg thgta ih huslgneh `l ugh u atrh, ga plrketl ih vhie`lz `l ih keskh, hsukelg`a qul ih vhie`lz ls lg redar, ug lolrnenea `l nakphjeie`h` nag ih Nagstuneþg, ls `lner, nag ias pregnepeas, vhiarls y `erlntrenls `l ih Nhrth Khdgh. ^ldÿg Khregh Dhsnþg Hjliièg sløhih? Ias hrduklgtas qul saslglg ih ouscnhneþg lxtlrgh `l ih prlkesh garkhvh pul`lg slr `l trls pas? - rlsplta h ih ily (ihs `lcgeneagls ild ildesihvhs, esihvhs, ihs ilyls egtlrprlthvhs egtlrprlthvhs y ias kåta`as `l egtlrprlthneþg) - ias hrd hrduklgtas uklgtas `l ih `adkè `adkènh nh - li rln rlnursa ursa h ias prlnl prlnl`lgtls. `lgtls.