EL RACISMO PERUANO

July 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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F@ YOCASHD [FYVOND Suzonnf Did`fr Euon Cor`ds Co`àrjds

SFYAF MARFYSAMOM CV@]VYO@

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F` rocashd pfruond

F@ YOCASHD [FYVOND Mfiotf o portar mf` cdnvfrsotdrad5 ‐Yocashd y mfsajuo`mom fn ò gastdrao mf` [frõ‘, mf` Hanastfrad mf Cu`turo

Suzonnf Did`fr Euon Cor`ds Co`àrjds

SFYAF MARFYSAMOM CV@]VYO@

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© Hanastfrad mf Cu`turo © Racfhanastfrad mf Antfrcu`turoàmom Ov. Eovafr [romd Fstf 9=26 Son Idreo, @aho =? [frõ www.cu`turo.jdi.pf Cfntro` tf`fbónaco5 (6??) 2?7 1313

© Hanastfrad mf Cu`turo / Marfccaón Mfscdncfntromo mf Cu`turo mf Cuscd Suimarfccaón mf Anmustraos Cu`turo`fs y Ortfs Bdnmd fmatdrao` Ov. Mf ò Cu`turo N.» 937-Zoncgoq, Cuscd Cfntro` tf`fbónaco5 (;6?) ;7= 67 9;3;

YOCASHD [FYVOND F@

Sfraf mavfrsamom cu`turo` 1

Fmatdrfs mf ò sfraf5 Edsá sfraf5 Edsá Cor`ds Ojðfrd [rahfro fmacaón5 xxxxxxxxxxxxx ]aroef5 xxxxxxxxxxxxx ]aroef5 xxxxxxxxxxxxx fefhpòrfs Masfÿd y maojrohocaón5 Fstocaón @o Cu`turo Gfcgd f` Mfpósatd @fjo` fn ò Iaiàdtfco Nocadno` mf` [frõ N.» xxxxxxxxx ASIN5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Sf pfrhatf pfr hatf ò rfprdmuccaó rfprdmuccaónn mf fsto diro safhprf y cuonmd sf catf ò bufntf. Ahprfsd fn `ds to``frfs mf xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ènmacf [rfsfntocaón Antrdmuccaón Yozo ftnao, nocaón y caumomonèo fn f` ahojanorad mf òs Oháracos

Suzonnf Did`fr

F` hunmd fs rocasto y oefnd. Drju``d y prfeuacad fn ò sdcafmom àhfÿo cdntfhpdrïnfo Suzonnf Did`fr

F` rocashd fn f` [frõ Euon Cor`ds Co`àrjds

[rfsfntocaón

@o cu`turo, su mavfrsamom, f` hdmd fn quf ò jfntf vavf, troioeo, sf rfòcadno, oho, sufÿo y crfo sdn, cdnbdrhf poson `ds oÿds, rfcdndcamds fn f` hunmd fntfrd cdhd paòrfs mf` mfsorrd``d guhond.Qo nd n d fs pdsai`f trozor uno `ènfo õnaco mf prdjrfsd, na sdstfnfr uno amfo mf cavaàzocaón quf nd vo`drf `ds opdrtfs mf pufi`ds d cd`dquf o` horjfn tromacadnfs, soifrfs y hfhdraos cdhp`feos. Fn p`fno fro mf ò j`dioàzocaón, òs mabfrfncaos cu`turo`fs sf hufstron fn tdmd su pdtfncao`, fnraqufcafnmd nufstros sdcafmomfs, sus antfrcohiads y `ds prdyfctds mf buturd quf fstos oìfrjon. F` [frõ go tfnamd uno cdnvavfncao tfnso cdn su mavfrsamom. @o go nfjomd pdr òrjd tafhpd, jfnfronmd satuocadnfs mf fxcùsaón quf nds mf cufsto supfror. San fhiorjd, `ds õ`tahds oÿds un cdneuntd hfmamos ahpdrtontfs iusconfnsupfror fstos mfiaàmomf mfia` amomfs. s. Sf cdhiotf cdhi otf f` rocashd, ro cashd, sf prdhufvf prdhufvf f` fnbdquf fnbd quf antfrcu`turo` tfrcu`t uro` fn ò jfstaón, jfs taón, sf rfvo`dro rfvo`dronn òs `fnjuos, `fnju os, sf prdtfjfn `ds mfrfcgds cd`fct c d`fctav avds, ds, sf vasaiaàzo vasai aàzo `d quf ontfs ont fs buf pdcd pdc d vo`dromd. F` Hanastfrad Hanastfr ad mf Cu`turo sf uiaco, mfsmf gocf pdcds oÿds o ÿds mf su rfcafntf crfocaón, cdhd un octdr cdn rfspdnsoiaàmomfs còros y prdhdtdr mf uno jfstaón põiàco o ò o`turo mf fstds mfsobèds. Fn fstf horcd fs quf prfsfntohds ò sfraf ‐Mavfrsamom Cu`turo`‘, quf tafnf ò prftfnsaón mf` òrjd oàfntd. Fsto quafrf mor cdntanuamom o tromacadnfs fmatdrao`fs fstoto`fs quf fn su 1

hdhfntd onahordn tontd f` fspocad ocomáhacd cdhd f` pd`ètacd,, cdhd òs quf fn su hdhfntd ahpu`só ò Coso mf ò Cu`turo cd y f` Anstatutd Nocadno` mf Cu`turo. Cu` turo. @o amfo fs gocfr hïs mfnsd f` fspocad poro ò rffxaón,

pufs safnmd ton jronmf `ds mfsobèds, fs f` mfiotf `d quf pufmf jfnfror oprdxahocadnfs o `ds prdi`fhos hïs onomds, ojumds

y r ajurdsds. @o jfstaón põiàco, sdirf tdmd fn f` cohpd sdcao` y cu`turo`, nd fs un fefrcacad sd`d tácnacd< rrfquafrf fquafrf sdstfnfrsf sdstfnfr sf fn uno rfm mf antfrcohiads y orjuhfntds como vfz hïs sóàmds, nunco eds d no`fs y safhprf otfntds otfntd s o ò rfndvocaón rfndvocaón o nufvos nufvos

haromos y fnbdqufs. [dr f``d fsto sfraf. Iuscohds quf o portar mf` rfscotf mf irfvfs pafzos, bunmohfnto`fs fn ò mascusaón mf nufstro gastdrao rfcafntf< osè cdhd mf hotfrao`fs hïs octuo`fs pfrd ojumds y ndv ndvfmdsds, fmdsds, fstumaontfs, buncadnorads buncadnor ads f antf`fctuo`fs cufntfn cdn un ancfntavd poro f` fefrcacad mf uno caumomonèo rffxavo

y crètaco. Oprdxahor Oprdxahor `d põiàcd y `d ocomáhacd nd fs uno torfo occfsdrao, occfsdr ao, sand uno nfcfsamom poro bdrto`fcfr bdrto `fcfr ò jfstaón põiàco, y pdr fsto vèo, jorontazor mfrfcgds y fnr fnraqufcfr aqufcfr y prdbunmazor nufstro mfhdcrocao.

[otracao Ioìufno [oòcads Racfhanastro mf Antfrcu`turoàmom

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Antrdmuccaón

‐Oquè tdmds sdhds pfruonds‘, fs `d quf `ds fntrfvastomds mf Suzonnf Did`fr macfn fn rfatfromos dpdrtunamomfs, pfrd quf fs uno brosf quf hucgds pfruonds gfhds dèmd fn nufstro vamo cdtamaono, cdhd uno prdnto rfspufsto ontf ò pdsaiaàmom d ò ansanuocaón ansanuoc aón mf quf fn f` [frõ fxasto f` rocashd rocash d. Fsto brosf cdrto quafrf mfcar quf ocï, fn f` [frõ, fn @aho, oquf``d mf` rocashd y òs mabfrfncaos ojrovaontfs oj rovaontfs nd buncadnon cdhd fn dtrds òmds, quf nd fs cdhd fn Fstomds Vnamds mdnmf ò sfjrfjocaón fs rfo` y fvamfntf y sf ò ahojano ancùsd `fjo` (cdhd `d fro fn o`junds fstomds ancùsd gosto ò máco mácomo mo mf` 2; mf` m f` saj`d posomd). ´_uá sf fscdncf mftrïs mf fsto oporfntf poromdeo quf gocf o `ds pfruonds, cdstfÿds, urionds, àhfÿds sdirf tdmd, rfcdndcfr ò fxastfncao mf rocashd, sdòpomd< ò prfsfncao fvfntuo` mf` rocashd pfrd pfrd nd sfntar quf ocfptor goyo mascrahanocaón4‐Oquè tdmds sdhds pfruonds‘ fs uno or o rhocaón hocaón quf nafjo. ´_uá nafjo4 ‐Oquè tdmds sdhds pfruonds‘ fs uno cdnrhocaón mf

`d divad (quf tdmds, pdr `fy, sdhds caumomonds mf` Fstomd pfruond). ´Fs pdsai`f quf uno rforhocaón to` mfsff fvator f`

mfsjorrohafntd mf uno divafmom fnmfi`f y brïja`4 Suiroyor `d quf porfcf annfcfsorad rfhorcor, ´sf gocf poro quf nd qufmfn mumos4 Ó quaánfs4 Ó ndsdtrds4 n dsdtrds4 ´[dr quá gocfr o`jd o `jd osè4 osè 4 @ds outdrfs, out drfs, eustohfntf, eustohf ntf, nds hufstron quf goy mfhosaomos mumos mum os rfspfctd mf fso ajuo`m ajuo`mom, om, mf fso ??

pfruonamom. Euon Cor`ds Co`àrjds, fn un tfxtd c`ïsacd, gocf uno sèntfsas mf ò jfnfo`djèo mf nufstrd rocashd y `d mfnf

hdmfrnd, gaed mf ò rfpõiàco, buncadno` o ò cdnstruccaón mf nufstrd drmfnohafntd, drmfnoh afntd, sdirf tdmd tdm d dàjïrquacd, dàj ïrquacd, quf nfcfsato nf cfsato áàtfs hdndcu`turo`fs quf jorontacfn f` prdjrfsd y cdnstruyon ò potr potrao ioed potrdnfs nafjon òs coroctfrèstacos ò hoydrèo mf suao pdiòcaón. Hïsquf quf uno gfrfncao cd`dnao`,mffstf rocashd pfruond fs uno nfcfsamom crad`ò anmfpfnmafntf. [frd nd go samd safhprf ajuo`. Did`fr pdr su portf nds prfsfnto ò oporfntf poromdeo mf nufstrd hfstazoef, quf o` sfr cdnstruamd sdirf rótu`ds hóva`fs, pfrd bufrtfhfntf àjomds o` fstotus, o` hashd tafhpd eo

o ò pfrsdno fn rfòcadnfs efrïrquacos, quf obfcton su vamo y su cdtamaonamom, pfrd tohiaán `f pfrhatf un horjfn mf uamfz, pufs pufmfn ``fjor o sfr y mfeor mf sfr hïs hïs oprfcaomds jrocaos o`

‐iònqufohafntd‘. Cdhd macf Co`àrjds, f` rocashd fs uno fxpfrafncao fxpfr afncao quf sf subrf. [frd fs hïs, fstï cdnstruamd sdirf uno troho mf rfòcadnfs còsastos, cò sastos, mf jánfrd, átnacos átnac os y mf pdmfr qquf uf tafnfn tafnf n fbfctds fbfctd s fn ò prdpao anstatucadnoàmom, pufs o``è sf `fjatahon. Nd fs só`d un osuntd mf rfòcadnfs antfrpfrsdno`fs quf sf octavon fn f` cdntoctd maorad y sf pufmfn so`vor cdn f` ‐sdòpohafntd‘, pufs f` sdòpor quafrf mfcar fncuirar, njar, fstd fs, gosto cafrtd puntd

fntdncfs, fntdn cfs, ocfptor ocfpt or pfrd rdmfonmd. rdmfon md. Q fstf rrocashd dmfd sf quf mo quazï cdhdfnprdpdnf pdrqufnds f` hdmf`d mf rdmfd tfnfhds nufstro Did`fr ahojanocaón vafnf mf Fstomd Vnamds y nufstrd rocashd mf como mèo sahp`fhfntf nd sf `f porfcf y pdr `d tontd to ntd,, fncdntrohds o``è ò fxcuso poro nfjor`d. D quazï pdrquf p drquf sahp`fhfntf sf rdmfo `d quf fstï huy pdr bufro mf nufstros pdsaiaàmomfs mf fnbrfntor. fnbrfntor. @o uamfz mf rótu`ds cdhd f` mf ‐cgd`d‘ (ò cgd`fmom sdirf ò quf gon fscratd Nujfnt, Broncd d _uaeond, fntrf dtrds), quf fn mftfrhanomds mftfr hanomds cdntfxtds y prdcfsds omquafrf omquafrf cuoàmomfs y prdpafmomfs pdsatavos, pdsatavos, nds cd`dco brfntf o prfjuntos yo nd ton nufvos, pfrd oõn vajfntfs ´òs amfntamomfs quf sustfnton ?9

f` rocashd pfruond, sajufn safnmd pdrtomdros sd`d mf fstajhos4, ńufstrd rocashd roca shd sdòpomd sdò pomd sajuf sa juf buncadno bun cadnonmd nmd gdy, gdy, fn uno sdcafmom mf fhprfsorads prdvancaonds cgacgo, ajuo` quf fn ò mácomo posomo, san ar hïs `feds4, ´fstf hfstazoef quf nds unaco, quf go dcu`tomd tontd rocashd ioed f` mascursd fmacomdr fma comdr mf ò

áàtf, nd tfnmrï dtros bdrhos mf mfcarsf gdy quf nd sfon sd`d nfjotavos4 Fspfrohds quf ò `fcturo mf fstds voàdsds fnsoyds sfo un iufn puntd mf portamo poro sfjuar cdn fstos fxp`drocadnfs, y jfnfrfn fn nufstrd põiàcd ò curadsamom pdr iuscor nufvos bufntfs y rffxadnfs.

*** Cdn ò puiàcocaón mf fstf ndvfnd vdùhfn mohds cdntanuamom, fstf 9;?6, o ò Sfraf ‐Mavfrsamom Cu`turo`‘ mf` Racfhanastfrad mf Antfrcu`turoàmom mf` Hanastfrad mf Cu`turo, quf sf prdmucf fn fstrfcgo cdòidrocaón cdn ò Marfccaón Mfscdncfntromo mf Cu`turo mf` Cuscd. Cuscd. Sus dieftavds sajufn safnmd `ds hashds5 prdhdvfr prdhdvfr ò rffxaón sdirf sdi rf nufstro mavfrsamom cu`turo` cu` turo` y f` hdmd o vfcfs vfcfs orhónacd or hónacd,, hucgos vfcfs vfcfs cdnactavd, cdnactavd, fn quf

ò gfhds y jfstadnomd. Sfjuarfhds ahpu`sonmd sfraf cdhd unovavamd gfrrohafnto poro pdnfr fn f` o`concf mf `dsò fstumaontfs y mdcfntfs mf` poès troioeds còvfs mf òs cafncaos sdcao`fs y guhonamomfs, quf sarvon cdhd hdtavomdr hdtavomdrfs fs mf anquaftumfs y prfjuntos sdirf nufstro cdhp`feo rfoàmom. Ojromfcfhds o `ds outdrfs pdr su jfnfrdsamom o` cfmfr ò rfahprfsaón, poro fsto õnaco fmacaón mf mastraiucaón jrotuato, mf sus troioeds. Edsá Cor`ds Ojðfrd Ojdstd 9;?6 ?3

Yoz o, ftnao, nocaón y caumomonèo fn Yozo, f` ahojanorad mf òs Oháracos Suzonnf Did`fr

[oro `ds ohajds ohaj ds tdm tdmd< d< poro `ds fnfhajds fnfha jds,, ò `fy ([ ([drr drrad ad Mèoz)

A

Cdhafnzd cdn uno prfjunto, ´pdr quá tuvf ò sfnsocaón mf mfsobèd o` cdhfnzor o prfporor fsto prfsfntocaón p rfsfntocaón sdirf `ds tfhos mf rozo, ftnao, nocaón, caumomonèo, poro fstf sfhanorad4 Nd fs quf nd goyo fstumaomd y pfnsomd un pdcd sdirf f` tfho fn fstds õ`tahds oÿds, oÿ ds, ounquf yo mf ontfhond rfcdndzcd quf cdhportd òs prfjuntos y mumos tfóracos y hftdmd`ójacos quf sf prfsfnton fn `ds mfiotfs m fiotfs mf fstos fsto s nufvos nufvos ïrfos mf ‐fstumads átnacds‘ y ‐fstumads cu`turo`fs‘. Sdn prfjuntos quf nocfn o portar, pdr fefhp`d, mf òs macu`tomfs mf mfnacaón y mabfrfncaocaón

mf `ds cdncfptds mf rozo y ftnao< nocfn tohiaán mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf ò hutoiaàmom pfrhonfntf mf fstds cdncfptds fn como poès y rfjaón o trovás mf ò gastdrao mf ò hdmfrnamom (Yottonsa ?11=). Fn tdmd cosd ò sfnsocaón mf mfsobèd hf vand pdr voraos rozdnfs, o`junos mf òs cuo`fs quafrd cdhportar cdn ustfmfs fn fstf sfhanorad. Gosto gocf unds ?; oÿds, ha vavfncao y bdrhocaón hf goièon ``fvomd o iosorhf fxcùsavohfntf fn f` cdncfptd mf còsf sdcao` cdhd puntd mf portamo poro fntfnmfr `ds prdcfsds pd`ètacds y sdcad fcdnóhacds mf ò sdcafmom. Q fstd o pfsor mf ?:

soifr quf fn f` [frõ, mdnmf vavè gosto f` cdhafnzd mf `ds :;, goièo hucgo mascrahanocaón y prfeuacad cdntro òs pdiòcadnfs anmèjfnos y prdvancaonos (poro nd goiòr mf` ontasfhatashd, na mf `d quf sf mfcèo fn fso ápdco mf `ds cgands y `ds nfjrds). Osahashd, to` vfz pdr purd amfoàshd, und ``fjoio o pfnsor quf f` copatoàshd nd pdmèo muror poro safhprf y, fn fsf sfntamd, sf pdmèo ``fjor o ahojanor quf f` prdi`fho mf` rocashd y mf ò mascrahanocaón átnaco pdmrèon mfsoporfcfr y quf fstorèohds hïs cfrco mf ò poz y orhdnèo or hdnèo sdcao`, rocao` y át átnaco< naco< un poroèsd (hunmao`, còrd) mdnmf fsos rfòcadnfs, osè cdhd òs rfòcadnfs fntrf gdhirfs y huefrfs, sfrèon ajuoàtoraos. ]dmd fstd nds `d jorontazoio san hïs, f` n mf ò ùcgo mf còsfs y ò ``fjomo mf`

sdcaoàshd. Cdhd soifhds, fn Oháraco @otano, fn vfz mf` sdcaoàshd, vanafrdn òs mactomuros, ò rfprfsaón bfrdz mf `ds mfrfcgds caumomonds y guhonds, euntd cdn `ds mfsoporfcamds, `ds mfspòzohafntds y `ds fxaàds. Rand tohiaán ò crasas fcdnóhaco j`dio` mf `ds :;, sfjuamo pdr uno gapfranocaón, gapfr anocaón, iafn fnvuf`to fn vor ads poquftatds poquftat ds y poquftozds fcdnóhacds fcdnó hacds mf `ds 7;. Omfhïs, `ds portamds cdhfnzordn ‐o qufhor sus õ`tahds cortucgds‘ y cdn fsd,, y cdn f` oujf mf ò fsd ` o anufncao mf `ds hfmads mf cdhunacocaón, sf fhpfzó o vasùhiror yo fn `ds 1; `ds cdhafnzds mf ò suidrmanocaón mf ò fsbfro pd`ètaco o ò fsbfro cu`turo` fn ò vamo cdtamaono mf` gfhasbfrad. Fn traunbó rfsuhfn, sf ocoióFn f` copatoàshd, o` cdntrorad, sastfho fn nd f` hunmd. Oháraco @otano `ds vafedsfstf tfhos ””sfo ò cufstaón mf òs mabfrfncaos sdcao`fs, f` occfsd o` hfrcomd, `ds rfquasatds tfcnd`ójacds y fmucotavds mf ò hdmfrnazocaón, ò antfjrocaón sdcao` y nocadno`, y f` pùroàshd pd`ètacd”” cdntanõon cdntanõ on safnmd pfrtanfntfs. [frd sf gon vuf`td vuf` td hïs cdhp`feds o portar mf `ds mfspòzohafntds antfrnds y mf òs rfpfrcusadnfs sdcadfcdnóhacos y cu`turo`fs mf ò anhajrocaón carcuòr o` fxtfradr. Fn fstf sfntamd, y yo o un navf` hïs j`dio`, hf porfcf quf gdy rfso`to hïs quf nunco ò cdntromaccaón cdn tromaccaón fntrf `ds mfrfcgds mf caumomonèo bunmomds fn ò sdifronèo mf ?7

como nocaón, y `ds mfrfcgds guhonds guhond s quf safhprf pusafrdn fn cufstaón ò prdpao ndcaón mf sdifronèo nocadno`, yo quf mfsmf un cdhafnzd sf mfnafrdn o portar mf cratfrads supro”nocadno`fs. D sfo, f` crfcafntf hdvahafntd mf pdiòcaón fn f` hunmd pdnf fn cufstaón ò vaoiaàmom mf cfntror f` onïàsas mf` cdncfptd mf mfrfcgds fxcùsavoh fxcùsavohfntf fntf mfntrd mf `ds vafeds porïpo rïhftrds mf brdntfros brdntfros y sdifronèos nocadno`fs. noc adno`fs. Fntdncfs, vd`vafnmd o` mfsobèd quf prfsfnto f` tfho mf rozo y ftnao fn fsto cdyunturo, to` vfz vfz sfo noturo` quf und ``fjuf o prfjuntorsf ´pdr quá cdhpàcor ò cdso oõn hïs cdn fsto prdi`fhïtaco4 Fs hïs, ´pdr quá gocfrò fn un poès cdhd f` [frõ4 Mdnmf o pfsor mf mabfrfncaos átnacos iafn rfcdndcamos, cdhd yo hf `d gon rfpftamd voraos pfrsdnos mf mabfrfntfs sfctdrfs y còsfs sdcao`fs, tdmds cdnvavahds cdhd caumomonds pfruonds, yo sfo mf prahfro d sfjunmo cotfjdrèo< yo nds rdtu`fn fn ò fsbfro põiàco mf crad``ds d prdvancaonds< mf hfstazds, iòncds, iòncd s, j r anjds, anmads d cgands< cgand s< mf cgd`ds, cgd `ds, zohids d hdrfnds ””ounquf, vo`f vo`f mfcar`d, yo nd mf sfrronds y hucgd hfnds mf nfjrds” pdrquf cdhd hf `d fspftó f` dtrd mèo un ohajd, ‐oquè ¡fsd sè quf fs un ansu`td!‘. Qoo vdy Q vdy omfòntonmd uno rfspufsto mf corïctfr c orïctfr hïs jfnfro` jfnfro ` o fstds ‐pdr quá‘.Q quf q uf hf porfcf quf ”euntd cdn `ds tfhos mf òs crffncaos rfàjadsos, `ds mfrfcgds cava`fs y guhonds, `ds rfbujaomds y `ds mfspòzomds mf` hunmd” ò cufstaón mf ò mabfrfncao d átnaco, ò mf jánfrd, sf fstï osfntonmd cdhd undrocao` mf `ds tfhos cdhd hïs ahpdrtontfs poro f` saj`d WWA. Sfo o` navf` `dco`, rfjadno`, nocadno` d antfrnocadno`, fstos mabfrfncaos sf fntrfvfron cdn fsds dtrds tfhos, `fs mon su bdrho y su fspfcacamom, mf to` honfro quf gocf rfso`tor tontd òs

sahaàtumfs cdhd òs mabfrfncaos fn f` hdmd mf ortacuòr `ds vo`drfs y òs cdstuhirfs nocadno`fs, cu`turo`fs f gastóracos mf como poès (Hdgonty ?11?). Macgd mf dtrd hdmd, ò jron cdnstotocaón quf gdy porfcf fstorsf pòntfonmd o` navf` antfrnocadno`, cdhd `d sfÿoò Gdworm Zanont (?11=), fs quf f` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón átnaco y mf jánfrd nd sdn suiprdmuctds ?1

mf` copatoàshd copat oàshd,, hïs iafn sdn y safhprf bufrdn su bunmohfntd (Za`àohs ?1:9 \?1==X)< sfo fn `ds `d s poèsfs mf Ïbraco Ïbr aco d fn ò Anmao, cdhd sujaraó Onona Mzamzafnyd (?116). Fn fstf gfhasbfrad f` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón átnaco y mf jánfrd pfrsastfn gosto gdy cdhd un `fjomd ”suta` y nd ton suta`, pfrd sè, muromfrd” mf` cd`dnaoàshd (Hòrnfr ?119). Fs fn fstf cdntfxtd quf gdy sf pòntfo fn mabfrfntfs poèsfs ò mascusaón mf ò rfòcaón fntrf f` `fjomd mf` cd`dnaoàshd hunmao` y ò pdsaiaàmom mf cdnsdàmor sdcafmomfs mfhdcrïtacos bunmomos fn ò caumomonèo, `ds mfrfcgds, ò ajuo`mom y ò eustacao sdcao` (Yottossa y Zfstwddm ?11=). Hf porfcf ahpdrtontf fntfnmfr hfedr òs gastdraos gastdr aos nocadno`fs mfsmf fsto óptaco, óptaco , osè cdhd `ds hfconashds cdntfhpdrïnfds quf osfjuron ò pfrsastfncao mf` rocashd, ò mascrahanocaón átnaco, ò antd`froncao efrorquazomo y, fn o`junos o`jun os poèsfs cdhd Ywonmo y ò ontajuo ontaj uo Qujdsòvao, ujds` ovao, f` dmad mfsfnbrfnomd mf ò mabfrfncao rocao`, átnaco, sdcao`, mf jánfrd y rfàjadso. F` tfho mf ha anvfstajocaón fn fstds õ`tahds oÿds sf go cfntromd fn f` cdncfptd mf ò nocaón y `ds mfrfcgds mf caumomonèo o portar mf` ahpoctd mf ò mabfrfncao. Sf fncuomro fn un horcd tfóracd quf vfnjd mfsorrd`ònmd fn f` cdntfxtd mf` gfhasbfrad ohfracond, quf ancdrpdro tontd f` navf` sdcadfcdnóhacd y pd`ètacd, cdhd f` mf ò fxpfrafncao anmavamuo` fn f` cdtamaond cdtam aond sdcao`. sdc ao`. Ounquf Ounqu f tdmovèo hf bo bo`to `to hucgd poro p oro mf mfnamd, namd,

quafrd prfsfntor`fs cóhd vfnjd fstf. Hf horcd, md ha prdpad prdcfsd o` trotor mfpfnsonmd mfsorrd`òmd mfsor rd`òmd. gf cfntromd ccdntonfntromd fn ò mabfrfncao mab frfncao rocao` ro cao` y átnaco át naco cdhd cd hd fstumad fstum ad mf cosd, d fefhp`d fefhp` d, pfrd safhprf safhprf cdn f` suifntfnmam suifntfnmamdd mf quf fstf fefhp`d sf rfhatf o ha antfrás tfóracd tfór acd prancapo` pr ancapo` mf cóhd ò mabfrfncao ”átnaco, rocao`, mf jánfrd, sdcao`, ftc.” fstructuro gdy f` cdncfptd mf ò nocaón, ò cdhprfnsaón mf `ds mfrfcgds, y ò ndcaón mf caumomonèo fn mabfrfntfs sdcafmomfs mf` gfhasbfrad ohfracond.

9;

AA

Soifhds quf f` cosd mf òs rfòcadnfs rocao`fs y átnacos mf Fstomds Vnamds fs huy portacuòr< pfrd tohiaán hf porfcf quf fs fefhpòr cdhd fstumad mf cosd mf ò rfòcaón fntrf f` ahpoctd mf ò mabfrfncao y ò jorontèo mf `ds mfrfcgds quf bunmohfnton ò pfrtfnfncao pfr tfnfncao o ò nocaón y ò amfntamom caumomono. caumomon o. O hfmaomds mf `ds 2;, y o portar mf ò fxpfrafncao gastóraco mf sfjrfjocaón mf ò pdiòcaón obrdohfracono y mf `ds hdvahafntds mf iosf quf sf drjonazordn fn `ds oÿds 6; y 2;, sf mfcrftordn fn fsf poès òs `fyfs mf mfrfcgds cava`fs fncohanomos o ocoior cdn ò mascrahanocaón fn ò sdcafmom (Horoi`f ?11?). Fsos `fyfs ” quf surjafrdn poro jorontazor ò caumomonèo mf `ds nfjrds” sf bdrhuòrdn poro ancùar o dtrds jrupds. Buf osè quf mf f`òs soàfrdn pd`ètacos poro ajuoòr òs dpdrtunamomfs sdcadfcdnóhacos y fmucotavos mf tdmos òs pdiòcadnfs mfsajnomos dcao`hfntf cdhd handrèos5 nfjrds, òtands, osaïtacds, anmèjfnos, y òs huefrfs. Q oquè quafrd gocfr un porántfsas pdrquf hf porfcf ahpdrtontf ocòror quf f` cdncfptd mf handrèo nd `d mfnd o

portar mf `ds nõhfrds quf cdhpdnfn o un jrupd ftaquftomd cdhd to`. Hïs iafn `d usd fn f` sfntamd mf` pdmfr pd`ètacd quf f` jrupd, sfo nuhfrdsd nd, goyo tfnamd fn ò gastdrao mf ò nocaón< cdhd to` vfz `ddmfhufstrf hïs còrohfntf f` jrupd mf huefrfs quf fn Fstomds Vnamds cdhd oquè fn f` [frõ, cdnstatuyf hïs mf` 6; % mf ò pdiòcaón. Fn tdmd cosd, cuonmd vd`vè o `ds Fstomds Vnamds fn ?17=, cdnstotá quf mfsmf `ds hfmaomds mf `d `dss :;, hucgos mf òs mabfrfncaos quf mfnfn y mastanjufn ò fxpfrafncao fxpfr afncao cdtamaono mf òs handrèos goièon samd rfcdndcamos dcao`hfntf pdr f` Fstomd y

òs anstatucadnfs mf fsf poès o trovás mf ò `fjasòcaón y mf pd`ètacos sdcao`fs. F``d, cdn eustacocadnfs y cdnsfcufncaos ohiajuos poro ohios portfs (Zanont ?11;)< hf rffrd, còrd, o òs 9?

rfpfrcusadnfs mf òs pd`ètacos mf obbarhotavf octadn y o` oujf mf ò pd`ètaco mf amfntamomfs, mf `d cuo` goiòrá hïs tormf. [dr ogdro omfòntorá quf `d quf hf qufmó còrd mf has disfrvocadnfs mf òs rfòcadnfs rocao`fs y átnacos fstomdunamfnsfs, fs quf tontd cdn ò antfrvfncaón mf` prdpad Fstomd fn fstds õ`tahds trfanto oÿds, cdhd cdn f` rfcgozd o` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón átnaco rfspo`momd pdr p dr f` pdmfr eumacao` y `fj `fjasòtav asòtavdd, f``ds nd mfsoporfcfn osè nd hïs, na mf òs cdstuhirfs, na mf òs rfòcadnfs y pfrcfpcadnfs sdcao`fs, na mf ò cu`turo cu `turo pd`ètaco pd`èt aco y f` cdtamaond cdtam aond mf ò sdcafmom. Fsto cdnstoto cdn stotocaón, caón, euntd cdn cd n ha vavfncao fn f` [frõ [frõ y dtrds poèsfs, hf ``fvordn o morhf cufnto mf o`jd quf to` vfz sfo divad,, y fs quf cdhd tdmds gfhds nocamd y crfcamd vad c rfcamd fn sdcafmomfs bunmomos fn ò efrorquèo y ò ` o mascrahanocaón, mascr ahanocaón, tdmos òs pdiòcadnfs mf` hunmd dccamfnto` gfhds samd sdcaoàzomos y gfhds antfrnoàzomd tfr noàzomd prfeuacads y vo`drfs, mf to` honfro hon fro quf nomaf fscopo mf tfnfr pfrcfpcadnfs pdsatavos y nfjotavos mf` dtrd (sfo cdhd bufrf quf sf honafstf poro como anmavamud fso dtrfmom). [dr fefhp`d, o trovás mf `d rocao` d átnacd, mf` jánfrd, mf` amadho d ocfntd, mf ò rfàjaón, mf ò còsf sdcao`, ò jfnfrocaón, y crfd quf sdirf tdmd, mf ò ortacuòcaón mf voraos d tdmos mf fstos coroctfrèstacos. O su vfz fstd hf ``fvó o fntfnmfr quf f` prdi`fho nd fstï fn ò ndcaón mf ò mabfrfncao fn sè, hïs iafn, ò mabfrfncao sf vuf`vf prdi`fhïtaco prdi`fhïtaco o portar mffn`dsportacuòr vo`drfs quf sf `f fntro otraiuy otr aiuyf, ``fjo o tfnfr uno ahpdrtoncao cuonmd fnf,òy fsbfro põiàco, cuonmd `ds vo`drfs vo`drfs fxp`ècatds d suiyocfntfs poson o sfr usomds poro mfnar ò vamo y cu`turo pd`ètaco mf ò sdcaf mom. Osè, o` onoàzor ò cdyunturo mf un poès, sf pufmf rfcgozor d nd, ò voàmfz mf cfntrorsf fn ò mabfrfncao mf jánfrd, pdr fefhp`d, d átnacd-rocao`. [frd cdhd iafn `d mfhdstró Cor`ds Avïn Mfjrfjdra (?11?), o` `fvontor ò mahfnsaón átnacd-rocao` fn òs f`fccadnfs pfruonos mf ?11;, nd sf pufmf nfjor quf fstds cratfrads horcon y mavfrsacon f` cdtamaond sdcadcu`turo`,

pd`ètacd f anmavamuo` mf ò sdcafmom. Sfon mascutamds d nd, f``ds 99

sdn cdndcamds, fntfnmamds y suifntfnmamds pdr ò pdiòcaón o` o` navf` nocadno`, y opunton o mabfrfncaos prdbunmos fn ò fxpfrafncao sdcao` mf como sfctdr y mfntrd mf á`, mf `ds caumomonds anmavamuo`fs quf `d cdhpdnfn. Fstos cdnsamfrocadnfs hf ``fvordn o pfnsor sdirf ò cufstaón mf ò amfntamom. Sfjõn vorads tfóracds cdhd Ydha Igoigo (?113), Bronz Bondn (?12:) y Fmworm Fmworm Soam (?1:7), ò amfntamom mf und safhprf sf cdnstatuyf y sf mfnf o portar mf` dtrd, ò huefr soif quf nd fs gdhirf< un iòncd soif quf nd fs nfjrd< un nfjrd, quf nd fs anmad< f` pdirf, quf nd fs racd< pdr `d tontd, o` mfnarsf,

und tafnf su pfrcfpcaón mf` dtrd antfrnoàzomo cdhd portf mf su prdpao amfntam am fntamom. om. Fn fstf sfntam s fntamdd, ò amfntamo amf ntamom, m, ounquf ounqu f vavamo mf honfro anmavamuo` anm avamuo`,, fs uno cdnstruccaón cdnstr uccaón sdcao`, sdca o`, vo hdmacïnmdsf o portar mf` cdntfxtd gastóracd, cu`turo` y nocadno` fn f` quf sf cdnstruyf. Q yo quf nunco ``fjo o mfnarsf mf honfro

fstïtaco, ò amfntamom, sfo pfrsdno` d sdcao`, fs un prdcfsd, cdhd macf Stuort Stuor t Go`` (?11;), mf sfr y mf ``fjor o sfr. Fs hïs, sujafrd quf fsto mfnacaón sf opàco tohiaán o`

prdcfsd mf cdnstruccaón mf ò amfntamom nocadno`, mf ò amfntamom mf und cdhd hafhird mf uno nocaón, quf fn tárhands pd`ètacds sf honafsto o trovás mf `ds mfrfcgds quf orhon

nufstro pfrtfnfncao nocadno`< fs mfcar, o trovás mf ò amfntamom pd`ètaco mf m f caumomonèo (Go`` y Gf`m ?171). @ds prdcfsds mf cdnstruccaón mf fstos amfntamomfs nocadno` y mf caumomonèo sf vd`vafr vd`vafrdn dn ha dieftd mf ogdro fstumadcóhd fn f` vfnjd cdntfxtd mf Fstomds Vnamds. _uafrd cdntor`fs pfnsonmd ò cdnstruccaón mf fstos mds amfntamomfs. [osomd un tafhpd fn fsf poès hf ma cufnto mf quf sa, pdr uno portf, f` tfho mf ò mabfrfncao mf` dtrd sf nds prfsfnto o vfcfs cdhd mfàcomd, y pdr `d tontd sf vuf`vf mabèca` `fvontor y mascutar uno cufstaón to` cdhd ò mascr mascrahanocaón ahanocaón mf honfro oiafrto, pdr dtro, fsto macu`tom sf ojumazo prfcasohfntf pdr f` gfcgd quf f` prdi`fho mf` prfeuacad cdntro f` dtrd nd `d rfsuf`-

vf na ò iufno vdùntom, na ò otfncaón mf` Fstomd d ò sdcafmom o `ds cdnactds sdcao`fs, fcdnóhacds y hotfrao`fs hotfr ao`fs mf ò nocaón. 93

Hf ma cufnto mf quf o pfsor mf m f quf òs `fyfs `fyfs sf pufmfn ahpdnfr poro brfnor òs cdstuhirfs c dstuhirfs y `ds gïiatds mf uno sdcafmom, nd sf pufmf supdnfr quf f`òs òs hdmaqufn mf to` honfro

quf `ds mfrfcgds mf tdmds, y pdr `d tontd su pfrtfnfncao o ò nocaón, sfon jorontazomds cdn fquamom fn f` cdtamaond mf ò pdiòcaón. Còrd quf fstf prdi`fho mf` fnroazohafntd mf òs cdstuhirfs fn ò cu`turo pd`ètaco y cdtamaono mf uno nocaón sf pufmf fxpàcor pdr `d hfnds porcao`hfntf o portar mf `ds antfrfsfs pd`ètacds fnroazomds pdr ò gastdrao fn ò fstructuro y efrorquèo sdcao`. [frd hf porfcf quf tohiaán fs ahpdrtontf rfcdndcfr ò prdpao buncaón quf fefrcf ò `fy fn ò gastdrao hdmfrno mf òs sdcafmomfs dccamfnto`fs. Cdhd sfÿo`ó Gonnog Orfnmt (?1:;), ò `fy fstï o``è poro ajuoòrnds ajuoòr nds fn ò fsbfro põiàco, prfcasohfntf pdrquf nd sdhds ajuo`fs, d sfo pdrquf tdmds nocfhds y sdhds mabfrfntfs fn nufstros vamos pravomos5 sdhds o`tds y ioeds, gdhirfs y huefrfs, jdrmds y ocds, cotóàcds y prdtfstontfs, nfjrds

y cgands, juopds y bfds, anmads y hfstazds, eumèds y husu`honfs, husu`honfs, cohpfsands y urionds, iòncds y huòtds, vafeds y eóvfnfs, ftc. Fstd hf sujaraó quf sa qufrèo fntfnmfr ò mabfrfncao, to` vfz tfnèo quf pfnsorò o trovás mf ò rfòcaón fntrf ò `fy y òs cdstuhirfs mf ò nocaón. Cdhfncá o orhor f` sajuafntf fsqufho, mf honfro huy prfàhanor. [rahfrd, òs cdstuhirfs ortacuòn `ds sajnacomds portacu òrfs y vo`drfs sdcao`fs quf, mf honfro mastanto fn como cu`turo,sf otraiuyfn o tdmos òs coroctfrèstacos quf horcon nufstro mabfrfncao fn ò sdcafmom< sfjunmd, òs `fyfs, o su vfz, brfnon d rfbufrzon òs cdstuhirfs (fstd ancùyf o nufstro mfnacaón y pfrcfpcaón mf` dtrd). Q Q,, pdr õ`tahd, õ`tahd, ò antfroccaón fntrf `fy y

cdstuhirf fs bunmohfnto` poro fntfnmfr òs rfòcadnfs sdcao`fs y pd`ètacos mf ò sdcafmom. [frd hf surjaó ò sajuafntf prfjunto, ´quá poso fn oquf``ds poèsfs mdnmf nd goy un rfcdndcahafntd d cdnsfnsd p`fnd fn tdrnd o ò mfnacaón mf ò vajfncao mf ò

`fy cdhd anstruhfntd quf ajuoò y prdtfjf o tdmo ò pdiò9=

caón4 Sfjõn f` ontrdpó`djd irosa`fÿd, Ydifrtd Mo Hotto, `d quf poso fs quf òs cdstuhirfs poson o sfr òs quf honmon. Fn fstf cosd, f` rfsu`tomd ocoio safnmd, fn f` mfcar mf `ds fspoÿd`fs mf ò ápdco cd`dnao`, quf ò `fy sf difmfcf pfrd nd sf cuhp`f. D cdhd `d sfÿo`ó f` prdpad Mo Hotto rfcdjafnmd un macgd pdpuòr poro rfbfrarsf rfbfr arsf o` càfntfàshd càfn tfàshd,, o` potfrnoàshd potfr noàshd y o` sastfho mf bovdrfs bovdrfs quf r ajf f` cdtamaond irosa`fÿd5 ‐poro `ds ohajds, tdmd< poro `ds fnfhajds, ¡ò `fy!‘. Fntdncfs, f` mfsobèd mf pòntfor f` tfho mf ò mabfrfncao, sf hf prfsfnto tohiaán fn f` sfntamd quf rfcdndzcd quf hïs o``ï mf tdmos òs tfdrazocadnfs f antfrprftocadnfs mf corïctfr hïs unavfrso` unav frso` sdirf `ds prfeuacads y ò mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón rocao` y átnaco< hïs o``ï mf tdmos òs fxpàcocadnfs y eustacocadnfs pd`ètacos,

sdcadfcdnóhacos y cu`turo`fs mf `ds prdi`fhos mf ò sdcafmom cdntfhpdrïnfo, su pòntfohafntd tafnf quf fstor bunmohfntomd fn f` rfcdndcahafntd mf uno vavfncao. Sf ioso fn uno fxpfrafncao sdcadcu`turo` portacuòr, cdnstatuamo o portar mf ò honfro fn quf nufstro còsf sdcao`, nufstrd cd`dr mf paf`, rosjds bèsacds, bèsacd s, ftnao y jánfrd, sf ortacuòn ortacu òn fn nufstro vavfncao cdtamaono poro bdreornds cdhd anmavamuds mabfrfncaomds. Fn fstf sfntamd, y safhprf tdhonmd fn cufnto tdmos òs rohacocadnfs

pd`ètacos, fcdnóhacos y sdcao`fs ahpàcomos, pfnsor ò cufstaón rocao`, átnaco y mf jánfrd, hf rfhataó o ò fspfcacamom mf ò

fsbfro cu`turo` mf como nocaón. Sa, pdr uno portf, òs tfdrèos mf azquafrmo mf` posomd hf yfnsfÿordn qufcdhd o` navf` fcdndhèo, f` dirfrd fs dirfrd fs fxp`dtomd to`,mf sfoògdhirf, huefr, iòncd, iòn cd, nfjrd nfj rd,, anhaj anhajron rontf, tf, anm anmdcu dcuhfn hfntom tomd, d, caumom caumomond, ond, d `d quf q uf sfo, sf o, pdr dtro, d tro, gdy, gdy, san d`vamo d `vamorr ò cufst cufstaón aón mf` m f` hfrcomd, hf rcomd, f` fnbdquf quf prava`fjao ò ortacuòcaón mf sajnacomds y vo`drfs

cu`turo`fs, hf sujaraó quf sa iafn und pfrtfnfcf o un sfctdr sdcao`, f` tapd mf ansfrcaón y uiacocaón mf como anmavamud fn òs rfòcadnfs sdcao`fs mf su nocaón, sf mfnf tohiaán fn fsf puntd

mdnmf sf cruzon ò `fy y ò cdstuhirf poro bdreor su fxpfr fxpfrafncao afncao cdtamaono< pufs fs f` puntd mdnmf sf crfo, sf horco y sf rfprdmucf ò mabfrfncao. 96

Yfsuhafnmd, fntdncfs, f` fstumad mf ò mabfrfncao ahpàco oidrmor òs rfòcadnfs sdcao`fs bunmomos fn òs cdstuhirfs cdtamaonos, maono s, safhprf brfnomos, opdyomos opdyomos d cdntfnamos cdnt fnamos pdr ò `fy ` fy,, sfjõn ò gastdrao mf` mfsorrd``d mf como sdcafmom. [rfsupdnf, cdhd puntd mf portamo, quf ò antfroccaón mf òs cdstuhirfs cdn òs `fyfs vajfntfs fn fsf cdtamaond, jorontazo quf como caumomond cdhd anmavamud vavf, sf uiaco y fs uiacomd o` navf` pd`ètacd f anmavamuo` mf honfro mabfrfntf. Fn fstf sfntamd, sa sf ocfpto f` prahfr pr ahfr puntd quf prfsfntá, ò amfo mf m f quf ò cufstaón rocao`, f` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón átnaco nd sdn suiprdmuctds mf` copatoàshd, sand su bunmohfntd. Ha tfsas fs quf ò caumomonèo mf como anmavamud ”sfo dirfrd, fhprfsorad d pd`ètacd”, sf bdreo fn f` puntd prfcasd mdnmf sf fntrfcruzon òs `fyfs unavfrso`fs quf jorontazon f` mfrfcgd o ò ajuo`mom, cdn òs cdstuhirfs c dstuhirfs quf ortacuòn `ds vo`drfs rocao`fs, átnacds, sdcao`fs, mf jánfrd, ftc. Ro`f mfcar quf hïs o``ï mf su pfrtfnfncao o un sfctdr sdcao`, fs f` crucf fntrf ò `fy y ò cdstuhirf fn f` mèo o mèo mf como anmavamud, `d quf `d mabfrfncao m abfrfncao fn f n su cdtamaond, cdtam aond, `f mo fspfcacam fsp fcacamom om

o su amfntamom pfrsdno` y sdcao`, y `f fstructuro su fxpfrafncao vavamo portacuòr mfntrd mf òs rfòcadnfs sdcao`fs y mf hfrcomd mf ò nocaón. Q hf porfcf quf gdy, cdn ò coèmo mf òs jronmfs amfd`djèos pd`ètacos, fsf crucf mfnf, to` vfz cdn hïs còramom,

ò honfro mastanto fn quf como und o portar mf su vavfncao, cdnstruyf su amfntamom, su cdhprfnsaón mf su pfrtfnfncao o ò nocaón, nocaó n, sus mfrfc gdsfnyrfòcaón su caumomonèo caumoomonèo. . O suamom, vfzòcdnstru cdns truyf yf suaopfrcfpcaón y sfmfrfcgds uiaco ò amfntamom, amfnt pfrtfnfncao pfrtfnfnc o ò nocaón, `ds mfrfcgds y ò caumomonèo c aumomonèo mf `d `dss dtrds. Fs hïs, f` crucf cr ucf fntrf ò `fy y ò cdstuhirf fn ò vavfncao cdtamaono sf honafsto

mf honfro mabfrfntf fn como poès, o portar mf ò gastdrao y mf ò cdhpdsacaón átnacd-rocao` átnacd-roc ao` mf su pdiòcaón, crfonmd y horconmd òs portacuòramomfs mf como cu`turo rfjadno` y nocadno`.

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@o rfòcaón fstrfcgo fntrf òs `fyfs `fyfs y cdstuhirfs fn como sdcafmom hf porfcf fsfncao` poro fntfnmfr òs ò s mabfrfntfs honfros mf ansfrcaón sdcao` mf mastantds jrupds. Fstf oidrmoef hf go pfrhatamd fntfnmf f ntfnmfrr hfedr, pdr fefhp`d, fefhp `d, òs pdsa pdsaiaàm iaàmomfs omfs mavfrsos y `ds `èhatfs quf tafnf como anmavamud poro fncuomrorsf fncuomror sf mfntrd mf fso ajuo`mom ajuo `mom unavfrso`, un avfrso`, jorontazomo joron tazomo,, pdr `d hfnds hf nds o navf` tfóracd, tfór acd, pdr òs `fyfs fn uno sdcafmom mfhdcrïtaco. D sfo, und pufmf outdfntfnmfrsf cdhd c dhd hafhird mf uno nocaón, cdhd caumomond, y soifr quf tafnf d mfifrèo tfnfr ‐f` mfrfcgd mf tfnfr `ds mfrfcgds‘, fn f` mfcar mf Gonnog Orfnmt (fn [odà ?119). [frd fsf fntfnmahafntd y ò prdpao vaoiaàmom mf pdmfr fefrcfr `ds mfrfcgds, mf gocfr`ds vo`fr, mf `fjatahorsf fn ò fsbfro põiàco, sf mon sdòhfntf o portar mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf` anmavamud cdhd hafhird antfjrontf mf fso sdcafmom nocadno`. Mf nomo sarvf quf f` anmavamud sfpo quf fs caumomond d ansasto fn quf o pfsor mf sfr huefr, mf sfr nfjrd d anmad, tafnf ‐f` mfrfcgd mf tfnfr `ds mfrfcgds‘, sa fsf soifr y fso ansastfncao nd sdn rfcdndcamds y `fjatahomds `fj atahomds pdr f` Fstomd, òs anstatucadnfs y ò sdcafmom cdhd un tdmd (vfr Cfcaào I`dnmft ?11=). Fn uno sdcafmom mfhdcrïtaco ò `fy poso o sfr vasto cdhd anstruhfntd quf portacuòrfs, pfrhatf rfs, ajuoòr o tdmd anmavamud o pfsor mf sus coroctfrèstacos portacuò su mabfrfncao mf` dtrd. Osè, o trovás tr ovás mf ò `fy, sf dtdrjo o tdmd anmavamud f` mfrfcgd o` ondnahotd5 ò sfjuramom mf quf sfrï rfcdndcamd fn ò fsbfro põiàco, cdhd ‐caumomond prav pr avomd‘< omd‘< cdhd un anmavèmud anm avèmud onónahd quf nd nfcfsato fefrcfr un corjd põiàcd, sfr bohdsd, na sfr ohajd mf` pdmfr, poro tfnfr f` mfrfcgd, pdr fefhp`d, mf onmor pdr mdnmf quafro san sfr gdstatazomd (Mo Hotto ?119). [frd ´quaán ocoio tfnafnmd fso sfjuramom4 sfjur amom4 Rfohds f` cosd fstomdunamfnsf. O``è, òs rfòcadnfs rocao`fs safhprf fstructurordn f` cdtamaond sdcao`, horconmd còrohfntf òs mabfrfncaos 9:

fntrf ò fxpfrafncao vavamo pdr `ds iòncds y `ds quf nd sdn iòncds. Gosto ?16=, cuonmd ò Cdrtf Suprfho mfcamaó f` cosd Irdwn vs. Idorm db Fmucotadn (Lùjfr ?1::) ò `fy [`fssy mf sfjrfjocaón rocao` ro cao` bov b ovdrfcèo drfcèo o òs ` os cdstuhirfs. @os eustacocadnfs

usomos cdntro òs prdpufstos mf `fyfs mf mfrfcgds cava`fs murontf `ds mfiotfs `fjasòtav `fj asòtavds ds mafz oÿds mfspuás mf ò mfcasaón mf` cosd c osd Irdwn, rfprdmucèon cosa o` paf mf ò `ftro òs orjuhfntocadnfs usomo pdr ò Cdrtf fn ?712 cuonmd sf mfcrftó ò `fy mf sfjrfjocaón. Fn `ds mfiotfs mf` ?12= f` Sfnomdr Jd`mwotfr, pdr fefhp`d, orhó quf ‐nd sf pufmf hdmacor f` cdrozón mf` gdhirf‘ (ydu conndt cgonjf tgf gforts db hfn). Hortan @utgfr

Lanj rfspdnmaó cdn un mascursd quf orjuhfntoio quf fstd nd sf trotoio mf ohdr, quf sf trotoio mf mfrfcgds pd`ètacds, mf mfrfcgds mf caumomonèo, mf` mfrfcgd mf sfr `d quf und fs, y mf onmor mdnmf quafro san quf `d hd`fstfn, prfcasohfntf pdrquf `ds nfjrds tohiaán bdrhoion portf mf ò cdhunamom nocadno`. D sfo, `d quf Lanj sujfrèo fro quf ò iosf mf ò caumomonèo sf mfnf o portar mf` ondnahotd quf ò `fy jorontazo, o pfsor mf ò mabfrfncao horcomo fn ‐f` cdrozón mf` gdhirf‘ y rfbdrzomo o trovás mf ò cdstuhirf fn f` fspocad põiàcd. põiàcd. Gdy ò `fy mf mfrfcgds cava`fs sf dpdnf o ò cdstuhirf fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. [frd o` cdntrorad mf` gdhirf iòncd mf cuo`quafr còsf sdcao`, un caumomond ndrtfohfracond nfjrd d òtand mf paf` dscuro quf fstá onmonmd o òs 7 mf ò ndcgf fn òs co``fs uno caumom mf` antfradr antfr mf` Fstomd Fstomf`d, sur), majohds, mf Anmaono, d mfmfHossocgusftts (poro ndadr hfncadnor ounquf sfo un prdbfsadno` mf còsf hfmao d o`to, nunco soif fn quá hdhfntd `d pufmf mftfnfr ò pdàcèo poro prfjuntor`f quá fstï gocafnmd o``è, d poro pfmar`f mdcuhfntds (`d quf fs a`fjo` fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds). Fstd `f pufmf posor trfanto oÿds mfspuás mf ò prdhu`jocaón mf fsos `fyfs, pdr f` hfrd gfcgd mf quf f` iorrad fn quf onmo fs, pdr cosuoàmom, un iorrad iòncd. @f sucfmf pdrquf `ds prfeuacads átnacd-rocao`fs, ahiuamds fn òs cdstuhirfs, `f quaton f` mfrfcgd o` ondnahotd< `f poso pdrquf o pfsor mf ò vajfncao mf ò `fy, ò cdstuhirf nd safhprf pfrhatf 97

quf f` pdàcèo crfo quf un nfjrd d un òtand pufmf nfjor o sfr prdbfsadno` mf còsf hfmao, `f poso o pfsor p fsor mf quf ò còsf hfmao mf cd`dr go crfcamd hucgd fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. _uafrd suiroyor quf `d quf antfrfso oquè nd fs opuntor cuïntos vfcfs `f pufmf posor fstd (d nd) o un caumomond ndrtfohfracond mf cd`dr fn su vamo. O ha hdmd mf vfr, f` prfeuacad átnacd-rocao` nd sf pufmf fntfnmfr sdòhfntf sdirf ò iosf mf` octd fn sè mf mascrahanocaón, ounquf, còrd, fsto sfrèo su fxprfsaón hïs cdntunmfntf. ]afnf quf vfr tohiaán cdn f` ‐quazï‘ cdn f` ‐nunco sf soif cuïnmd‘, d sfo, cdn ò pdsaiaàmom mf quf o`jd `f pufmo ocdntfcfr. Fn dtros poòiros, o ò ‐vavfncao mf caumomonèo‘ quf ò `fy nds jorontazo, sf `f dpdnf ò ‐vavfncao mf` quazï‘ fnjfnmromo pdr òs cdstuhirfs cdtamaonos. Fn fstf sfntamd, fn f` cosd mf` nfjrd d òtand fstomdunamfnsf, f` prdi`fho rfsamf hïs iafn fn quf nunco soifn fn quá hdhfntd von o posor o sfr vastds cdhd pfrsdnos oefnos o ò ahojfn quf un iòncd tfnjo mf `d quf fs f` ‐caumomond ohfracond‘, fn quá hdhfntd sf vuf`vfn oefnds o ò ‐cdhunamom ahojanomo‘ (ahojanfm cdhhunaty, cdhd ò `òhó Ifnfmact Onmfrsdn ?173, o` rfbfrarsf o ò honfro fn quf f` ahojanorad mdhanontf mf uno sdcafmom fstructuro ò pfrtfnfncao o uno cdhunamom nocadno`). Ounquf un caumomond quf nd fs iòncd còrohfntf ùzco sfr un gdhirf mf nfjdcads, nfj dcads, nunco soif soi f ”cdhd `fs mfcèo”, m fcèo”, cuïnmd `f vo o poror ò pdàcèo, pdàc èo, cdhd `f ocdntfcaó ocdnt fcaó fn hoyd mf ?116 oquf un `dfhprfsorad nfjrd fro qufmufÿd ‐pdr hoò sufrtf‘ (mf nfjro `ds pdàcèos porordn, còrd) mf uno fhprfso huy ahpdrtontf ahpdr tontf mf hfmads h fmads mf cdhunaco c dhunacocaón caón fn Nufvo Nu fvo Qdrl. Nunco soif, cdhd dcurrf tohiaán cdn òs huefrfs, cuïnmd `f von o cufstadnor su cdhpftfncao y copocamom fn f` troioed. Nunco soif cuïnmd pufmo sfr oso`tomd fn ò co``f pdr un jrupd mf eóvfnfs iòncds, d cuïnmd `d von von o ansu`tor fn un ùjor põiàcd, põiàcd, yo sfo suta`hfntf d mf honfro mfscoromo, cdhd `d mfcòrordn, fn uno fncufsto rfoàzomo murontf `ds masturiads fn @ds Onjf`fs fn ?119, fhprfsorads y prdbfsadno`fs nfjrds y òtands, quafnfs o pfsor mf sfr mf còsf hfmao, sf amfntacoion oiafrtohfntf 91

cdn ò pdsaiaàmom mf quf o f``ds tohiaán `fs pdmèo posor `d quf o fsf nfjrd mfsfhp`fomd y pdirf quf sf `òho Ydmnfy Lanj. Fn rfsuhfn, o pfsor mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf ò ajuo`mom unavfrso` y mf `ds mfrfcgds cava`fs jorontazomds o portar mf `ds 2; o trovás mf òs `fyfs mf` poès, fn f` ahojanorad mf ò nocaón fn ò cu`turo y cdstuhirfs mf `d cdtamaond f` iòncd cdntanõo safnmd osdcaomd pdr ò cdstuhirf cdn ò `fjatahamom, cdn ò ndcaón mf caumomond, cdhd hafhird `fjètahd mf ò sdcafmom, fs un ‐rfo` ohfracon‘< y f` quf nd fs iòncd, fs osdcaomd cdn ò tronsjrfsaón, tronsj rfsaón, cdn ò a`fjatahamom, a`fj atahamom, cdn ò ahojfn mf quafn nd pfrtfnfcf o ò nocaón. @fs pdmrèo mor hucgds fefhp`ds mf fstd. [frd hf porfcf quf fs hïs ahpdrtontf mftfnfrhf un pdcd fn ò amfo fn sè mf quf `ds fefhp`ds sf hu`tapàcon. [drquf und cdhafnzo o morsf cufnto mf quf `d quf rfso`to fn fstf eufjd mf o quaán sf `f dtdrjo ò `fjatahamom fn f` ahojanorad nocadno`, fs quf o pfsor mf quf `ds prfeuacads sf honafston o navf` anmavamuo` y oporfcfn

pdr `d tontd to ntd cdhd cosds oasòmds, nd sf ancùyf o unds d fxcùyf o dtrds fn macgd ahojanorad o portar mf cratfrads anmavamuo`fs, sand sfjõn cratfrads quf osdcaon y horcon o fsds anmavamuds cdhd hafhirds mf un jrupd amfntacomd o trovás mf vo`drfs

(fn fstf cosd rocao`fs) fstoi`fcamds fn ò gastdrao pdr òs cdstuhirfs mf ò nocaón n ocaón.. O vfcfs, cdhd yo maef, òs ``fy fyfs fs mf m f `ds Fstomds Fstom ds Vnamds gon opdyomd fstos cdstuhirfs< pfrd crfd quf fs hïs cdhõn ogè,sdcao`fs y crfd cdtamaonos quf fn hucgds dtrds poèsfs gdy, quf òs rfòcadnfs sf fstructurfn hïsmfo portar mf `ds vo`drfs y cratfrads fstoi`fcamds y rfprdmucamds pdr òs cdstuhirfs, o pfsor mf òs `fyfs quf rajfn `d cdtamaond mf uno nocaón. Gdy sf macf hucgd quf `ds hfmads mf cdhunacocaón porfcfn fstor fefrcafnmd uno anufncao anámato fn f` mfsorrd``d

pd`ètacd y cu`turo` mf como nocaón y fn ò mavu`jocaón antfrnocadno` mf prdmuctds cu`turo`fs. Fn cdnsfcufncao, porfcf fstorsf jfnfronmd uno crfcafntf gdhdjfnazocaón cu`turo`, sand o navf` mf` cdnsuhd fn sè, cafrtohfntf o navf` mf òs ahïjfnfs, òs osparocadnfs, òs nfcfsamomfs y ò mfhonmo fn `ds hfrcomds 3;

mdhástacds mf como nocaón. Fn fstf sfntamd, o pfsor mf fstor huy cdnscafntf mf quf vfnjd mf un cdntfxtd ohfracond huy portacuòr, mdnmf ò cufstaón rocao` y átnaco fstï o`tohfntf pdàtazomo, hf prfjuntd, ´sfrï quf sf pufmf cdntanuor mascutafnmd ò cufstaón mf òs mabfrfncaos rocao`fs y átnacos, fn fsto ápdco tronsnocadno` fn quf vavahds, cdhd sa bufsfn un bfnóhfnd portacuòr mf uno nocaón4 (Ydut ?1:2). AR

Hf antfrfson fstos cufstadnfs o roèz mf ò anvfstajocaón anvfstajocaón quf gacf sdirf sajnacomd y f` vo`dr sdcao` mf `ds átnacds fn ò vamof`cdtamaono y pd`ètaco mf `ds òtands qufrótu`ds vavfn fn Fstomds

Vnamds (?116). _uafrd cdntor`fs pdr quá hf cfntrá fn f` tfho mf rótu`ds, usonmd f` rótu`d Gasponac cdhd fstumad mf cosd. Ounquf yo sf cdhfnzoio o usor fstds rótu`ds átnacds o` no` mf `ds 2;, bufrdn crfomds dcao`hfntf pdr uno ojfncao iurdcrïtaco mf` Fstomd (Dbbacf db Iumjft onm Honojfhfnt ) fn ?1::,

poro bocaàtor, b ocaàtor, sfjõn sf maed, maed, ò rfcd`fccaón mf anbdrhocaón anbdr hocaón poro f` cfnsd mf ?17;. [frd mf rótu`ds iurdcrïtacds posordn o tfnfr un sajnacomd y vo`dr fhanfntfhfntf pd`ètacd, pdrquf, o` sfr dcaoàzomds fn f` `fvontohafntd mf motds mf` cfnsd, f` Fstomd

ocoió `fjatahonmd f` usd mf fstds rótu`ds fn ò mastraiucaón mabfrfncaomo mf rfcursds o mastantds jrupds. [osordn tohiaán o tfnfr tfnf r un sajnacomd sajnaco md y vo`dr fcdnóhac fcdnóhacd d,

pdrquf òs fhprfsos cdhfrcao`fs y puiàcatoraos y òs ojfncaos mf Gd``ywddm cdhfnzordn o onuncaor, mastraiuar y vfnmfr sus prdmuctds fn tárhands átnacds. O navf` sdcao`, fsds rótu`ds sf ortacuòrdn como vfz hïs o òs cdstuhirfs y pfrcfpcadnfs gastóracos tór acos mf mastantds jrupds. jr upds. Osè sf pusd fn fvamfncao ò pdsacaón quf como und mf `ds jrupds handratorads dcupo fn ò efrorquèo sahióàco y fn f` fspocad põiàcd. Fs mfcar, pdr uno portf, `ds 3?

rótu`ds pfrhatafrdn quf òs handrèos pòntfosfn su fxcùsaón mf ò fsbfro põiàco, mf` ahojanorad mf ò sdcafmom y quf or horon su caumomonèo, pfrd pdr dtro, sf cdhfnzordn o mfsorrd`òr nufvos cdstuhirfs átnacos, nufvos cf`firocadnfs y fstos,

y gosto ‐tromacadnfs anvfntomos‘. anvfntomos‘. Gdy Gdy fn mèo fsds rótu`ds gon ``fjomd o mfnar tohiaán òs ndrhos mf cdhpdrtohafntd y òs

amfntamomfs cu`turo`fs mf `ds hafhirds mf como jrupd jr upd,, fspfcao`hfntf fntrf òs jfnfrocadnfs quf nocfn mfspuás mf `ds oÿds :;. Mfcamè cfntrorhf cfntror hf fn f` fstumad mf `ds rótu`ds átnacds, pdrquf o` fncdntrorhf cdn fso rfoàmom cuonmd ``fjuá o Fstomds Vnamds fn `ds 7;, hf ma cufnto mf quf `ds ndhirfs y `ds rótu`ds quf nds mfnfn, nds macfn hucgd sdirf òs cdstuhirfs,

ò gastdrao, ò cu`turo pd`ètaco y cdtamaono mf uno sdcafmom, tafnfn su prdpao fvdùcaón y sus sajnacomds ``fjon bïca`hfntf o

qufmor bufro mf quafnfs anvfnton. Fs mfcar, `ds rótu`ds fntronmf` fncdntrd` òs cdstuhirfs cdn`dssajnacomds cdnstruamds pdr ò cdyunturo pd`ètaco mf` poès y sf hdmacon o portar mf `ds vo`drfs ahiuamds fn òs cdstuhirfs cdtamaonos. ]afnfn, omfhïs, su prdpao gastdr gastd r ao y, y, fn fsf sfntamd, sfntam d, sus sajnacom saj nacomds, ds, tontd cdhd

`ds prdpads ndhirfs, von cohiaonmd cdn f` cdrrfr mf` tafhpd, pdnafnmd fn fvamfncao, cdhd sfÿoò Cor`ds Broncd (?113), `ds cohiads fn `ds vo`drfs vo`drfs y ò pdsacaón sdcao` quf dcupo como jr jruupd fn mastantos cdyunturos. _uafrd rfco`cor rfco`c or quf nd n d hf porfcf porfc f quf goyo o`jd mf ‐ho`d‘ fn usd mf fn uno quf Vnamds, fs cosa ahpdsai`ff` vavar fn rótu`ds uno nocaón mf` sdcafmom. tohoÿd mfCrfd Fstomds d mf` [frõ san cotfjdr cotfj drazor azor y, y, pdr `d tontd, san rdtuòr rdtuò r mf o`juno o` juno ho honfro nfro o `ds mastantds sfctdrfs sfctd rfs mf ò pdiòcaón. F` usd mf un rótu`d sd`d sf vuf`vf prdi`fhïtacd cuonmd fstajhotazo o` jrupd o` quf sf rffrf. Fs pdr fsd quf `ds sajnacomds mf `ds ndhirfs, su vo`dr

sdcao`, posordn tohiaán o bdrhor portf mf `ds hdvahafntds mf mfrfcgds cava`fs fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. [dr fefhp`d, `ds nfjrds ndrtfohfraconds ùcgordn poro cohiaor su ndhirf, mf ‐nfjrd‘ o iòcl y mfspuás o Obracon Ohfracon. Gdy fn mèo, y pdr òs hashos rozdnfs, sfctdrfs mf ò pdiòcaón òtano tohiaán fstïn 39

pdr f` mf òtand. Fn fstf sfntamd, `d quf hïs `òho ò otfncaón mf `ds rótu`ds trotonmd mf cohiaor f` rótu`d dcao` mf Gasponac

átnacds fs quf su sajnacomd, su vo`dr sdcao`, y su usd ”sfo

pd`ètacd d sdcao`” fn ò fsbfro põiàco, mf o`juno honfro cdnrhon ò fxastfncao mf uno mastancaón fn ò sdcafmom fntrf `ds mfrfcgds jorontazomds o tdmds tdm ds `ds caumomonds, y ò mfnacaón mf

`ds mfrfcgds fn cuontd prava`fjads sdcao`fs quf sf fxtafnmfn o cafrtds jrupds y nafjon o dtrds. R

_uafrdfnocoior cdn uno irfvf onácmdto, quf,hf o pfsor mf tafnf cfntrorsf ò fxpfrafncao mf Fstomds Vnamds, porfcf rf`fvoncao poro f` gfhasbfrad cdhd un tdmd. O ha hdmd mf vfr rfsuhf `ds tfhos mf ò pfrtfnfncao o ò nocaón, ò mabfrfncao, `ds mfrfcgds, ò caumomonèo y, tohiaán, mf ò fspfcacamom mf

òs cu`turos nocadno`fs fn fsto ápdco mf hajrocadnfs fn quf òs brdntfros nocadno`fs y mf amfntamom sf or orhon, hon, sf maùyfn, d sdn

rfbdrhuòmos pdr cohiads hïs j`dio`fs. Sf troto mf uno cdnbfrfncao rfoàzomo fn uno unavfrsamom fstomdunamfnsf fn ?113 ocfrco mf `ds nufvds fscratdrfs hfxaconds. Cdhd sf soif, ò buncaón mf` fscratdr fn uno sdcafmom fs, fntrf dtros, ò mf ortacuòr y orhor or hor ò amfntamom nocadno` mf su poès. po ès. Vnd mf `ds ponf`fs trotó mf ò nufvo nufvo jfnfrocaón jfnfrocaó n mf ndv ndvfàstos fàstos hfxaconds, cdn pdnfncaos mf fscratdrfs eóvfnfs quf vanafrdn mf Háxacd poro ò cdnbfrfncao. F``ds mascutafrdn ocfrco mf ò fxpfrafncao mf su jfnfrocaón, sus anufncaos hïs ahpdrtontfs, ahpdr tontfs, òs cufstadnfs gastóracos y cu`turo`fs hfxaconos quf obfctordn su mfsorrd``d, ftc. ]frhanomos fr hanomos sus pdnfncaos pdnfnc aos vand `òo gdro mf òs prfjuntos. Fn f` põiàcd goièo uno fstumaontf hfxacono-ohfracono, d cgacono, cuyo bohaào fstï fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds mfsmf ò ápdco mf ò cdnquasto mf` tfrratdrad hfxacond pdr `ds 33

ndrtfohfraconds fn ?7=7. @fvontó ò hond, pamaó mascu`pos pdr nd goiòr`fs fn costf`ònd, maed o` ponf` quf `f justó hucgd ò prfsfntocaón, cdntó quf f`ò tohiaán fscraif cufntds y pdfsèo, y ocoió pòntfonmd ò sajuafntf prfjunto o uno mf òs ` os fscr fscratdatdros hfxaconos5 ‐cuonmd ustfm goiò mf fscratdrfs hfxaconds, ó quaán sf rffrf4 D sfo, ćóhd mfnf quaán fs un fscratdr

hfxacond4‘ @o pòtfo fstoio cdhpufsto mf unos 3; d =; pfrsdnos, tdmos fspoÿdòs, òtandohfraconos y ‐òtanos‘< d sfo, jfntf mf oscfnmfncao òtandohfracono pfrd nocamo fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. Sf fscucgó un hurhu``d jfnfro` fn ò soò, y sf dèo o ò jfntf cdhfntor ò prfjunto mf ò edvfn. [drquf tdmds o``è soièohds quf su prfjunto, bdrhuòmo bdr huòmo mfntrd mf` cdntfxtd mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds, sf rfbfrèo o quf f`ò, cdhd cgacono, bdrhoio portf mf un jrupd (`ds hfxaconds-ohfraconds) quf gastóracohfntf pfrtfnfcf o` ahojanorad ohfracond cdnstruamd o portar mf nd òs cdstuhirfs cu`turo`fs. @d quf f`ò sujfrèo fro quf o pfsor mf su caumomonèo caumo monèo y mf m f ò gastdr gastd r ao mf su bohaà b ohaàoo fn f` poès, poès , oõn gdy gdy,, y fn cdntro mf su mfsfd, nd sf `f cdnsamfro uno caumomono ‐ohfraco‐ohfr acono vfrmomfro‘ (rfo` ohfracon). Q fstd pdr voraos rozdnfs, o`junos hïs suta`fs y vasai`fs quf dtros. Nd sf `f cdnsamfro cdhd ‐ohfracono vfrmomfro‘, pdr fefhp`d, pdrquf o pfsor mf goifr nocamd fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds, fs cgacono< d sfo, òs cdstuhirfs sf sdirfpdnfn o ò `fy quf dtdrjo ò nocadnoàmom o tdmo pfrsdno quf nocf fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. Nd sf `f cdnsamfro, pdrquf o pfsor mf pfrtfnfcfr o uno bohaào b ohaào quf go samd sdcaoàzomo fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds gocf hïs mf un saj`d, y pdr `d tontd pfrtfnfcf o un sfctdr mf su jfnfrocaón jfnfro caón quf yo nd soif goiòr costf`ònd, f`ò gocf portf mf un jrupd átnacd ”`ds òtands” quf nd fs iòncd, d sfo `d átnacd poso o sfr rocao`. Nd sf `f cdnsamfro, pdrquf ò caumomonèo p`fno mf fsf jrupd o` cuo` f`ò pfrtfnfcf nunco go samd ocfptomo o cfptomo p`fnohfntf, na cdhd portf por tf mf` ahojanor ahojanorad ad,, na mf ò hfhdrao gastóraco y ò vamo cdtamaono mf su nocaón< d sfo, pdrquf f`ò nd vf fn òs cdstuhirfs quf horcon horcon su fxpfrafncao fxpfr afncao cdtamaono y ò mabfrfncaon mf `ds iòncd-ohfraconds, f` rffed 3=

mf` rfcdndcahafntd unavfrso` unavfrso` mf su caumomonèo caumomo nèo y mf` ondnahotd quf ò `fy tfóracohfntf jorontazo o tdmd caumomond. Mf hdmd quf ò prfjunto quf fso edvfn cgacono fstoio `fvontonmd `fv ontonmd sf pdmrèo rfbdrhuòr rfbdr huòr mf ò sajuafntf honfro5 yo quf pdr hïs quf f`ò quafro, o portar mf su mabfrfncao átnacd-rocao` òs cdstuhirfs `f nafjon su pfrtfnfncao p`fno o ò nocaón y pdr `d tontd nd sf `f rfcdndcf f` mfrfcgd p`fnd mf vavar cdhd caumomono fstomdunamfnsf, fstomdunam fnsf, ´sfrï quf tohiaán sf `f pdmrèo cdnsamfror uno fscratdro hfxacono4 [dr n tdmd f` hunmd sf oquaftó, y ò fscratdro hfxacono,

còrohfntf sdrprfnmamo y quazïs un pdcd mfscdncfrtomo cdn ò prfjunto y ò anquaftum fn ò soò, rfspdnmaó mf honfro iafn sfnca`ò, macaánmd`f5 ‐un fscratdr fscr atdr hfxacond fs uno pfrsdno quf nocaó fn Háxacd d quf go vavamd o``è mfsmf huy naÿd‘. Nufvohfntf f` põiàcd [ cdhfntó sè, fsto quazï cdn un pdcd mf brustrocaón. drquf òsfntrf poòiros mf òvfz fscr fscratdro atdro mfeordn iafn còrd quf ò mascusaón mf ò amfntamom mf `ds cgaconds nd sf aio o rfsd`vfr fso tormf. O` `fvontor ò rfòcaón fntrf su caumomonèo, ò amfntamom nocadno` y ò amfntamom átnacd-rocao`, fso edvfn ed vfn pusd fn rfàfv rfàfvff f` prdi`fho mf antfjrocaón nocadno` quf qu f gdy sf vavf fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds. Ro`f mfcar quf ò fxpfrafncao cgacono sf rffeo fn ò mf` pufrtdrraqufÿd y mf` òtand fn

jfnfro`, quafnfs cdntanõon safnmd cdnsamfromds caumomonds mf sfjunmoo cotfjdrèo. sfjunm cotf jdrèo. Cdhd to`, to `, `ds òt òtands, ands, `ds nfjrds, nfj rds, `ds osaïtacds osaï tacds y `ds anmads, cdntanõon bufro mf ò gastdr gastdrao ao mf` poès, bufro mf` ahojanorad nocadno` y, pdr `d tontd, mf ò ‐cdhunamom ahojanomo‘ mf ò nocaón. Mf o``è vafnf f` prdi`fho mf amfntaty pdàtacs mfravomd mf òs pd`ètacos mf obbarhotavf octadn, cdn cdnsfcufncaos ohiajuos, cdhd hfncadná ontfs, tontd poro òs handrèos cdhd poro ò nocaón. Fso prfjunto mf ò edvfn nds pòntfo nufvohfntf f` prdi`fho mf ò rfòcaón fntrf òs amfntamomfs nocadno`fs y mf caumomonèo, fntrf ò antfjrocaón nocadno` y f` rfcdndcahafntd mf `ds mfrfcgds mf `ds fxcùamds pdr ò sdcafmom. Fntdncfs, ćóhd gocfr poro pfnsor fn ò ancùsaón pd`ètaco pd` ètaco mf `ds sfctdrfs 36

caumomonds gastóracohfntf fxcùamds y horjanomds mf ò fsbfro põiàco y mf` ahojanorad nocadno`4 Sa, pdr uno portf, ò fxpfrafncao fstomdunamfnsf sf pòntfo cdhd portacuòr y sfÿoò `d mabèca` quf fs rfsd`vfr fstf prdi`fho o roèz mf su fspfcacamom gastóraco, pdr dtro, hf porfcf quf o pfsor mf òs mabfrfncaos divaos quf prfsfnto, su fstumad to` vfz pufmo sfr õta` fn ò rffxaón òtandohfracono sdirf ò satuocaón mf `ds sfctdrfs

horjanomds, ò ohpàocaón mf `ds mfrfcgds, ò caumomonèo y ò antfjrocaón nocadno` fn mavfrsds poèsfs mf` gfhasbfrad. _uafrd pòntfor fntdncfs mf honfro fsqufhïtaco o`junos amfos quf hf mfpfrtó ha fstumad mf cosd fstomdunamfnsf. @o amfo mf` obbarhotavf octadn, cdhd yo hfncadná, fro ahp`fhfntor pd`ètacos quf osfjuroron o trovás mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf ò `fy, `fy, ò ajuo`mom mf dpdrtunamomfs dpdr tunamomfs mf òs handrèos fxcùamos fxc` uamos yjrupds fn cdnsfcufncao ò caumomonèo p`fno `ds antfjrontfs mf `ds handratorads. Fstds jrupds fronmffxcùamds mf` fspocad põiàcd (nd pdmèon vdtor, nd tfnèon òs hashos dpdrtunamomfs fcdnóhacos, fmucotavos, ftc.), nd o portar mf su mabfrfncao anmavamuo`, sand pdrquf pfrtfnfcèon o un jrupd mabfrfncaomd pdr cratfrads rocao`fs, átnacds d mf jánfrd. @d ahpdrtontf fs quf fn fso ápdco mf `ds oÿds 2;, sf pfnsoio quf o` jorontazor ò ajuo`mom mf `ds mfrfcgds y ò caumomonèo fn jfnfro` o trovás mf prdjrohos cdhd f` mf ò ‐Jufrro cdntro ò pdirfzo‘ (Zor dn [dvfrty) y cdn pd`ètacos cdhd cd hd obbarhotavf octadn, sf jorontazorèo tohiaán f` iafn cdhõn mf ò nocaón, yo quf ò caumomonèo fs prufio cdntunmfntf mf quf fxastf uno cdhunamom fn quf tdmds `ds prancapads iïsacds mf ò vamo cdhuno` gon samd nfjdcaomds y ocfptomds ocfpt omds cdhd su bunmohfntd. [frd cdhd sfÿoò Stuort Go`` (?11;, y Hdubbf ?119), und mf `ds prdi`fhos cdn ò ndcaón cdntfhpdrïnfo mf caumomonèo y `ds mfrfcgds fs quf sf bunmohfnto fn un anmavamuoàshd àifro` huy prdbunmd prdbunm d, fs mfcar, mfc ar, und vdto y rfjrfso rfj rfso o ssuu coso. cos o. Vnd pu pufmf fmf gocfr `d quf quafro, tafnf f` mfrfcgd, pdr fefhp`d, mf prdtfjfr su coso cdn orhos, cdn to` quf nd anvomo `ds mfrfcgds mf dtrd. Sf troto mf uno ndcaón quf nd prava`fjao prava`fj ao ò portacapocaón oct octav avoo 32

y cd`fctavo mf` anmavamud fn ò honutfncaón mf ò ` o cdhunamom, o` cdntrorad cdntror ad,, prava`fjao pr ava`fjao f` mfrfcgd mf` anmavamud o su prav pr avocamom ocamom y o vfcfs, vfcfs, mfpfnmafnmd mf` cosd, cosd, mfeo quf f` anmavamud mfno

`ds `èhatfs mf su prav pr avocamom. ocamom. Fn fsos cdnmacadnfs, cdn macadnfs, sa o`juafn mfcamf tdcor`f ò pufrto o un fxtroÿd, cdrrf f` rafsjd mf quf ò pfrsdno quf `f oirf ò pufrto cdnvfnjo fn quf fsd fs anvosaón mf su fspocad y pufmf masporor poro prdtfjfr su coso quf fs `d quf posó f` oÿd posomd, cuonmd ò cdrtf mfcamaó o bovdr mf un iòncd quf hotó o un edvfn eopdnás, quf fquavdcomohfntf `f tdcó f` tahirf mf su coso. Ounquf guid hucgo cdnmfno mf fsto mfcasaón eumacao`, tohiaán bufrdn hucgds `ds quf opdyordn y ‐cdhprfnmafrdn‘ ‐cdhprfnmafrdn‘ ò occaón mf` iòncd quf hotó o` osaïtacd. Nufvohfntf un fefhp`d mf un cosd oasòmd quf san fhiorjd sf rfpatf, sfo cdn hïs d hfnds vad`fncao, fn dtros satuocadnfs (pdr fefhp`d cdntro `ds òtands quf, ounquf sfon caumomonds, sf `fs pfrcaif cd cdhd hd ‐fxtronefrds‘). Fn tdmd cosd, cosd, ha puntd fs quf f` anmavamuoàshd quf sui yocf ò ndcaón àifro` mf caumomonèo fstï ahiuamd fn ò ahp`fhfntocaón mf ò pd`ètaco mf obarhotavf octadn quf pdr `d tontd anmavamuoàzo `ds mfrfcgds y òs rfspdnsoiaàmomfs mf como jrupd< fs mfcar, mfc ar, f` fstomd fst omd mastr m astraiuyf aiuyf,, d nd, sus sfrvacads sfr vacads y ifnfcads ifnf cads o jrupds anmavamuoàzomds, sfo f` jrupd ‐gasponac‘, nfjrd, mf huefrfs, osaïtacd, anmèjfno, y mfsmf ?119, o `ds mfcafntfs bè -

sacds. Como jrupd sf rfspdnsoiaàzo pdr f` iafn cdhõn mf `ds hafhirds mf su cdhunamom anmavamuo` portacuòr, y nd sf prfdcupo mf `ds ` ds hafhirds mf `ds dtrds jrupds. jr upds. F` rfsu`tomd fs quf òs `fo`tomfs pd`ètacos (y gdy tohiaán cu`turo`fs y pfrsdno`fs) sf honafston fn rfòcaón o` jrupd átnacd o` cuo` sf pfrtfnfcf,

nd fn rfòcaón o ò cdhunamom nocadno`. Q pdr `d tontd, ò ndcaón mf ‐caumomonèo pd`ètaco‘ fstï safnmd rffhpòzomo gdy pdr `d quf o`junds fstïn mfndhanonmd mf ‐caumomonèo cu`turo`‘ (Ifnhoydr ft o`. ?119). Osè, sa o`jd dcurrf fn un iorrad òtand, sdn òs drjonazocadnfs òtanos òs quf ocumfn o oyumor, o rfcòhor quf f` fstomd tdhf ndto. @d hashd ocdntfcf cdn `ds jrujr upds nfjrds, osaïtacds, iòncds, mf huefrfs, mf mfcafntfs bèsacds. 3:

O trovás mf sus drjonazocadnfs, como jrupd j rupd átnacd át nacd mffnmf sus

antfrfsfs, sus mfrfcgds, gocf oàonzos cdn dtrds jrupds, pfrd tohiaán sf mffnmf mf f``ds.

Mf fstf hdmd, f` fefhp`d mf ò ùcgo pdr `ds mfrfcgds o portar mf ò pd`ètaco mf òs amfntamomfs fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds fs õta` cdhd fefhp`d mf` anmavamuoàshd àifro` quf suiyocf

ò mfnacaón mf caumomonèo mf fsf poès, ò ùcgo mf como jrupd

pdr sus mfrfcgds pufmf cdntraiuar cdntr aiuar o hfedror su cdnmacaón, y osè o hfedror f` occfsd o `ds mfrfcgds mf caumomonèo mf sus hafhirds. [frd mfsmf ha puntd mf vasto, fsto cdncfpcaón anmavamuoàsto mf ò caumomonèo nd cdntraiuyf fn nomo poro prfsfrvor ò ndcaón mf cdhunamom nocadno`, o` cdntrorad, porfcf mfstruar `ds prancapads iïsacds mf ò cdnvavfncao sdcao` sdirf ò iosf mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf ò mabfrfncao. Fs vfrmom quf sa f` jrupd nd ùcgo pdr sus `d antfrfsfs, nomafmajohds `d gorï. [frd uno vfz iaànjðf quf f` jrupd cdnsajuf quf quafrf, ò fmucocaón fn f` cosd mf `ds òtands, nomaf `d opdyo y, o` cdntrorad, `ds dtrds jrupds, jr upds, `ds nfjrds, nf jrds, `ds iòncds, iò ncds, `ds mfcafnt mf cafntfs fs bèsacds, bèsa cds, ftc. ùcgon

cdntro ò pd`ètaco mf fmucocaón iaànjðf, pdrquf `fs quato `ds rfcursds. D sfo, ò obbarhotavf octadn, iosomo fn f` anmavamuoàshd nd sf tromucf fn uno fxponsaón mf ò caumomonèo, pdrquf nd osfjuro nfcfsoraohfntf ò fxponsaón mf ò cdhunamom. O` cdntrorad, crfo y prdbunmazo ò efrorquèo mf mabfrfncaos fn vfz mf osfjuror ò ajuo`mom ajuo `mom mf tdmds, pdrquf `d õnacd quf jorontazo joron tazo fs quf `ds òtands fn fsf cosd ”pdr fefhp`d, mf fmucocaón iaànjðf” tfnmrïn hfedrfs d hïs mfrfcgds quf f` jrupd quf sf cdnstatuyf o portar, majohds, mf òs mfcafncaos bèsacos.

[frd quafrd ansastar osahashd fn quf ò manïhaco pd`ètaco mf` poès gocf quf ò obbarhotavf octadn tohiaán sf pufmo ”y crfd quf sf mfio” mfbfnmfr, pdr `d hfnds pdr ogdro. Fs ahpdrtontf rfco`cor quf boctdrfs cdhd `ds cohiads fn ò sdcafmom fstomdunamfnsf ”sfo fn f` sfntamd mf ò vasaiaàmom mf òs handrèos cdhd hafhirds”caumomonds mf ò nocaón, mf` hoydr rfcdndcahafntd mf su mfrfcgd o tfnfr `ds mfrfcgds, mf ò hfedro vasai`f fn ò cdnmacaón mf cafrtds sfctdrfs mfntrd mf `ds jrupds 37

handr atorads” handrator ads” sf mfifn sdirf sdirf tdmd o ò ùcgo quf fstos handrèos rocao`fs y òs huefrfs gon mfsorrd`òmd fn òs õ`tahos mácomos m ácomos poro ohpàor òs brdntfros mf ancùsaón pd`ètaco mf fsf poès. Fn fstf sfntamd hf prfjuntd `d sajuafntf, fn uno sdcafmom fn quf òs cdstuhirfs oõn nd rfcdndcfn mf` tdmd f` mfrfcgd o ò mabfrfncao cdhd iosf mf ò mfnacaón m fnacaón mf caumomonèo, d sfo mf` iafn cdhõn, ´quá o`tfrnotavo tafnfn òs huefrfs, `ds nfjrds, `ds òtands, fn n tdmds oquf``ds quf fstïn fxcùamds mf` fspocad põiàcd y

mf` ahojanorad mf ò nocaón prfcasohfntf o portar mf su mabfrfncao4 D sfo, sa `ds prdpads jrupds jr upds nd ùcgon pdr sus mfrfcgds y nd tafnfn `ds cono`fs poro osfjuror`ds, ´quaán `d vo o gocfr4 Osè, o` pfnsor ò prdi`fhïtaco mf` obbarhotavf octadn y ò pd`ètaco mf òs amfntamomfs quf rfsu`to mf f`ò, hf porfcf quf f` prdi`fho nd rfsamf, cdhd orjuhfnton gdy `ds cdnsfrvomdrfs fstomdunamfnsfs, ò fstrotfjao mf òs handrèos ohpororsf ooadn. fn òs pd`ètacos mffnobbarhotavf [ufs nd sdnmffstos, cdhd sujafrfn f``ds, òs quf fstïn ‐mfstruyfnmd o` poès‘. F` prdi`fho sf mfif pòntfor, hïs iafn, o portar mf uno rffxaón crètaco mf` prdpad bunmohfntd anmavamuoàsto-àifro` mf ò mfnacaón

mf ò caumomonèo fn fsf poès, quf nd pfrhatf f` mfsorrd``d mf uno cdhunamom iosomo fn ò nfcfsamom mf crfor hfconashds mf portacapocaón p`fno y cd`fctavo, quf rfcdndcfn òs mabfrfncaos y pfrhatfn pfr hatfn osè ò cdnstruccaó cdnstruccaónn mf uno sdcafmom bunmomo fn f` iafnfstor cd`fctavd mf tdmds y como hafhird mf ò nocaón. no caón. Macgd mf dtro honfro, ò fxpfrafncao mf ò pd`ètaco mf òs amfntamomfs fn Fstomds Vnamds hf go mfeomd iafn còrd quf tdmos òs cotfjdrèos mf ò caumomonèo y mf `ds mfrfcgds, tafnfn quf sfr safhprf mascutamos fn rfòcaón o tdmds `ds hafhirds mf ò nocaón. Hïs o``ï mf òs amfntamomfs anmavamuo`fs, tdmo ùcgo sdcao` y pd`ètaco poro osfjuror ò cdhunamom tafnf quf sfr uno cdntraiucaón o ò caumomonèo cdhd un tdmd, d sfo o` ‐iafn cdhõn‘. Só`d tafnf rf`fvoncao sa sf rfcdndcf quf `ds mfrfcgds, ancùyfnmd f` mfrfcgd o ò mabfrfncao, sdn portf por tf mf ò vavfncao mf ò cdhunamom c dhunamom cdhd un tdmd y, pdr `d tontd, quf ò ùcgo pdr `ds mfrfcgds sf rfcdndzco cdhd un ifnfcad poro ò cdhunamom fntfro. 31

Fn n, gdy fn mèo sf cdhafnzo o pòntfor cdn hïs brfcufn-

cao quf vavahds fn uno ápdco tronsnocadno`. Fs uno ápdco quf nds gocf prfsfntf ò amfo quf f` fstomd”nocaón fstom d”nocaón nd safhprf go fxastamd, ounquf òs efrorquèos, f` prfeuacad, ò antd`froncao o ò mabfrfncao, sè ontfcfmfn o ò ápdco hdmfrno. Fs uno ápdco mf jron hdvaàzocaón hajrotdrao hajrotdr ao òtandohfracono, òtandohfr acono, mf amos y vuf`tos o `ds Fstomds Vnamds< uno ápdco fn quf cdn como mèo porfcf crfcfr ò antfrpfnftrocaón cu`turo` mf òs nocadnfs o portar mf `ds hfmads mf cdhunacocaón y ò masfhanocaón mf prdmuctds cu`turo`fs< pfrd tohiaán uno ápdco fn quf f` nocadnoàshd y ò xfndbdiao fstïn crfcafnmd (F` J`did, 97/:/?1165I9). Fn fsto cdyunturo hf porfcf quf ò prdi`fhïtaco quf `fv ` fvontó ontó fso edvfn edvfn cgacono, nds rfhatf o ò ` o sajuafntf prfjunto, cdn ò quf cdncù yd5 fn fsto ápdco mf tronsacaón j`dio`, quf ancdr ancdrpdro pdro f` oujf mf` rfcdndcahafntd mf ò ´quá ndcaón mf ò mabfrfncao ”sfon cos, rocao`fs, mf jánfrd” sajnacomd tafnfn o` navf` átnapd`ètacd y pfrsdno`, poro òs nufvos nufvos jfnfrocadnfs mf fstf gfhasbfrad, ò amfntamom nocadno`, `ds mfrfcgds, ò ndcaón mf caumomonèo, fn n, f` pfrtfnfcfr pfr tfnfcfr o uno nocaón4

Iaiàdjrobèo5 Onmfrsdn, Ifnfmact (?173). Ahojanfm Cdhhunatafs5 Yfb`fctadns dn tgf Drajan Dr ajan onm Sprfom db Notadnoàsh, Rfrsd, fr sd, N Nfw fw Qdr Qdrl. l. Orfnmt, Gonnog (?1:;). ‐[uiàc Yajgts onm [rèvotf Antfrfsts‘, n/p. Ifnhoydr, Yano ft o`. ( ?119). ?119). ‐Zgy Cu`turo` Catazfnsgap‘, fn Yfspdnsfs td [dvfrty Ohdnj [ufrtd Yacon Zdhfn5 `mfntaty, Cdhhunaty onm Cu`turo` C u`turo` Catazfnsgap, Catazfnsgap, Cfntrd mf Fstumads [ufrtdrraqufÿds,

Guntfr Gun tfr Cd` Cd``fj `fjf, f, Nufvo Qdrl. drl.

=;

Igoi go, Gdha L. (?113). Igoigo, (?113). ]gf @dcotadn Ydut`fmjf, mjf, Nuf@dco tadn db Cu`turf, Ydut`f vo Qdr Qdrl. l. I`dnmf t, Cfcaà I`dnmft, Cfcaàoo (?11=). (?11 =). @os huefrf hue frfss y f` pdmfr p dmfr,, Anstatutd mf Fstumads [fruonds, @aho. Mo Hotto, Ydifrtd (?11?). ‐Md Qdu Lndw Zgd Qdu‑rf ]o`lanj ]d4‘ fn Cornavo`s, Ydjufs onm Gfrdfs5 On Ontgrdpd`djy db tgf Irozaàon Ma`fhho, Vnavfrsaty db Ndtrf Mohf [rfss, Anmaono. Mfjrfjdra, Cor`ds Avïn (?11?). ‐F` oprfnmaz mf irued y f` curonmfrd cgand5 ftnacamom, hdmfrnamom y caumomonèo‘, fn Cor`ds Avïn Mfjrfjdraa y Ydhfd Jrdhpdnf Mfjrfjdr Jrdhpdnf,, Mfhdnads y rfmfntdrfs fn f` nufvd [frõ, Anstatutd mf Fstumads [fruonds, @aho. Mzamzafnyd, Onona (?116). ‐Obracon-@otan Ohfracon Cdnnfctadns5 Cd`dnaoàsh, ‗Yocf‑, Ftgnacaty, onm tgf Cdntfhpdrory Notadn-Stotf‘, Sfhanorad, AF[, @aho (euàd). Bondn, Bronz (?12:). Iòc Iòcl l Slan, Zgatf Hosls (?161), Jrdvf [rfss, Nufvo Nu fvo Q Qdr drl. l. Broncd, Cor`ds (?113). ‐F` sfntamd mf` vfòsquashd fn ò cdnstruccaón mf uno cdhunamom nocadno`-caumomono fn f` [frõ‑‘ Sdcaoàshd y [ortacapocaón 23<

y ò [ortacapocaón, @aho.

Cfntrd mf Fstumads poro f` Mfsorrd``d Mfsor rd``d

Go``, Stuort y Gf`m, Movam (?171). ‐Catazfns onm Catazfnsgap‘, fn Stuort Go`` y Hortan Eocqufs Nfw ]a- hfs5 ]gf Cgonjanj [ocf db fr sd, Nu Nufvo fvo Qdrl drl,, @d @dnm nmrfs rfs-N -Nufvo ufvo Q Qdrl drl.. [dàtacs [dàta cs an tgf ?11;s, ?11;s, Rfrsd, Go``, Stuort (?11;). ‐Cu`turo` Amfntaty onm Maospdro‘, fn E. Yutgfrbdrm (fm.), Amfntaty, Cdhhunaty Cu`turf, Mabbfrfncf, @owrfncf onm Zasgor Zasgort,t, @dnmrfs.

=?

Lùjfr, Yacgorm (?1::). Sahp`f Eustacf. ]gf Gastdry db Irdwn v. Idorm db Fmucotadn onm Iòcl Iòc l Ohfracos Strujj`f bdr Fmucotadn. Rantojf Iddl Id dls,s, N Nufvo ufvo Qdr drl. l. Hdgonty, Cgonmro ]o`pomf (?11?). ‐Antrdmuctadn5 Cortdjropgafs db Strujj`f5 ]garm Zdr`m Zdhfn onm tgf [dàtafs db Bfhanash‘, fn Cgonmro Cgonmr o ]o`poma Hdgonty Hdgont y, Onn Yussd y @durmfs ] ]dr drrfs rfs (fms. (fms.), ), ]garm Zdr`m Zdhfn onm tgf [dàtacs [dàtac s db Bfhanash, Bfhanas h, Anmaono Vnavfrsaty [rfss, I`ddhanjtdn. Hòrnfr, Hòr nfr, Hojnus (?121). @o hfzcò mf rozos fn ò gastdrao gastdr ao mf Oháraco @otano, Fmatdr Fmatdrao` ao` [oamds, Iufnds Oarfs. Hdubbf, Cgonto` Cgonto ` (?119). (?119 ). ‐Bfhana ‐Bfhanash, sh, Cataz Catazfnsgap fnsgap onm Yomaco` Yom aco` MfMf hdcrotac [dàtacs‘, Eumatg Iut`fr y Edon Scdtt (fms.), ]gfdrazf tgf [dàtaco`,fnYdu Ydut`f t`fmjf, mjf, Nufvo Qdrl drl-@d -@dnmrf nmrfs. s. Bfhanasts Did`fr, Suzonnf (?116). Ftgnac @oif`s< @otand @avfs5 Amfntaty onm tgf [dàtacs db Yfprfsfntotadn an tgf Vnatfm Stotfs, Vnavfrsaty db Hannfsdto [rfss, Hannfsdto. [odà, Horèo Cfào (?119). ‐Catazfnsgap, Anfquoàtafs, Mfhdcrocy onm Yajgts5 ]gf Holanj db o [uiàc Spocf an Iroza`‘, Sdcao` & @fjo` Stumafs ?. Yottonsa, Yotto nsa, Oà y So`àf Z Zfstwddm fstwddm (?11=). Yocash, Hdmfrnaty Amfntaty dn tgf Zfstfrn fstfr n Brdnt, [dàty [rfss. Ydut, @fsàf (?1:2) (?1:2).. ]gf Obracon Obracon Fxpfrafncf an Sponasg Ohfraco, 6?9 Cohirr amj amjf, f, Nufvo Qdrl. drl. td tgf [rfsfnt, Cohi Soam, Fmworm (?1:7). Drafntoàsh, [ontg [ontgfdn fdn,, Nufvo Nufvo Qdrl drl.. Za`àohs, Frac (?1:9) \?1==X. Copatotash onm Sòvfry, O. Mfutscg, @dnmrfs. =9

Zanont, Gdworm Gdworm (?11;). ‐[dsthdmfrn ‐[dsthdmfr n Yocao` Yoca o` [dàtacs an tgf Vnatfm Stotfs, Mabbfrfncf onm Anf- quoàty‘, Sdcaotast Yfvafw `. ---------(?11=).‐Yocao` Bdrhotadn onm Gfjfhdny5 J`dio` onm @dco` Mfvf`dphfnts Mfvf`dphfnts‘, ‘, fn Oà Yotto Yottonsa nsa y So`àf So `àf Zfstwddm dp. cat., [dàty [rfss.

=3

F` hunmd fs rocasto y oefnd Drju``d y prfeuacad fn ò sdcafmom àhfÿo àh fÿo cdn cdntfh tfhpdr pdrïnf ïnfo* o* Suzonnf Did`fr

Antrdmuccaón Ocï fn @aho sa goy rocashd, rocashd, yd sè crfd quf goy rocashd (Horaono \cganoX). Fn f` [frõ nd goy mascrahanocaón rocao`

(Jo-

iraf` \iòncdX). Nd sdy mf pfrcotorhf sa gf samd mascrahanomo d nd… Nd `d gf sfntamd sfntam d, nd sá sa `d goirïn gfcgd gfc gd pfrd nd `d gf sfntamd! sfntamd ! (Cfànmo \hfstazo, ‐socoòjuo‘, rosjds ndsX). Oquè, tdmds sdhds pfruonds (Md`drfs \nfjroX).

Fstds sdn o`junds mf `ds cdhfntorads hïs cdhunfs quf fscucgohds o` cdhfnzor fsto anvfstajocaón, cdn fstumaontfs mf Mfrfcgd, ocfrco mf ò cufstaón rocao` y f` rocashd fn f` [frõ. [dr uno portf, un rfcdndcahafntd mf quf sè goy rocashd, d pdr `d hfnds, uno ohiavo`fncao sdirf su prfsfncao. [dr dtro, uno ansastfncao fn quf nd goy mascrahanocaón rocao`, d quf o` hfnds f`ò nd sf go fxpfrahfntomd fxpfr ahfntomd o navf` pfrsdno`. Fsto cdntropdsacaón prdmucf uno còro pfrp`feamom sdirf su sajnacomd.

@`fjonmd mf` cdntfxtd ndrtfohfracond, mdnmf f` hdvahafntd mf mfrfcgds cava`fs y òs `fyfs cdntro f` rocashd gon ojumazomd òs sfnsaiaàmomfs mf tdmo ò pdiòcaón fn rfòcaón o ò mascrahanocaón rocao`, roc ao`, fstos y dtros disfrvocadnfs di sfrvocadnfs porfcamos, sarvafrdn mfsmf un cdhafnzd poro cdnrhorhf quf òs rfòcadnfs rocao`fs fnads ò sdcafmom pfruono cratfrads cratfr fstomdunamfns fstomdunamfnsfs. fs. nd pufmfn sfr oidrmomos o portar mf =:

Mf gfcgd, f` cdhfntorad hïs fscòrfcfmdr quf tuvf murontf fsos prahfros pr ahfros sfhonos mf anvfstajocaón anvfstajocaón nd mfeó mumo quf q uf ò mascrahanocaón rocao` fn f` [frõ opfnos porfcf fxastar fn f` cdtamaond àhfÿd. Macgd cdhfntorad cdhfntor ad vand o trovás t rovás mf uno cdnvfrsocaón anbdrho` cdn un oidjomd obrdpfruond o` fxpàcor`f f` tfho mf ha anvfstajocaón, hf rfspdnmaó macaánmdhf quf ò cufstaón rocao` fn f` [frõ fs mabfrfntf o ò mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds, pdrquf fn f` [frõ ‐f` rocashd fs hïs fscdnmamd, hïs sdòpomd‘. Mfspuás hf cdntó quf `d goièon goièo n anvatomd o Fstomds Vnamds, quf sfrèo ò ` o prahfro pr ahfro vfz quf aio o``ï, o` `ï, y quf á` qufrèo ar sdirf tdmd o `ds Fstomds mf` sur mf` poès. Cuonmd `f prfjuntá pdr quá o``è, hf fxpàcó cdn c dn hucgo vfgfhfncao `d sajuafntf5

‐Fs cuonmd voyo_uafrd o `ds Fstomds Vnamds, yd quafrd quf quf hf mascrahanfn. mascr ahanfn. sfntar `d quf quafrf mfcar nd pdmfr fstor fn un satad pdr sfr nfjrd< d quf hf idtfn mf o`jõn ùjor. ¡_uafrd sfntar ò mascrahanoc mascr ahanocaón, aón, soifr `d quf fs!‘. Su fxpàcocaón hf rfbdrzó mf honfro cdntunmfntf `d quf yo goièo pfrcaiamd pfrcaiamd fntrf `ds cdhfntorads quf catá o` cdhafnzd, cdhd ò amfo mf quf ounquf fxastf un rocashd sdòpomd fn f` [frõ, nd goy uno mascrahanocaón rocao` fxp`ècato< y tohiaán ò ndcaón mf quf und mf `ds rfbfrfntfs prancapo`fs poro cdhprfnmfr f` prdpad cdncfptd mf mascrahanocaón fn f` [frõ fs ò vavfncao vav fncao pfrsdno`. pfr sdno`. [frd f` cdhfntorad cdhfntor ad mf fsf oidjomd tohiaán oÿomaó pdr `d hfnds mds mahfnsadnfs nufvos o ha cdnbusaón sdirf cóhd oidrmor f` tfho fn @aho. @o prahfro buf quf f` rfbfrfntf quf porfcèo fstor usonmd poro fntfnmfr ò mascrahanocaón rocao` fn f` [frõ, vfnèo mf` fxtronefrd. Hf ma cufnto mf quf ò fxpfrafncao mf uno mascrahanocaón marfcto ”coòto, sfjõn á` porfcèo mfnarò” sd`d sf pdmèo vavfncaor fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds.o @o mahfnsaón buf quf f`sfsajnacomd quf á` otraiuèo su sfjunmo mfnacaón mf mascrahanocaón bunmo fn =7

un fstfrfdtapd, gdy un pdcd ontacuomd, àjomd o ò sfjrfjocaón bèsaco mf `ds nfjrds fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds soncadnomo pdr ò `fy mf fsf poès gosto ?16=. Fn dtros poòiros, fsf cdhfntorad anbdrho` mf` oidjomd, quf hïs tormf buf cdnrhomd fn dtros fntrfvastos, hf sujaraó quf ò mfnacaón mf` prdpad cdncfptd

mf mascrahanocaón fn f` [frõ fstï mf o`juno honfro fnroazomo fn ò gastdrao `fjo` mf sfjrfjocaón mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds mf` saj`d WW, y tohiaán fn uno bo`to mf cdndcahafntd sdirf ò rf`fvoncao mf ò rozo y f` rocashd fn ò gastdrao y pd`ètaco fstomdunamfnsf cdntfhpdrïnfo. O` no` mf `ds prahfrds pr ahfrds hfsfs hfsfs mf `fcturo y troioed mf cohpd,, ò ahprfsaón quf hf mfeordn òs ohiajðfmom pd ohiajðfmomfs fs mf òs ò s octatumfs fn òs fntrfvastos ”osè cdhd ò prdpao prdpao bo`to mf uno mascusaón ohpào mf` tfho mf` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón rocao` fn `ds pfraómacds, cèrcu`ds antf`fctuo`fs y f` cdtamaond buf quf quazï goièo cdhfnzomd o anvfstajor un tfhoàhfÿd” quf nd tfnèo rf`fvoncao rf`fv oncao poro ò sdcafmom pfruono. Sfntè quf nd tfnèo mfrfcgd m frfcgd mf mfscortor ò ansastfncao mf òs pfrsdnos quf fntrfvastoio y cdn quafnfs cdnvfrsoio, mf quf ò mascrahanocaón fn f` [frõ fs mf còsf y jánfrd, y nd rocao`. [frd pdr dtro portf, tohpdcd cdnsfjuèo d`vamorhf d`vamor hf mf ha prdpao vavfncao vavfncao fn f` [frõ mf `ds 6; y 2;, y nd fntfnmèo cóhd, cóhd, fn f` òpsd rfòtavohfntf rfòtavohfntf cdrtd mf unds 9; oÿds quf fstuvf bufro mf` poès, goièon ``fjomd o mfsoporfcfr ton rïpamohfntf, òs horcos varu`fntos varu`fnto s mf `ds cdnactds

fntrf iòncds f anmèjfnos, nfjrds y cgands, mf` posomd cd`dnao` y rfpuiàcond. rfpuiàcond. Omfhïs ò gastdrao mf` cd`dnaoàshd y fscòvatum fn f` hunmd dccamfnto` hf sujfrèo quf ò bo`to mf mabfrfncaocaón y mascrahanocaón rocao` fn f` [frõ gorèon mf` poès uno ondho`èo fn f` hunmd hdmfrnd y cdntfhpdrïnfd. O` n y o` coid, f`

rocashd fs uno amfd`djèo quf go pòjomd o` hunmd hdmfrnd, fspfcao`hfntf fn f` saj`d WW. Fs uno amfd`djèo quf q uf iusco y rfbufrzo honabfstocadnfs mf mabfrfncaos iad`ójacos y vasuo`fs poro eustacor mfsajuo`momfs fstf nd sfntamd, sfntamd ò rozo, osèòscdhd ò prïctacosdcadfcdnóhacos. mf mascrahanocaónFn rocao`, fs na, =1

uno cotfjdrèo mf ò noturo`fzo na un motd noturo`, sand fxcùsavohfntf uno cdnstruccaón sdcao`. Sajuafnmd fsto mfnacaón,

f` rocashd fs sdirf tdmd uno prufio cdntunmfntf mf` áxatd mf un ortacad cdnstruamd cdnstr uamd sdcao`hfntf y fnroazomd fn òs prïctacos amfd`ójacos quf murontf `ds saj`ds WAW y WW eustacordn ò

fscòvatum, ò mdhanocaón y ò mascrahanocaón mf un jrupd pdr dtrd. [dr `d tontd, quafrd rfco`cor quf mfsmf f` puntd vasto gastóracd f antfrnocadno`, f` prdpósatd prancapo` mf òs anvfstajocadnfs quf vfnjd rfoàzonmd sdirf ò cufstaón rocao`, ò caumomonèo y ò pfrtfnfncao nocadno` fn òs Oháracos, nd fs f` mf «prdior¼ quf fxastf f` rocashd, yo sfo fn f` [frõ, `ds Fstomds Vnamds, f` Irosa`, d cuo`quafr dtrd poès. Hïs iafn crfd quf f` puntd bunmohfnto` mf uno anvfstajocaón cdhd fsto romaco fn ò mf fscòrfcfrpd`ètacos ò fspfcacamom mf F``d sus hfconashds fnnfcfsamom mastantos bdrhocadnfs y sdcao`fs. pdrquf hf

porfcf quf `d quf fstï fn eufjd fs ò hasho honfro fn quf f` rocashd distruyf f` prdcfsd mf mfhdcrotazocaón mf `ds mfrfcgds y ò caumomonèo fn tdmos òs fsbfros mf ò vamo sdcao` mf `ds poèsfs obfctomds pdr fstf bfnóhfnd. bfnóhfnd. Qoo quf f` rocashd nd fs na uno cotfjdrèo noturo` na uno Q prïctaco soncadnomo pdr ò `fy, su fstumad, fspfcao`hfntf fn f` [frõ y fn Oháraco @otano @ot ano rfquafrf mf uno fvoùocaón crètaco mmff ò vamo cdtamaono poro fntfnmfr cóhd sf honafsto fn ò fxpfr afncao sdcao` f anmavamuo`. Fn fstf cdntfxtd hf porfcaó quf ``ds ds mascursds, rótu`ds y prïctacos sdcao`fs tafnfn uno utaàmom huy portacuòr, pdrquf pdr uno portf rfvfòn cóhd sf honafsto f`

rocashd fn ò vamo anmavamuo`, y pdr dtro, nds hufstron mf quá honfro sf go amd tronshatafnmd f` `fjomd cd`dnao`, y cóhd sf go amd tronsbdrhonmd fn f` prdcfsd mf cdnstruccaón mf ò nocaón. Cdhd bfnóhfnd sdcao`, ò rozo fstï èntahohfntf àjomo o ò còsf, o` jánfrd y o` stotus sdcao`. Mf to` hdmd, fs y safhprf go samd unomfcufstaón pd`ètaco,sdcafmomfs. y pdr `d tontd sf honafsto honfrosfhanfntfhfntf mabfrfntfs fn mastantos Cdhd 6;

mfhufstron `ds hatds osahaòcadnastos mf` crasd` fstomdunamfnsf, ò mfsfdso mo`tdnèo pufmf ``fjor o hanor f` mfsorrd``d fcdnóhacd y sdcao` cdn fquamom mf ò nocaón< y tohiaán pufmf mfstruar f` rfcdndcahafntd mf `ds mfrfcgds, ò caumomonèo y f` sfntahafntd mf pfrtfnfncao pfr tfnfncao o ò cdhunamom. Fs vfrmom vfrmom quf fsds hatds osahaòcadnastos ndrtfohfraconds sf rffrfn prancapo`hfntf o `ds anhajrontfs, y fn fstf sfntamd sf mastanjufn mf òs amfd`djèos mf cdnstruccaón mf ò nocaón. [frd sf pufmf sdstfnfr quf fn `d quf sf rffrf o ò mabfrfncao y mascrahanocaón

rocao`, fsds hatds nd mfeon mf sfr cdhporoi`fs o òs amfd`djèos mf nocadnoàshd òtandohfraconos. òtandohfr aconos. Nd hf qufmo fvamfntf, pdr fefhp`d, quf f` mascursd nocadnoàsto quf ansastf quf ‐oquè tdmds sdhds pfruonds‘ pfr uonds‘ ”y quf sf rfatfro o trovás t rovás mf ò ansastfncao mf quf nd goy mascrahanocaón rocao` fn f` [frõ” pdmrèo gocfr mfsoporfcfr mf ò sdcafmom àhfÿo f` trouho antfrnocadno` quf buf ò fscòvatum. Fntrftontd, soièo quf mfsmf ò ápdco mf ò oidàcaón, `ds prdcfsds gastóracds mf como nocaón sf gon mabfrfncaomd mf to` bdrho quf gdy, o` no` mf` saj`d WW, fn `ds Fstomds Vnamds,

pdr fefhp`d, Cdàn [dwf``, un haàtor nfjrd, tuvd quf mfsastar mf conmamotfor o ò prfsamfncao mf su poès pdr hafmd o quf `d voyon o osfsanor< hafntros quf fn f` [frõ, mdnmf cdhd sfÿo`ó Cor`ds Avïn Mfjrfjdra (?11?), ò bo`to mf ánbosas o navf` mf ò pd`ètaco fn ò mfscfnmfncao rocao`, roc ao`, osè cdhd fn ò bdrho bdr ho d ápdco mf ``fjomo mf mabfrfntfs jrupds rocao`fs y átnacds, pfrhataó ò f`fccaón mf un pfruond mf mfscfnmfncao eopdnfso o ò prfsamfncao mf` poès. Fsos mabfrfncaos fn f` mfsorrd``d pd`ètacd mf nocadnfs quf tafnfn un `fjomd mf fscòvatum, tohiaán sf pufmfn bdrhuòr bdr huòr fn tárhands fcdnóhacds y sdcao`fs. @o fxpfrafncao mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds, fspfcao`hfntf fn `ds 2;, go hdstromd quf na òs `fyfs cdntro ò mascrahanocaón, mascr ahanocaón, na f` crfcahafntd c rfcahafntd,, ò raqufzo r aqufzo y ò fstoiaàmom fcdnóhaco osfjuron nfcfsoraohfntf nfcfsor aohfntf ò mashanucaón mf` rocashd, hucgd mfsoporacaón. Fnòfstf sfntamd porf-y cf quf ndy sf pufmfhfnds cdntorsucdn quf f` n mf gapfranocaón 6?

ò vad`fncao mf` tfrrdrashd, f` càho mf fspfronzo d f` mascursd mf caumomonèo y pfrtfnfncao nocadno` quf porfcfn rfanor gdy fn f` cdtamaond cdt amaond àhfÿd, sarvon poro cdntrorrfstor cdn trorrfstor f` `fjomd cd`dnao` mf ò fscòvatum y ò sfrvamuhirf, na `ds prfeuacads rocao` rocao`fs fs y átnacds cdntro anmèjfnos, osaïtacds y nfjrds quf gon pfrmuromd fn f` [frõ o `d òrjd mf fstf saj`d. [dr dtro portf, por tf, o` cdntrorad cdntror ad mf ò ahpdrtoncao ahpdr toncao mf ò cufstaón rocao` fn ò vamo sdcao` y pd`ètaco mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds, cfntrorsf fn f` rocashd tohpdcd porfcèo cdntraiuar o ò mascusaón mf ò mfhdcrotazocaón mf `ds mfrfcgds y ò caumomonèo fn f` [frõ. Fntdncfs, ò prfjunto quf hf pòntfá poro ò anv anvfstajocaón fstajocaón buf ò sajuafntf, ćóhd sf pufmf fntfnmfr f` `fjomd mf cd`dnaoàshd y fscòvatum mf` poès fn un cdntfxtd fn quf, pdr uno portf, ò rf`fvoncao rf`fvoncao mf` rocashd fn f` cdtamaond porfcf mfcofr o trovás mf` ánbosas qu f dtro, quf sf pdnf fn `ds prdi`fhos sdcadfcdnóhacds y mf jánfrd y, pdr ò prfsfncao anmascutai`f mf` rocashd fn ò pd`ètaco fntrf ò prahfro y sfjunmo vuf`to mf òs f`fccadnfs mf ?11;, porfcf goifr samd rf`fjomo o uno ondho`èo mf ò gastdrao pd`ètaco mf` poès4 F` troioed quf prfsfntd oquè fs un prahfr posd poro trotor mf mfsfnrfmor ò fspfcacamom mf ò manïhaco fntrf rozo y pdmfr

fn f` [frõ. Nd goy mumo, cdhd sdstafnf Euon Cor`ds Co`àrjds, quf ò fxpfrafncao mf` rocashd fs fxtrfhohfntf md`drdso fn tárhands pfrsdno`fs f anmavamuo`fs. [frd hf porfcf quf ò cdhprfnsaón mf` prdpad sfntamd y vo`dr sdcao` mf` prfeuacad y ò mascrahanocaón rocao` sd`d ``fjo o tfnfr rf`fvoncao fn ò hfmamo fn quf sf pufmo vfracor su ahpoctd fn ò fstructuro pd`ètaco

y fn f` mfsorrd``d sdcao` y fcdnóhacd mf ò nocaón. Fntdncfs, portafnmd mf ò supdsacaón mf quf f` rocashd fn ò sdcafmom fs gdy, cdhd safhprf, un prdi`fho fspfcècohfntf rfòcadnomd o` pdmfr y o` stotus ”y nd o ò iad`djèo” quafrd cdntor f` prdprd-

cfsd mf mfsorrd``d mf uno portf mf ha anvfstajocaón o trovás mf `ds rfsu`tomds mf fntrfvastos quf rfoàcá cdn vfantf fstumaontfs mf mfrfcgd, osè cdhd mf hotfrao`fs iaiàdjrïcds y pfradmèsta cds. Fn ò hfmamo fn quf porfcf goifr uno cdntromaccaón cdnt romaccaón fn ò69

amfo quf fxastf f` rocashd, pfrd nd ò mascrahanocaón, cdhfncá fsto anvfstajocaón o trovás mf un onïàsas mf `ds rótu`ds átnacds utaàzomds fn f` cdtamaond sdcao`, poro osè ``fjor o cdhprdior ò fxastfncao, d nd, mf uno cdncafncao rocao` fn òs rfòcadnfs sdcao`fs àhfÿos. Fstd hf ``fvó o mfsorrd`òr un horcd tfóracd quf fxpàco fsto cdntromaccaón o trovás mf ò prfsfncao fn f` cdtamaond mf uno mfnacaón mf mascrahanocaón, bunmomo fn

cratfrads oefnds o` [frõ, y quf sf sdirfpdnf o ò amfd`djèo mf` iònqufohafntd, horconmd osè ò honfro fn quf f` rocashd fs cdhprfnmamd. cdhprfnm amd. Fstf troioed tr oioed sustfnto, sustfn to, pdr uno un o portf, por tf, quf ò vavfncao mf ò mascrahanocaón rocao` mf mastantds jrupds rocao`fs y átnacds, vorèo sfjõn ò pdsacaón sahióàco y sdcao` quf ddcupo cupo como jrupd fn ò sdcafmom y, pdr dtro, quf ò amfd`djèo mf` rocashd fs gdy portf antfjro` mf ò honfro fn quf ò rfprfsfntocaón y portacapocaón aónf`pd`ètaco fs vavfncaomo vavfncaomo pdr f`fctdro` mastantds jrupds jr átnacds yportacapoc rocao`fs fn [frõ, mfsmf ò cohpoÿo mfupds ?11;. @ds rótu`ds átnacds y ò cufstaón mf` rocashd sdòpomd Cuonmd ``fjuá o @aho fn eunad mf ?116, porfcèo goifr un cafrtd cdnsfnsd, pdr `d hfnds fntrf o`junds mf `ds sfctdrfs mf còsf hfmao, mf quf ounquf f` prfeuacad y ò mascrahanocaón cdntro òs pdiòcadnfs anmèjfnos anm èjfnos nd goièon g oièon mfsoporfcamd, cdhd hf ma efrdn vor voraos aos pfrsdnos5 ‐yo nd fs cdhd ontfs‘. Hafntros hucgds hf sfÿoòion ò prfsfncao ahpdrtontf ahpdr tontf mf uno nufvo jfnfrocaón mf ‐cgd`ds àhfÿds‘ fn òs unavfrsamomfs, cd`fjads, sfrvacads f anstatucadnfs põiàcos y prav pr avomos, omos, dtrds opuntoion o ò crfcafntf hascfjanocaón mf ò pdiòcaón àhfÿo y, pdr cdnsajuafntf, o ò mfsoporacaón pouòtano mf` nfjrd-crad``d mf òs co``fs mf ò caumom. @o pdsaiaàmom mf quf Sfnmfrd @uhandsd pdmrèo ``fjor o prdbunmazor òs mabfrfncaos rocao`fs y átnacos fn ò sdcafmom pfruono porfcèo goifr mfsoporfcamd o trovás mf` ánbosas fn un mascursd nocadnoàsto ò ahfn orhocaón or hocaón mf ò caumomonèo, caumomon èo, `ds mfrfcgds, ò ajuo`mom y f` yrájahfn ráj mf eustacao. 63

@ds cohiads sf fxpàcoion porcao`hfntf o trovás mf` crfcahafntd mf ò pdiòcaón hajrontf fn ò caumom, su mfsorrd``d y cdntrd` mf und mf `ds hfrcomds hfrcomd s anbdrh an bdrho`f o`fss hï hïss jr jronmf onmfss mf Oháraco @otano, y f` surjahafntd surja hafntd mf mf uno ‐iurjufsèo ‐ iurjufsèo cgdcgdò‘. Hïs fspfcècohfntf, cdhd hf fxpàcó Eðrjfn Jd`tf, òs

tro nsbdrhocadnfs tronsbdrh ocadnfs mf `ds õ`tahds õ`t ahds oÿds sf mfifn o ò cdn cdneuncaón euncaón mf mavfrsds boctdrfs, fntrf fntrf f``ds, ò mfiaàmom mf òs ò s anstatucadnfs fstoto`fs, `ds oÿds mf cafrrf o` copato` antfrnocadno` murontf mur ontf f` jdiafrnd mf Jorcèo y f` surjahafntd mf un Fstomd buncadno`,`, tácnacd quf go opdyomd no opdyomd o òs pd`ètacos àifro`fs ` aifro`fs mf Bueahdra. Fn su cdneuntd, fstds boctdrfs pfrhatafrdn f` surjahafntd mf un copatoàshd sua jfnfras, bunmomd fn pfqufÿos fhprfsos anbdrho`fs quf sf sustfnton o trovás mf òzds cdhunatorads y mf porfntfscd porf ntfscd quf ortac or tacu` uòn on òs ò s masta ma stanto ntoss rfj rfjadnfs adnfs mf` poès poè s .pfrhatafrdn Fn tárhandsàtfro`hfntf rocao`fs y átnacds, f` cdneuntd ò fhoncapo fho ncapocaón caón mf mf jronmfs jrofstds nmfs boctdrfs cdn cdntantanjfntfs mf òs pdiòcadnfs onmanos, quf gosto gocf pdcd, pdr nocahafn nocah afntd, td, nd goièon tfnamd na fspfronzo na n a honfro mf fscopor mf ò fstructuro fstr ucturo fstohfn fsto hfnto` to` mf ò ` o sdcafmom, bdrto bdrto`fcamo `fcamo pdr pdr ò ousfncao mf un rájahfn mf eustacao y f` ánbosas gastóracd fn ndrhos y cdstuhirfs rfsamuo`fs mf ò ápdco cd`dnao`. [dr cafrtd, o` cdntrorad mf `ds Fstomds Vnamds, und mf `ds prancapo`fs distïcu`ds poro mfnar f` hfconashd mf` rocashd

y ò mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón fn f` poès, fs ò ousfncao mf un rfbfrfntf rfbfrfntf fxp`ècatd `fjo` d anstatucadno` fn f` [frõ, quf cdnrhosf f`

`fjomd rocasto mf` cd`dnaoàshd fn f` [frõ. O` cdntrorad, fn-

cdntrohds un ánbosas bufrtf fn ò voàmfz mf` mascursd dcao`

mf cdnstruccaón mf ò nocaón, fxprfsomd pdr vorads mf `ds fntrfvastomds fn su ansastfncao mf quf ‐oquè tdmds sdhds pfruonds‘. Euntd cdn ò iõsqufmo mf o`tfrnotavos o ò vad`fncao mf` tfrrdrashd o trovás mf ò mfhonmo pdr f` rfcdndcahafntd mf` rájahfn mf eustacao, mf `ds mfrfcgds y ò caumomonèo, fstf mascursd ”cdhd hf fxpàcó f` troioed mf Gdrtfnsao Huÿdz” nd mfeo cohpd oiafrtd poro ò ` o mascrahanocaón mascr [frd `d hucgd quf sè pfrhatf fs ò fxastfncao mf ahanocaón `d quf f` fxp`ècato. oidjomd 6=

obrdpfruond, fntrf dtrds `òhó, mf ‐rocashd sdòpomd‘. Q fntdncfs, fn fsds prahfrds hfsfs, o` sfr sdòpomd, nd soièo cóhd aio o oidrmor ò cufstaón mf` rocashd fn @aho. [frd fn ò hfmamo fn quf bua `fyfnmd, gocafnmd hïs fntrfvastos, cohanonmd pdr tdmo ò caumom y fscucgonmd o ò jfntf ”`ds sfctdrfs hfmads, o toxastos y ohiuòntfs, o dirfrds dirfrds y o eóvfnfs fn ò co``fs”, cdhfncá o disfrvor quf o`junds mf `ds rótu`ds mfspfctavds cdhd sfrrond, f anmad, quf sf dèon huy cdhõnhfntf gocf vfantf oÿds, gon samd rffhpòzomds, quazï nd mf` tdmd, pdr `ds tárhands prdvancaond f anmèjfno, quf gdy porfcfn sfr hïs ocfptoi`fs. [frd tohiaán cdhfncá o morhf mor hf cufnto mf quf ounquf òs cdsos yo nd sfon cdhd ontfs, sè pfrmuron `ds sajnacomds y `ds vo`drfs sdcao`fs quf efrorquazordn `ds otraiu tds ànjðèstacds y cu`turo`fs, f` bfndtapd y f` cd`dr mf paf` mf ò pdiòcaón quf cahfntordn drjonazocaón fstohfnto` mf` posomd. posomd . Fstds ypfrsastfn o trovás mfò``ds ds mavfrsds rótu`ds (sfo cgd`d, zohid, hdrfnd, cgand, ftc.) quf tdmovèo sf uson uso n poro po ro amfnta am fntacor cor

y uiacor o navf` navf` sahióàcd o `ds mastantds jrupds jr upds fn f` cdtamaond sdcao` àhfÿd. àhfÿd. Fntdncfs mfcamè cdhfnzor ò anvfstajocaón o trovás mf `ds rótu`ds átnacds y rocao`fs y ò pfrsastfncao y òs tronsbdrhocadnfs mf sus otraiutds gdy fn mèo. Cdhd yo sfÿo`á fn f` prahfr troioed, `ds rótu`ds sdcao`fs tafnfn su prdpao gastdrao, y `ds sajnacomds quf sf `fs otraiuyf, osè cdhd `ds prdpads ndhirfs

sf von tronsbdrhonmd cdn f` mascurrar mf` tafhpd, pdnafnmd fn fvamfncao `ds cohiads fn `ds vo`drfs y ò pdsacaón sdcao` quf dcupo como jrupd fn mastantos cdyunturos (Did`fr ?116 y Broncd ?113). F` usd mf rótu`ds rótu` ds y `ds vo`drfs sdcao`fs quf sf `fs otraiuyfn fs anfvatoi`f fn tdmo sdcafmom ”y pdr cafrtd, òs fntrfvastos hf cdntanuordn quf f` [frõ nd fs uno fxcfpcaón fn fstf sfntamd”. sfntam d”. [dr fefhp`d, fefhp `d, uno mf òs fntrfvastomo fn trfvastomoss hf mfscraiaó su pfrcfpcaón mf `ds otraiutds mf o`junds mf `ds rótu`ds rocao`fs usomds fn @aho mf ò sajuafntf honfro5

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@o cdso fs osè, tõ vfs o un iòncd quf tafnf pò pòto to y macfs fstf fs norcd, pdrquf iòncd cdn pòto fs norcd. Nfjrd cdn pòto fs un hontfnamd pdr su huefr, cobacgd `f macfn. F` cgd`d quf tafnf pòto fs pdrquf go troioeomd, pdrquf fs un tapd quf sf go mfmacomd o su nfjdcad nfjdcad.. ]õ vfs o un poasonatd poasonat d quf fstï tdmd t dmd cgopdsd, cgo pdsd, pdrquf rfcaán go ioeomd mf ò safrro, y `d vfs cdn uno cohadnfto y ò jfntf macf5 ¡og, fsf cgacd, cg acd, cdhd go g o supfromd! supf romd!,, ¡go troiot roio eomd!‑< y nd sf `f vafnf o ò hfntf quf tohiaán (quaán soif) go fstomd iafn hftamd fn fsos cdsos (Md`drfs). Sfjõn fsto cato, gdy fn mèo f` cgd`d fs cdnsamfromd cdhd pfrsdno troioeomdro, y o` cdntrorad mf `ds nfjrds y `ds iòncds, mabèca`hfntf sf ``fjo o uno pfrcfpcaón jfnfro` mf` cgd`d cdhd tohiaán fnyfsos mf mrdjos, ounquf òsporfzcon ahïjfnfs fn ò‐hftamd tf`fvasaón `ds cdsos‘ pfraómacds, cdn brfcufncao anmacor `d cdntrorad. Mf gfcgd, ounquf òs cdnndtocadnfs mfspfctavos mf `ds 6; y 2; otraiuamos o òs pdiòcadnfs onmanos fn @aho nd gon mfsoporfcamd mf` tdmd, catos cdhd fsto rfbdrzordn f` sfntamd mf ò mascusaón antf`fctuo` sdirf f` vo`dr sdcao` cohiaontf mf` tárhand cgd`d, quf ancùyf un mfiotf sdirf f` surjahafntd mf uno nufvo amfntamom nocadno` iosomo fn `d quf Cor`ds Broncd, fntrf dtrds, `òho mf ò ‐cgdàcocaón mf` [frõ‘

(Broncd ?11? y Mfjrfjdra ?17:). Fn rfsuhfn, ò fvoùocaón hïs pdsatavo quf fstf cdhfntorad, fntrf dtrds, otraiuyf o` cgd`d fn rfòcaón o dtrds jrupds, hf cdnrhó quf go goiamd un cohiad fn f` stotus mf` cgd`d, y pdr cdnsajuafntf fn ò pfrcfp-

caón sdcao` mf` jrupd fn ò sdcafmom àhfÿo. Osè, o trovás mf su prdpad usd, `ds rótu`ds vfracon ò pdsa-

caón y ò rfuiacocaón mf `ds mastantds jrupds j rupds fn ò sdcafmom. sdc afmom. Fn f` cosd mf rótu`ds fstajhotazontfs, fn portacuòr, f` sajnacomd

y f` vo`dr sdcao` quf sf `fs otraiuy otr aiuyf, f, osè cdhd su usd pd`ètacd d sdcao` fn ò fsbfro põiàco, rfvfòn ò fxastfncao mf uno mastancaón fn ò sdcafmom fntrf `ds mfrfcgds jorontazomds o tdmdso `ds caumomonds, y ò mfnacaón mf `ds mfrfcgds fn cuontd 62

prava`fjads sdcao`fs quf sf `fs fxtafnmf o cafrtds jrupds y sf `fs nafjo o dtrds. Fn tdmo sdcafmom, ounquf fn mastantds jromds, `ds rótu`ds porfcfn sfÿoòr ò ancùsaón d fxcùsaón pd`ètaco mf `ds hafhirds mf un jrupd mf ò portacapocaón p`fno fn cuontd o `ds caumomonds mf prahfro cotfjdrèo fn su nocaón. F` gfcgd mf quf tdmos òs pfrsdnos fntrfvastomos pumafrdn mfscraiar otraiu-

tds còrohfntf mfnamds y porfcamds cdn rfòcaón o `ds mastantds jrupds jr upds átnacds y rocao`fs fn @aho, hf cdnrhó cdnr hó quf f` rocashd

y ò mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón rocao` sè sdn un boctdr fn f` cdtamaond mf ò sdcafmom àhfÿo, ounquf nd safhprf sf rfcdndzco fn ò fsbfro põiàco. Mf gfcgd, un fstumaontf nfjrd sfÿo`ó ò mascrfponcao fntrf ò ousfncao mf ò mascrahanocaón rocao` anstatucadnoàzomo pdr ò `fy y ò prfsfncao mf prfeuacads iosomds fn mabfrfncaos cdnstatuamos sdcao`hfntf fn f` cdtamaond, c dtamaond, mf ò sajuafntf honfro5 ‐Goy hucgo mascrahanocaón, nd sf gocf põiàco, ò jfntf cdn c dn hucgo gapdcrfsèo gap dcrfsèo `d troto t roto mf cuir cu irar. ar. [frd goy mascrahanocaón mascr ahanocaón fn tdmds td mds `ds navf`fs. Anmastantohfntf mf rozo o rozo5 nd fs fspfcècohfntf quf `ds iòncds rfcgocfn cgoc fn o `ds nfjrds, nfj rds, o `ds anmads, anma ds, sand quf hucgos huc gos vfcfs fntrf jfntf mf ha rozo, mf rozo nfjro, fxastf uno mascramascr ahanocaón hanoc aón huy horcomo horcom o gocao `ds sfrronds. sfr ronds. [dr mfcar, mfca r, `ds coto`djon mf ajndrontfs, mf sucads, mf troacadnfrds, mf jfntf o ò cuo` `fs tafnfn huy huy pdco cdnonzo… \yo `ds

iòncds `ds trotonX mf cu`tds, mf huy fmucomds, mf huy antfàjfntfs, supfradrfs, fn pdcds tárhands‘ (Justovd \nfjrdX). Qo quf ò prfsfncao còrohfntf ortacuò Qo ortacuòmo mo mf prfeuacads y mabfrfncaos fntrf `ds mastantds jrupds mf m f uno sdcafmom porfcf sfr anfvatoi`f, anfvatoi` f, y quf fn fstf fst f sfntamd, sfn tamd, f` [frõ nd fs un cosd õnacd, õ nacd, ò prfjunto quf sf hf prfsfntó y quf, o portar por tar mf fsto cdnstotocaón mf` usd mf `ds rótu`ds átnacds, juad f` cursd cur sd mf ha anvfstajocaón anvfstajocaón fs òpufmf sajuafnt sajuafntf5 f5 fno òprfcasor ousfncaof` mf su anstatucadnoàzocaón, anstatucadnoàzocaón ćóhd sf ``fjor hfconashd o trovás mf` ,cuo` sf 6:

proctaco y sf ortacuò f` rocashd y ò mascrahanocaón rocao`, cdn òs pdsacadnfs mf pdmfr dcupomos pdr `ds mastantds jrupds mf ò sdcafmom4 Q hïs fspfcècohfntf, ćóhd fntfnmfr fntfnm fr y fspfcacor

ò honfro fn quf òs prïctacos rocao`fs fn f` cdtamaond obfcton, d nd, ò mfhdcrotazocaón mf ò caumomonèo y ò pfrcfpcaón mf ò pdiòcaón mf sfr rfprfsfntomo y cdnstatuarsf fn portacapontf fn ò fsbfro põiàco4 Nd fntfnmèo fso cdntropdsacaón quf sf hf prfsfntoio fn òs fntrfvastos, mf quf sè goy rocashd, pfrd nd goy mascrahanocaón rocao`. Fntdncfs mfcamè quf f` prahfr posd poro oidrmor fstos prfjuntos mf anvfstajocaón fro coroctfrazor hfedr f` rocashd àhfÿd, y cdhfnc cdhfncáá pdr anvfstajo anvfstajorr gosto quá puntd pu ntd sf pufmf pufm f ``fjor o coroctfrazor ò fspfcacamom nocadno` mf su hfconashd.

F` rocashd àhfÿd5 ńocadno` d fxtronefrd4 Sf pdmrèo sustfntor quf f` pòntfohafntd mf ò cufstaón rocao` cdhd ospfctd bunmohfnto` mf ò drjonazocaón mf` cdtamaond y pd`ètaco pfruono mastdrsadno ò cdhprfnsaón mf ò rfoàmom gastóraco y sdcao` cdntfhpdrïnfo. O` hfnds, cdhd yo sf vad fn f` saj`d posomd, posomd, porfcfrèo pòntfor nufvohfnnufvohfntf un oidrmoef o ò rfoàmom mf ò nocaón mfntrd mf un horcd mf rfbfrfncao ahpdrtomd mf` fxtronefrd. [frd o` cdntrorad mf` saj`d WAW, cuonmd ò mastdrsaón sf bunmoio fn `d quf f` fnsoyasto irosa`fÿd, Ydifrtd Scgwortz (?1135?1”39) , go `òhomd uno ‐cdhfmao amfd`ójaco‘ crfomo pdr ò ahpdrtocaón mf amfos furdpfos o Oháraco @otano fsto vfz, ò mastdrsaón sf morèo o portar mf un onïàsas mf ò sdcafmom pfruono o trovás mf` prasho mf òs portacuòram portacuò ramomfs omfs mf ò gastdrao mf Fstomds Vnamds< d sfo mf uno nocaón cuyo gastdrao gastdr ao pd`ètaco rfcafntf fefhpàco mf honfro cdntunmfntf òs cdnsfcufncaos mf` usd dcao` mf

pd`ètacos rocao`fs, osè cdhd ò pdàtazocaón mf ò cufstaón rocao` fn f` cdtamaond mf fso sdcafmom. 67

Mf gfcgd, vorads mf `ds fntrfvastomds, cdhd `ds quf catá, tohiaán hf cdnrhordn quf oidrmor ò cufstaón rocao` fn f`

[frõ o trovás mf` prasho mf cotfjdrèos rocao`fs pdmèo mastdrsadnor ò cdhprfnsaón mf ò sdcafmom pfruono y àhfÿo mf gdy. Nd goy mumo mf quf fxastfn mabfrfncaos ahpdrtontfs fntrf f` [frõ y `ds Fstomds Vnamds fn tárhands mf` popf` mf` rocashd fn ò crfocaón mf òs amfntamomfs nocadno`fs y ò antfroccaón mf ò gastdrao y ò `fy fn `ds mds poèsfs. [oro cdhfnzor, òs rfòcadnfs rocao`fs fn ò gastdrao y ò sdcafmom mf Fstomds Vnamds sf mfsorrd`òrdn cdn iosf fn uno mfnacaón `fjo` huy fxp`ècato quf usoio ontfposomds iad`ójacds (iad`djaco` oncfstry) poro mfnar ò pfrtfnfncao mf anmavamuds o como jrupd. Fsto mfnacaón

`fjo` sf rfbdrzó y pdpuòrazó fn òs cdstuhirfs cdtamaonos o trovás mf `d quf ``fjó o `òhorsf ‐ò rfjò mf ò jdto õnaco‘ (tgfsonjrf dnf-mrdp ru`f)

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