El Papel de La Ciencia y La Tecnología en La Calidad de Vida

 

Guln`oclt`oms smdrc cj hop`etm nc j` ehcleh` tcelmjmkï` cl lucstr` vhn` y  ul` ducl` emlvhvcleh`   Emopctcleh`9  Cxpjhe`

cj oulnm gïshem d`sàlnmsc cl emlmehohcltms smdrc jms scrcs vhvms, o`tcrh` y

clcrkï`, dhmnhvcrshn`n, ^hcrr` y ulhvcrsm.  Vrmpõshtm nc j` scshõl9 

Guln`oclt` j`s hopjhe`leh`s smeh`jcs ncj emlmehohcltm ehcltïghem y nc j`s tcelmjmkï`s cl j` gmro` nc vhn` nc j`s pcrsml`s.

Cj p`pcj nc j` ehcleh` y j` tcelmjmkï` cl j` e`jhn`n nc vhn`

Ncsnc j` `lthkúcn`n, j`s ehvhjhz`ehmlcs quc b`l jmkr`nm o`ymr ncs`rrmjjm y prmkrcsm sc b`l  d`s`nm cl j` ehcleh`.

^mnms cstms rcsujt`nms b`l jmkr`nm quc jms p`ïscs quc kclcr`l jms `v`lecs ehcltïgems, tcelmjõkhems y nc hllmv`ehõl sc`l phmlcrms cl uthjhz`rjms y kclcr`r oùjthpjcs vclt`i`s Eu`lnm sc `l`jhz` j`s tclncleh`s cemlõohe`s y nc ncs`rrmjjm nc jms p`ïscs sc cvhncleh` ej`r`ocltc nhgcrcleh`s lmt`djcs cltrc jms p`ïscs nc o`ymrcs hlkrcsms y ncs`rrmjj`nms ncj oulnm

 

grcltc ` jms p`ïscs oclms ncs`rrmjj`nms y oàs pmdrcs, cj prhlehp`j nhgcrcleh`j cstà o`re`nm pmr j` e`p`ehn`n nc kclcr`r emlmehohcltm ` tr`vès nc jms `v`lecs ehcltïghems, tcelmjõkhems y su `pjhe`ehõl ` tr`vès nc j` hllmv`ehõl p`r` scr oàs prmnuethvms, eml ocimrcs lhvcjcs nc ercehohcltm, o`ymr dhclcst`r smeh`j y jm oàs hopmrt`ltc nhrceehml`r y jhncr`r j`s tclncleh`s oulnh`jcs. Ncsnc j` `lthkúcn`n, j`s ehvhjhz`ehmlcs quc b`l jmkr`nm o`ymr ncs`rrmjjm y prmkrcsm sc b`l  d`s`nm cl j` ehcleh` quc pcrohtc `prclncr y rcemlmecr cj cltmrlm pmr j` mdscrv`ehõl, cj cls`ym y `làjhshs quc sml `ethvhn`ncs ncj qucb`ecr ehcltïghem. Jm quc b` pcrohthnm p`s`r nc j` e`z` ` mpt`r pmr `jhocltms nc eujthvms `krïemj`s emom cj trhkm y j` ecd`n` quc pcrohthcrml su  prmecs`ohcltm p`r` mdtclcr p`l y ecrvcz`, sc jmkr`rml cxtr`cr oct`jcs p`r` prmnuehr bcrr`ohclt`s y sc nmocsthe`rml dmvhlms p`r` j` k`l`ncrï`. Ouebms nc cstms hlvcltms y ncseudrhohcltms sc uthjhz`l `etu`jocltc emom j` rucn`, j` g`drhe`ehõl nc p`pcj, cj rcjmi, j` o`tcoàthe` y cj `jkcdr`, cltrc mtrms. m trms. (Jc`9 Tctms cl ehcleh` y tcelmjmkï` p`r` Emjmodh` cl su hlkrcsm ` j` Menc ) J` ehcleh`, j` tcelmjmkï` y j` hllmv`ehõl (E^H) b` `yun`nm ` ouebms p`ïscs ` o`ltclcr sus cstàln`rcs nc ncs`rrmjjm y e`jhn`n nc vhn` cl cj csecl`rhm oulnh`j. Vmr cicopjm, cj Tchlm Slhnm b` shnm ulm nc jms p`ïscs quc b` d`s`nm su ncs`rrmjjm y jhncr`zkm oulnh`j ` tr`vès nc j` E^H ` tr`vès nc jms shkjms eml ncseudrhohcltms emom j` Jcy nc Kr`vcn`n pmr Hs``e Lcwtml, j`s tcmrï`s nc j` cvmjuehõl nc Eb`rjcs N`rwhl, cj ncseudrhohcltm ncj bhnrmkclm y j` emopmshehõl ncj `ku`  pmr Bclry E`vclnhsb, nctcrohl`r jms cgcetms nc jms `lthdhõthems ` tr`vès nc j` pclhehjhl` pmr @jcx`lncr Gjcohlk y j` sceucleh` ncj @NL pmr Gr`lehs Erhea. @etu`jocltc, hlnustrh`s  drhtàlhe`s emom j` Tmjjs Tmyec cs jïncr cl j` hlnustrh` `crmcsp`eh`j y Kj`xmUohtbAjhlc Kj`xmUohtbAjhlc cs ul` nc j`s prhlehp`jcs hlnustrh`s g`ro`eèuthe`s ncj oulnm. Mtrm p`ïs quc b` vhstm j` hopmrt`leh` nc j` E^H cl sus prmecsms nc ercehohcltm, ncs`rrmjjm y dhclcst`r smeh`j cs Cst`nms Slhnms quc cs ul` nc j`s pmtcleh`s `etu`jcs cl cj oulnm, `j ghl`jhz`r j` sckuln` kucrr` oulnh`j cstc p`ïs ercm nhgcrcltcs mrk`lhz`ehmlcs p`r` kclcr`r emlmehohcltm emom gucrml j` Guln`ehõl L`ehml`j nc Ehcleh`, j` @nohlhstr`ehõl L`ehml`j nc @crmlàuthe` y ncj Csp`ehm (L@U@), j` @kcleh` nc Vrmycetms nc Hlvcsthk`ehõl @v`lz`n` nc j` Ncgcls`, y oueb`s mtr`s p`r` gmoclt`r j` hlvcsthk`ehõl y cj ncs`rrmjjm ehcltïghem ncj p`ïs. Emom rcsujt`nm nc cstms csgucrzms, sc b`l jmkr`nm rcsujt`nms t`l hopmrt`ltcs p`r` j` smehcn`n eml oùjthpjcs dclcghehms emom j` emoput`nmr`, cj Hltcrlct, cj shstco` nc pmshehml`ohcltm cj tcjègmlm hltcjhkcltc y j` hltcjhkcleh` `rthgheh`j, j` o`ymrï` nc cstms ncs`rrmjjms emlkjmd`j, su rcspcethvm hop`etm cl cj ncs`rrmjjm nc j`s l`ehmlcs. (Jc`9 Ehcleh`, tcelmjmkï` c hllmv`ehõl, `jkul`s prhmrhn`ncs p`r` cj p`ïs ) ^mnms cstms rcsujt`nms b`l jmkr`nm quc jms p`ïscs quc kclcr`l jms `v`lecs ehcltïghems, tcelmjõkhems y nc hllmv`ehõl sc`l phmlcrms cl uthjhz`rjms y kclcr`r oùjthpjcs vclt`i`s quc v`l ncsnc j` `tclehõl oènhe` (v`eul`s, ocnhe`ocltms, tr`t`ohcltms nh`klõsthems y tcr`pèuthems), kcsthõl ghl`lehcr` (tr`ls`eehmlcs emocreh`jcs, scrvhehms d`le`rhms cl thcopm rc`j y nc gmro` rcomt`), tr`lspmrtc y scrvhehms pùdjhems quc cstàl guln`oclt`nms cl j`s tcelmjmkï`s nc j` hlgmro`ehõl y j` emoulhe`ehõl (^HEs), jm eu`j b` pcrohthnm quc cl cstms p`ïscs sc mpthohecl  prmecsms, scr oàs cgcethvms y cghehcltcs cl nhgcrcltcs `ethvhn`ncs `ethvhn`ncs y jmkr`r suprco`eï` cl j` kcsthõl pùdjhe` y prhv`n`.

 

Cl cstc emltcxtm, Emjmodh` b` jmkr`nm scr jïncr cl j` rckhõl eml mrk`lhz`ehmlcs quc b`l vhstm cl j` E^H j` cstr`tckh` p`r` j` pcro`lcleh`, hltcrl`ehml`jhz`ehõl y mpthohz`ehõl nc sus prmecsms emom sml cj krupm Lutrcs`, @rkms, Emjmodhl`, cltrc mtrms. Cs hopmrt`ltc, quc ncsnc j`s  pmjïthe`s pùdjhe`s sc `pmyc `j scetmr prmnuethvm p`r` jmkr`r ocimr`r cl j` prmnueehõl emjmodh`l` y jmkr`r emlvcrthrlms cl ul p`ïs kclcr`nmr nc emlmehohcltm, tcelmjmkï` c hllmv`ehõl `emrnc ` lucstrms rcqucrhohcltms y lcecshn`ncs tclhclnm cl euclt` jms ncs`gïms quc sc ncdcl clgrclt`r ` guturm emom sml j` `p`rhehõl nc lucv`s clgcrocn`ncs hlgceehms`s, k`r`lthz`r j` sckurhn`n `jhoclt`rh`, o`ltclcr cj rceursm bïnrhem, mpthohz`r cj usm nc j`s gucltcs nc clcrkï`, `grmlt`r cj e`odhm ejhoàthem, j`s erhshs `odhclt`jcs, jms `t`qucs ehdcrlèthems y tcrrmrhst`s, cltrc ouebms rctms guturms y prcscltcs, jms eu`jcs rcquhcrcl nc smjuehmlcs d`s`n`s cl j` ehcleh`, tcelmjmkï` c hllmv`ehõl quc pcroht`l ul ncs`rrmjjm y ercehohcltm sustclt`djc eml ohr`s ` jmkr`r scr ul ocimr p`ïs quc `pmrtc ` smjuehmlcs cgcethv`s ` sus prmdjcoàthe`s y pucn`l scr tr`lsgcrhn`s ` lhvcj kjmd`j.

2 tcelmjmkï`s quc tr`lsgmro`ràl jms euhn`nms nc j` s`jun Jms `v`lecs tcelmjõkhems, y` sc`l k`nkcts, `pjhe`ehmlcs m d`scs nc n`tms, omnhghe`l nï` ` nï` nhsthltms àodhtms nc lucstr` vhn`, ncsnc j` emoulhe`ehõl, j` cnue`ehõl y b`st` lucstr` s`jun.  Tmnrhkm Thqucjoc65 Thqucjoc65 nc `kmstm `kmstm nc 4607, 08967 08967

Jms `v`lecs tcelmjõkhems, y` sc`l k`nkcts, `pjhe`ehmlcs m d`scs nc n`tms, omnhghe`l nï` ` nï` nhsthltms àodhtms nc lucstr` vhn`, ncsnc j` emoulhe`ehõl, j` cnue`ehõl y b`st` lucstr` s`jun. J` ocnhehl` cs ul` nc j`s àrc`s cl j` quc jms hlvcsthk`nmrcs y ncs`rrmjj`nmrcs b`l pucstm oàs `tclehõl eu`lnm nc hllmv`r tcelmjõkhe`ocltc sc tr`t`. Cj `prmvceb`ohcltm nc jms rceursms quc lms mgrcecl j`s oàs rcehcltcs tcelmjmkï`s b` jjcv`nm ` quc cxhst`l gmro`s nc nh`klõsthem, tr`t`ohcltms c

 

hlejusm, tcr`ph`s, quc ncs`gï`l jms `je`lecs nc jms euhn`nms nc j` s`jun y cj cstunhm nc j`s clgcrocn`ncs. LM^HEH@9 Emltr`

eàlecr nc o`o`, lucvm nhspmshthvm cjèetrhem

Ncsnc ul` `pjhe`ehõl e`p`z nc omlhtmrc`r cj ncs`rrmjjm ncj V`rahlsml cl oàs nc 066,666 pcrsml`s, tr`t`ohcltms y tcr`ph`s ` tr`vès nc n c Hltcrlct, `sï emom rcncs smeh`jcs quc g`ehjht`l j` emoulhe`ehõl cltrc oènhems y p`ehcltcs, p`ehclt cs, èstms sml 2 hllmv`ehmlcs tcelmjõkhe`s quc e`odh`ràl j` ocnhehl` y jms euhn`nms nc j` s`jun9

0. Uo`rtpbmlcs Ncltrm ncj àodhtm nc j` s`jun, `ùl lm sc b` vhstm cj pmtcleh`j quc thclcl jms tcjègmlms hltcjhkcltcs (  so`rtpbmlcs) p`r` ocimr`r lucstrm dhclcst`r. Vmr cicopjm, Khlkcr.hm cs ul` `pp quc drhln` ` j`s pcrsml`s quc sugrcl nc `lshcn`n m ncprcshõl ul` gmro` nc n`rjc ul sckuhohcltm ` su cst`nm nc àlhom, p`r` emop`rthrjm eml cj oènhem y quc èstc cjhi` cj tr`t`ohcltm ` sckuhr. J` prcscleh` nc jms  so`rtpbmlcs cl pràethe`ocltc tmnms jms scetmrcs nc j` smehcn`n jms vucjvc hnc`jcs p`r` rculhr hlgmro`ehõl smdrc cj ncs`rrmjjm nc clgcrocn`ncs ` lhvcj pmdj`ehml`j. Sl ducl cicopjm cs DhkVN, quc duse` emlecltr`r j` hlgmro`ehõl oènhe` nc oàs nc 066,666 pcrsml`s p`r` omlhtmrc`r su cst`nm nc s`jun y jjcv`r ` e`dm ul cstunhm quc `yunc ` j` emoprclshõl ncj V`rahlsml.

4. Nh`klõsthem pmrtàthj J` e`p`ehn`n nc nh`klõsthem quc mgrcecl jms bmspht`jcs pmnrà scr jjcv`n` ` e`s` pmr jms oènhems, kr`eh`s ` oàquhl`s pmrtàthjcs nc r`yms R y ahts nc

 

cxàoclcs s`lkuïlcms, cltrc mtr`s tcelmjmkï`s. Hlerust`nm cl j` e`re`s` nc ul tcjègmlm hltcjhkcltc, cj @jhvcEMT CEK cs ul` bcrr`ohclt` quc pcrohtc hltcrprct`r jms rcsujt`nms nc ul cx`ocl e`rnh`em ` tr`vès nc ul` `pjhe`ehõl p`r` emop`rthrjms eml cj oènhem.  @shohsom, jms nhspmshthvms quc `yun`l cl e`s` ` j`s pcrsml`s eml `jkul` nhse`p`ehn`n tclnràl sclsmrcs quc pmnràl rc`jhz`r ocnhehmlcs ncj cst`nm nc s`jun nc j` p`ehcltc quc jms cstè us`lnm1 u s`lnm1 eml cst`s bcrr`ohclt`s, scrà pmshdjc hr rckhstr`lnm j` cvmjuehõl nc ul p`ncehohcltm eml oàs cx`ethtun. cx`ethtun .

5. Uuohlhstrm nc ocnhe`ocltms J` o`ymrï` nc j`s pcrsml`s quc tmo` ocnhe`ocltms nur`ltc j`rkms pcrhmnms lm `nohlhstr`l jms gàro`ems nc o`lcr` emrrcet`. Nhvcrs`s tcelmjmkï`s `etu`jocltc cl ncs`rrmjjm drhln`ràl t`ltm ` jms p`ehcltcs emom ` jms oènhems j` pmshdhjhn`n nc omlhtmrc`r y ocimr`r j` gmro` cl j` quc ul` pcrsml` pucnc `pck`rsc ` ul tr`t`ohcltm quc jc b`y` shnm prcserhtm. @ulquc pmnrï` clgrclt`r nhjco`s èthems `ecre` nc j` prhv`ehn`n nc jms p`ehcltcs, cst` tcelmjmkï` mgrcecrï` ` jms oènhems j` mpmrtulhn`n nc mdscrv`r cj cgcetm quc thclcl jms tr`t`ohcltms g`ro`emjõkhems cl jms p`ehcltcs.

>. ^cr`ph` nhkht`j Ocnh`ltc ul so`rtpbmlc, m eu`jquhcr nhspmshthvm oõvhj, scrà pmshdjc `eecncr ` nhsthltms thpms nc tcr`ph`s oènhe`s. J` ^cr`ph` Emklhthv` Emlnuetu`j Emoput`rhz`n` (^EEE) cs ul` nc cst`s gmro`s nhkht`jcs nc tr`t`ohcltm, kr`eh`s ` èst` scrà pmshdjc `uoclt`r cj `je`lec nc j` ^cr`ph` Emklhthv` Emlnuetu`j, emom cl cj e`sm nc Ujccphm, ul tr`t`ohcltm emltr` cj hlsmolhm, j` ncprcshõl y j` `lshcn`n nhstrhduhnm ` tr`vès nc Hltcrlct.

 

LM^HEH@9 ¡Puc

sc hjuohlcl j`s eèjuj`s e`lecrms`s!

3. Uceucleh` kclõohe`

Cj `v`lec ncj e`opm nc j` kclõohe` mgrcecrà ` jms ehcltïghems ehcltïgh ems j` pmshdhjhn`n nc cstunh`r cj emopmrt`ohcltm nc j`s clgcrocn`ncs cltrc nhgcrcltcs hlnhvhnums. Eml cj pcrghj kclèthem nc j` clgcrocn`n nc ul` pcrsml` scrà oàs sclehjjm prcncehr eõom rc`eehml`rà `ltc ul tr`t`ohcltm nctcrohl`nm. Cl cj Tchlm Slhnm sc hopujs` cj prmycetm 066,666 Kclmocs, quc prctclnc sceucleh`r 066,666 kclmo`s nc ;6,666 pcrsml`s eml clgcrocn`ncs hlusu`jcs, sus g`ohjh`s, `sï emom p`ehcltcs eml eàlecr.

7. Hltcjhkcleh` `rthgheh`j Cj `prclnhz`ic nc j`s emoput`nmr`s cs ul` r`o` nc j` hltcjhkcleh` `rthgheh`j quc pcrohtc ` jms mrncl`nmrcs `prclncr ncj oulnm cxtcrhmr shl j` lcecshn`n nc quc cstèl prmkr`o`nms. Oueb`s coprcs`s cspcr`l `pjhe`r cst` tcelmjmkï` cl cj ncs`rrmjjm nc oètmnms nc nh`klõsthem oàs cgcethvms, emom cj e`sm nc Cljhthe m nc Kmmkjc NccpOhln, quc tr`d`i` cl ul` `pjhe`ehõl jj`o`n` Utrc`os, j` eu`j `yun`rà ` ul` nctceehõl oàs prmlt` nc j` hlsughehcleh` rcl`j `kun`.

;. Djmeaeb`hls Jms djmeaeb`hlcrs sml d`scs nc n`tms ncsecltr`jhz`n`s quc jjcv`l ` e`dm ul rckhstrm ncj `jo`ecl`ohcltm y omnhghe`ehmlcs nc hlgmro`ehõl. J` ej`vc nc cst` tcelmjmkï` r`nhe` cl quc cs e`p`z nc mgrcecr hlgmro`ehõl emlgh`djc shl j` lcecshn`n nc ul` `utmrhn`n ecltr`j quc j` ecrthghquc. Ncltrm ncj e`opm nc jms euhn`nms nc j` s`jun, cst`s e`ncl`s nc hlgmro`ehõl mgrcecràl ` jms oènhems, cl ul guturm lm ouy jci`lm, j` pmshdhjhn`n nc rc`jhz`r emlsujt`s cl jms

 

`rebhvms oènhems nc ul p`ehcltc shl j` lcecshn` lcecshn`n n nc emlt`r eml ul shstco` ecltr`j emltrmj`nm pmr ul prmvccnmr.

2. Emoulhn`ncs mljhlc Cxhstcl nhvcrs`s rcncs smeh`jcs, emom OcnBcjp y V`thcltsJhacOc, ncnhe`n`s cspceïghe`ocltc `j euhn`nm nc j` s`jun, eml j`s quc t`ltm oènhems emom p`ehcltcs pucncl mgrcecr `yun` cl jïlc`, `sï emom n`r sckuhohcltm ` jms rckhstrms nc n`tms `jmi`nms cl èst`s, p`r` `yun`r ` j`s pcrsml`s cl su tr`t`ohcltm `j ohsom thcopm quc emj`dmr`l eml hlvcsthk`ehmlcs ehcltïghe`s. Cst` tcelmjmkï` pmnrï` `yun`r ` quc j`s pcrsml`s tclk`l `eecsm ` jms scrvhehms nc s`jun nc ul` o`lcr` ouebm oàs cghehcltc y cemlõohe` LM^HEH@9  Sl nmjmr nc bmodrm lm cs lmro`j pcrm sï prmkrcshvm LM^HEH@9 Cl j`s shkuhcltcs scshmlcs `dmrn`rcoms jm shkuhcltc9 Emom b`ecr ducl usm nc j` tcelmjmkï` y eõom pmnrï` `yun`rlms p`r` cvht`r  `jkul`s shtu`ehmlcs nhgïehjcs. Eõom `pmrt`oms `pmrt`oms ` ul ncs`rrmjjm ncs`rrmjjm smstclhdjc smstclhdjc b`ehclnm b`ehclnm ul o`lcim `nceu`nm `nceu`nm nc jms rcshnums sõjhnms Emom rc`jhz`r ul ducl usm nc jms rceursms nc lucstrm cl lucstrm cltmrlm y eõom j` tcelmjmkï` `pmrt`. 00-J` J` ehcl ehcleh eh` ` cs cj emli emliul ultm tm nc emlm emlmeh ehoh ohcl cltm tms s ocnh ocnh`l `ltc tc j` mdsc mdscrv rv`e `ehm hml l y cj r`zml`ohcltm shstco`them, cstruetur`nms y nc jms quc sc ncnuecl prhlehphms y jcycs kclcr`jcs eml e`p`ehn`n prcnhethv` y emoprmd`djcs cxpcrhoclt`jocltc.  @sï pmr cicopjm cl cj àodhtm nc j` s`jun1 emltrhduyc emltrhduyc eml cj ncseudrhohcltm ncseudrhohcltm nc ocnhe`ocltms p`r` emod`thr y prcvclhr clgcrocn`ncs. Cl j` hlnustrh` `jhoclt`rh`, pcrohtc j` erc`ehõl nc prmnuetms quc ocimrcl cj v`jmr lutrhehml` lutrhehml`jj nc jms `jhocltms. Cl j` emlscrv`ehõl ncj ocnhm `odhcltc, eml j` g`drhe`ehõl nc prmnuetms quc lm n`ðcl j` `toõsgcr`. ½Puè tc p`rcec jm quc sc nhec nc j` ehcleh`=  

 

J` tcelmjmkï` sc pucnc hltcrprct`r emom j` suo` nc j`s tèelhe`s y ncj emlmehohcltm ehcltï ehc ltïghe ghem, m, smdr smdrctm ctmnm nm `pjhe `pjhe`nm `nms s ` jms prmecs prmecsms ms hlnus hlnustrh trh`jc `jcs s (nhsc (nhscðm, ðm, g`drhe g`drhe`e `ehõl hõl,, prmnueehõl, cte), ` j`s gmro`s nc mrk`lhz`ehõl nc j` hlnustrh` y ncj emocrehm1 y t`odhèl jhk`n` ` jms v`jmrcs eujtur`jcs y smeh`jcs. Vmr cicopjm J` erc`ehõl nc emoput`nmr`s cl j`s tcjcemoulhe`ehmlcs, jms j`lz`ohcltms nc s`tèjhtcs `rthgheh`jcs, jms cxàoclcs eml

 

r`yms R, rcsml`leh`s o`klèthe`s eml jm quc sc jmkr` ul` vhshõl oàs nct`jj`n` nc j`s p`rtcs ncj eucrpm. Cltmlecs cstho`nm cstunh`ltc cstunh`ltc ½erccs quc j` ehcleh` y tcelmjmkï` tcelmjmkï` cstàl rcj`ehml`n`s= rcj`ehml`n`s= ½Eõom `pmrt` ` j` vhn` nc j`s pcrsml`s y emoulhn`n y smehcn`n cl kclcr`j. Cserhdc tu mphlhõl. J` Ehcleh` y j` ^celmjmkï` cstàl ehoclt`lnm ehoclt`lnm ul` lucv` ehvhjhz`ehõl ehvhjhz`ehõl guln`oclt`n` cl j`s emoulhe`ehmlcs y j` kjmd`jhz`ehõl. J` Ehcleh` lms cltrck` ul clmroc jck`nm nc emlmehohcltm emlmehohc ltm y prmkrcsm. X j` tcelmjmkï` cs jm quc pcrohtc pcrohtc quc csms eml emlmehohcltms mehohcltms sc`l `pjhe`nms cl dclcghehm nhrcetm ncj scr buo`lm. Cstc prmecsm nc clrhqucehohcltm outum cltrc j` Ehcleh` y j` ^celmjmkï`, quc emoclzõ cl jms `jdmrcs ncj scr buo`lm, lm sc b` nctclhnm lule` y emlthlù` bmy y sckuhrà. Vmr  cicopjm, sc pucnc g`drhe`r `utmoõvhjcs oàs sckurms y ncseudrhr lucvms omncjms nc kclcr`nmrcs nc clcrkï`. 4- @bmr` tc prcsclt`oms prcsclt`oms hlgmro`ehõl smdrc j` ehcleh` ehcleh` y j` tcelmjmkï` cl j` vhn` emthnh`l` nc j` eu`j tù v`s ` hr scjceehml`lnm scjceehml`lnm p`r` `pmy`r tu mphlhõl. Cj usm nc j` uð` uð` nc k`tm (pj`lt` (pj`lt` trmphe`j `o`zõlhem) `o`zõlhem) emom prmnuetm g`ro`emjõkhem p`r` cj tr`t`ohcltm tr`t`ohcltm nc nmjcleh`s rcuoàthe`s y `rtrïthe`s, cs grutm grutm nc cstunhms ehcltïghems y tcelmjõkhems smdrc j`s prmphcn`ncs nc cst` pj`lt`. (Dhm 0- Ohlcnu 4663) Mtrms ncseudrhohcltms ncseudrhohcltms rcgcrhnms ` j` l`lmtcelmjmkï`, l`lmtcelmjmkï`, pcrohtcl cj ncs`rrmjjm nc nc ul` lucv` cr` cl j` prmnueehõl nc o`tcrh`jcs o`tcrh`jcs lm emlt`ohl`ltcs, t`j t`j cs cj e`sm nc rcomvcr tmnm thpm nc d`etcrh`s, vhrus, quhstcs cl cj `p`r`tm ehreuj`tmrhm. Cj o`re`p`sm, cs ul lucvm nhspmshthvm lmvcnmsm quc hlemrpmr` j` tcelmjmkï` oàs `v`lz`n` cl kcsthõl ncj rhtom e`rnh`em, rcnuehclnm su t`o`ðm ` ul` nèeho` p`rtc nc ul o`re` p`sm tr`nhehml`j. 

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  cj Vmshdjcocltc budhcr` nc ho`khl`nm quct`odhèl cj suecsmr ncjp`r` tcjègmlm so`rtpbmlc,e`sh ul` l`nhc emoput`nmr` dmjshjjm quc shrvc b`dj`r.scrï` Cltmlecs ½Vmr què erccs quc cs hopmrt`ltc Cltmlecs hopmrt`ltc j` ehcleh` ehcleh` y tcelmjmkï`= ½erccs quc lms g`ehjht` j` tcelmjmkï` tcelmjmkï` lucstr`s `ethvhn`ncs `ethvhn`ncs cl cj nï` ` nï`= ½p`r` quc erccs quc shrvc j` tcelmjmkh`= Emoclt` eml j` pcrsml` quc thclcs `j j`nm. J` g`drhe`ehml nc eu`jquhcr mdictm quc us`oms cl j` vhn` emthnh`l` emljjcv` ul prmecsm nc erc`eehml quc hopjhe` emlmehohcltms cl `rc`s ouy v`rh`n`s quc g`ehjht` ul` emlvhvcleh` g`ohjh`r. (dhms0, 3tm Ohlcnu 4663 ) Emjme`r o`s hlgmro`ehõl hltcrcs`ltc quc jc ncl hlsuoms p`r` guln`oclt`r  4.0 Ocnhm `odhcltc

 

 @ oclunm lms n` j` scls`ehõl scls`ehõl nc quc j` tcelmjmkï` tcelmjmkï` y cj Ocnhm @odhcltc @odhcltc cstàl rcðhnm rcð hnms, s, quc quc sml nms nms emlec emlecptm ptms s hlemop hlemop`t `thdj hdjcs cs.. Jms Jms p`ïsc p`ïscs s oàs oàs ncs`rr ncs`rrmj mjj`n j`nms ms tcelmj tce lmjõk õkhe` he`ocl ocltc tc sml sml `j ohs ohsom om thcopm thcopm jms quc quc oàs emlt` emlt`ohl ohl`l. `l. Hleju Hlejusm sm,, eml eml j` cxeus` cxe us` nc lm nctcr nctcrhmr hmr`r `r su kr`nm kr`nm nc ncs`r ncs`rrm rmjjm jjm hleuop hleuopjc jcl l rchtc rchtcr` r`n`o n`ocl cltc tc jms prmtmemjms hltcrl`ehml`jcs quc duse`l prcehs`ocltc ocimr`r cj Ocnhm @odhcltc. Uhl cod`rkm, lm tmnm cs `sï. J` tcelmjmkï` sc pucnc y sc ncdc pmlcr `j scrvhehm nc j` hlnustrh` y nc j` smehcn`n p`r` ocimr`r cj Ocnhm @odhcltc. Jms `v`lecs tcelmjõkhems `yun`l ` ohlhohz`r cj hop`etm nc j` hlnustrh` smdrc cj ejho` m j` l`tur`jcz`. ½^c prckul prckult`r` t`r`s s emom jm b`ec= b`ec= ½tù què phcls`s=½ phcls`s=½eõom eõom j` ehcleh` ehcleh` y tcelmjmk tcelmjmkï` ï` pmnrï`l `pmrt`r `j ocnhm `odhcltc= Emoclt` eml j` pcrsml` quc tc `emop`ð`

V`us` Sl cico cicopj pjm m cs, cs, vcr vcr ul` ul` o`ec o`ect` t` nc `reh `rehjj jj` ` jj`o jj`o`n `n` ` @jhl @jhlth th,, quc quc kr`e kr`eh` h`s s ` j` gmtmsïltcshs nc j`s pj`lt`s y, ` ehlem ohermmrk`lhsoms 'cjcetrm kèlhems' quc cstàl ncltrm, prmnuec prmnuec clcrkï` dhmjõkhe`, cemjõkhe` y jhoph`. Uc tr`t` nc ul nhspmshthvm bïdrhnm, bïdr hnm, quc tr`d`i` tr`d`i` eml clcrkï` clcrkï` smj`r smj`r (jms p`lcjcs), p`lcjcs), gmtmshlt gmtmshltèthe èthe` ` (pj`lt`s (pj`lt`s)) y cjèetrhe`,, quc cs prmnuehn` pmr ohermmrk`lhsoms cjèetrhe` ohermmrk`lhsoms cjcetrmkèlhems cjcetrmkèlhems quc cstàl ncltrm ncj rcehphcltc. J` emrrhcltc kclcr`n` sc `jo`ecl` cl ul` d`tcrï` nc 06 `opcrhms, quc shrvc, p`r` e`rk`r b`st` nms tcjègmlms ecjuj`rcs y cleclncr gmems (dmodhjjms). 

Cstunh`ltcs ncj quhltm kr`nm nc sceuln`rh` ½^c ho`khl`s tclcr cl tu e`s` ul p`r nc o`ectcrms nc `rehjj` eml pj`lt`s quc kclcrcl ul` e`lthn`n nc clcrkï` cjèetrhe` e`p`z nc rce`rk`r cj ecjuj`r y b`ecr gulehml`r cj tcjcvhsmr  m j` emoput`nmr`, shl k`stm nc nhlcrm y shclnm `o`djc eml cj ocnhm `odhcltc, tmnm cstm kr`eh`s ` j` tcelmjmkï`= ¡Hltcrcs`ltc , vcrn`n¡.

V`us` -Mtrm cicopjm scrh` X@[@ cs ul prmycetm nc turdhl` cõjhe` p`r` j` kclcr`ehõl nc `ku` pmt`djc. Cstc lmvcnmsm prmtmthpm gulehml` pmr ocnhm ncj `eehml`ohcltm nc ul` scrhc nc vàjvuj`s. @j cicrecr nhsthlt`s prcshmlcs p`r` emoprhohr cj `hrc ncltrm nc ul shstco` nc emlncls`ehõl, sc mdthclc `ku` cl cst`nm jïquhnm. Cstc shstco` y` jmkrõ kclcr`r oàs nc ehcl jhtrms nc `ku`. ½ ^c p`rcec hltcrcs`ltc emom `pmrt` j` ehcleh` y tcelmjmkh`=½ quc rcj`ehml pmnrh` tclcr eml lucstr` vhn` cl cj bmk`r= 

 @sï cs, Cstho`nms Cstho`nms cstunh`ltcs cstunh`ltcs ncj 3tm 3tm kr`nm kr`nm nc sceuln`rh`, sceuln`rh`, cstms sml sml `jkulms `jkulms rcsujt`nms ncj tr`d`im nc j` ehcleh` y tcelmjmkï` y b`drà mtrms quc tù emlmecs. 5- Cl cstc cstc omocltm omocltm tc tc hlvhtm hlvhtm ` cseueb`r cseueb`r hlgmro`ehõl hlgmro`ehõl p`r` p`r` scjceehml` scjceehml`rr cvhncleh`s cvhncleh`s quc tc `yuncl ` sustclt`r p`r` cjjm prcsclt`oms hlgmro`ehõl quc guc cj`dmr`nm pmr cj ecltrm pcru`lm nc cstunhms smeh`jcs (EVCU).

 

J` tc tcel elmj mjmk mkï` ï` b` prcs prcscl clt` t`nm nm lucv lucvms ms rctm rctms s p`r` p`r` j`s j`s g`oh g`ohjh jh`s `s `etu `etu`j `jcs cs,, cspceh` cspc eh`jocl jocltc tc cl tèrohlms tèrohlms nc emoulhe` emoulhe`ehõl ehõl,, pcrm t`odhèl t`odhèl mgrcec mgrcec lucv`s lucv`s gm gmro` ro`s s nc emlv emlvhvc hvcleh leh`. `. Cl prhoc prhocrr juk`r, juk`r, b`y b`y quc quc clgme clgme`rl `rlms ms cl quc quc j`s j`s tcelmjmkï`s sml bcrr`ohclt`s quc lms mgrcecl `jtcrl`thv`s, `sï quc b`y quc us`rj`s ` lucstrm g`vmr y cltclncr cj p`pcj quc thclcl cl j` vhn` nc lucstrms scrcs qucrhnms. ½Euàjcs erccs quc sml csms rctms= Emoclt` eml j` pcrsml` quc cstà ` tu j`nm V`us` Uckùl Uckù l j` Nr Nr`. `. @o`j @o`jh` h` D`eh D`ehk` k`ju jupc pc,, cl su mdr` mdr` j` s`ju s`jun n nc j` ul` ul` hlg` hlg`le leh` h` emlghl`n` emlghl` n` lms nhec9 J` tcelmjmkï` b` emlsckuhnm emlsckuhnm `ecre` `ecre`rlms rlms nur`ltc nur`ltc cstms nï`s y b`ecr quc j` nhst`leh` smeh`j sc` ouebm oàs jjcv`ncr`. B` bcebm quc pmn`oms rc rcul ulhrl hrlms ms eml eml mtr`s mtr`s pcrs pcrsml ml`s `s ` pcs`r pcs`r nc cs cst`r t`r e`n` e`n` ulm ulm cl lucst lucstr` r` e`s`, e`s`, pmrquc j` tcelmjmkï` cvht` y rmopc `hsj`ohcltms.  Cj

usm usm nc hltc hltcrl rlct ct,, r`nh r`nhm m y tcjc tcjcvh vhsh shõl õl sc b` hler hlerco cocl clt` t`nm nm nur` nur`lt ltc c j`s j`s sco`l`s nc j` p`lncoh` cl oàs nc ul >6%. Cstc cs ulm nc jms `gcetms nc suprhohr cj emlt`etm smeh`j, quc uthjhz`oms j`s p`lt`jj`s p`r` emlcet`rlms eml lucstrms scrcs qucrhnms m p`r` cltrctclcrlms.

 Cstho`nm

cstunh`ltc ½@ e`odh`nm tu o`lcr` nc emoulhe`rtc y nc hlgmro`rtc em eml l j` j`s s tcel tcelmj mjmk mkï` ï`s s nc em emou oulh lhe` e`eh ehõl õl y nc hlgm hlgmro ro`e `ehõ hõl l `etu `etu`j `j cl tu emoulhn`n= emoulhn` n= ½erccs quc eml usm nc tcelmjmkï` lms bcoms ulhnms oàs= j` g`ohjh`, ocimr`r j` emlvhvcleh` s`jun`d`=