El Método de Lucièn Febvre

 Hm`ifj B. Xtvgijjo Xtvgijjo Lmtxì`fw Lmtxì`fw Kûh. >883=>8;

[f~x. 4>=4

 Fj Léxoho hf Jvkiâ` Cfdstf  I`xtohvkkiû`  I`xtohvkkiû` Jvkiâ` Cfdstf* {i` jm `fkf{ihmh hf bmdft tfhmkxmho v` xtmxmho hf lfxohojoaìm* joatû km~xvtmt f` {v{ odtm{ cm{ki`m`xf{ tfxtmxo{ bi{xûtiko{. ¿Mkm{o vxijiwû v` léxoho ~mtm bmkftjo? Fj odgfxiso hf f{xf f`{myo f{ frmli`mt mj mvxot y m {v odtm f` d÷{}vfhm hfj léxoho }vf kmtmkxftiwû {v j’bi{xoitf * Tmdfjmi{* y {v Jvxfto* hfgû mjav`m{ kjmsf{ }vf {itsf` ~mtm bi{xotioatmcìm. F` Koldmx{ ~ovt j’bi{xoitf* tfko`{xtvit {v ~f`{mlif`xo.  Bi{xotim ~todjflm f bi{xotim bvlm`m . Ko`kf~xo{ cv`hmlf`xmjf{ }vf {ftsitìm` hf {v{xf`xo ~mtm i`sf{xiamkio`f{ f` jm{ }vf v{mtìm sokmjf{* boldtf{ kvym cotlm hf sft fj lv`ho tfcjfgmdm {v {iajo* {v é~okm. Bmdjmt hf v` léxoho tf{vjxmtìm ko`xtmhikxotio mj f{~ìtixv jidftmj hfj mvxot* ~ot jo }vf ko`{ihfto lí{ m~to~imho mxtidvitjf v`m `vfsm cotlm hf ko`kfdit jm bi{xotim lí{ }vf fj hf{mttojjo hf v`m lfxohojoaìm5 jm f{xtvkxvtm }vf m~mtfkf f` {v bi{xotioatmcìm ~ohtìm f`xf`hft{f lfgot f` {v{ ~to~im{ ~mjmdtm{* {f xtmxm hf kol~tf`hft y bmkft kol~tf`hft.

 M`xfkfhf`xf{  M`xfkfhf`xf{ Jm xtmhikiû` i`xfjfkxvmj ctm`kf{m bm bftfhmho mj lv`ho `vlfto{m{ ko`xtidvkio`f{ m jo jmtao hf {v bi{xotim. Xm`xm{ y xm` cfkv`hm{* }vf lvkbm{ hf fjjm{ xohmsìm m~mtfkf` f` fj ~f`{mlif`xo hf mvxotf{ ko`xfl~otí`fo{. Fj ~o{ixisi{lo ~ot fgfl~jo* hio m jvw m v`m `vfsm cotlm hf i`xft~tfxmt fj lv`ho. [v m~mtikiû` ko`{ojihû ~mtm jm{ kif`kim{ v` km~ìxvjo cv`hmlf`xmj f` kvf{xio`f{ tfjmkio`mhm{ ko` fj léxoho. Jm bi{xotioatmcìm* f`xtf oxtm{ hi{ki~ji`m{* `o f{km~û hf {v i`cjvf`kim. Kbmtjf{ S. Jm`ajoi{ y Kbmtjf{ [fia`odo{ cvfto` mtxìcikf{ hf jm ko`{xtvkkiû` hf v`m bi{xotioatmcìm f`lmtkmhm  I`xtohvkxio` mvr éxvhf{ bi{xoti}vf{ kilf`xmto` ko` hf`xto hf f{xm `vfsm kottif`xf i`xfjfkxvmj. F` {v  I`xtohvkxio`

tiaot jm{ dm{f{ hf v` léxoho cv`hmlf`xmho f` jm ktìxikm y f` fj m`íji{i{ frbmv{xiso hfj hokvlf`xo* }vf f`xtf oxtm{* {f {vdothi`mdm m jm kif`xicikihmh* m jm hvhm lfxûhikm. [i` hvhm* il~tfa`mto` {v odtm ko` v`m cotlm ~mtxikvjmt hf ko`kfdit fj ko`okilif`xo. Mbotm m{ilijmhm kolo v`m kif`kim* jm bi{xotioatmcìm sftìm ko`sftxiho{ f` fjflf`xo{ {v{xm`kimjf{ hf {v f{xtvkxvtm* jm d÷{}vfhm frbmv{xism ~ot jm sfthmh* fj frmlf` li`vkio{o hfj hokvlf`xo y jm ktìxikm. Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ {f f`ctf`xmto` m jm{ f`otlf{ dtfkbm{ f~i{xflojûaikm{ hf jm hi{ki~ji`m ko` xmj {ojihfw }vf jm bvfjjm hf {v odtm tf`vfsm ko`{xm`xflf`xf {v siaf`kim. F{xf f~i{ohio hf jm bi{xotioatmcìm `o cvf fj ~tilfto ~ot {v~vf{xo. [v hf{mttojjo bm f{xmho kmtmkxftiwmho ~ot kmldio{ f` jo{ ~mtmhialm{* f` jm cotlm hf ko`kfdit jm bi{xotim y hf kûlo f{ktiditjm. Fj bi{xotiki{lo mjflí` hf jm f{kvfjm hf So` Tm`ef*

kti{xmjiwmho dmgo jm{ ~tfttoamxism{ hfj ihfmji{lo mjflí` hfj {iajo RIR ym bmdìm bfkbo {v m~mtikiû`* jjmlm`ho mj othf` y m jm mkmhfliwmkiû` hfj ko`okilif`xo bi{xûtiko* bm{xm }vf {v{ xmtm{ cvfto` tfdmxihm{ ~ot jo{ ~o{ixisi{xm{. V`m xtm{ oxtm* jm{ kottif`xf{ bi{xotioatícikm{ bm` tfsi{mho jm m`xftiot ~mtm ~jm`xfmt `vfso{ botiwo`xf{. Jvkiâ` Cfdstf y Lmtk Djokb* f`xtmho fj {iajo RR* {ftìm` f`xo`kf{ jo{ f`kmtamho{ hf jjfsmt jm tfcjfriû` bi{xûtikm bmkim v`m `vfso km~ìxvjo dmgo jm hitfkkiû` hf  M``mjf{* tfsi{xm cv`hmhm f` =949 .

 Jvkiâ` Cfdstf Cfdstf F` {v jfkxvtm i`mvavtmj hfj Kojjâaf hf Ctm`kf f` =9;;* Cfdstf i`{i{xiû f` }vf `o }vftìm {ft ko`okiho kolo fj cv`hmhot hf jm F{kvfjm hf jo{ M``mjf{. = Hf bfkbo* f` {v odtm `v`km hfhikû f{~fkimj i`xfté{ m jm hf{mttojjmt v` léxoho i`sf{xiamxiso ko` fj tiaot }vf mjav`m sfw ~tocf{mto` Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{* ¿f`xo`kf{* kvíj f{ jm il~otxm`kim hf {v léxoho? ¿Mkm{o xif`f v`o? F{ kiftxo }vf Cfdstf `o f{ktidiû v` lm`vmj hf lfxohojoaìm* {i` fldmtao hfgû f` {v{ odtm{ mjav`m{ kjmsf hf jm cotlm f` }vf otam`iwû fj ko`okilif`xo bi{xûtiko7 kol~tf`hft y bmkft kol~tf`hft . Hf f{xm mcitlmkiû` f` m~mtif`kim {il~jf* {f hf{~tf`hf xohm v`m ko`{xtvkkiû` lfxohojûaikm }vf {ftìm il~o{idjf hf{kictmt {i` m`xf{ f`xf`hft }vé ftm jm bi{xotim ~mtm Jvkiâ` Cfdstf5 ~mtm f`xf`hft jm odtm y fj léxoho* bmy }vf f`xf`hft ~tilfto mj boldtf. @o {o` lvkbo{ jo{ bi{xotimhotf{ }vf {f hfhikm` m tfcjfrio`mt mkftkm hf {v ocikio. ¿]vé f{ jm bi{xotim? ¿hf }vé f{xí bfkbm? ¿kûlo f{ktiditjm? Jm msf`xvtm hf f`ctf`xmt{f m jo{ hokvlf`xo{* i`xft~tfxmtjo{ y ci`mjlf`xf ~o`ft f` fj ~m~fj jm {ì`xf{i{ hf v`m mthvm i`sf{xiamkiû` tf{vjxm f` okm{io`f{ lí{ mxtmkxism y lí{ atmxicikm`xf }vf jo{ {i`{mdotf{ tf{vjxm`xf{ hf f`ctf`xmt{f m`xf jm{ ittfavjmtihmhf{ f~i{xflojûaikm{ hf jm bi{xotioatmcìm. Cfdstf* msokmho m {v jmdot kolo bi{xotimhot* f`ctf`xm f{xm{ }vilftm{ f` {v{ Koldmx{ ~ovt j’bi{xoitf ko` v` f{~ìtixv lijixm`xf. F{xm dtfsf tfcjfriû` }vf bmkf f` =96;* m {ûjo xtf{ mýo{ hf {v lvftxf* `o{ ~ftlixf v` mkftkmlif`xo ~tocv`ho mj boldtf hfxtí{ hfj léxoho. @vf{xto ~to~û{ixo f{ f`xo`kf{ f`xf`hft m Cfdstf m xtmsé{ hf Cfdstf* kolo éj jo biwo mjav`m sfw ko` Jvxfto o ko` fj ~to~io Tmdfjmi{ f` {v{ odtm{. ¿]vé jfìm Cfdstf? Hf{hf lvy xfl~tm`o `o{ kvf`xm }vf mjilf`xû {v ~f`{mlif`xo ko` Fji{éf Tfkjv{* Dvtkebmthx* Kovtmgoh* Gmvtâ{ Gmvtâ{ y [xf`hbmj y {f tf{i{xiû m m{ilijmt fj kvjxo ~ot fj bfkbo y fj av{xo ~ot jm =

Afotaf Bv~~ftx* ‚Jvkiâ` Cfdstf m`h Lmtk Djokb7 Xbf Ktfmxio` oc xbf M``mjf{*“ Xbf Ctf`kb Tfsifq 66* `o. 8 "Lmtkb =* =924)7 6=>.

bi{xotim hi~jolíxikm }vf {v{ ~tocf{otf{ "f`xtf fjjo{ Mjdftx [otfj y fj li{lo [fia`odo{) ~tocf{mdm`. [v cm{ki`mkiû` ~ot jm afoatmcìm cvf jmxf`xf* y ~to`xo f`ko`xtû m{ijo f` Bf`ti Dftt y {v  Tfsvf hf [y`xbâ{f Bi{xoti}vf . [v{ f{cvftwo{ ~ot fjmdotmt v`m `vfsm ko`kf~kiû` hf jm bi{xotim cvfto` jvfao

kol~jflf`xmho{ ~ot Lmtk Djokb* f` F{xtm{dvtao* ko` jm cv`hmkiû` hf  M``mjf{. 4 Cfdstf {f `o{ tfsfjm hf f{xf loho f` fj ~tojoao hf {v{ Koldmx{ kolo ~mtxf hf v`m `vfsm af`ftmkiû` }vf bmdìm `mkiho dmgo jm i`cjvf`kim hfj ~o{ixisi{lo ~fto }vf f{xmdm hi{~vf{xm m kvf{xio`mt {v{ cv`hmlf`xo{.  M``mjf{ xm` {ojo {ftìm fj lfhio.

Jm tv~xvtm ko` jm{ kottif`xf{ ~tfkvt{otm{ m {v ~f`{mlif`xo f{ kjmtm* ~fto `o kol~jfxm. Cfdstf ktixikm f` v` ~ti`ki~io fj cfxikbi{lo }vf {f xif`f mj hokvlf`xo f` jm ~ft{~fkxism ~o{ixisi{xm. M {v gvikio* af`ftm v`m si{iû` mv{xftm y hflm{imho md{xtmkxm hf jm tfmjihmh }vf {f i`xf`xm km~xvtmt. Hfj xtmdmgo ftvhixo }vf tfxtmxm` Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ f` {v  I`xtohvkxio` ~tfjili`mt* {mjf` ‚‣ f{o{  I`xtohvkxio` kolo xmtfm ~tfjili`mt* kml~f{i`o{ }vf ~mtfkìm` jmdtmt sifgo{ kmtxvjmtio{ f` sfw hf f{~f{m xifttm‣ [f ~tmkxikmdm v`m ;

matikvjxvtm* v`m i`hv{xtim* v` kolftkio md{xtmkxo{. md{xtmkxo{.““ F{ ~tf{vlidjf }vf hf f{xm ktìxikm {f hf{~tf`hm v`o hf jo{ ~o{xvjmho{ lí{ il~otxm`xf{ hf {v léxoho* sojsft jm bi{xotim lí{ bvlm`m. ^mtm Cfdstf* jm bi{xotim xohmsìm `o ko`okìm {v sfthmhfto odgfxo7 fj {ft bvlm`o. [f bmdìm hfhikmho ~ot fj ko`xtmtio* m hf{ktidit v`m tfmjihmh {i` {v ~toxmao`i{xm ho`hf xoho {f tflixìm mj bfkbo. Jm {fav`hm ktìxikm {iavf f{xm jûaikm y f{xí hitiaihm mj bfkbo ~tfki{mlf`xf* mj mko`xfkilif`xo kolo íxolo }vf cotlm jm bi{xotim. ¿Mkm{o `o {f jf hfdftìm hmt lmyot il~otxm`kim mj ~tokf{o  ‛ kolo kolo v` xoho, }vf m jm ctmkkiû`? c tmkkiû`? F{ {i` hvhm fj f{~ìtixv }vf lo{xtmtí f` {v odtm {odtf Jvxfto* {odtf v` ~tokf{o* {odtf {v hf{xi`o. ^fto {odtf f{o lf okv~mté lí{ mhfjm`xf. Jm xftkftm ktìxikm sm bmkim jm bi{xotim hi~jolíxikm* m}vfjjm }vf {f ko`kf`xtm f` fj tfxtmxo hf atm`hf{ ~ft{o`mgf{ kvym{ mkkio`f{ lmtkm` jo{ ~v`xo{ hf i`cjfriû` hf jm bi{xotim y hikxm` {v hf{mttojjo. F{xm ktìxikm f{ kjmtmlf`xf v`m ko`xi`vmkiû` hf jm }vf {v{ ~tfkvt{otf{* Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{* bmdìm` bfkbo mýo{ mxtí{5 `o{ ~ftlixf sft mhflí{ v` Cfdstf ~ftlfmho xohmsìm ~ot mjav`m{ hf jm{ ihfm{ }vf bmdìm` dtoxmho hfj {f`o hfj ~o{ixisi{lo* hfj }vf éj m~f`m{ {f lmtkbmdm. V`m kvmtxm ktìxikm f{xí hitiaihm f{~fkìcikmlf`xf m jm cotlm f` }vf jo{ tfhmkxotf{ hf jm  I`xtohvkxio`  I`xtohvkxio` mvr éxvhf{ bi{xoti}vf{ bmdìm` ~to~vf{xo kjm{icikmt jo{ bfkbo{. Fj othf` kto`ojûaiko bmdìm ~vf{*

hidvgmho v`m bi{xotim ml~vxmhm hf {v{ mcjvf`xf{ y hisftaf`kim{ ~ot dv{kmt jm ko`xi`vihmh. F` xétli`o{ af`ftmjf{* jm ktìxikm hf Cfdstf f{ bmkim fj léxoho }vf hfkìm xf`ft jm bi{xotim. [f f{kvhm f` 4 ;

Jvkiâ` Cfdstf* Koldmxf{ ~ot jm bi{xotim "Dmtkfjo`m7 Mtifj* =994)* ==. Idih.* =9.

Bf`ti Dftt y fj ~tûjoao hf {v {y`xbâ{f f` bi{xoitf ho`hf hikf ‚[f mcitlm }vf jm bi{xotim `o xif`f ko`xmkxo ko` jm sihm ~ot}vf f{ hflm{imho kif`xìcikm5 yo f{xoy ko`sf`kiho* ~ot fj ko`xtmtio hf }vf `o jo xif`f ~ot}vf `o f{ jo {vcikif`xflf`xf kif`xìcikm.“8 ¿Hû`hf f{xí fj léxoho hf Cfdstf? ^fthiho f`xtf jm{ ~íai`m{ hf {v{ odtm{* f` v` lf`{mgf }vf xohmsìm cmjxm hf{kictmt ~fto }vf {v mvxot ko`kfdìm ko` ~ftcfkxm kjmtihmh. ^ohflo{* m ~f{mt hf f{xm hicikvjxmh* hfxfkxmt mjav`o{ f{dowo{ f{dowo { i`ikimjf{ f` {v{ tfcjfrio`f{. ‚Fj bi{xotimhot `o sm to`hm`ho mj mwmt m xtmsé{ hfj ~m{mho* kolo v` xtm~fto f` dv{km hf hf{~ogo{* {i`o }vf ~mtxf ko` v` ~toyfkxo ~tfki{o f` jm lf`xf* v` ~todjflm m tf{ojsft* v`m bi~ûxf{i{ hf xtmdmgo m sfticikmt‣ Fjmdotmt v` bfkbo f{ ko`{xtvit. 6

F{ hmt {ojvkio`f{ m v` ~todjflm* {i {f }viftf. Y {i `o bmy ~ todjflm `o bmy `mhm.“ F{ v`m si{iû` hf jm bi{xotim }vf mttm{xtm ko`{iao sf{xiaio{ hfj ~o{ixisi{lo ~fto }vf ~jm`xfm v` fjflf`xo otiai`mj7 fj ~todjflm. ^mtm Cfdstf* jm bi{xotim hfdf {ft f{xvhimhm kolo v` ~todjflm5 m xtmsé{ hf {v{ ~todjflm{. Hfdf tf{ojsft mjao* hf `mhm {itsf mkvlvjmt v`m lm{m hf bfkbo{ {i `mhm {f hikf {odtf fjjo{. [f hfdf ko`{xtvit y jm cotlm hf bmkftjo f{ hm`ho {ojvkio`f{ m v` ~todjflm. F` {v odtm f{xf hf{xfjjo hf jvkihfw f{ fsihf`xf. [v Lmtxì` Jvxfto f{ jm tf{~vf{xm m v`m ~todjflíxikm {odtf jm{ tfjmkio`f{ hfj i`hisihvo ko` jm kojfkxisihmh* hf jm i`ikimxism ~ft{o`mj ko`xtm jm `fkf{ihmh {okimj. [v Tmdfjmi{* ~ot oxto jmho* f{ jm tf{~vf{xm mj ~todjflm hf jm i`ktfhvjihmh f` fj {iajo RSI. ¿Mkm{o ~ohtìmlo{ ko`{ihftmt fj ~jm`xfmlif`xo hf v` ~todjflm kolo fj ~tilft ~m{o hfj léxoho hf Cfdstf? Xohmsìm f{ lvy m~tf{vtmho m{favtmtjo ko` kftxfwm* ~fto jo }vf f{xí kjmto f{ }vf jm bi{xotim ~todjflm y jm bi{xotim bvlm`m ko`cotlm` v` `÷kjfo i`ikimj hfj léxoho hf Cfdstf. Bm{xm mbotm {ûjo bf hf{ktixo jm

ko`kf~kiû` xf`ìm hf jm bi{xotim f` xétli`o{ af`ftmjf{* ~fto ¿kvíj f{ {v sfthmhftm `mxvtmjfwm? ¿kvíj f{ jm xmtfm hfj bi{xotimhot? ‚Jm bi{xotim f{ jm kif`kim hfj boldtf* kif`kim hfj ~m{mho bvlm`o. Y `o jm kif`kim hf jm{ ko{m{ o hf jo{ ko`kf~xo{‣ jm xmtfm hfj bi{xotimhot  " ~ot  ~ot xm`xo) f{ sojsft m f`ko`xtmt m jo{ boldtf{ }vf bm` sisiho jo{ bfkbo{ y m jo{ }vf* lí{ xmthf* {f mjogmto` f` fjjo{ ~mtm i`xft~tfxmtjo{ f` kmhm km{o.“

3

Cfdstf `v`km tfkbmwm jo{ bfkbo{ `i jo{ hokvlf`xo{. [il~jflf`xf }viftf tf{kmxmt fj kol~o`f`xf bvlm`o hf jm bi{xotim ~mtm bmkft v`m bi{xotim sism. Fj bi{xotimhot hfdf f`xo`kf{ {ft mkxiso f` f{xm tfko`{xtvkkiû`* hfdf ‚{v~jit fj {ijf`kio hf jo{ xfrxo{* jo{ f{xtmao{ hfj ojsiho‣“ 1 Y ~mtm f{o hfdf 8

Idih.* 43. Idih.* 4;. 3 Idih.* 49. 1 Idih.* ;>. 6

m~oymt{f f` oxtm{ kif`kim{* hfdf xolmt ~tf{xmho{ {v{ léxoho{. F{xm fjokvf`xf tfcjfriû` hf Cfdstf `o{ tfsfjm }vf {v léxoho `o ~tfxf`hf {f~mtmt{f hf jm{ hflí{ kif`kim{ kolo Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ bmdìm` ~to~vf{xo. ^mtm fjjo{* {if`ho fj ko`okilif`xo bi{xûtiko v` ko`okilif`xo i`hitfkxo* fj léxoho hfdìm {ft hi{xi`xo mj hf jm{ hflí{ kif`kim{. Cfdstf hf{mttojjm v`m xfotìm ko`xtmtim* hf kojmdotmkiû`. Xf`flo{ f`xo`kf{ oxto fjflf`xo cv`hmlf`xmj ~mtm tfko`{xtvit {v léxoho7 @o f{ ÷`iko* f{ mhm~xmdjf* cjfridjf mj ~todjflm }vf tf{vfjsf y {f m~oym f` fj ko`okilif`xo hf oxtm{ kif`kim{. ¿Mkm{o `o f`ko`xtmlo{ f` fj Jvxfto v`m f{xtfkbm v`iû` f`xtf bi{xotim y ~{ikojoaìm? Cfdstf hf{fm jidftmt jm bi{xotim hf jm{ cûtlvjm{* hf jo{ gvikio{* hf {olfxftjm mj v{o hf v`m fl~tf{m hfxftli`mhm f ihfmji{xm. F{ ~o{idjf }vf f{xm ko`sikkiû` jf bmym bfkbo tf`v`kimt m jm fjmdotmkiû` hf v` léxoho }vf od{xmkvjiwmtm y ktfmtm cto`xftm{ ijv{otim{ mj kol~otxmlif`xo bvlm`o. ^ot f{xm tmwû` 2

{v m{~itmkiû` f{ }vf hiam` }vf éj ‚f` jm bi{xotim {ûjo sio jm bi{xotim* `mhm lí{‣“ [i` fldmtao* m ~f{mt hf jo jidftmj }vf tfsfjm {v f{~ìtixv* joatû f` {v{ odtm{ km~xvtmt ko` fcikmkim mhlitmdjf tfxtmxo{ `ìxiho{ hf kiftxm{ é~okm{. ¿Kûlo jo biwo?

 Fj léxoho léxoho f` jm tfjiaiû` tfjiaiû` hf Tmdfjmi{ Tmdfjmi{ y Jvxfto Jvxfto Bmdjmt hf v` léxoho xmj sfw {ftìm xtmikio`mt fj f{~ìtixv jidftmj }vf ~tocf{m Cfdstf f` Koldmx{  ~ovt j’bi{xoitf* j’bi{xoitf* ~fto `o kmdf hvhm hf }vf vxijiwû v`o* m{ì `v`km jo bvdif{f ~tocf{mho kolo xmj. ^mtxilo{ f`xo`kf{ hf }vf f` {v ~f`{mlif`xo* kolo boldtf* kolo bi{xotimhot }vf tfcjfrio`m {odtf {v ocikio* jm bi{xotim f{ ko`kfdihm kolo fj f{xvhio hf jo{ boldtf{. Hf mbì }vf bmam é`cm{i{ f` tf{kmxmt jo bvlm`o f` jm bi{xotim. ^ot oxto jmho* ko`{ihftm }vf jm bi{xotim hfdf {ft f{xvhimhm m ~mtxit hf v` ~todjflm* hf {v{ ~todjflm{* ko` fj ci` hf dv{kmtjf{ {ojvkiû`. F` jm i`xtohvkkiû` hf  Fj ^todjflm hf jm i`ktfhvjihmh f` fj {iajo RSI * Cfdstf f{dowm v` ~jm` hf xtmdmgo f` fj }vf {f ~vfhf`

sft ko` kjmtihmh f{xm{ ~tfli{m{. ¿^fto f{ f{xf {v léxoho? @o `fkf{mtimlf`xf. [o` m~f`m{ jm{ koothf`mhm{ af`ftmjf{ }vf vxijiwm ~mtm fr~jotmt v` ~todjflm f{~fkìciko5 hi{xm` f` atm` lfhihm hf ko`sftxit{f f` v`m cûtlvjm af`ftmjiwmhm* ~fto kolo sftflo{ lí{ mhfjm`xf* mjav`o{ hf {v{ cv`hmlf`xo{ m~mtfkftí` xmldié` f` fj Jvxfto. Jm ~tfav`xm cv`hmlf`xmj }vf {f bmkf Cfdstf f` {v odtm f{ jm {iavif`xf7 ¿Kûlo ko`kfdit jm mkxixvh hfj {iajo ko` tf{~fkxo m jm tfjiaiû`? ]viftf frmli`mt fj ~todjflm hf jm i`ktfhvjihmh. [v

2

Idih.* ;8.

~to~vf{xm ko`{i{xf f` kf`xtmt jm i`sf{xiamkiû` f` Tmdfjmi{* {v i`xftjokvxot* {v sì`kvjo ko` fj ~m{mho* ¿~fto ~ot }vé Tmdfjmi{?* ¿~ot }vé dv{km tf{~vf{xm{ {odtf jm{ ko`kf~kio`f{ tfjiaio{m{ hf v` {iajo f` v` f{~ìtixv ko`xtmtimho? ^tfki{mlf`xf ~ot {ft jm f`kmt`mkiû` hf v` {iajo }vf m~mtf`xm {ft jidftxi`o* 9

f{ké~xiko y tmkio`mji{xm* ~fto }vf f` tfmjihmh {favìm dv{km`ho v` tfcjfgo hf jm hisi`ihmh* ~ot}vf ‚~ftlixf f`gvikimt f` {v odtm jm fsojvkiû` xoxmj hfj {iajo }vf jf hio `mkilif`xo‣“ => @o f{ cotxvixo }vf Cfdstf bmym f{koaiho v` boldtf ~mtm fr~jotmt v` cf`ûlf`o xm` kol~jfgo. [v ~to~û{ixo f{ joatmt kol~tf`hftjo ko` jo{ ogo{ hf v` boldtf hfj {iajo RSI* `o ko` jo{ hf v`o hfj {iajo RR5 y }vé lfgot lm`ftm hf m`mjiwmtjo lfhim`xf fj f{xvhio hfj ~f`{mlif`xo hf f{xf {i`avjmt ~ft{o`mgf. ¿^fto ~ot }vé v` boldtf? Smjam jm ~ftoatvjjmhm* `o bmy `mhm lí{ bvlm`o }vf v` boldtf. V`m hf jm{ ko`kf~kio`f{ hf jm bi{xotim hf Cfdstf f{ joatmt v`m bi{xotim lí{ bvlm`m* v`m bi{xotim sism5 Tmdfjmi{ f`kmt`m hf f{xm cotlm f` {v odtm* v` ~f`{mlif`xo bvlm`o cm{ki`m`xf }vf ~ftlixf sft ko` kjmtihmh jo{ ~todjflm{ }vf m`av{ximdm` y hfdmxìm` jo{ f{~ìtixv{ hfj {iajo RSI. Mbotm dif`* fj f{dowo hf v` léxoho `o f{ lvy hfxmjjmho* ~fto f{xí` ~tf{f`xf{ fjflf`xo{ f{f`kimjf{ }vf ~ftlixf` hi{xi`avit mjav`o{ hf {v{ tm{ao{ lí{ il~otxm`xf{. Cfdstf ~tfxf`hf m xohm ko{xm fsixmt fj m`mkto`i{lo. Fj bi{xotimhot xif`hf m sojkmt i`{xi`xismlf`xf {v{ ihfm{ ko`xfl~otí`fm{ {odtf jo{ xfrxo{ }vf jff. F{ ~ot f{xo }vf f{ `fkf{mtio ~tfav`xmt{f ¿kûlo jo f`xf`hifto` jo{ boldtf{ hf jm é~okm? ^mtm sf`kft f{xf od{xíkvjo {f hfdf ~tokfhft lfhim`xf v` frmlf` ktìxiko }vf ~ftlixm v` mkftkmlif`xo sfthmhfto y bvlm`o. ^vtamt jm i`cjvf`kim hf jo{ ko`kf~xo{ m`mktû`iko{ m`mktû`iko{ y ko`kf`xtmt{f f` jo }vf f` tfmjihmh ~f`{mto` f{xo{ i`hisihvo{ xm` mjfgmho{ hfj bi{xotimhot* xm` hicftf`xf{* ~fto xm` bvlm`o{ kolo éj. Cfdstf {o{xif`f }vf f{ hicìkij ko`okft v` boldtf ~ot}vf ~o`flo{ `vf{xto{ {ia`icikmho{ f` {v{ ~mjmdtm{. F{xf frmlf` ktìxiko hfdf hf{mttojjmt{f m jo jmtao hfj {iavif`xf kmli`o7 tfko`{xtvit {v ~f`{mlif`xo m xtmsé{ hf jo{ hokvlf`xo{. V`m sfw f{koaiho Tmdfjmi{ kolo fj i`xét~tfxf hf {v {iajo* Cfdstf ~tokfhf m dv{kmt f` {v{ kottf{~o`hf`kim{* f` jo }vf f{ktidìm* f` {v{ ~vdjikmkio`f{ y f` jo }vf hfkìm` xm`xo {v{ mliao{ kolo {v{ f`fliao{* ko` fj odgfxiso hf mtlmt v`m fciaif hf Tmdfjmi{ jo lí{ ~mtfkihm mj boldtf* ~mtm }vf tfxtmxf ko` lí{ kftxfwm* fj {iajo }vf jo sio sisit. Fj ~v`xo kf`xtmj hf f{xm d÷{}vfhm {f ko`siftxf ~vf{ f` jm ktìxikm. Jo{ bfkbo{ }vf {f frxtmf` hf jo{ hokvlf`xo{ hfdf` {ft {olfxiho{ hvtm y ~tocv`hmlf`xf m fjjm. [f hfdf tfmjiwmt hf f{xm lm`ftm*

9

I`ktfhvjihmh F` Fj [iajo RSI. Jm Tfjiaiû` Hf Hf Tmdfjmi{* =tm fh. "Lériko* Jvkiâ` Cfdstf* Fj ^todjflm Hf Jm I`ktfhvjihmh H.C.7 V`iû` Xi~oatícikm Fhixotimj Bi{~m`o,Mlftikm`m* =969)* ;99. => Idih.* =4.

v` i`xfttoamxotio `o f` d÷{}vfhm hf sfthmhf{ hfj xi~o ‚f{ kiftxo }vf‣“ {i`o f` d÷{}vfhm hf fr~jikmkio`f{* kolo v` gvfw7 ‚kûlo {f fr~jikm }vf‣“ == F{xo `o ko`ciftf mj bi{xotimhot jm ~tfttoamxism hf f`gvikimt* {i` fldmtao. Jo }vf {f gvwam f{ fj bfkbo* `o mj boldtf. Fj ~jm` hf xtmdmgo hf Cfdstf f` {v odtm {odtf jm i`ktfhvjihmh ko`{i{xf f`xo`kf{ f` v` i`xfttoamxotio ktìxiko hf jo{ bfkbo{ y hf jm{ cvf`xf{ ~mtm tfko`{xtvit fj ~f`{mlif`xo hf Tmdfjmi{* f`kmt`mkiû` hf {v {iajo* i`xftjokvxot }vf m xtmsé{ hf {v{ xfrxo{ y hfj ~f`{mlif`xo fr~vf{xo f` fjjo{* ko`kidiû jo{ ~todjflm{ }vf m`av{ximdm` m jo{ boldtf{ }vf sisìm` f` {v é~okm. M {il~jf si{xm ~ohtìm mkv{mt{f m Cfdstf hf kmft f` jo }vf xm`xo ktixikû m {v{ lmf{xto{ }vf hfhikmdm` i`sf{xiamkio`f{ m jm{ atm`hf{ ~ft{o`mjihmhf{. ¿Mkm{o v`m odtm hfhikmhm m Tmdfjmi{ o m Jvxfto `o f{ ~tfki{mlf`xf ~tokjmlmtjo{ kolo atm`hf{ bétof{* ~tfkvt{otf{ hf jm lohft`ihmh? [v xtmdmgo tfcjfgm v` f{~ìtixv kol~jfxmlf`xf ko`xtmtio5 `v`km jo{ frmjxm* `v`km jo{ vdikm f` v` ~fhf{xmj `i ko`{ihftm {v{ mkkio`f{ kolo ~v`xo{ hf i`cjfriû` hf jm bi{xotim. Lí{ dif`* {o` jo{ sokmjf{ }vf i`sokm m {v i`xfttoamxotio. Jo{ hf{`vhm kolo boldtf{ }vf ~f`{mto`* }vf {vctifto` xtm`{cotlmkio`f{ y }vf sisifto` v` ~tokf{o f` fj kvmj {f tfcjfgû jm {okifhmh f` jm }vf sisìm`. ^fto jo lí{ il~otxm`xf f{ }vf jo{ hf{ktidf f` {v cotlm bvlm`m* ko`hf`mho{ m lotit kolo fj tf{xo* xotxvtmho{* ko`xtmtimho{ y }vf kol~mtxìm` jm fr~ftif`kim hf jm sihm. Xmj sfw jo{ f{koaiû ~ot}vf f` {v ~f`{mlif`xo bmdìm jvkihfw y mavhfwm* ~ot}vf ko` {v af`io joatmto` ~jm{lmt f` {v{ xfrxo{ jm tfmjihmh hf {v xifl~o.

Sfmlo{ mbotm jo }vf f{ktidìm Cfdstf km{i v`m hékmhm m`xf{ f`  Lmtxi` Jvxbft* v` hf{xi`. [v ~to~û{ixo `o f{ hfj xoho dioatíciko5 }viftf* ~ot fj ko`xtmtio* ~jm`xfmt fj ~todjflm hf jm{ tfjmkio`f{ hfj i`hisihvo ko` jm kojfkxisihmh* hf jm i`ikimxism ~ft{o`mj ko`xtm jm `fkf{ihmh {okimj.

=4

F{ f` {v

~tûjoao ho`hf tfcjfrio`m mkftkm hf jm sfthmhftm `mxvtmjfwm hf {v i`sf{xiamkiû`* kol~tf`hft y bmkft  kol~tf`hft. ¿]vé `o{ }viftf hfkit ko` f{xo? Cfdstf `o {f ko`cotlm ko` jm hf{kti~kiû` hf jo{

bfkbo{ `i {f hfxif`f m`xf {v sfthmh. Fj léxoho hf Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ jo{ hf~vtmdm* jo{ {olfxìm m ktìxikm y v`m sfw fr~vf{xo{* ~tokfhìm` ~tokfhìm` m v`itjo{ f` v`m {ì`xf{i{ ~mtm cotlmt atm`hf{ fhicikio{ jûaiko{7 v` {i{xflm fko`ûliko* v` {i{xflm ~ojìxiko. Cfdstf xolm v` kmli`o tmhikmjlf`xf o~vf{xo* `o dv{km kftxfwm{* dv{km fr~jikmkio`f{ fr~jikmkio`f{ ~mtm hmt tf{~vf{xm m {v{ i`xfttoam`xf{. [v d÷{}vfhm f{xí hitiaihm f` f{xf

== =4

Idih. Jvkiâ` Cfdstf* Lmtxì` Jvxfto 7 v` hf{xi`o "Lériko7 Co`ho hf Kvjxvtm Fko`ûlikm* =963)* 9.

km{o m ‚‣bmkft v`m gv{xm kol~tf`{iû` hf jm ~{ikojoaìm kojfkxism y hf jm{ tfmk kio`f{ kojfkxism{ hf v`  ~vfdjo* fj ~vfdjo mjflí`* y hf hf v`m é~okm* jm hf Jvxfto.“ =; Fj {ia`icikmho }vf hm Cfdstf m jm kol~tf`{iû` * hm mj léxoho }vf v{m f` {v  Lmtxi` Jvxfto lmxikf{ lvy hi{xi`xiso{. ^mtm kol~tf`hft v` ~tokf{o* v` cf`ûlf`o hi{xm`xf f` fj xifl~o hfj kvmj {ûjo }vfhm` sf{xiaio{ bvlm`o{* bmy }vf dv{kmt v`m cotlm hf si`kvjmt{f ko` éj. ^mtm jo{ ~o{ixisi{xm{* f{xo {ûjo {f ~ohìm bmkft m xtmsé{ hfj hokvlf`xo. ¿^fto }vé bmy hfj boldtf }vf jo f{ktidiû? Ftm v` xf{xiao hfj }vf bmdìm }vf hvhmt. Cfdstf jo i`xft~tfxm hf oxtm lm`ftm. Tf{kmxm {v bvlm`ihmh5 jo i`xfttoam5 tfko`{xtvyf {v ~f`{mlif`xo ~ot}vf tfko`okf mj boldtf hfxtí{ hfj xfrxo kolo jm f`kmt`mkiû` hf v`m é~okm. Cfdstf joatm hf f{xm lm`ftm f` {v  Lmtxì` Jvxfto * tfko`{xtvit jm {okifhmh mjflm`m hfj {iajo RSI m xtmsé{ hf jm{ siki{ixvhf{ hf v`m hf hf {v{ lf`xf{. Jm ilmaf` }vf hm hm hf jm {okifhmh `o f{ mv{xftm `i md{xtmkxm. F{ fr~vf{xm m xtmsé{ hf v` cijxto }vf jm svfjsf bvlm`m* sism5 m xtmsé{ hf Jvxfto. Bmy v` hfxmjjf ~mtxikvjmt ko` tf{~fkxo m f{xo. @o f{ kvmj}vift Jvxfto f` fj }vf {f bmkf é`cm{i{5 f{ v` Jvxfto  gosf`* {f`{idjf* ko`xtmtimho* }vf dv{km ko` cf i`}vfdtm`xmdjf jm d÷{}vfhm hf jm {mjsmkiû`* y }vf ko` f`otlf mavhfwm ~jm`xfm jm{ ~todjflíxikm{ }vf jo mcjiaf`. Cfdstf ~tokfhf m tfsi{mt jo }vf {f bm f{ktixo {odtf Jvxfto. Hf{kvdtf f` mjav`o{ xfrxo{ hi{xot{io`f{ bfkbm{ ko` ~ftikim. Jvxfto kolo {flihiû{* kolo ~mtxfto hf jm lohft`ihmh* kolo ~ijmt hfj `mkio`mji{lo mjflí`* kolo bftéxiko* m~û{xmxm* kolo gfcf hf v`m `vfsm tfjiaiû`. Cfdstf hf{fkbm f{xm{ kmxfaotìm{ y {f ko`kf`xtm f` fj boldtf. F` fj lo`gf hf Qixxf`dfta. V`m sfw }vfhm fr~vf{xo fj boldtf* `o }vfhm lí{ {i`o tfko`{xtvit {v ~f`{mlif`xo. Jm{ cvf`xf{ ~mtm tfmjiwmt f{xm kol~jikmhm xmtfm {o` hf `mxvtmjfwm lvy smtimhm. @oxm{ }vf mjav`o{ xolmdm` f` {v{ kjm{f{5 v` atm` sojvlf` hf jm kottf{~o`hf`kim }vf {o{xf`ì  {o{xf`ì mm ko` {v{ mliao{ y mhsft{mtio{5 xf{xilo`io{‣ ~fto xmj sfw jm lí{ il~otxm`xf f{ {v ~tohvkkiû` f{ktixm* m}vfjjo{ xfrxo{ f` jo{ }vf fr~v{o {v ~f`{mlif`xo. F` jm i`sf{xiamkiû` bmy v` f{kf~xiki{lo jmxf`xf. Cfdstf {mdf }vf jo bvlm`o hfci`f fj ~f`{mlif`xo hf Jvxfto* m{ì }vf ~vho bmdft hfgmho f` {v{ xfrxo{ hi{xot{io`f{ o fr~tf{io`f{ fttmhm{. M`xf f{xo* mho~xm v`m ~o{ikiû` ktìxikm y {f vdikm ~ot f`kilm hf {v odgfxo hf f{xvhio. F{xvhim m Jvxfto ko` myvhm hf Jvxfto ~fto ko`{kif`xf hf {v bvlm`ihmh* hf jo smkijm`xf hf {v ~f`{mlif`xo. Jvfao kolif`wm v` frxf`{o y li`vkio{o ~tokf{o hf i`xfttoamxotio. ¿^ot }vé jo f{ktidiû? ¿}vé {i`xiû? ¿}vé jfyû? ¿kûlo sfìm fj lv`ho? ¿kûlo jo mcfkxû f{xm v oxtm fr~ftif`kim? ¿kûlo tfmkkio`û? ¿kvíj ftm {v xfl~ftmlf`xo? ¿kûlo ko`kfdìm fj lí{ mjjí? ¿mkm{o {f {f`xìm mcjiaiho? ¿~ot }vé? Lí{ }vf kolo v` =;

Idih.* =8.

 gvfw* Cfdstf ~tokfhf kolo v` ~{ikûjoao kvm`ho {f f`ctf`xm m jo{ xfrxo{ hf Jvxfto. [mdf }vf {f ‚‣{f f`ctf`xm m jm jf`avm f` jm }vf {f f{ko`hf jm si{iû` hf v` {iajo* ~ot jo xm`xo tfko`okf }vf ‚‣{f `fkf{ixm v` bi{xotimhot {vlmho m v` ~{ikûjoao }vf fso}vf f` f{m jf`avm xohm v`m fhmh .“

=8

[v

léxoho {f mhm~xm hf f{xm lm`ftm m jm{ `fkf{ihmhf{ hf jm i`sf{xiamkiû`. F{xtfkbm {v{ jmwo{ ko` jm ~{ikojoaìm ~mtm hf{kictmt fj loho hf ~f`{mt hf Jvxfto. Ko`ci`mt jm i`sf{xiamkiû` m v` boldtf {i` hvhm xif`f fj ~oxf`kimj hf ko`sftxit{f f` v`m dioatmcìm. Fj léxoho hf Cfdstf dv{km f` fj ~tokf{o* f{ hfkit* f` fj hf{xi`o hf Jvxfto* v` sì`kvjo ko` jm tfmjihmh ~mtm f{km~mt hf jo{ jìlixf{ bvlm`o{ hf f{xf ~ft{o`mgf5 v`m tfmjihmh }vf bm{xm mbotm {ûjo bmdìm {ftsiho hf f{kf`mtio hf {v{ fr~ftif`kim{. Jm sihm y jm odtm hf Jvxfto {f ko`siftxf` m{ì f` fj f{~fgo hf jm {okifhmh mjflm`m hf ~ti`ki~io{ hf {iajo. V` xfttixotio {i` v`ihmh* ho`hf fj fl~ftmhot f{xmdm {olfxiho m jo{ sfthmhfto{ hvfýo{ hfj xfttixotio7 jo{ ~tì`ki~f{ y jm{ atm`hf{ y ~ohfto{m{ kivhmhf{. Mjflm`im f{xmdm {vlihm f` v`m ‚‣{ot~tf`hf`xf hfdijihmh ~ojìxikm ko` xm`xo ~ohft fko`ûliko.“

=6

¿Kûlo {f sf f{xo f` fj hf{xi`o hf Jvxfto? Jvxfto ftm mjflí` mhflí{ hf {ft kti{xim`o. Jm hi{~vxm }vf {o{xvso ko` Tolm {odtf jm tfjiaiû` ~v{o hf lm`icif{xo m{~fkxo{ lí{ ~tmalíxiko{ hf jm tfmjihmh5 m`av{xim{ }vf {f hf{~tf`hìm` hf jo ihfojûaiko y {f fr~tf{mdm` f` xf`{io`f{ {okimjf{* fko`ûlikm{ y ~ojìxikm{. F` {v ~f`{mlif`xo fj koldmxf ftm ihfojûaiko* ~fto jvfao hf ~famt {v{ 96 xf{i{ f` jm km~ijjm hfj km{xijjo hf Qixxf`dfta* jm ihfojoaìm {f lmxftimjiwû f` bfkbo{ tfmjf{. ‚Mj ~famt jm{ xf{i{* hmdm v`  ~m{o hf {v lv`ho kfttmho hf lo`gf m Mjflm`im“ =3 [ûjo f`xo`kf{ cvf ~o{idjf ~mtm Cfdstf hfxfkxmt jm rf`ocodim mjflm`m bmkim jo{ ixmjim`o{* lo`o~oji{xm{ hf jm kti{xim`hmh }vf {f m~to~imdm` hfj hi`fto mjflí` m fr~f`{m{ hf kottv~kiû` f i`hvjaf`kim{5 v`m dvtavf{ìm }vf f`ko`xtmdm f` jm iajf{im {ojo xtmdm{ ~mtm fj cjotfkilif`xo fko`ûliko5 jm jvkbm {i` kvmtxfj f`xtf jo{ ~ti`ki~mho{5 jm mlf`mwm hfj bvlm`i{lo }vf ~tocf{mdm Ftm{lo5 jo{ li{lo{ Bvxxf`i{xm{* tmhikmjf{ hf jm cf* }vf i`{xmdm` m Jvxfto m {ft mjflí` m`xf{ }vf {ft kti{xim`o. Cfdstf `v`km {f m~mtxm hfj holi`io hf jo{ bfkbo{ ~{ikojûaiko{. ~{ikojûaiko{. Jm{ ilíaf`f{ hf jm tfcotlm mjflm`m* hf jm{ xf`{io`f{ hf f{m {okifhmh y hfj aftlm`i{lo f` jm bi{xotim* {o` si{xm{ m xtmsé{ hf Jvxfto* f`xf`hihm{ m xtmsé{ hf {v ~f`{mlif`xo. Kvm`ho Jvxfto {mjf hfj m`o`ilmxo* f`ctf`xm {v ~f`{mlif`xo* f{ hfkit* {v i`ikimxism hf v`m xtm`{cotlmkiû` f` jm tfjmkiû` }vf xf`ìm jm ktimxvtm ko` {v ktfmhot* m jm{

=8

Idih.* =29. Idih.* =>>. =3 Idih.* ==8. =6

`fkf{ihmhf{ `fkf{ihmhf{ {okimjf{ hf {v é~okm. F{ m{ì kolo Cfdstf hf{kvdtf m Mjflm`im* o lí{ dif`* jm ~{ikojoaìm y fj ilmai`mtio mjflí` hf ~ti`ki~io{ hf {iajo ‛  {iajo  ‛ }vf }vf {fa÷` éj* {f ~vfhf sft i`kjv{isf i `kjv{isf xohmsìm, "f{xmlo{ bmdjm`ho hf jm {fav`hm hékmhm hékmhm hfj {iajo RR)5 m xtmsé{ hf jm cf hfj ~tocfxm hf Qotl{.

Ko`kjv{io`f{ M÷` }vfhm ~ot tf{~o`hft v`m ~tfav`xm cv`hmlf`xmj7 ¿Mkm{o xvso Jvkiâ` Cfdstf v` léxoho? ^if`{o }vf `o. Fj f{~ìtixv jidftmj hf {v bi{xotioatmcìm bi{ xotioatmcìm }vf {f sf ~jm{lmho f` {v{ odtm{ `o f{ ~tohvkxo hf v` léxoho* {i`o hf v`m ko`kf~kiû` hf jm bi{xotim lvy ~mtxikvjmt. V`m bi{xotim bvlm`m* v`m bi{xotim ~todjflm* sism* }vf xif`f kolo odgfxo mj boldtf* ~ot}vf f` éj {f f`kvf`xtm` jm{ kjmsf{ ~mtm kol~tf`hft y bmkft kol~tf`hft  jo{ ~tokf{o{ hf jo{ }vf bm bfkbo ~mtxf. ^ot f{o f{ }vf f{koaf m

Tmdfjmi{ o m Jvxfto kolo sokmjf{ hf {v{ é~okm{. ^mtm f`ko`xtmt m xtmsé{ hf jm tfko`{xtvkkiû` hf {v ~f`{mlif`xo* fj f{~ìtixv hf v` {iajo. [i lf sif{f odjiamho m tfko`{xtvit f{}vflíxikmlf`xf v` ~tokf{o }vf {f ~vfhm m{ilijmt kolo léxoho* ~to~o`htìm fj {iavif`xf7 =· ^jm`xfmt v` ~todjflm5 4· F{xmdjfkft v`m bi~ûxf{i{ hf xtmdmgo. F` cv`kiû` hf f`ctf`xmt{f mj ~todjflm* ;· Tfkoaft jm i`cotlmkiû` `fkf{mtim. 8· Ktixikmt jm{ cvf`xf{. V`m sfw frxtmìho{ jo{ bfkbo{* 6· ^tokfhft m jm {ì`xf{i{. 3· Ko`kjv{io`f{. ¿Mkm{o `o bmy v`m frxtmothi`mtim kobftf`kim ko` fj léxoho }vf bmdìm` ~to~vf{xo Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ v` ~mt hf hékmhm{ m`xf{ hf jm ~vdjikmkiû` hfj Jvxfto? [ì5 Cfdstf ~tokfhf ko` v`m f{xtvkxvtm {ilijmt. Jo }vf kmldim ~tocv`hmlf`xf f` {v bi{xotioatmcìm f{ ~tfki{mlf`xf fj xtmxo }vf jf hm m jo{ bfkbo{. Fj f{~ìtixv ktìxiko hfj ~o{ixisi{lo* fj mwmt* jm {ì`xf{i{* jm hvhm lfxûhikm* xoho f{xí mjjì. Fj odgfxo* {i` fldmtao* {f bm hf{~jmwmho. Cfdstf jf bm mxtidviho v`m xftkftm koothf`mhm m jo{ bfkbo{* f{xo{ íxolo{ hf jm bi{xotim ~mtm fj ~o{ixisi{lo* kol~vf{xo{ ÷`ikmlf`xf hf f{~mkio y hf xifl~o . ^mtm éj* {o` mbotm f{~mkio * xifl~o y boldtf. Dmgo f{xm jûaikm* fj boldtf f{ fj sì`kvjo ko` fj ~m{mho. [v bvlm`ihmh f{ jo ÷`iko }vf ~ftlixf mj bi{xotimhot mkftkmt{f ko` kftxfwm m {okifhmhf{ y ~tokf{o{ jfgm`o{ f` fj xifl~o. F{ v`m bi{xotim hf jm{ {f`{idijihmhf{ . ¿Kûlo xtmxm f`xo`kf{ fj bfkbo? [if`ho v` bfkbo bvlm`o* ~tokfhf m i`xfttoamt y m f`xf`hft jm ~{ikojoaìm hfj ~f`{mlif`xo hfj boldtf }vf {f f`kvf`xtm f` éj. Lif`xtm{ }vf f` fj léxoho hf Jm`ajoi{ y [fia`odo{ {ûjo {f bmkìm f{xo ~mtm f`ko`xtmt jm ~todmdijihmh hf sfthmh hfj bfkbo  ‛ {i {i `o{ {ftsìm o `o,* Cfdstf jo bmkf ~mtm tfko`{xtvit v` ~f`{mlif`xo }vf jvfao vxijiwmtí ~mtm {v {ì`xf{i{* f` jm }vf hm {ojvkiû` mj ~todjflm }vf {f ~jm`xfû f` v` ~ti`ki~io. Jm tfko`{xtvkkiû` hf f{xf ~f`{mlif`xo

{f bmkf ko` i`lf`{o kvihmho* {ifl~tf ko`{kif`xf hf }vf ~ot {v ko`hikiû` bvlm`m* {v{ xfrxo{ ~vfhf` xf`ft f}visokmkio`f{. F{ ~ot f{o }vf {fa÷` f{xf ~tokfhilif`xo* fj bi{xotimhot hfdf vdikmt{f ~ot f`kilm hf {v odgfxo* ~ohtìm ~f`{mt{f }vf ko` jm ~tfxf`{iû` hf kol~tf`hftjo lfgot hf jo }vf éj li{lo ~vho bmdftjo bfkbo.

Fj f{cvftwo hf Cfdstf ~ot ko`kfdit v`m bi{xotim lí{ bvlm`m f{ dm{xm`xf {f`{mxo. Mj ci` y mj kmdo* {o` jo{ boldtf{ jo{ }vf jm bmkf`5 {v{ ~toxmao`i{xm{. ^fto fj i`xfté{ }vf fr~tf{m f` {v{ odtm{ ~ot f`kmt`mt f` fj boldtf fj f{~ìtixv hf v` {iajo mttm{xtm xoho{ jo{ ~todjflm{ hf jm `mxvtmjfwm bvlm`m. [ftf{ kmldim`xf{* {vdgfxiso{* ko`xtmhikxotio{* hf smkijmkio`f{* {f`xilif`xo{ y ~f`{mlif`xo{. ¿Bm{xm }vé ~v`xo {f ~vfhf jjfamt mj ko`okilif`xo bi{xûtiko m ~mtxit hf jm tfko`{xtvkkiû` hf v`m ~{ikojoaìm? O lí{ il~otxm`xf xohmsìm* ¿bm{xm }vé ~v`xo {f hfgm fr~jikmt fj i`hisihvo ~ot ~mtxf hfj bi{xotimhot? Xmj sfw jm tf{~vf{xm lí{ {i`kftm hf Cfdstf f{ kol~tf`hft y bmkft kol~tf`hft. ¿Kol~tf`hft }vé? Lí{ }vf fj cf`ûlf`o* lí{ }vf fj tfcjfgo hf jm tfmjihmh f` fj ~f`{mlif`xo hfj boldtf* f{ xmj sfw kol~tf`hft jm li{lm `mxvtmjfwm bvlm`m* jm }vf smkijm`xf* {vdgfxism y kmldim`xf* f{ ~toxmao`i{xm hf jm bi{xotim.

 Didjioatmcìm  Didjioatmcìm I. [odtf Jvkiâ` Cfdstf Cfdstf* Jvkiâ`. Koldmxf{ ~ot jm bi{xotim . Dmtkfjo`m7 Mtifj* =994. Bv~~ftx* Afotaf. ‚Jvkiâ` ‚Jvkiâ ` Cfdstf m`h Lmtk Djokb7 Xbf Ktfmxio` oc xbf M``mjf{.“ Xbf Ctf`kb 6=> ‛ 6=;. 6=;.  Tfsifq 66* `o. 8 "Lmtkb =* =924)7 6=> ‛ 

II. Jm odtm hf Cfdstf I`ktfhvjihmh F` Fj [iajo RSI. Jm Tfjiaiû` Hf Tmdfjmi{ . =tm fh. Cfdstf* Jvkiâ`.  Fj ^todjflm Hf Jm I`ktfhvjihmh Lériko* H.C.7 V`iû` Xi~oatícikm Fhixotimj Bi{~m`o,Mlftikm`m* =969.

Cfdstf* Jvkiâ`. Lmtxì` Jvkiâ`.  Lmtxì` Jvxfto 7 v` hf{xi`o. hf{xi`o. Lériko7 Co`ho hf Kvjxvtm Fko`ûlikm* =963.

III. [odtf  M``mjf{ f bi{xotioatmcìm Bi{xotimhot . Dmtkfjo`m7 Ktìxikm* 4>>4. Djokb* Lmtk. M~ojoaìm ^mtm Jm Bi{xotim o Fj Ocikio Hfj Bi{xotimhot 

Kotkvftm hf Lm`kftm* [o`im. Sokf{ y {ijf`kio{ f` jm bi{xotim 7 {iajo{ RIR y RR . RR . Lériko7 Co`ho hf Kvjxvtm Fko`ûlikm* 4>>4. i `fr~jikmdjf {okifhmh 7 kvf{xio`f{ hf f~i{xflojoaìm hf Ejilos{ey* Atfaotio* y Kfkijim Bihmjao. Jm Bihmjao.  Jm i`fr~jikmdjf jm{ kif`kim{ {okimjf{ . Dvf`o{ Mitf{7 M,W fhixotm* =992.  I`xtohvkkiû` m jo{ f{xvhio{ bi{xûtiko{ . Mjikm`xf7 Jm`ajoi{* Kbmtjf{ Sikxot* m`h Kbmtjf{ [fia`odo{.  I`xtohvkkiû` V`isft{ihmh hf Mjikm`xf* 4>>;.