El Estado y La Nacion

 

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NBPXL@QKKNØB   (H. Habcjmnb Jxznb, :>56 kjp38).   Ols `ls eabûmabls `ao astj`l y oj bjknûb bl sa abkuabtrjb snampra klml euarzjs jrmûbnkjs y klmpoamabtjrnjs7 muy j mabu`l klbstntuyab euarzjs ab klmpatabknj.   (Oasoy OOjtjs Xjmíraz,89:0). Ao Astj`l as ubj slkna`j` ploítnkj jutûblmj y lrdjbnzj`j kuyj eubknûb as astrukturjr oj klbvnvabknj `a ojs parslbjs qua nbtadrjb oj slkna`j` y sjtnsejkar  ojs bakasn`j`as jenbas klb oj suparvnvabknj y ao prldrasl klmób, hnabastjr dabarjo l hnab klmób. Ao Astj`l bl slol klbstntuya ubj `nmabsnûb ploítnkj snbl ubj euarzj slknjo qua `atarmnbj oj axnstabknj `a raojknlbas klaxnstabknj oas carêrqunkjs abtra dlharbjbtas y dlharbj`ls.   (Ker. Xl`nbslb, :>443:09). Ao klbkaptl `a Bjknûb as klbtrlvartn`l y ploîmnkl. Oj `nskusnûb y ao `asjkuar`l fjb dnrj`l ab tlrbl `a `nkfl vlkjhol. Nbkousl, ao jutlr darmjbl F. O. Glppaomjb Glppao mjb ooadû j slstaba slstabarr qua ols klbkaptls `a Bjknûb y `a bjknlbjonsm bjknlbjonsmll arjb abearma`j`as abearma`j`as `ao oabdujca y qua, plr tjbtl, bl marakíjb sar astu`nj`ls. Ao prasabta nbelrma sa raenara jo tamj `a astj`l y bjknûb nbelrmêb`lbls slhra ol qua asta klbooavj ao plsaab oj jutlrn`j` y pltastj` pjrj astjhoakar blrmjs qua raduoab ubj slkna`j`, tabnab`l ubj slharjbíj nbtarbj y axtarbj slhra ub tarrntlrnl yj astjhoakn`l, tjmhnîb jbjonzjramls klml as qua astls sa abkuabtrjb astrukturj`ls y su avlouknûb ab ao trjbskurrnr `ao tnampl, ols kjmhnls qua fjb suern`l, kuêoas slb sus lrídabas, sus aoamabtls y tnpls. Ao nbelrma sa rajonzû klb ao nbtarîs `a klblkar ols nbnknls `ao astj`l y bjknûb, ab qua euarlb  hjsj`ls `nkfls kjmhnls, prleub`nzjb`l oj nbvastndjknûb sa bls prasabtjrlb nbtarasas jkj`îmnkls klmprab`nab`l `a astj mjbarj qua ao astj`l as tl`j klmubn`j` fumjbj astjhoakn`j slhra ub tarrntlrnl y klb kjpjkn`j` pjrj `asjrrloojr sus eubknlbas ploítnkjs y aklbûmnkjs, ma`njbta oj da daba barj rjkn knûb ûb y lrdj lrdjbn bnzj zjkn knûb ûb `a ra raoj ojkn knlb lbas as sn snmu muot otêb êbaj ajss `a pl pl`a `arr y `a sl slon on`j `jrn rn`j `j`` qu quaa nbstntuknlbjonzj ab su nbtarnlr y prlyaktj fjknj ao axtarnlr7 plr ltrl oj`l oj bjknûb vnaba snab`l utnonzj`l klml ub snbûbnml `a astj`l j pjrtnr `ao sndol VNV snab`l ub klbcubtl `a parslbjs `a ub mnsml lrndab îtbnkl qua tnabab víbkuols fnstûrnkls, trj`nknlbjoas y kuoturjoas. @a kj`jastj ubj.elrmj klb ao `asabvlovnmnabtl `ao trjhjcl abkjrdj`l sa `jrê oj `atarmnbj`j raspuastj `a

 

:. AO A[PJ@L :.:. KLBKAY KLBKAYPL PL Yluojbtzjs klb hjsa ab ols jbêonsns rajonzj`ls plr ols nbtarbjknlbjonstjs, ao astj`l sndua `ls tab`abknjs tab`ab `nearabtas3 klrrnabta elrmjonst elrmjonstj y klrrnab klrrnabta ta mjtarn mjtarnjonst j. Yarl `a jkuar`lqua j Uar`rlss, Uar`rlss as ubj knjs klmubn`j` fumjbj pareaktj qua saj dlhnarbj jsí mnsmljonstj. y Caoonbag klbsn`arj ao prlpnl, `a `arak rakfl fl nbta nbtarbj rbjkn knlbj lbjoo póh póhon onkl kl as ub kl klbc bcub ubtl tl `a bl blrm rmjs js raduo raduoj` j`lrj lrjss `a oj ojss raojkn raojknlb lbas as nbtarastjtjoas. Jelrtubj`jmabta axnstnarlb vlkas qua bl sa kjoojrlb klml oj `a Kjrrnool [joka`l, `nl j klblkar  qua tl`l drupl slknjo sa `nearabknj `a ols `amês drupls y j`qunara kojrj klbknabknj `a sí mnsml  plr su klbtjktl klb ao axtarnlr, snab`l jplyj`l plr ltrls nusnbtarbjknlbjonstjs, sadób Mjrx, ao astj`l klbstntuya oj axprasnûb ploítnkj, jklr`a klb ols nbtarasas `a oj kojsa `lmnbjbta. Qb astj`l vnaba `aenbn`l y klb`nk klb`nknlbj`l nlbj`l ab s astruk astrukturj turj y ab jktujknûb nbtarbjknlbjo nbtarbjknlbjo,, `a fakfl, axnstab `nstnbtjs `lktrnbjs abtlrbl jo astj`l. Ao astj`l tlmj`l klml ubn`j` ploítnkj axprasj y trj`uka oj vloubtj` `a ubj kloaktnvn`j` `a lrdjbnzjrsa y lparjr ab ao mjrkl nbtarbjknlbjo `a elrmj nb`apab`nabta y slharjbj, as `aknr, snb fjoojrsa slmatn`j j pl`aras `nearabtas l suparnlras `a oj prlpnj kloaktnvn`j` astjtjo, sa arnda klmll supr klm supramj amj eûrm eûrmuoj uoj `a lrdj lrdjbnz bnzjkn jknûb ûb `a ubj klo kloakt aktnvn nvn`j`, `j`, rasu rasuotj otj bakasjr bakasjrnl nl qua jsu jsumj mj tjmhnîb oj raduojknûb, klbtrlo y acakuknûb `a knartjs jktujknlbas aklbûmnkjs. Pnaba klbsndl `ls jtrnhutls nmplrtjbtas qua slb oj axtarbjonzjknûb y oj nbstntuknlbjonzjknûb `a oj jutlrn`j` pjrj pl`ar rasplb`ar erabta j sntujknlbas elrtuntjs, snab`l lmbnnbkousnvl tabnab`l oj kjpjkn`j` `a tlmjr `aknsnlbas y klmplrtjmnabtls qua prasabta oj slkna`j`. J`amês, asta kllparj j oj sjtnsej J`amês, sjtnsejkknûb kknûb `a bakasn`j`as hêsnkjs `a sus rasn`abtas rasn`abtas snab`l astl ubj raojkn rao jknûb ûb plo ploítn ítnkj-a kj-aklbû klbûmnk mnkjj `a su klmubn klmubn`j` `j` klb ub tar tarrabl rabl yj astjho astjhoakn akn`l `l hjsj`l hjsj`l ab oj klbcudjknûb `ao pl`ar y oj slon`jrn`j`. As ubj lrdjbnzjknûb ploítnkj snab`l `a oj slkna`j`, asta bl j hlrrjr ojs `nearabknjs ploítnkl-aklbûmnkjs y ojsprl`uktl `asndujo`j`as qua suhyjkab abpua`a ao sablooadjr `a tl`l puahol, sn snab ab`l `l ubj ubj slkn slkna`j a`j`` ploít ploítnk nkjj jutûb jutûblm lmjj y lrd lrdjb jbnz nzj` j`jj tn tnaba aba kl klml ml eubkn eubknûb ûb as astr truk uktu turjr rjr oj klbvnvabknj y sjtnsejkar j ojs parslbjs qua nbtadrjb oj slkna`j`. Ao astj`l nmponkj ubj raojknûb slknjo y ub klbcubtl `a lrdjbnsmls ploítnkls qua jrtnkuojb ub snstamj `a `lmnbjknûb ploítnkj-curí`nkj, su elrmjknûb vj j `amjb`jr `a tnampl pjrj j`qunrnr  klmpoacn`j` `a jtrnhutls, snab`l ab ao flmhra ub eabûmabl ramltl y parsnstabta. Yojtûb fjkíj raearabknj raearabk nj j qua ao astj`l sa aqunpj aqunpjrjhj rjhj j ubj elrmj `a vn`j ab oj kujo bjka, kraka, raprl`uka raprl`uka y muara. Astj lrdjbnzjknûb ploítnkj klbooavj j tabar ub pl`ar y bl slol klbsnsta ab oj `nstnbknûb `a dlharbjbtas y dlharbj`ls, snbl ab ao pl`ar qua ltlrdjb ols dlharbj`ls as `aknr astêb hjsj`ls ab sus bakasn`j`as, snab`l asta pl`ar nb`apab`nabta y supraml.

 

:.8. LXNDAB LXNDAB L AULOQ AULOQKNØB KNØB FN[ FN[PØXNKJ PØXNKJ Ojs rjíkas `a oj klbendurjknûb `ao Astj`l klml kabtrl `a pl`ar y `lmnbjknûb fjy qua huskjrojs tjbtl ab oj bjturjoazj psíqunkj `ao flmhra klml ab su klmplbabta `a slknjhnon`j` qua ejvlrakab oj `asndujo`j` klml hjsa pjrj oj `lmnbjknûb. Oj axnstabknj axnstabknj `ao Astj`l prlvnaba `a ub prlkasl elrmjtnvl elrmjtnvl j trjvîs `ao kujo asta vj j`qunrnab`l j`qunrnab`l ub klmpoacl `a jtrnh jtrnhutls utls qua, ab kj`j mlmabt mlmabtll fnstûrnkl, fnstûrnkl, prasabtj `nstnbt `nstnbtll bnvao `asjrrlool. `asjrrlool. Oj bjturjoazj `ao Astj`l sa `arnvj `a oj slknjhnon`j` fumjbj, as `aknr, nmponkj ubj raojknûb slknjo y oj krajknûb `a ub pl`ar l snstamj `a `lmnbjknûb. Oj jusabknj `a oj blknûb `a slharjbíj arj ol qua fjhíj fakfl par`urjr ojs vnacjs astrukturjs ma`navjoas ab Lrnabta. Ab Lkkn`abta, aspaknjomabta ab Erjbknj, oj n`aj `a mlbjrquíj, jo astjr  sûon`jmabta ubn`j j oj blknûb `a slharjbíj, raqunrnû kjsn `a nbma`njtl oj suhlr`nbjknûb, oj ra`ukknûb `a `arakfls y prnvnoadnls y ao slmatnmnabtl `a oj Ndoasnj. Ao Astj`l as prl`uktl `a ubj klbk klbkapk apknû nûbb jhst jhstrj rjkt ktjj y oj jh jhst strj rjkk kknû nûbb parmn parmnta ta kl klbsl bslon on`j `jrr ao ku kuarp arpll pl ploí oítn tnkl kl `a el elrm rmjj nb`apab`nabta y bl ondj`j jo klbkaptl `a slkna`j`. Ols puahols, ab lplsnknûb j ojs bjknlbas, fjb axnstn`l tjbtl ab oj Jbtndÿa`j` klml ab oj A`j` Ma`nj y ab oj oojmj`j A`j` Ml`arbj, y var`j`arjmabt var`j`arjmabtaa ao puahol, ab su sabtn`l lrndnbjrnl, lrndnbjrnl, tjo klml asa klbkaptl sa vnaba ampoajb`l fly ab ols Astj`ls rlmêbnkls jo fjhojr îstls `a plpûol l `a paupoa, l tjo klml ao mnsml klbkaptl vnaba snab`l tjmhnîb lrndnbjrnjmabta ejmnonjr ab ols Astj`lss jbdolsj Astj`l jbdolsjclbas clbas kujb`l ampoajb oj axprasn axprasnûb ûb palpoa, palpoa, prasuplba prasuplba snampra snampra oj prasabknj rajo `a ub bómarl `a parslbjs qua fj `a sar ab jodób ml`l nmjdnbjhoa sabsnhoamabta, yj saj `a ml`l vnsujo, ratûrnkl, jkóstnkl l klrplrjo.

:.;. AOAMA AOAMABPL[ BPL[ @AO A A[PJ@L [PJ@L Pjoas aoamabtls pl`amls jdrupjrols ab `ls kjtadlríjs3 :.;.:. AOAMA AOAMABPL[ BPL[ MJPAX MJPAXNJOA[ NJOA[ L [LKNLO [LKNLOÛDNKL ÛDNKL[ [ :.;.:.:. Qbj plhojk jknnûb3 Qb Astj`l `aha klbtjr klb ubj plhojknûb aoavj`j `a ubj drjb pltabknj l `a suparpltabknj, tjb nmplrtjbta klml `amldrêenkj as knûb oj bkjon`j` `aknr, aonvjdrj`l `a `asjrrlo `asj rrlool ol kuo kuotur turjo jooj ykjbtn`j` knabtí knabtíenkl enkl, , oj kujone kujonenkj nkjknû tîkbnk tîkbnkj`a j yoj ojplhojknûb, kjpjkn kjpjkn`j` `j`as prl`ukt prl` uktnvj `a asj  plhojknûb. Cubtl j ojs kjrjktarístnkjs kujbtntjtnvjs y kujontjtnvjs `a oj plhojknûb astjtjo, klbvnaba klblkar kojrjmabta su `nstrnhuknûb tarrntlrnjo, jsí klml sus kjrjktarístnkjs psnklslknjoas, puas tl`l aool klbtrnhuya j elrmjr ao pareno `amldrêenkl y slknloûdnkl. Ols mlvnmnabtls mlvnmnabtls `a mndrj mndrjknûb knûb l nbmndrjknû nbmndrjknûbb `a mjbl `a lhrj `a ubls pjísas j ltrls, abknab`a abknab`a muy `nr `nrakt aktjma jmabta bta `a ojs rao raojkn jknlbas lbas hês hêsnkj nkjss `a ub astj`l, astj`l, aspaknjom aspaknjomabt abtaa ab ojs rao raojkn jknlbas lbas aklbûmnkjs, slknjoas y ploítnkls-`npolmêtnkls.

:. :.;. ;.:. :.8. 8.

Qb ta tarr rrnt ntlr lrnl nl `a `aen enbn bn`l `l33

 

@aenbn`l @aenbn `l drj drjknj knjss j ubj `ao `aonmn nmntjk tjknûb nûb erlbtar erlbtarnzj nzj rasp raspakt aktll `a ols ast astj`ls j`ls vaknbl vaknbls, s, bl pua`a pua`a klbtam klb tampojr pojrsa sa klm klmll ubj raj rajon` on`j` j` aspj aspjknj knjoo astêtn astêtnkj. kj. Ab aeaktl, aeaktl, ao êmhntl êmhntl dald daldrêen rêenkl kl pua`a pua`a kjmhnjr, jmponêb`lsa l ra`uknîb`lsa, ab ao trjbskursl `a ols sndols. J su vaz, `nvn`nr ab tras suhaspjknls klb kjrjktarístnkjs, raduojknûb y aeaktls `nvarsls3

:.;.:.8.:.

Ao aasspjknl ttaarrastra3

Ao Astj`lsnbl acarka su slharjbíj klmpatabknjs ao tarrntlrnl sûol slhra suparenkna tarrastra tjmhnîb slhra aoysuhsuaol. Yua`aslhra varsatl`l `nenkuotj`js plr yojbl axnstabknj `aojzlbjs tarrastras partabaknabtas j astj`ls `nstnbtls. Astj as oj sntujknûb `a ols `ablmnbj`ls abkojvas l axkojvas qua slb zlbjs daldrêenkjs qua  partabaknab`l j ub Astj`l sa fjoojb sntuj`js ab ao tarrntlrnl `a ltrl Astj`l `nearabta. Mês  prlhoamêtnkj rasuotj oj sntujknûb `a jquaools astj`ls `nvn`n`ls tarrntlrnjomabta plr oj nbtarplsnknûb `a ub tarrntlrnl astjtjo `nearabta, klml plr acampol, ao kjsl `a Yjgnstêb.

:.;.:.8.8.

Ao as aspjknl jjîîral3

Oj Klbvabknûb `a Yjrís `a :>:> astjhoakíj ab su jrtíkuol :. ¹ Oj slharjbíj «klmpoatj y axkousnvj· Astj`l slhra su aspjknl jîral jtmlseîrnkl. fj klbtrlo parmjbakn`l nbkûouma ab`aojstl`l `îkj`js plstarnlras, klbka`nab`l j ols astj`ls Asta tltjoprnbknpnl ejkuotj` `a `a sus raspaktnvls aspjknls jîrals.

:.;.:.8.;.

Ao aasspjknl m mjjrítnml3

 Bls parmntab snbtatnzjr ao aspjknl mjrítnml `a ols astj`ls ab kujtrl zlbjs zlbj s l êmhntls aspjknjoas `nstnbtls3 :¹ Ao mjr tarrntlrnjo3 Astê nbtadrj`l plr ojs jdujs y ao aspjknl klmprab`n`l ab ojs :8 mnoojs mjrnbjs klbtj`js j pjrtnr `a ojs oíbajs `a hjsa `a oj klstj. 8¹ Oj zlbj klbtnduj3 Yrlolbdj fjstj 80 mnoojs mjrnbjs ojs klmpatabknjs y slharjbíj `ao Astj`l rnharaúl `a elrmj kujonenkj`j pjrj knartls klml,atk. plr acampol, parsakuknûb y raprasnûb `ao klbtrjhjb`l, `arakfl `a nbspakknûb enskjo enbas, y j`ujbarj, ;¹ Oj pojtjelrmj klbtnbabtjo3 J oj qua yj bls famls raearn`l klb jbtarnlrn`j`. 0¹ Oj zlbj aklbûmnkj axkousnvj3 Elrmj`j plr ub aspjknl mjrítnml `a 899 mnoojs mjrnbjs, ao Astj`l rnharaúl dlzj `a ub `arakfl `a axpoltjknûb aklbûmnkj `a sus rakursls vnvls l bl.

:.;. :. ;.:.; :.;..

Oj llrd rdjbn jbnzj zjkn knûb ûb p plo loít ítnk nkl-a l-aklb klbûm ûmnk nkj3 j3

Ylr ol dabarjo, ols jutlras fjkab raearabknj axkousnvj j oj lrdjbnzjknûb ploítnkj raprasabtj`j plr ao dlhnarbj `ao Astj`l, parl jub kujb`l astj eûrmuoj `a n`abtnenkjknûb abtra Dlhnarbl y Astj`l as kuastnlbjhoa, ol var`j`arjmabta sndbnenkjtnvl as ao fakfl `a qua tjoas jutlras lovn`jb ao

 

jokjbka qua ojs raojknlbas aklbûmnkjs y su nbstntuknlbjonzjknûb ab knartls ûrdjbls plsaa pjrj oj klmprabsnûb `ao Astj`l y `a su jktnvn`j` nbtarbjknlbjo.

:.;.8. AOA :.;.8. AOAMAB MABPL[ PL[ ELXMJ ELXMJOA[ OA[ L CQ CQXÍ@ XÍ@NKL NKL[ [ :. :.;. ;.8. 8.:. :. Oj slh slhar arjb jbíj íj ast astjt jtjo jo33 Yl`a Yl`aml mlss `aen `aenbn bnro roll kl klbb DLBN DLBN@A @AK K kl klml ml oj ax axko kous usnv nvn` n`j` j`,, ju jutl tlbl blmí míjj y po poab abnt ntu` u` `a oj klmpatabknj `ao Astj`l. Oj axkousnvn`j` `a oj klmpatabknj sndbnenkj qua jquaoojs jutlrn`j`as y ûrdjbls ejkuotj`ls plr ao lr`abjmnabtl curí`nkl-ploítnkl klml raprasabtjtnvls `ao Astj`l dlzjb `a oj kujonenkjknûb pjrj acarkar ojs klmpatabknjs fjhntujomabta raklblkn`js j tl`l Astj`l, tjbtl  plr ao lr`abjmnabtl nbtarbl klml nbtarbjknlbjo. Oj jutlblmíj `a oj klmpatabknj vnaba j raprasabtjr oj jhsloutj y tltjo onhartj` `a `aknsnûb jtrnhun`j j ols ûrdjbls astjtjoas. Ylr óotnml, oj  poabntu` `a oj klmpatabknj suplba ao axpoíkntl raklblknmnabtl `a qua bnbdób tamj, kuastnûb l kjmpl `a jktujknûb parmjbaka axkoun`l `a oj jkknûb l nbtarvabknûb astjtjo.

:.;. :. ;.8.8 8.8..

Ao ra rakl klbl blkn knmn mnab abtl tl klml klml sucatl sucatl nbtar nbtarbjk bjknl nlbjo bjo33

Yjrj qua ub Astj`l pua`j dlzjr poabjmabta `a su slharjbíj ab ao pojbl nbtarbjknlbjo y, plr  tjbtl, pjrj qua pua`j acarkar poabjmabta su kujon`j` `a sucatl `a `arakfls y lhondjknlbas nbtarbjknlbjoas `aha oldrjr ao raklblknmnabtl `a ols `amês astj`ls qua nbtadrjb oj slkna`j` nbtarbjknlbjo. raklblknmnabtl, as ao jktl l jktls`atarmnbj`l, ab vnrtu` `aoj`mntab kujo olsojastj`ls axnstabtas ab oj slkna`j slkna`j``Aonbtar nbtarbjknlb bjknlbjo, jo, ab ubpuas, mlmabtl fnstûrnkl `atarmn bj`l, axnst axnstabknj abknj `a ub buavl Astj`l y astjhoakab víbkuols curí`nkls nbtarbjknlbjoas klb îo.

:.0. PNYL[ PNYL[ @A A[P A[PJ@L J@L [adób Hur`aju, ab oj kojsnenkjknûb `a ols Astj`ls kjha `ls pubtls `a vnstj3 ao ploítnkl, qua klmprab`a ao snstamj `a kraabknjs y oj prasabknj `a nbstntuknlbas ploítnkjs jenbas, plr acampol, ao astj`l onharjo, slknjonstj, jutlrntjrnl, ejsknstj7 y ao curí`nkl, qua klmprab`a oj astrukturj nbtarbj `ao pl`ar astjtjo, as `aknr, oj raojknûb axnstabta abtra ao pl`ar y ao tarrntlrnl. Oj elrmj `a Astj`l sa `atarmnbj plr oj plsnknûb qua lkupjb y ojs raojknlbas qua dujr`jb abtra sí, ao dlhnarbl, ao puahol y ao tarrntlrnl. Ylsaa oj tntuojrn`j` jhstrjktj y parmjbabta `ao acarknknl `ao pl`ar ploítnkl kuyl enb klbsnsta ab oj`a rajonzjknûb klmób aoj ejvlr `a sus mnamhrls. [a  pua`a jou`nr abtlbkas klml elrmjs Astj`l, `ao plrhnab acampol, `amlkrêtnkl, jutlrntjrnl, mlbêrqunkl, rapuhonkjbl, ubntjrnl, ea`arjo, `askabtrjonzj`l, kabtrjonzj`l, abtra ltrls. Ojs elrmjs `a dlhnarbls sa kojsnenkjb ab `ls3 j) trj`nknlbjo l koêsnkj3 mlbjrquíj, jrnstlkrjknj, rapóhonkj l `amlkrjknj y h) ml`arbj lkkn`abtjo3 pjrojmabtjrnsml, prasn`abknjonsml y samn prasn`abknjonsml.  Ao prlhoamj `a oj kojsnenkjknûb `a ojs elrmjs `a dlhnarbl abkuabtrj su jponkjknûb ab ols `nvarsls Astj`ls, puas as `neíkno n`abtnenkjr ubj mnsmj elrmj `a dlhnarbl ab pjísas ab qua lparjb `nearabtas Astj`l. Uajmls ub kuj`rl klmpjrjtnvl slhra ols tnpls `a Astj`l ab eubknûb j ojs n`aloldíjs  praamnbabtas ab ols sndols VUNNN, VNV y VV3

 

:.0.:. :.0. :. A[P A[PJ@L J@L @A @AX @AXAKF AKFL L Oj axprasnûb Astj`l `a @arakfl, ab su jkapknûb tîkbnkj, pratab`a `jr knartls makjbnsmls l klb`nknlbas curí`nkjs klml slplrtas pjrj ao eubknlbjmnabtl `ao Astj`l. Fjbs Gaosab slstabíj qua ao Astj`ly `a `a oj @arakfl knartl tnpl `a Astj`l qua rasplb`a j ojs axndabknjs `a oj `amlkrjknj kartazjas`aoub@arakfl.

:.0.8.   A[PJ@L ONHAXJO @A @AXAKFL Ao Astj`l onharjo `a @arakfl sa kjrjktarnzj plr sar ub Astj`l dab`jrma, as `aknr, sa pralkupj plr  axpjb`nr su ploítnkj axtarbj ra`uknab`l, `a astj mjbarj, su eubknûb jo `a oj snmpoa vndnojbknj bl nbtarvabknlbnstj. [a lplba, plr aool, `a mjbarj rj`nkjo j kujoqunar nbtarvabknlbnsml l `nrndnsml ab mjtarnj aklbûmnkj l slknjo. Abtra sus kjrjktarístnkjs pl`amls `astjkjr ao pra`lmnbnl `a ols `arakfls knvnoas y ploítnkls, ao `arakfl jhsloutl j oj prlpna`j` prnvj`j, oj onhartj` `ao markj`l plr ma`nl `a oj leartj y oj `amjb`j y ao pra`lmnbnl `ao saktlr prnvj`l ab mjtarnj aklbûmnkj.

:.0.;. A[PJ@ A[PJ@L L [LKNJO @A @AXAKF @AXAKFL L [urda klml rajkknûb jo Astj`l onharjo `a @arakfl, puas asta bl eua kjpjz `a prlkurjr ubj mjylr  aenkjknj pjrj ao acarknknl `a ols `arakfls klbstntuknlbjoas7 plr ao klbtrjrnl, su acarknknl trjcl klbsndl jrhntrjrna`j` y `asndujo`j`as slknjoas. Oj klbsakuabknj `a astj `asndujo`j` eua oj `a ubj `amjb`j `a prltakknûb raspaktl `a ols `arakfls `a klrta slknjo.

:.0.0. A[PJ@ A[PJ@L L @AM @AMLKXJP LKXJPNKL NKL ^ KLB[P KLB[PNPQKNL NPQKNLBJO BJO @A @AXKFL @AXKFL [a `astjkj klml ao dlhnarbl `a ojs mjylríjs klb raspatl `a ojs mnblríjs. Jsnmnsml, sa klbsn`arj ao pourjonsml n`aloûdnkl y ploítnkl axprasj`l ab oj `nvarsn`j` kuoturjo, ab oj muotnponkn`j` `a pjrtn`ls y ab oj pourjon`j` `a nbstntuknlbas. Mjbtnaba oj n`aj `ao suerjdnl klml eub`jmabtl `ao pl`ar. @ao mnsml ml`l, astjhoaka klml prnbknpnl oj raslouknûb pjkíenkj `a ols klbeonktls ma`njbta oj parsujsnûb.

:.0.1. A[PJ@ A[PJ@L L [L [LKNJO KNJO ^ @AMLK @AMLKXJPNKL XJPNKL @A @A @AXAKFL XAKFL Astj jotarbjtnvj `a Astj`l surda `a oj Klbstntuknûb `a Aspjúj `a :4>6 kujb`l astj sa klbstntuya klml Astj`l slknjo y `amlkrêtnkl `a `arakfl. Ab ub Astj`l `a astjs kjrjktarístnkjs bl sa lhvnjb ols prnbknpnls hêsnkls `a ub Astj`l `a `arakfl klml oj onhartj`, sadurn`j`, prlpna`j` prnvj`j a ndujo`j` jbta oj oay. Yrlpudbj qua bl axnsta jsnojmnabtl abtra ao nb`nvn`ul y oj slkna`j`, snbl qua sa trjtj `a `ls aoamabtls qua nbtarjktójb klbstjbtamabta.  

 

Oj aklblmíj slknjo `a markj`l as ubj klb`nknûb nmplrtjbta ab asta klbtaxtl. @a astj mjbarj, `aha sar acarkn`j klb rasplbsjhnon`j` slknjo y sadób vjolras klbstntuknlbjoas `a oj onhartj` y oj  custnknj.

8. OJ B BJ JKNØB 8.:. KLBKAY KLBKAYPL PL Oj pjojhrj bjknûb (= bjskn) sndbnenkû lrndnbjrnjmabta ub drupl `a dabta bjkn`j ab ao mnsml oudjr. Ab jutlras koêsnkls kjstaoojbls bl as `neíkno fjoojr, klb mukfj erakuabknj, pjsjcas ab qua ao tîrmnbl as usj`l ab su prnmntnvl sabtn`l. [a fjhoj `a «knadl `a bjknûb· {= `a bjknmnabtl) l `a «bjknûb tloa`jbj. Ao oabdujca klolqunjo fnspjbljmarnkjbl tl`jvíj fjka usl `a oj pjojhrj klb jbêoldl sabtn`l.  Aoíjs `a Pacj`j rakuar`j qua eua ab Kjtjouúj `lb`a «plr prnmarj vaz oj pjojhrj "bjknûb" sa

utnonzj ab sabtn`l ml`arbl `a kuarpl ploítnkl sapjrj`l y bl `a snmpoa ubn`j` `a jskab`abknj atbldrêenkj. Aoíjs `a Pacj`j bl pjraka tabar ab kuabtj qua ols vjoabknjbls y mjoolrqunbas sa  prlkojmjhjb «kjtjojbs `a bjknûb·, pasa j partabakar j `nstnbtls ranbls, «j kuarpls ploítnkls sapjrj`ls· Ao klbkaptl `a bjknûb (j mabu`l ampoaj`l klml snbûbnml `a Astj`l) sa utnonzj, sndunab`l, j ma`nj`ls `ao sndol xnx, oj oíbaj trjzj`j plr Y. [. Mjbknbn, bl yj pjrj nb`nkjr ub var`j`arl abta  curí`nkl, snbl pjrj `asndbjr ub pjrtnkuojr eabûmabl eab ûmabl îtbnkl-fnstûrnkl-psnkloûdnkl, `nrndn`l j klbendurjr ub klbcubtl `a flmhras vnbkuoj`ls plr ojzls. Klmubas `a rjzj, fnstlrnj, oabduj, kuoturj y klbknabknj bjknlbjo (aoamabtl psnkloûdnkl, asta óotnml, jo qua pjraka lplrtubl `jr jktujomabta pjrtnkuojr praamnbabknj).  Ao klbkaptl `a bjknûb ‐askrnhíj Mjx Tahar‐ «partabaka j oj asearj `a ols vjolras... Ab oj ma`n`j ab qua rajomabta axnsta ub lhcatl klmób trjs ao tîrmnbl lhvnjmabta jmhndul `a" bjknûb", îsta jpjrabtamabta klrrasplb`a jo kjmpl `a oj ploítnkj. Yl`ríjmls `aenbnr  pareaktjmabta ao klbkaptl `a ‐rasuma Tahar‐ ` ao ml`l `ao ubj bjknûb klmubn`j` `a sabtnmnabtl qua"bjknûb" sa mjbnenastj `a ml`l j`akuj`l ab ubsndunabta3 Astj`l prlpnl7 ab as ubj klbsakuabknj, ubj bjknûb as ubj klmubn`j` qua blrmjomabta tnab`a j prl`uknr ub Astj`l  prlpnl·

8.8. LXNDAB L AULOQKNÛB FN[PÛXNKJ  Bjknûb, tîrmnbls qua raqunarab ubj kojrnenkjknûb samêbtnkj, as `aknr, ubj nbtarpratjknûb eub`jmabtjomabta fnstûrnkj, puas ao nbvastndj`lr sa fjooj jbta oj rajon`j` `a qua bl slol qua`jb raearn`ls j klsjs `nstnbtjs, sadób ols klbtaxtls ab qua sa `asabvuaovab, snbl qua plr oj mnsmj rjzûb. [us oímntas klbkaptujoas jpjrakab nbkousl hlrrlsls. Ab su klblkn`l astu`nl bjknlbjonsml Mnbldua j`vnarta qua asta eabûmabl suaoa sar klbeub`n`l klb ltrl jbtarnlr ao pjtrnltnsml. Ojs tasns qua lhcatnvnstjs fjb aberabtj`l oj n`aj `a oj  pjrj tjo klmubn`j` bl as ol eub`jmabtjo ab klmubn`j` oj bjknûb. bjturjo jo vloubtjrnsml suhcatnvnstj,

 

As `arnvj`l `a ubj rjíz ojtnbj qua jou`a jo lrndab. Pl`ls ols qua tabíjb ub oudjr `a prlka`abknj klmó klmóbb klbst klbstnt ntuí uíjb jb ubj bj bjkn knûb ûb.. Ab astj astj jkap jkapkn knûb ûb sa vn vnbl bl ut utno nonz nzjb jb`l `l ab oj ojss ubnva ubnvarsn rsn`j `j`a `ass ma`navjoas. Ab tîrmnbls mnontjras, tjmhnîb sa oojmjhj bjknûb j ols drupls elrmj`ls plr rjzûb `a ubj mnsmj prlka`abknj, as `aknr, sa oojmj bjknûb jo drupl elrmj`l plr nb`nvn`uls bjkn`ls ab ao mnsml oudjr.  Bjknûb, `nka Klvjrruhnjs ab su `nkknlbjrnl kjstaoojbl, vjoa ranbl l prlvnbknj axtab`n`j, klml oj bjknûb [ndols VUNN y sa VUNNN. Ols askrntlras saoaktls yj askrnhab J rjíz `a aspjúloj. oj `nearabknj `a oabdujs j`vnartab `nearabknjs abtra ols puahols, ab ab oabduj Aurlpjrlmjbka. sa jbjonzjb ols kjrjktaras bjknlbjoas klml ols qua `nearabknjb j ub puahol `a ltrls. Bl lhstjbta mj`jma [tjao ooadj j `jr ao tîrmnbl bjknûb, ao sabtn`l jktujo. Ab Aspjúj j enbas `ao sndol VUN y `urjbta ao sndol VUNN, sa j`mntab y astu`njb ojs `nearabknjs abtra bjknlbas plr vjrnls jutlras klml Dnbas `a [apóova`j, Drjknêb , [jjva`rj ,atk. Yarl astjs `nearabknjs bl tnabab vjolr ploítnkl klml qua`j `amlstrj`l, yj ab poabl sndol VUNNN, klb ols `nskursls `ao pj`ra Eancll. Ao víbkuol qua j trjvîs `a asj îplkj slplrtj oj ubn`j` slknjo `ao lr`ab ploítnkl y qua astj klbtrnhuyab`l j encjr asls kjrjktaras `a oj ubn`j` bjknlbjo.

8.;. AOAMABPL[ @A OJ BJKNÛB

klml `nk klml `nkaa @uv @uvarda ardar, r, ols aoa aoamab mabtls tls qua kjrj kjrjkta ktarnz rnzjb jb oj klmubn klmubn`j` `j` bjk bjknlb nlbjo jo slb `nvarsl `nvarsls. s. Jodubls `nstnbduab, klml famls jpubtj`l AOAMABPL[ MJPAXNJOA[ klml oj klmubn`j` `a rjzj, oabduj, `a raondnûb `a tarrntlrnl, atk. AOAMABPL[ AOAMAB PL[ A[YNXNPQJ A[YNXNPQJOA[ OA[ abtr a  qua ols eub`jmabtjomabta `astjkj oj vloubtj` `a vnvnr ab

klmób. Astj `nstnbknûb sadób ao jutlr kntj`l bl pjraka eub`j`j. Ol asabknjo jenrmj ab ols aoamabtls oojmj`ls mjtarnjoas as oj n`aj `a qua aools sa fjkab ols mnamhrls `a oj klmubn`j` bjknlbjo. Ojs Ojs nbta nbtarp rpra ratj tjkn knlb lbas as rj rjkn knst stjs js fjb fjb `asa `asamp mpaú aúj` j`ll pl plrr ac acam ampo poll ub pj pjpa paoo ra raoa oavj vjbt btaa ab ao bjknlbjonsml fakflsaraspojbtaj`l qua astjs sarnjmabta, nbtarpratjknlbas knabtíenkjmabta ejosjs. Ao mntl `a oj rjzjjoamêb. jrnj blAopua`a parl rasuotjb as, ab tjbtl qua mntl, nmplrtjbta  ploítnkjmabta.

8.0 PNYL[ @A BJKNÛB BJKNÛB BJKKNLBA[ BJKKNL BA[ A[PJP A[PJPJOA JOA[ [ slb jquaoojs  ab qua ao puahol, `aspoadêb`lsa ab bjknûb abklbtrû j oj vaz, su elrmj ploítnkj `a `asjrrloojrsa y lrdjbnzjr ub astj`l. BJKNLBA[ KQOPQX BJKNLBA[ KQOPQXJOA[ JOA[ slb jquaoojs, klml `nríj Manbakga, qua plsaa ubj kuoturj klmób sabtn`j klml tjo qua astrnhjr ab oj plsnknûb `a ubj kuoturj ab jodób ml`l ab klmób.

 

KLBKOQ[NLBA[ :. Oj Ao ast astj`l j`l sn snampra ampra j sn`l sa kl klml ml ub kabtrl `a pl`a pl`arrfumjbj. y `lm `lmnbjkn nbjknûb. 8. bjt bjturjoaz urjoazj j `ao astj`l `ar `arnvj nvj `a oj sl slkna`j` kna`j` fumjbj . ûb. ;. Ao astj astj`l `l `aha kl klbtjr btjr klb oj plhojknûb plhojknûb ao aoavj`j avj`j `a ub ubjj drjb plt pltabknj, abknj, muy muy nmplrtjbt nmplrtjbtaa  pjrj jsí elrmjr ub pareno `amldrêenkl `amldrêe nkl y slknloûdnkl. 0. Ao astj astj`l `l dabar dabarjomabt jomabtaa sa `aenba klml ‟slk ‟slkna`j` na`j` knvno knvno curí`nk curí`nkjj y pltabknjoma pltabknjomabta bta lrdjbnzj`j”. 1. Ao astj astj`l `l as `a vn vntjo tjo nnmplrtj mplrtjbknj bknj y bak bakasjrnls asjrnls kklblknm lblknmnabtl nabtls, s, ojs `aen `aenbnknl bnknlbas bas y `nearabtas tnpls `a astj`l klblkn`ls, pjrj jsí abrnquakar buastrls klblknmnabtls. 5. Ao astj astj`l `l as oj llrdjbnzj rdjbnzjknûb knûb cur curí`nkl í`nkl-ploít -ploítnkj nkj mês pareaktj pareaktj qua qua sa klblka klblka fjstj ao  prasabta. 4. Ao astj` astj`ll astj klbel klbelrmj`l rmj`l plr oj ojss snduna sndunabtas btas hjsas3 plhojknûb, plhojknûb, tarrntlrn tarrntlrnl, l, astrukturj astrukturj  curí`nkj y slharjbíj. 6. Oj plho plhojknûb jknûb ab abtrj trj jquí klml ubl `a ols ao aoamabtl amabtlss mjs nmplrtjbt nmplrtjbtas as ab oj elrmjknû elrmjknûbb `aoast astj`l. >. Ao astj`l j`l pl` pl`rê rê `jr uubn`j` bn`j` pploít loítnkj nkj y curí`nk curí`nkjj j vjrnjs vjrnjs klmubn`j`a klmubn`j`as. s. :9. Yrnmarl axnstab ao flmhra y ols drupls klmubntjrnls y slknjoas qua asta klmplba y `aspuîs oj parslbj curí`nkj oojmj`j ‟Astj`l”. ::. Oj bjknûb as ub klbkaptl fnstûrnkl y kuoturjo, qua fjka raearabknj jo klbcubtl `a  parslbjs qua tnabab ab klmób ubj oabduj, ubj fnstlrnj, ubj kuoturj y ub klbcubtl `a trj`nknlbas. :8. Oj bjknûb snamp snampra ra sa `aenbnrê klml ubj rajon rajon`j` `j` slknjo. :;. Oj bjknûb tn tnaba aba ; aoam aoamabtls abtls eub`jmabtjoas3 tarrntlrnl, plhojknûb y trj`nkn trj`nknlbas lbas klmubas. :0. Oj `nearabknj abtra astj`l y bjknûb, as qua ao prnmarl as ubj abtn`j` ploítnkj ploítnkj y oadjo, mnabtrjs qua oj sadub`j as ubj abtn`j` kuoturjo ab oj qua sa klmpjrta kuoturj, rjzj, fnstlrnj, oabduj y ub sabtnmnabtl `a partababknj klb raspaktl j oj mnsmj.

 

XAEAXABKNJ[ HNHONLDXÉENKJ[ Kjo`ukf, X.- Xaojknlbas Nbtarbjknlbjoas.- A`nt. A`nknlbas Knabknjs [lknjoas. Mj`rn`, :>>: Xl`ríduaz Yjtnúl, Xuhîb @jríl.- Ao klbkaptl `a bjknûb ab rnkjurta sloar. Pjrajs. 89:9 Oasoy OOjtjs Xjmíraz.- Blknûb `a Astj`l y ols `arakfls eub`jmabtjoas ab ols tnpls `a Astj`l. DJXKNJ PLMJ, Uíktlr. Palríj `ao Astj`l y @arakfl Klbstntuknlbjo. Elb`l `a @asjrrlool A`ntlrnjo Qbnvarsn`j` `a Onmj3 Onmj. HJPPJDONJ, Eaonka. Astu`nls `a Palríj `ao Astj`l. Yuhonkjknlbas `ao Xajo Kloadnl `a As pjúj ab Hlolbnj3 Mj`rn`, :>55. @QUAXDAX, Mjurnka. Nbstntuknlbas Yloítnkjs y `arakfl klbstntuknlbjo. Jrnao3 Hjrkaolbj, :>49. AOÍJ[ @A PACJ@J, knt. plr C. MAONJ3 Nbelrma slhra oj oabduj kjtjojbj, A`. BlUaojs y Kuabtls, Mj`rn`, :>49, pêd. 04. Un`. A. KJXOA3 Mjbknbn a oj talríj psnkloûdnkj `ao sabtntbabtl bj&lbjoa, Xlmj, :6>>. Y. [. MJBKNBN3 @aooj bj&lbjontê klma eub`jmabtl `ao `nrnttl `aooa dabtn, Puríb, :61:. D. MNOO[3 Erlm Mjx Tahar, knt., pêd. :45. Un`. MJV TAHAX3 Aklblmíj y [lkna`j`.