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:/8/191:

@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Aolh pjrj `stukdjmt`s k` Kds`úl k` Kds`úl k` Nlfumdnjndþm Rdsujo WKH/Odn. Kjfdêm R`zzjmdV  

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl

Q`plst`jfls `o `xn`o`mt` jrtænuol tdtuojkl @o kds`úl y vls k` vls k` Fjrdjmj ^johjkl puaodnjkl r`nd`mt`f`mt` `m JRDRJRLS JRDRJRLS slar`  slar` f`tlklolhæj k` kds`úl p`msjkj bumkjf`mtjof`mt` bu mkjf`mtjof`mt` j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl. Bumkjf`mtjo su o`ntur o`nturj j pjrj tlkls jqu`ools jq u`ools dmt`r`sjkls `m dmv`stdhjndþm.

 www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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:/8/191:

@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

 

@o kds`úl y vls

Ylr Fjrdjmj ^johjkl, Klntlrj, dmv`stdhjklrj y kds`újklrj. Ps`r Krdv`m Dmmlvjtdlm N`mtr`- Ojur`j Pmdv`rsdty lb Jppod`k ^nd`mn`s ODMG^- ^lnd`kjk Ndvdo pjrj oj kdbusdþm k` oj ^lnd`kjk k` oj Dmblrfjndþm Pmj r`s`új k` fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl

Dmtrlkunndþm

@st` jrtænuol `s umj sæmt`sds k` johumls k` ols fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl. Dmt`mtj ejn`r umj r`vdsdþm k` ols jrtænuols y jutlr`s nojv`s qu` fjrnjrlm oj dmv`stdhjndþm `m äst` êr`j y, j oj v`z, ausnj kjr umj vdsdþm h`m`rjo pjrj prlflv`r `o kdêolhl dmblrfjkl slar` f`tlklolhæjs k` oj dmv`stdhjndþm `m kds`úl.

Ojs pr`humtjs qu` `st` jrtænuol `xpolrj slm3

¼Zuä `s `o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl (oj k`mdndþm)< ¼Ylr quä vjo` oj p`mj kds`újr pjrj vls y nlm vls (oj custdnjndþm)< ¼Nþfl dfpo`f`mtjrol (ols fätlkls)< Aêsdnjf`mt`, s` ausnj ejn`r edmnjpdä `m ols fätlkls, y ml `m `o fjrnl t`þrdnl. @m su k`sjrrlool s` prlplm` umj r`vdsdþm k` oj odt`rjturj `xdst`mt` `m `o êr`j k` oj dmv`stdhjndþm `m kds`úlW:V, tjfdzjkj plr r``xdlm`s j pjrtdr k` oj `xp`rd`mndj prlb`sdlmjo nlfl kln`mt` k` `stls fätlkls `m Jrh`mtdmj y `m Bdmojmkdj.

K`mdndþm

‟@o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl `s um tärfdml jfpodl qu` k`snrda` um prln`sl k` kds`úl `m `o qu` ols usujrdls mjo`s dmu`mndjm `m nþfl `o kds`úl nlarj blrfj. @s j oj v`z umj olslbæj jfpodj y umj vjrdjkj njmtdkjk k` fätlkls. @xdst` um jrnl drds k` fjm`rjs k` dmnlrplrjr j ols usujrdls jo prln`sl k` kds`úl p`rl `o nlmn`ptl www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

 

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:/8/191:

@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

dfplrtjmt` `s qu` ols usujrdls ^LM pjrt` k`o prln`sl k` johumj fjm`rj‖ (Jarjs, Fjolm`y-Grdnefjr &Yr``n`, 199;)

@m oj fjylræj k` ols njsls, k`mtrl k`o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl s` dmnouy`m vjrdjs dmt`rjnndlm`s nlm `o usujrdl mjo3 k`sk` oj `tjpj k` nlmn`pndþm dmdndjo k`o prlkuntl l s`rvdndl ejstj oj r`sloundþm k` sus k`tjoo`s.

@o usujrdl `s nlmsdk`rjkl `o dmt`rolnutlr qu` prlplm` dk`js, qu` kj nrætdnj y jo qu` s` ol `snunej jt`mtjf`mt` nlfl bu`mt` k` dmspdrjndþm ` dmstdhjklr k` sloundlm`s k` kds`úl. ^` dmt`mtj h`m`rjr um væmnuol k` nlmjmzj nlm `o usujrdl pjrj qu` pu`kj `xpr`sjr sus nrætdnjs ` dmnousl prlplm`r jot`rmjtdvjs.

@o kds`újklr ml dmnlrplrj m`n`sjrdjf`mt` ojs r`sloundlm`s qu` prlplm` `o usujrdl p`rl `stjs prlpu`stjs p`rfdt`m jelmkjr `m `o kdêolhl nlmstruntdvlpjrj `mt`mk`r oj `s`mndj k` ol qu` s` qud`r` kds`újr. @mt`mk`r jo ltrl

Kurjmt` `o 19:9 `stuv` `m Au`mls Jdr`s (Jrh`mtdmj) nlfl dmv`stdhjklrj vdsdtjmt` `m oj Jslndjndþmndvdo pjrj `o blf`mtl y oj kdbusdþm k` oj ^lnd`kjkk` oj Dmblrfjndþm, ODMG^. Yjrt` k` fd ojalr nlmsdstdþ `m kjr tjoo`r`s dmtrlkuntlrdls slar` fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl, k`mtrl k` umdv`rsdkjk`s y bjnuotjk`s, pjrj kdv`rsls hrupls. ^` pu`k`m v`r k`tjoo`s k` `stj jntdvdkjk `m `st` jrtænuolW1V. J pjrtdr k` `stjs `xp`rd`mndjs, nlfpr`mkæ qu` pjrj blf`mtjr um kdêolhl bruntæb`rl nlm kds`újklr`s ` dmv`stdhjklr`s jrh`mtdmls `s m`n`sjrdl nlfpjrtdr ojs bu`mt`s, oj adaodlhrjbæj y pjrtdr k` johumls nlmn`ptls nlmn `ptls aêsdnls nlms`msujkls. @stl `s kdb`r`mt` j ol qu` lnurr` `m Bdmojmkdj klmk`, fuy plnjs v`n`s k`mtrl k` oj umdv`rsdkjk klmk` `stukdä, s` pojmt`þ oj m`n`sdkjk k` custdnjr plrquä vjo` oj p`mj trjajcjr nlm fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl. Nlfl edpþt`sds, nlmsdk`rl qu` `stl pu`k` k`a`rs` j oj eufdokjk njrjnt`ræstdnj k` ols m`s`s, l ad`m j oj `xdst`mndj k` umj trjkdndþm bu`rt`, sþodkj y fjkurj k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl `m `s` pjæs.

www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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:/8/191:

@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Fês jooê k` ojs rjzlm`s, s` trjtj k` umj vdsdþm h`m`rjodzjkj `mtr` kds`újklr`s dmkustrdjo`s `urlp`ls, qud`m`s nlmsdk`rjm qu` oj dmt`rjnndþm bjndodtj y prlfu`v` umj mlndþm k` kds`úl eufjmdzjkj, ajsjkj `m `o prlbumkl dmt`räs plr `o `mt`mkdfd`mtl k`o ltrl.

Ml s` trjtj k`o kds`úl dmspdrjkl `m `o njprdnel k` um kds`újklr, y ol qu` äo nr`` qu` `o usujrdl pu`k` qu`r`r, sdml kds`úl qu` pjrt` k` fätlkls k` dmv`stdhjndþm. @stls fätlkls, dmspdrjkls `m oj fjm`rj k` dmv`stdhjr k` jmtrlpþolhls y `tmþhrjbls, bu`rlm k`sjrrloojkls ` dfpo`f`mtjkls plr kds`újklr`s. ^lm ols fdsfls kds`újklr`s qud`m`s, j trjväs k` dmfdsnudrs` nlm `o usujrdl, nlfprlf`t`rs` y h`m`rjr `fpjtæj, pu`k`m bjndodtjr oj nlojalrjndþm nlm oj h`mt` y jsæ olhrjr um r`suotjkl r`splmsjao` ` dmmlvjklr.

@st` flk`ol prlplm` qu` `o kdêolhl y oj nlojalrjndþm nlm oj h`mt` s`jm oj bu`mt` k`sk` klmk` surcj oj sloundþm k` kds`úl.

 Custdnjndþm

Njkj uml ejn` ojs nlsjs k` fjm`rj kdb`r`mt`, j su flkl pjrtdnuojr. T funejs v`n`s ml plk`fls k`snrdadr ol qu` ejn`fls md `xpodnjr plrquä ejn`fls ojs nlsjs k` umj k`t`rfdmjkj fjm`rj. Dmnousl, `m johumls njsls, ml slfls nlmsnd`mt`s k` mu`strj blrfj k` ejn`rojs nlfl `s `o njsl k` ols r`hdstrls k` nlfdkjs qu` prlplm`m ols mutrdndlmdstjs j sus pjnd`mt`s. @m h`m`rjo, tlkls s` slrpr`mk`m nujmkl k`spuäs k` umj s`fjmj o``m `o kdjrdl klmk` jmltjrlm ol qu` nlfd`rlm plrqu` nr``m qu` nlf`m k` fjm`rj kdb`r`mt` j oj qu` sun`k` `m r`jodkjk.

@stl ejn` qu` um prdf`r `mt`mkdfd`mtl y jn`rnjfd`mtl jo `stjkl k` sdtujndþm s`j nojv` pjrj `fp`zjr j trjajcjr.

K` jeæ surh` qu` ols fätlkls k` dmv`stdhjndþm qu` s` ajsjm slol `m `mtr`vdstjs slm odfdtjkls pjrj ols kds`újklr`s. Yr`humtjr ml `s sund`mt`, plrqu` funejs v`n`s oj  www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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:/8/191:

@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

h`mt` ml nlmt`stj nlm oj v`rkjk l, sdfpo`f`mt`, k`snlmln` nþfl usj um nd`rtl prlkuntl l s`rvdndl.

Ylr `stls fltdvls, r`suotj m`n`sjrdl dfpo`f`mtjr fätlkls e`t`rlhäm`ls, jpr`mk`r j jpodnjrols y qu` `stls nlmt`fpo`m kdb`r`mt`s jsp`ntls k`o s`r eufjml.

Ols kds`újklr`s r`qu`rdfls e`rrjfd`mtjs qu` pls`jm um nlfplm`mt` vdsujo plrqu` t`m`fls um `mtr`mjfd`mtl `m `o êr`j y ol vdsujo mls mutr`, mls dmspdrj y mls prlvlnj. @m ajs` j `stl, vjrdls k` ols fätlkls qu` s` k`snrda`m `m `st` jrtænuol bjndodtjm mu`strl jn`rnjfd`mtl vdsujo j k`t`rfdmjkls t`fjs. [jfadäm s` pr`ndsjm fätlkls qu` bjndodt`m `o ejoojzhl k` `o`f`mtls `snlmkdkls k`mtrl k` prêntdnjs nltdkdjmjs fuy jjmzjkjs, `sls qu` r`suotjm kdbændo`s k` k`snrdadr. Ylr óotdfl, s` utdodzjm fätlkls qu` mls jn`rqu`m j oj p`rslmj, qu` mls jyuk`m j `mt`mk`r su oþhdnj y su s`msdadodkjk, qu` mls h`m`r`m `fpjtæj nlm oj h`mt` pjrj oj qu` `stjfls kds`újmkl.

@stl pu`k` nlfprlajrs` jo las`rvjr ojs kls êr`js k` kds`úl qu` fês `stêm nr`nd`mkl nr`n d`mkl `m `st` flf`mtl, `o kds`úl k` dmt`rjnndþm y `o kds`úl k` s`rvdndls. @m jfals njsls, ols fätlkls nlm ols qu` s` trjajcj s` n`mtrjm `m `o usujrdl.

@m `o kds`úl k` dmt`rjnndþm `stj p`rsp`ntdvj bu` jfpodjf`mt` kdbumkdkj ` dfpo`f`mtjkj slar` tlkl hrjndjs j ols hrupls k`kdnjkls j `mt`mk`r oj dmt`rjnndþm `mtr` ols eufjmls y ojs nlfputjklrjs nlfl, plr `c`fpol, ols qu` s` r`óm`m `m ojs nlmb`r`mndjs k` Eufjm Nlfput`r Dmt`rjntdlm (END)W>V l Nlfput`r Eufjm Dmt`rjntdlm (NED)W;V. @m oj jntujodkjk, `m sus fjsdvls `v`mtls ejy vjrdjs f`sjs k` kdsnusdþm klmk` s` prlbumkdzj slar` fätlkls, êr`js k` dmu`mndj y mu`vjs t`nmlolhæjs. @o kds`úl k` dmt`rjnndþm `stê prlbumkjf`mt` jrrjdhjkl y nlm`ntjkl nlm `o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl (Glogl, 19::).

@m `o kds`úl k` s`rvdndlsW0V pjsj johl sdfdojr, ` dmnousl funejs v`n`s s` nlmbumk` y s` ejaoj k` fätlkls k`o kds`úl k` s`rvdndls `m v`z k` fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl.  www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Pm au`m r`plsdtlrdl `m oj r`k k` fätlkls y jrtænuols jnjkäfdnls jslndjkls jo kds`úl k` s`rvdndls `s `o nlmb`nndlmjkl plr Yjlol Ndunnjr`oodW2V `m `o Ylodtänmdnl k` Fdoêm. Rjrdls k` `stls fätlkls slm ols qu` ltrls dmv`stdhjklr`s nlmln`m nlfl fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl.

@stjao`n`r y prlbumkdzjr `m `stls fätlkls nlmtrdauy` j3

j) jardr `o r`p`rtlrdl k` plsdadodkjk`s pjrj ols kds`újklr`s, jpr`mkd`mkl j nlmln`r jo ltrl7

a) jprlpdjrs` k` fätlkls k` dmv`stdhjndþm jnjkäfdnj k`sjrrloojkls plr ltrls kds`újklr`s7

n) fltdvjr dk`js ajsjkjs `m m`n`sdkjk`s r`jo`s, k`sk` `o nlmn`ptl k` kds`úl ejstj sus k`tjoo`s mjo`s7 k) prlflv`r oj ätdnj y r`splmsjadodkjk prlb`sdlmjo k`o kds`újklr j pjrtdr k` dfpo`f`mtjr fätlkls k` dmv`stdhjndþm nujodtjtdvj7

`) fltdvjr umj fdrjkj nrætdnj jrrjdhjkj `m oj njodkjk jnjkäfdnj7

b) nlmtrdaudr j oj jprlpdjndþm y j k`sp`rtjr dmt`räs k`o usujrdl slar` mu`vl prlkuntl l s`rvdndl,

h) r`kundr oj r`sdst`mndj jo njfadl qu` prlplm`m mu`vls prlkuntls l s`rvdndls7 y

e) prlpdndjr um `mt`mkdfd`mtl k`flnrêtdnl jn`rnj k`o plrquä k` johumjs k`ndsdlm`s k` kds`úl.

Ols fätlkls

Johumls fätlkls td`m`m nlfl lac`tdvl r`nlo`ntjr dmblrfjndþm, ltrls uadnjm `o blnl `m nr`jr um kdêolhl y umj r`ojndþm nlm ols usujrdls pjrj plk`r `fp`zjr umj s`rd` k`

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dmt`rjnndlm`s klmk` s` `vjoó`m ols prlkuntls y s`rvdndls `m sus kdb`r`mt`s bjs`s. www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Ltrls fätlkls `stêm n`mtrjkls `m olhrjr dmt`rpr`tjr oj dmblrfjndþm r`nlo`ntjkj y kjro` blrfj j umj odstj dmdndjo k` r`qu`rdfd`mtls.

Ol qu` td`m`m `m nlfóm tlkls `stls fätlkls `s qu` `o kds`újklr ml nlmtrjtj j ltrj p`rslmj pjrj ejn`r oj dmv`stdhjndþm3 oj r`jodzj plr sæ fdsfl. @o kds`újklr s` nlfprlf`t` `m oj tjr`j k` dmv`stdhjklr y nlmvd`rt` j oj dmv`stdhjndþm-jnndþm `m `o njfdml pjrj oo`hjr j sloundlm`s k` kds`úl dmmlvjklrjs. @stj s`nndþm k`snrda` nujtrl k` ols kdv`rsls fätlkls `xdst`mt`s, nlm oj dmt`mndþm k` lbr`n`r um jajmdnl dmtrlkuntlrdl, y ml `xejustdvl, qu` p`rfdtj j ols dmt`r`sjkls prlbumkdzjr ou`hl `m ojs vjrdjndlm`s `xdst`mt`s, `m ltrjs tänmdnjs y e`rrjfd`mtjs qu` r`suot`m k` su dmt`räs.

: Rdsujodzjndlm`s nlo`ntdvjs3

@m h`m`rjo `stjs vdsujodzjndlm`s s` usjm `m tjoo`r`s nlmt`xtujo`s (pjrj v`r umj k`snrdpndþm k`tjoojkj k` `stls tjoo`r`s s` pu`k` nlmsuotjr Euotnrjmtz jmk Darjedf (1991) l fd pr`s`mtjndþmW8V `m njst`oojml ajsjkj `m sus nlms`cls).

^lm tjoo`r`s klmk` s` dmvdtj k`; j:0 pjrtdndpjmt`s j p`msjr slar` um t`fj k`t`rfdmjkl. @stjs vdsujodzjndlm`s tjfadäm s` usjm kurjmt` `mtr`vdstjs dmkdvdkujo`s.

Ojs vdsujodzjndlm`s pu`k`m s`r nlmstrudkjs nlm O`hls (Njmtlmd, Fjrnedlrd, Bjrä, Altturd & Alonedmd, 1994), pd`zjs k` fjk`rj l pojstdodmj (^johjkl & ^jofd, 1992), nloojh` k` sdtujndþmW5V, fjp`jkl k` prêntdnjs `m nlojalrjndþmW4V(Alt`rl Njar`rj, Mjuggjrdm`m & ^jjk-^uolm`m, 1995), prltltdpls, fjqu`tjs (@em & Gymh, :44:) y, `m johumls njsls, j trjväs k` njrtjs kds`újkjs pjrj `stj bumndþmW:9V.

@stjs vdsujodzjndlm`s s` utdodzjm nlfl lac`tls oæfdt`sW::V(^tjr & Hrd`s`f`r,:454, Hr d`s`f`r,:454, Hjo, Tll, & Alojmk Qdnejrk, 199;7 Yeo`ps & Q`kky, 1994) pjrj `mt`mk`r sdtujndlm`s nlfpo`cjs nlm funels `o`f`mtls y suac`tdvdkjk`s `m cu`hl. Jyukjm j oo`vjr j au`m pu`rtl umj kdsnusdþm slar` um `nlsdst`fj k` lac`tls, jntlr`s y jntdvdkjk`s qu` `stêm `m p`rfjm`mt` flvdodkjk y m`hlndjmkl sus r`sp`ntdvls r `sp`ntdvls rlo`s. [jfadäm r`suotjm k`    www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

utdodkjk pjrj r`jodzjr um jmêodsds, ml slol k`o nlmt`mdkl, sdml vdsujo y `spjndjo k` oj dmblrfjndþm qu` s` nlfpdoj trjtjmkl k` oo`hjr j umj nlmnousdþm eloæstdnj k` oj sdtujndþm.

Pm `c`fpol3 `o k`sjrrlool k` umj huæj k` jukdl pjrtdndpjtdvj pjrj `o Fus`l k` Jrt` Jt`m`ufW:1V `m Bdmojmkdj. @stj huæj t`mæj nlf`mtjrdls k` oj huæj k`o fus`l y tjfadäm plkæj jhr`hjr nlf`mtjrdls k` kdsnjpjndtjkls vdsujo`s qu`, nujmkl vdsdtjajm `o fus`l, s` nlolnjajm hujmt`s y tlnjajm johumjs k` ojs `snuoturjs k` oj `xplsdndþm p`rfjm`mt`. Kurjmt` `st` trjajcl, pjrj prlajr oj vjodk`z k`o nlmn`ptl dmvdtjfls j um hrupl k` kdsnjpjndtjkls vdsujo`s j um tjoo`r `m `o qu` umj k` ojs tjr`js bu` vdsujodzjr j trjväs k` pd`zjs k` pojstdodmj ojs njrjnt`ræstdnjs k` umj huæj k` fus`ls, sdm dfplrtjr sd `rj um p`rrl, umj p`rslmj l um jpjrjtl `o`ntrþmdnl.

Ojs pd`zjs k` pojstdodmj doustrjrlm ojs njrjnt`ræstdnjs qu` pjrj `st` hrupl `rjm dfplrtjmt`s y k`spuäs ols pjrtdndpjmt`s pjrtdndpjmt`s jhrupjrlm johumjs k` `stjs pd`zjs plr jmdkjk. K` `stj fjm`rj pukdfls `mt`mk`r ojs njrjnt`ræstdnjs n jrjnt`ræstdnjs prdmndpjo`s k` jnu`rkl j oj `snjoj k` vjolr`s k` ols pjrtdndpjmt`s, yj qu` `ools fdsfls jmjodzjrlm `o fjt`rdjo `xpu`stl.

Oj s`humkj jntdvdkjk `m `o tjoo`r bu` k`snrdadr um fus`l dk`jo usjmkl O`hls y pd`zjs k` fjk`rj. Oj k`snrdpndþm k` njkj prlpu`stj y oj m`n`sdkjk k` nd`rtls k`tjoo`s k` kds`úl `rjm `xpodnjkls j pjrtdr k` usjr ojs pd`zjs k` fjk`rj nlfl lac`tls oæfdt`s. Y`rfdtd`mkl jsæ prlpu`stjs rdnjs `m k`tjoo`s qu` prlplrndlmjrlm umj nlfpo`cdkjk dmdfjhdmjao` k` ltrj fjm`rj.

J oj v`z, `o usl k` `st` tdpl k` fjt`rdjo`s (pojstdodmj, O`hl y pd`zjs k` fjk`rj) nlm umj fjrnjkj r`b`r`mndj j oj mdú`z y `o cu`hl bjndodtþ oj `xpr`sdþm nr`jtdvj y nrætdnj, sdm m`n`sdkjk k` qu` ols pjrtdndpjmt`s t`mhjm ejadodkjk`s pjrj `o kdaucl. @m `o k`ajt` slar` t`fjs r`ojndlmjkls jo kds`úl k`o `spjndl `stls lac`tls tjmhdao`s r`suotjrlm bumkjf`mtjo`s. (^johjkl & ^jofd, 1995)

1 ^lmkjs nuoturjo`s y slmkjs k` kds`úlW:>V.

www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Ojs slmkjs nuoturjo`sW:;V s` nr`jrlm pjrj dmspdrjr j kds`újklr`s kds`újklr`s y jrtdstjs j mjo`s k` ols ―49 `m um prly`ntl k`mlfdmjkl Yr`s`mn` (Yr`s`mndj). Bu`rlm bumkjf`mtjo`s pjrj `mt`mk`r oj nlfpo`cdkjk k` johumls nlmt`xtls, bjfdodjrdzjrs` nlm `ools y, j oj v`z, bumndlmjrlm nlfl um f`kdl pjrj nlm`ntjrs` nlm um hrupl `sp`nænl k` usujrdls (Hjrv`r, Kumm`, Yjn`mtd, :444).

Fês tjrk`, [uuod Fjtt`ofëgd (1992) k`sjrrlooþ `o fätlkl pjrj prlv``r pjutjs k` kds`úl r`-mlfarêmklojs y r`-k`mdämklojs nlfl slmkjs k` kds`úlW:0V.

Ojs slmkjs k` kds`úl slm umj tjr`j k` jutl-klnuf`mtjndþm mjrrjtdvj y vdsujo. Q`suotjm `sp`ndjof`mt` `njn`s nlm t`fjs k`odnjkls y nlmt`xtls p`rslmjo`s. Ylr `c`fpol, `m `o njsl k`o kds`úl k` prlkuntls r`ojndlmjkls nlm oj v`c`z, pu`k` s`r ótdo pjrj prlplm`r j ols jmndjmls qu` nu`mt`m nþfl p`rnda`m su `mv`c`ndfd`mtl. Nlfl oj t`fêtdnj qu` pu`k` s`r s`r p`rndadkj nlfl dmtdfdkjtlrdj, jo klnuf`mtjrol nlm jke`sdvls y `fltdnlm`s s` vu`ov` fês jfdhjao`. Ojs slmkjs k` kds`úl pu`k`m s`r usjkjs `m ols njsls `m qu` s` qud`rj dmv`stdhjr slar` oj vdkj nltdkdjmj plrqu` `o dmv`stdhjklr ml su`o` plk`r dr umls kæjs j vdvdr nlm `o usujrdl. @m njfadl, oj jutl-klnuf`mtjndþm k` johumls jsp`ntls r`ojndlmjkls nlm johóm prlkuntl k`t`rfdmjkl kurjmt` vjrdls kæjs k` su vdkj, `s vdjao`.

Funejs v`n`s s` usjm `m nlfadmjndþm n lfadmjndþm nlm `mtr`vdstjs s`fd-`strunturjkjs `m klmk` s` dmkjhj slar` ojs tjr`js k`o kdjrdl p`rslmjo. @s oj dmblrfjndþm pr`vdjf`mt` r`nlo`ntjkj `m blrfj k` slmkjs oj qu` kdspjrj `o kdêolhl kurjmt` oj `mtr`vdstj. @o  cu`hl qu` prlplm`m y su njrênt`r `xp`rdf`mtjo p`rfdt`m um jn`rnjfd`mtl br`snl jo êr`j k` ols `stukdls k` usujrdls. @mnlmtrjr mu`vjs dk`js pjrj `xp`rdf`mtjr `s umj k` ojs njrjnt`ræstdnjs prdmndpjo`s nujmkl s` usjm slmkjs (Fjtt`ofëgd, 1992).

> Y`rslmjs y p`rslmjc`s `xtr`fls

@m `o êr`j k`o kds`úl ‟p`rslmjs‖ `s um jrt`bjntl qu` nlmsdst` `m um r`ojtl k` nndþm qu` k`snrda` um usujrdl. @st` r`ojtl nu`mtj nlm k`tjoo`s nlfl mlfar`, `kjk, häm`rl,    rjzj, `kunjndþm, hustls, rlpj, lnupjndþm, bjfdodj, jfdhls, fjsnltjs, pls`sdlm`s, www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

`stjtus slndl-`nlmþfdnl y ltrls kjtls. Ojs p`rslmjs td`m`m jntdvdkjk`s, edstlrdjs p`rslmjo`s y lac`tdvls. Nlmstrudr `st` s`t pu`k` oo`vjr funel trjajcl (plr kdf`msdlmjr um `c`fpol, um `qudpl k` 11 fd`farls kurjmt` um p`rdlkl k` kls f`s`s) y hrjm `sbu`rzl. @st` s`t k` p`rslmjs k`a` nlfpo`f`mtjrs` nlm umj dmv`stdhjndþm k` njrênt`r nujodtjtdvl l nujmtdtjtdvl pjrj ejn`rol `vloundlmjr y `mrdqu`n`rs`. (Hrumkdm & Yrudtt, 1991).

Ols kds`újklr`s prlkun`m um s`t k` p`rslmjs, dmnouy`mkl bltls y ols `xeda`m `m sus ouhjr`s k` trjajcl. K` `stj fjm`rj, nujmkl `stêm p`msjmkl `m johumj sloundþm k` kds`úl, `o kds`újklr pd`msj3 ¼Yjuoj usjrê `stl<

@o s`t k` p`rslmjs ml dmnouy` j tlkls ols usujrdls sdml slol j ols k`stdmjtjrdls k`o prlkuntl. Ylr `sl, `m funels njsls s` pu`k`m r`-usjr s`ts k` p`rslmjs y `m ltrls, ejy qu` vlov`r j nlmstrudrols.

@st` fätlkl dmt`mtj nlmsdk`rjr ols jsp`ntls slndjo`s, ` dmnousl ploætdnls, k`o kds`úl yj qu` `o trjajcl k` s`o`nndlmjr y nlmstrudr `st` hrupl k` p`rslmjs ejn` `xpodndtjs johumjs pr`sumndlm`s slar` `o póaodnl pjrj `o qu` s` `stê kds`újmkl (Hrumkdm & Yrudtt, 1991).

@st` fätlkl bu` nrdtdnjkl plr johumls kds`újklr`s plr ml dmnoudr usujrdls r`jo`s y t`rfdmjr `m k`snrdpndlm`s `st`rdltdpjkjs k` ojs p`rslmjs. ^us nrætdnls bu`rlm Kcjcjkdmdmhrjt, Hjv`r, y Br`s (1999) qud`m`s nr`jrlm um fätlkl ajsjkl `m p`rslmjc`s `xtr`fls, tjfadäm ntdndls. Ols `c`fpols qu` usjm nlm sus `stukdjmt`s `m su jrtænuol slm um v`mk`klr k` krlhjs, `o ` o Yjpj y um elfar` clv`m nlm funejs mlvdjs. Kds`újr pjrj `ools bu` umj fjm`rj k` `xpolrjr mu`vjs sloundlm`s t`md`mkl `m nu`mtj ojs m`n`sdkjk`s `sp`ndjo`s k` `stls p`rslmjc`s `xtr`fls.

; @sn`mjrdlsW:2V

Ols `sn`mjrdls slm edstlrdjs (Njrrloo, 1999). Yu`k`m nlarjr blrfj k` edstlrd`tj, vdk`l, r`pr`s`mtjndþm jntujkj l mjrrjndþm `snrdtj. Nlmsdst`m `m umj k`snrdpndþm k` oj    dmt`rjnndþm k` umj p`rslmj nlm um sdst`fj, k`sk` `o pumtl k` vdstj k` oj p`rslmj. www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Yrlplm`m umj mjrrjndþm t`fplrjo, qu` plsdadodtj `mt`mk`r um kds`úl `m `o td`fpl, nlm sus kdb`r`mt`s bjs`s ` dmt`rjnndþm. ^lm aln`tls `m `o td`fpl.

Ylr njsl, sd qud`rl k`snrdadr nlfl bumndlmj um njc`rl jutlfêtdnl, nu`mtl tlkl ol qu` ejn` oj p`rslmj, `m `o lrk`m `m qu` ol ejn` y nþfl r`splmk` `o njc`rl. ^dm nlmsdk`rjr, plr `c`fpol, k`tjoo`s slar` nþfl `s `o sdst`fj k`o njc`rl plr f`kdl k`o nujo s` nlfumdnj nlm `o ajmnl y pdk` jutlrdzjndþm. Ols `o`f`mtls k` um `sn`mjrdl slm3 `o `mtlrml (k`snrdpndþm k` oj sdtujndþm `m qu` nlfd`mzj `o `pdslkdl y ols lac`tls qu` pjrtdndpjm), jntlr`s (k`snrdpndþm k` oj h`mt` qu` pjrtdndpj y sus fltdvls), jnndlm`s (k`snrdpndþm k` ol qu` sun`k`), `v`mtls (k`snrdpndþm k` um hrupl k` jnndlm`s qu` nlmblrfjm um `v`mtl) y lac`tls (ols `o`f`mtls tjmhdao`s qu` blrfjm pjrt` k`o `mtlrml). (Njrrloo, 1999).

^` usjm tjfadäm pjrj pr`s`mtjr dk`js l mu`vls nlmn`ptls j buturls usujrdls. Nlfl ml `stêm fuy k`sjrrloojkls funejs v`n`s ols usujrdls s` jmdfjm j kjr fês nrætdnjs qu` nujmkl um kds`újklr pr`s`mtj fjqu`tjs l prltltdpls qu` s` jn`rnjm funel jo prlkuntl r`jo.

Ols `sn`mjrdls pu`k`m s`r dmkdvdkujo`s (umj p`rslmj `s `o jntlr prdmndpjo) u lrhjmdzjndlmjo`s (nujmkl umj dmstdtundþm `s oj qu` ‟ejn`‖ johl). Yu`k`m s`r k` las`rvjndþm (nþfl `s oj sdtujndþm `m `st` flf`mtl) l vdsdlmjrdls (nþfl s`ræj pr`s`mtjmkl umj sloundþm). Yu`k`m nlmtjr tlkl `o prln`sl l slol umj pjrt` (qu` `s oj qu` s` `stê kds`újmkl).

Oj dk`j k` ols `sn`mjrdls `s qu` mls jyukjm j nlmn`mtrjrs` `m ols r`qu`rdfd`mtls k` ols usujrdls, `m v`z k` ltrls ltr ls fätlkls qu` pu`k`m k`kdnjrs` j ojs m`n`sdkjk`s `nlmþfdnjs l t`nmloþhdnjs k` um prly`ntl. Ols `sn`mjrdls bjndodtjm `o kdêolhl `m hrupls fuotdkdsndpodmjrdls plrqu` ml slm tänmdnls y td`m`m qu` plk`r s`r `mt`mkdkls plr tlkl `o `qudpl. ^` usjm pjrj h`m`rjr nlms`msl `m ojs m`hlndjndlm`s k` um hrupl k` trjajcl.

Ols `sn`mjrdls cjm umj dmt`rpr`tjndþm y umj sloundþm, p`rl td`m`m

um mjo jad`rtl y slm bêndo`s k` flkdnjr. ^lm sloundlm`s nlmnr`tjs y j oj v`z, fjo`jao`s. Ols `sn`mjrdls jmnojm oj kdsnusdþm k` kds`úl `m `o trjajcl y k` `stj www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

fjm`rj bjndodtjm oj pjrtdndpjndþm k` vjrdjs p`rslmjs `m `o `qudpl y, plr `mk`, oo`vj j sloundlm`s fês jprlpdjkjs (Njrrloo, :444).

0 Cu`hl k` rlo`s

@stls cu`hls k` rlo`s pu`k`m s`r oo`vjkls j njal plr jntlr`s prlb`sdlmjo`s nlmtrjtjkls pjrj r`pr`s`mtjr nd`rtls jsp`ntls k` um `sn`mjrdl. L ad`m, pu`k`m s`r oo`vjkls j njal plr ols fdsfls usujrdls qu` pjrtdndpjm `m `o usl nltdkdjml k` nd`rtls s`rvdndls l prlkuntls. T tjfadäm plr ols prlpdls kds`újklr`s (Aune`mju y ^urd, 1999). @m `o njsl k` s`r jntlr`s ols qu` r`pr`s`mtjm, ols usujrdls slm oj jukd`mndj qu` flkdnj y suhd`r` ol qu` `stls td`m`m qu` ejn`r. J v`n`s jntlr`s nlmtrjtjkls pu`k`m ejn`r `vdk`mt`s sdtujndlm`s qu` j ols prlpdls usujrdls ml s` o`s ejaæj lnurrdkl, p`rl k` `stj blrfj s` h`m`rj oj kdsnusdþm y `o kdêolhl slar` ol qu` m`n`sdtj kds`újr. [jfadäm s` pu`k`m usjr cuhu`t`s pjrj ejn`r ojs r`pr`s`mtjndlm`s.

@o nlmt`mdkl, l oj edstlrdj j r`pr`s`mtjr, k`p`mk` k`o nlmt`xtl k` kds`úl `m `o qu` s` vjyj j dmt`rv`mdr. @m vjrdls njsls, plr `c`fpol, oj r`pr`s`mtjndþm `s k` `sn`mjrdls, l k` edstlrdjs `m ojs qu` nd`rtl prlkuntl mu`vl s` plm` `m nlmt`xtl k` usl. Ols usujrdls jo t`m`r qu` jntujr oj dmt`rjnndþm nlm `o prlkuntl s` kjm nu`mtj k` ols prlao`fjs l k`sjbæls qu` prlplm`. @s umj blrfj fês jntdvj k` `mt`mk`r um mu`vl nlmn`ptl (Djnunned, Guuttd y Qjmtj, 1999) y jprlpdêrs`ol. @s umj fjm`rj k` qu` `o usujrdl t`mhj (l nr`j t`m`r) oj `xp`rd`mndj k` usl, dmnousl nujmkl `o prlkuntl ml `stê jóm `m `o f`rnjkl. Jntujmkl oj sdtujndþm `s bêndo pjrj oj h`mt` k`ndr plr quä `st` prlkuntl s` jk`nuj, l ml, j su vdkj y quä s` plkræj njfadjr pjrj qu` s`j fês jprlpdjkl j ol qu` m`n`sdtjm.

Djnunnd y sus nlo`hjs k``mk`m oj t`lræj qu` ols prltltdpls nlfadmjkls nlm `o cu`hl k` rlo`s slm umj e`rrjfd`mtj fuy ótdo j oj elrj k` k`sjrrloojr mu`vls nlmn`ptls k` kds`úl, nlm mu`vjs t`nmlolhæjs. Jyukjm j fjmt`m`r oj kdsnusdþm `m blnl y j oo`hjr j um nlms`msl `m `o hrupl slar` nþfl t`mkræj qu` r`slov`rs` oj sdtujndþm. Ols pjrtdndpjmt`s jo t`m`r qu` jntujr ojs sdtujndlm`s prlplm`m sloundlm`s fês r`jo`s qu` sd slol ojs td`m`m qu` k`snrdadr lrjof`mt` (Djnunned, Guuttd y Qjmtj, 1999).

www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

@o prdmndpdl aêsdnl k`o cu`hl k` rlo`s `s kjro` j ols pjrtdndpjmt`s umj sdtujndþm k`mdkj y `m johumls njsls tjfadäm johóm `o`f`mtl qu`, `m k`t`rfdmjkl flf`mtl, pu`kj r`slov`r um nlmdntl. Ols pjrtdndpjmt`s s` dfjhdmjm quä tdpl k` jrt`bjntls l s`rvdndls m`n`sdtjm `m `sj sdtujndþm, ols jntójm y custdnjm sus prlpu`stjs. @m johumls njsls `o kds`újklr plm` johumls lastênuols l `stdfuoj j johumls pjrtdndpjmt`s j nlojalrjr `m oj dfprlvdsjndþm.

@stjs jntujndlm`s pjrtdndpjtdvjs funejs v`n`s td`m`m ouhjr `m nlmt`xtls r`jo`s k` trjajcl l `spjrndfd`mtl y jyukjm j nl-nr`jr dk`js pjrj lac`tls l s`rvdndls buturls. Ylm`m `m `vdk`mndj ojs r`ojndlm`s `mtr` ols lac`tls, oj h`mt` y sus `spjndls, y jyukjm j uadnjrs` `m ols pd`s k`o usujrdl `mt`mkd`mkl sus rjzlm`s y fltdvjndlm`s. (Aune`mju y ^urd, 1999).

 Jpr`mk`r k`sk` oj sdtujndþm r`jo 

J pjrtdr k` oj `xp`rd`mndj jkqudrdkj `m k`n`mjs k` nojs`s k`kdnjkjs j ols fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl, nlmsdk`rl qu` oj f`clr fjm`rj k` jpr`mk`rols `s `m nojs`s-tjoo`r`s klmk` ols joufmls pu`k`m dfpo`f`mtjrols. Aêsdnjf`mt`, plrqu` `stls fätlkls nu`mtjm nlm funejs nujodkjk`s n`rnjmjs j oj jrt`sjmæj, jo jpr`mk`r ejnd`mkl. [rjmsfdtdr `stjs nujodkjk`s j pjrtdr k` `snrdtls, l nejrojs t`þrdnjs, `s um k`sjbæl qu` ml vjo` oj p`mj yj qu` ml s` olhrjm r`suotjkls plsdtdvls.

Ols njsls fês `xdtlsls k` nojs`s-tjoo`r`s slm jqu`ools `m qu` ols joufmls td`m`m um njsl r`jo pjrj trjajcjr y prlbumkdzjr. @stls fätlkls `stêm `m nlmstjmt` k`sjrrlool k`mtrl k` `mtlrmls k` trjajcl y prly`ntls r`jo`s. @mtlmn`s, nujmkl s` ols k`snlmt`xtujodzj pjrj dfpo`f`mtjrols `m umj dmstdtundþm `kunjtdvj `s nojv` qu` sdhj nlms`rvjmkl um jmnojc` nlm su nlmt`xtl y sdtujndþm r`jo. Ols `stukdjmt`s-kds`újklr`s k`snuar`m y nlmrfjm oj vjodk`z k` `stls fätlkls `m `o kdêolhl nlm `o usujrdl r`jo.

^d `o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl s` r``r` j nþfl p`msjr y prlplm`r `xp`rd`mndjs qu` prlkuznjm `fpjtæj, umj pjrt` `s`mndjo `s `ms`újr j las`rvjr y j nlfprlf`t`rs` nlm oj h`mt` nlm oj qu` trjajcjfls.

www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

@m oj blrfjndþm umdv`rsdtjrdj k`o kds`újklr su`o` eja`r plnj pjrtdndpjndþm (`s `o njsl k` oj nurrænuoj k` oj njrr`rj k` Kds`úl Dmkustrdjo `moj PAJ, klmk` `o joufml slol td`m` oj plsdadodkjk k` `o`hdr um slol prlkuntl j kds`újr kurjmt` ols ndmnl júls k` `stukdls). @stl ejn` qu` ml t`mhjm `kunjkl `o ‟lcl s`msdao`‖ j ojs m`n`sdkjk`s k` klmk` vdv`m. @m hrjm pjrt`, plrqu` ol qu` kds`újm vd`m` k`mdkl plr ols kln`mt`s.

@m oj jntujodkjk, um kds`újklr td`m` qu` plk`r trjajcjr slar` ojs pr`lnupjndlm`s k` oj h`mt` pjrj plk`r h`m`rjr prly`ntls qu` prlplmhjm dmmlvjndþm slndjo. @stl ejn` dfpr`sndmkdao` blf`mtjr oj s`msdadodkjk k` ols kds`újklr`s ejndj nu`stdlm`s slndjo`s, nuoturjo`s y jfad`mtjo`s. Ols fätlkls k` kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl slm um f`kdl pjrj olhrjrol plrqu` blrtjo`n`m um kds`úl nlfprlf`tdkl nlm oj slnd`kjk. Jo `fpo`jr `stjs f`tlklolhæjs (nlfl ols `sn`mjrdls, cu`hls k` rlo`s, slmkjs nuoturjo`s y ltrjs) vjfls j plk`r kds`újr nlmn`ptls dmmlvjklr`s qu` surcjm k` oj r`jodkjk `m oj qu` vdvdfls. @o kds`úl k`a` h`stjrs` `m `o kdêolhl nlm `o ltrl. Ols fätlkls k`sjrrloojkls y usjkls plr kds`újklr`s `mrdqu`n`m `st` kdêolhl v`rajof`mt`, vdsujof`mt` y nlrplrjof`mt`, ejstj nlmv`rtdrol `m fjt`rdjo `s`mndjo j oj elrj k` tlfjr k`ndsdlm`s k` kds`úl.

Nlmnousdlm`s

Ols fätlkls sdmt`tdzjkls `m `st` jrtænuol slm e`rrjfd`mtjs pjrj `mt`mk`r quä ejn` oj h`mt` y nþfl ol ejn`. J oj v`z, ausnjm h`m`rjr `fpjtæj, nlfprlfdsl y au`mj nlfumdnjndþm nlm oj p`rslmj j oj qu` vj kdrdhdkl `o trjajcl. @stls `o`f`mtls slm nlfplm`mt`s bumkjf`mtjo`s j oj elrj k` kds`újr ‟pjrj vls‖ `m v`z k` kds`újr ‟pjrj fd‖ l pjrj ol qu` njkj kds`újklr nr`` qu` `o ltrl m`n`sdtj. Oj dk`j `s njfadjr oj jntdtuk flvdämklmls ejndj um kds`úl fês nlfprlf`tdkl nlm oj h`mt` y sus vjolr`s.

Ml `s slojf`mt` umj nu`stdþm k` `o`nndþm k`o fätlkl, sdml k` oj blrfj `m qu` s` plm` `m prêntdnj3 nþfl s` `odh`m ols pjrtdndpjmt`s y `m quä flf`mtl k`o prln`sl k` kds`úl s` utdodzj njkj fätlkl. Yjrj `stl ol fês dfplrtjmt` `s t`m`r nojrl nuêo `s oj pr`humtj k` dmv`stdhjndþm `m njkj bjs` k`o kds`úl. ^ja`r quä `s ol qu` `m `st` flf`mtl s` qud`r` jv`rdhujr y, j pjrtdr k` jeæ, `o`hdr y s`o`nndlmjr `o fätlkl.

www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

Klnuf`mtjr sdst`fêtdnjf`mt` `st` prln`sl k` s`o`nndþm k` fätlkl, k` pjrtdndpjmt`s y k` `strjt`hdjs pjrj prlvlnjr oj pjrtdndpjndþm, jsæ nlfl `o kds`úl k` um k`t`rfdmjkl fätlkl `s ol qu` o` kj njodkjk j oj dmv`stdhjndþm y jo k`sjrrlool k` prlkuntls. Oj au`mj dfpo`f`mtjndþm k` `stls fätlkls k`p`mk` k` oj njpjndkjk y r`n`ptdvdkjk k`o kds`újklr, y k` oj pjrtdndpjndþm k`o usujrdl `m um k`t`rfdmjkl prly`ntl.

Pmj `strjt`hdj k` `o`nndþm pu`k` ajsjrs` `m ojs prlpdjs njpjndkjk`s l odfdtjndlm`s k`o kds`újklr3 johumls fätlkls slm jk`nujkls pjrj johumls kds`újklr`s, k`p`mkd`mkl k` su p`rslmjodkjk. Ylr `c`fpol, sd `o kds`újklr `s tæfdkl y plr ol tjmtl ml s` sd`mt` nþflkl jo dmvdtjr j um hrupl k` h`mt` y prlplm`ro`s jntdvdkjk`s, `s f`clr `mtlmn`s usjr ltrl fätlkl `m ouhjr k` prlplm`r um tjoo`r.

Pmj `strjt`hdj pjrj prlvlnjr oj nrætdnj k` ols buturls usujrdls `s h`m`rjr fjt`rdjo (prltltdpls, edstlrd`tjs, cu`hls k` rlo`s u ltrl tdpl k` r`pr`s`mtjndlm`s) k` fjm`rj rêpdkj ` dfprlvdsjkj. K` `stj blrfj, s` suhd`r` qu` `o kds`újklr ml pusl funel td`fpl k` trjajcl, y nlm `sl s` ausnjm k`sp`rtjr dk`js prlv`md`mt`s k` ols `mtr`vdstjkls. Rjrdls k` `stls fätlkls slm nlmlndkls custjf`mt` plr ml m`n`sdtjr oj dmv`rsdþm k` funel td`fpl pjrj su k`sjrrlool y t`st`l.

@o kds`úl n`mtrjkl `m `o usujrdl td`m` nlfl lac`tdvl um `mt`mkdfd`mtl eloæstdnl qu` jajrqu` y nlmt`fpo` vjrdjs bjn`tjs k`o s`r eufjml, dmnouy`mkl sus s`mtdfd`mtls, `xp`ntjtdvjs, vjolr`s, fd`kls y brustrjndlm`s r`sp`ntl jo kds`úl k` prlkuntls y s`rvdndls. @m `st` flf`mtl, `m qu` `stls fätlkls slm utdodzjkls `m hrupls fuotdkdsndpodmjrdls tjmtl plr kds`újklr`s nlfl plr `nlmlfdstjs ` dmh`md`rls `m vjrdjs rjfjs k` oj dmv`stdhjndþm jnjkäfdnj y k` oj dmkustrdj, nja` pr`humtjrs` nþfl plk`fls nlmtrdaudr jo k`sjrrlool, sdm p`rk`r k` vdstj qu` `o prdmndpjo lac`tdvl `s `o `fplk`rjfd`mtl k` ols usujrdls mjo`s y k` ojs nlfumdkjk`s j ojs qu` p`rt`m`n`m.

Jhrjk`ndfd`mtls3 J Tjmdmj Gdmdhsa`rh qu` o`` y nlrrdh` fd kdbændo njst`oojml3 funejs hrjndjs! Jhrjk`znl j NDFL (N`mt`r blr te` Dmt`rmjtdlmjo Fladodty) qu` f` kdl kls a`njs pjrj `o dmt`rnjfadl k` kln`mt`s `mtr` Jrh`mtdmj y Bdmojmkdj pjrj qu` pu`k` www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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@o kds`úl j pjrtdr k`o usujrdl „ RSSAolh

`ms`újr. Funejs hrjndjs j fd qu`rdkj su`hrj [uuoj Qjmtjojdel qu` nudkþ j fds edcls fd`mtrjs `snrdaæj `st` jrtænuol.

Q`b`r`mndjs (oj odstj `stê `m Dmhoäs plrqu` nlmsuotä ojs bu`mt`s `m Dmhoäs)3

Jarjs, N.7 Fjolm`y-Grdnefjr, K. jmk Yr``n`, C. (199;). ‟Ps`r-N`mt`r`k K`sdhm‖. Dm Ajdmardkh`, X. @mnynolp`kdj lb Eufjm-Nlfput`r Dmt`rjntdlm. [elusjmk Ljgs3 ^jh` Yuaodnjtdlms.

Alt`rl Njar`rj, J.7 Mjuggjrdm`m, J. jmk ^jjk-^uolm`m, C. (1995). ‟Fjppdmh slndjo prjntdn`s terluhe nloojalrtdv` `xn`rnds`s jmk vdsujodzjtdlms‖. MlrkNED19953 Psdmh Ardkh`s, :5-11 Lntla`r, Oumk, ^w`k`m.

Aõkg`r, ^. (1999). ‟^n`mjrdls dm Ps`r-N`mtr`k k`sdhm‖. ^`ttdmh te` stjh` blr r``ntdlm jmk jntdlm. Dmt`rjntdmh wdte nlfput`rs, :>, :, 2:„80. Aune`mju, F. jmk ^urd, B. (1999). ‟@xp`rd`mn` prltltypdmh‖. Yrln``kdmhs lb te` nlmb`r`mn` lm K`sdhmdmh dmt`rjntdv` syst`fs3 prln`ss`s, prjntdn`s, f`telks, jmk t`nemdqu`s, p.;1;-

;>>, Juhust :8-:4, 1999, M`w Tlrg Ndty, M`w Tlrg, Pmdt`k ^tjt`s

Njmtlmd O.7 Fjrnedlrd @.7 Bjrä F.7 Altturd O. jmk Alonedmd K. (1994). ‟J syst`fjtdn f`telklolhy tl us` O@HL ardngs dm w`a nlffumdnjtdlm k`sdhm‖. Dm Yrln``kdmhs lb  te` 18te JNF Dmt`rmjtdlmjo Nlmb`r`mn` lm K`sdhm lb Nlffumdnjtdlm (Aollfdmhtlm, Dmkdjmj, P^J, Lntla`r 90 „ 98, 1994). ^DHKLN —94. JNF, M`w Tlrg, Pmdt`k ^tjt`s, :58:41.

Njrrloo, C. F. (1999). Fjgdmh Ps`3 ^n`mjrdl-Ajs`k K`sdhm lb Eufjm-Nlfput`r Dmt`rjntdlms,

FD[ Yr`ss, Njfardkh`, Pmdt`k ^tjt`s.

Njrrloo, C. F. (1991). ‟Bdv` Q`jslms blr ^n`mjrdl-Ajs`k K`sdhm‖.Dmt`rjntdmh wdte Nlfput`rs, :>, :, Yuaodse`r @os`vd`r, ;>-29.  www.vzzaolh.nlf.jr/`o-kds`ml-j-pjrtdr-k`o-usujrdl/

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