El Descanzo Laboral en Bolivia

 

4.ºTRÏ 4.º TRÏ BY RK ABYIDKYJ NDMJ]DN BK MJNOPOD: 4.4. IJKIBWQJ8 Bn absidksj bs nd jmnoedioùk qub tbkb bn bfpnbdajr ab suspbkabr nds drbds abn rdmdhdajr ijk bn jmhbj ab nd pjsoioùk ab sus bkbreæds `soids y fbkdnbs jroeokdads pjr nd prbsdioùk ab sus sbrvoiojs.

Kubsrj pdæs dn rbijkjibr ijkstuiojkdnfbkb fbaodkb su Dr. 9 nd rbnoeoùk idùnoid, cd dajpdaj bn sosbfd ab absidksj drrdoedaj absab tbfpjs dkteujs nndfdaj8 Cbmajfdadroj, dn ijksoabrdr ukd sbfdkd ab sobb aæds iudkaj njs pubmnjs abaoidmdk uk aæd ab nd sbfdkd dn iunj ab sus aovokoadabs, y rbeundaj huræaoidfbkb bk iufpnofobkj dn Ijkvbkoj 41 ab nd J.OQ. ab 4?=4, bn absidksj ijktkudaj ab =1 cjrds idad sbos aæds (bn ajfokej trdaoiojkdn).

Kjrfdnfbkb bn absidksj sb suhbd dn iufpnofobkj ab njs aæds cämonbs y brodajs j ajfokejs, pbrj bxosbk pdrtiundroadabs bk nds qub, kj sb soeub bsb pdrùk nbeosndaj, dn iudn sb ad bk njs ibkrjs ndmjrdnbs qub, pjr sus idrdibræstids sb tbkb qub rdmdhdr pjr bquopjs, rjnbs j pukds, bk njs iudnbs njs absidksjs sjk abkoajs ab diubraj d rjn ab urkjs< nnbedkaj njs aæds kjrfdnfbkb brodajs d sbr kjrfdnfbkb ndmjrdmnbs y njs aæds kjrfdnfbkb cämonbs ab rdmdhj rbsundk pdrd bnnjs ab absidksj j okcämonbs.

4.=. COYQJ]OD _ J]OEBK ABN ABYIDKXJ ABN Q]DMDHJ8

ºWJ] TRÏ JICJ CJ]DY NDMJ]DNBY: Bsb 4 ab fdyj sb ibnbmrd bn Aæd abn Qrdmdhj, Qrdmdhj , qub rokab cjfbkdhb d nd nuicd pjr rbauior d jicj bn køfbrj ab cjrds ndmjrdnbs, pbrj ºab aùkab sureoù bsb køfbrj bxdij qub ub mdsb ab nd rbovokaoidioùk jmrbrd absab kdnbs abn soenj SOS: QJAJ QOBKB YR J]OEBK BK ND ]BPJNRIOÙK OKARYQ]ODN. OKARYQ]ODN. Bk 4330 nd nby bk pdæsbs ijfj Bsdajs Rkoajs pbrfod qub nd hjrkdad ndmjrdn sbd ab cdsd 43 cjrds, ub iudkaj ijfbkzù nd nuicd jmrbrd pdrd qub bsj idfmodrd y njs rdmdhdajrbs rbiomdk uk absidksj fbrbioaj.

 

Nd oabd ab qub bn qub  bn køfbrj ab cjrds abstkdads dn rdmdhj sbd ab jicj ub abn mroäkoij ]jmbr Jwbk, ukadajr ukadajr abn sjiodnosfj okenïs, qub pjs pjsundm undmdd qub nd prjs prjspbroa pbroada da ab nd pjmndioùk sjnj pjaæd bxostr ijk ijkaoiojkbs bquodtvds pdrd njs rdmdhdajrbs. @ub ïn quoïk pjsunù bk 4345 qub bkædk qub bxostr „jicj cjrds ab rdmdhj, jicj cjrds ab rbirbj, jicj cjrds ab absidksj‖.

Nd prjpubsd `ub dijeoad y dijeoad  y njs Yokaoidjs ijfbkzdrjk nd ndred nuicd pjr ijksbeuor ukd hjrkdad ndmjrdn ab 3 cjrds, cubneds b okinusj fdsdirbs uvobrjk qub suibabr pdrd qub nd oabd kdnfbkb ubrd dibpdad bk 4?4? pjr nd Jredkozdioùk Okbrkdiojkdn abn Qrdmdhj (JOQ). Bk Mjnovod ub nd ub nd Bfprbsd Fokbrd 'Nd Ydnvdajrd' ab Yofùk Wdtôj  ub nd profbrd bk bsdmnbibr nd hjrkdad ndmjrdn ab 3 cjrds, bsj ub bk 4?4? dkbs ab qub bxosd ukd nbeosndioùk bspbiæid sjmrb bn bfd bk bn pdæs, yd qub bn rddaj ab nd JOQ sb rdtiù rbioïk bk 4?=1. ºIuän bs nd jroebk ab nd pdndmrd sdndroj: Nd pdn pdndmr dmrdd sd sdndr ndroj oj  tb tbkb kb su jroe jroebk bk bk bn Of Ofpb pbro roj j ]j ]jfd fdkj kj.. Bk bs bsdd ïpji ïpjidd nj njss sj sjna nada dajs js y ukiojkdrojs rbiomædk bn pdej bk sdn, uk prjauij fuy vdnojsj qub dabfäs ab sbrvor pdrd sdzjkdr y bvodr nd abscoarddioùk sb utnozdmd pdrd ijksbrvdr dnofbkjs, ijfj dktsïptij pdrd nds cbroads y pdrd abbkbr cbfjrrdeods.

Bs Bsj js pdq pdqub ubbs ab sdn rb rbio iom moa oajs js,, y qub abs bspu puïs ïs br brddk ut utno nozd zdaj ajss ijf ijfj fj fjkb kba ad ab idfmoj, rbiomædk bn kjfmrb ab sdndrouf, sdndrouf, ïrfokj qub abrovù bk nd pdndmrd sdndroj. Ijk bn pdsj abn tbfpj nd sdn ub rbbfpndzdad pjr aokbrj y dcjrd su usj sb rbbrb dn pdej fjkbdroj pjr uk rdmdhj rbdnozdaj.

4.9. IJFWBKYDIOÙK WJ] CJ]DY BSQ]DY Nds cjrds ab rdmdhj ab njs bfpnbdajs bsäk suhbds d nds kjrfds bstpundads bk nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj y bk bn Abirbj pjr bn qub sb prjfuned bn ]bendfbkj ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj. Nds cjrds kjrfdnbs ab rdmdhj sjk 3 cjrds dn aæd y 13 cjrds d nd

 

sbfdkd (bxinuybkaj njs absidksjs). Nds cjrds ab rdmdhj sbfdkdnbs kjrfdnbs pdrd fuhbrbs y fbkjrbs (fbkjrbs ab 43 dôjs) sb rbauibk d 17 cjrds. Nd Ndss aos aospj pjsoi soiojk ojkbs bs rbn rbndtvd dtvdss d nds cjrds ab rd rdmd mdhj hj kj sb dpnoi dpnoidk dk d njs rd rdmd mdhda hdajrb jrbss eb ebrb rbki kiod odnbs nbs j ab su supb pbrv rvos osoù oùk, k, j bn r rdm dmdh dhj j ab kdu kdurd rdnbz nbzdd ok okb brf rfo obk bkb b aj ajka kabb nj njss rdmdhdajrbs pubabk sbr ijkrddajs aurdkb 4= cjrds dn aæd, sobfprb qub sb nbs aï uk absidksj daoiojkdn ab ukd cjrd. Dabfäs, bn næfob ab cjrds ab rdmdhj pubab bxbkabrsb pdrd njs rdmdhdajrbs pjr urkjs, sobfprb qub nds n ds cjrds prjfbaoj rdmdhdads aurdkb uk pbræjaj ab rbs sbfdkds kj bxibadk nds 3 cjrds pjr aæd. Nds cjrds bxrdjraokdrods sjnj sb pbrfobk ukd vbz qub nd dujroada ab okspbiioùk abn rdmdhj cd dujrozdaj nds cjrds bxrdjraokdrods d sjnoioua abn bfpnbdajr. Rkd vbz qub sb rb rbio iomb mb nd du ujr jroz ozdi dioù oùk, k, njs njs r rdm dmdh dhda dajr jrbs bs pu puba babk bk rb rbdn dnoz ozdr dr cd cds sdd aj ajss cj cjrd rdss bxrdjraokdrods pjr aæd. Wdrd nds cjrds bxrdjraokdrods, d njs rdmdhdajrbs sb nbs pded bn =77% =77% ab abnn sd sdnd ndro roj j kj kjrf rfdn dn (4 (477 77% % ab pr prof ofd) d).. Bn r rdm dmddhdaj hdajrr pu puba babb rb rbdn dnoz ozdr dr cj cjrd rdss bxrdjraokdrodss ab rdmdhj cdsd = cjrds pjr aæd sjnj so bsä dujrozdaj pjr nd Okspbiioùk bxrdjraokdrod ab Qrdmdhj. Yb rbqubrorä qub bn bfpnbdajr sjnoiob pbrfosj ab nd Okspbiioùk d bsb rbspbij y abmb ijfpbksdr bn rdmdhj rbdnozdaj bk bsb tbfpj ijk ukd dsd bquovdnbkb dn 477% sjmrb njs sdndrojs kjrfdnbs abn rdmdhdaj rdmdhdajr. r. Njs rdmdhdajrbs abmbk bkbr absidksjs aurdkb nds cjrds ab rdmdhj. Nd Nby ab Qrdmdhj rbquobrb uk absidksj abspuïs ab idad 2 cjrds ab rdmdhj. Nd aurdioùk fäxofd ab njs absidksjs bs ab = cjrds pjr aæd. Bn pbræjaj ab absidksj aodroj kj sb bspbioid pdrd njs rdmdhdajrbs rdmdhda jrbs ebkbrdnbs< sok bfmdrej, nds rbeundiojkbs ndmjrdnbs rbquobrbk uk pbræjaj ab absidksj aodroj ab 44 cjrds pdrd njs fbkjrbs. @ubkb8 Drs. 10-24 y 22 ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj, 4?9?< Drs.90 y 29 abn Abirbj qub prjfuned bn ]bendfbkj ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj, 4?19 4.1 IJFWBKYDIOÙK WJ] Q]DMDHJ KJIQR]KJ

 

Nds aospjsoiojkbs qub rbeundk bn rdmdhj kjiurkj bk Mjnovod bsäk ijkbkoads bk nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj. Aoicd Nby abkb bn ïrfokj "rdmdhj kjiurkj" ijfj bn rdmdhj rbdnozdaj bk bn okbrvdnj bkrb nds =7877 y nds 70877. Nds cjrds ab rdmdhj aurdkb nd kjicb kj pubabk bxibabr nds 75 cjrds. Nd profd pdrd bn rdmdhj kjiurkj bs abn =2-27% sbeøk nd kdurdnbzd abn rdmdhj. Bn rdmdhj rbdnozdaj aurdkb nd kjicb sbrä rbfukbrdaj bk uk =2% -27% fäs, dabfäs abn sdndroj kjrfdn, abpbkaobkaj ab nd kdurdnbzd abn rdmdhj. 4.2. AÆDY AB ABYIDKYJ IJFWBKYDQJ]OJY Nd Ndss kjr kjrfds fds sjmr sjmrbb njs aæd aædss ab abs absidk idksj sj ijfpb ijfpbksd ksdjr jroj oj pjr pjr rdmd rdmdhdr hdr bk uk aæd ab absidksj sbfdkdn sbfdkdn j aæd bst bstvj vj prjvobkbk ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj y bn Abirbj qub pbrfob bn ]bendfbkj ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj. Ebkbrdnfb Ebkb rdnfbkb, kb, bn rdm rdmdhj dhj aurdk aurdkbb njs aæds bstvjs kj bsä pbrfotaj d fbkj fbkjss qub sbd kbibsdroj pjr nd kdurdnbzd abn rdmdhj, bs abior, abmb sbr ab okbrïs pømnoij ijktkudr cdiobkaj bsb rdmdhj. Dqubnnjs qub rdmdhdk bk aæds ab absidksj sbfdkdn y aæds bstvjs tbkbk abrbicj d rbiomor uk aæd ab absidksj ijfpbksd ijfpbksdjroj jroj aurdkb nd sbfdkd diudn j ukd rbfukbrdioùk bquovdnbkb d ajs vbibs bn sdndroj kjrfdn (=77% abn sdndroj kjrfdn). @ubkb8 Drs.1= y 22 ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj, 4?9?< Drs. 97 y 94 abn Abirbj qub prjfuned bn ]bendfbkj ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj, 4?19 4.0. @OKBY AB YBFDKD / AÆDY IJFWBKYDQJ]OJY Yo njs rdmdhdajrbs abmbk rdmdhdr bk aæds ab absidksj sbfdkdnbs j aæds bstvjs, t tbkbk bkbk abrbicj d jrj aæd ab absidksj aurdkb nd sbfdkd j aupnoidk njs sdndrojs (=77% ab nd drod sdndrodn kjrfdn).

 

@ubkb8 Dr.94 abn Abirbj pjr bn qub sb prjfuned bn ]bendfbkj ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj, 4?19.

=. ºIRÄNBY YJK NJY ABYIDKYJY NBEDNBY BK MJNOPOD: =.4. ABYIDKYJY NBEDNBY Wdrd iudnquobr bfprbsdroj bs ab erdk ofpjrdkiod ijkjibr njs absidksjs qub fdkad nd nby babrdn abn rdmdhj, iùfj sb fdkbhdk y ijfj rbpbriubk bijkùfoidfbkb bk su bfprbsd. Ijkibabr njs absidksjs dn rdmdhdajr rbprbsbkd ukd idred pdrd bn pdrùk pjr qub bsdkaj bn bfpnbdaj dusbkb ab sus ndmjrbs kj prjauib, y fuicds vbibs, bn bfprbsdroj sb vb jmnoedaj d ijkrddr jrd pbrsjkd pdrd qub nj supnd. Dabfäs ab bsj, so bn pdrùk sb vb bk nd kbibsoada ab qub bn rdmdhdajr ndmjrb bk bn aæd qub nb ijrrbspjkab ijfj absidksj sbfdkdn u jmnoedjroj, bkarä qub pdedr uk sdndroj ajmnb, nj qub soekoid bvoabkbfbkb uk dufbkj bk sus ijsjs kjrfdnbs. Bn bfprbsdroj tbkb qub ijkjibr dfmoïk iuänbs sjk nds rbends pdrd bbiudr pdejs bk njs aæds bk qub bn rdmdhdajr prbsd sus sbrvoiojs bk nuedr ab absidksdr. =.=. INDYBY AB ABYIDKYJY NBEDNBY ABYIDKYJ YBFDKDN Bn abs absidk idksj sj sbfdkd sbfdkdn,n, d dfmo fmoïk ïk ijk ijkjio jioaj aj ijf ijfj j abs absidk idksj sj abn sïp sïptfj tfj aæd aæd,, iuf iufpnb pnb ijk nd okbkioùk abn nbeosndajr ab qub pjr idad 0 aæds ndmjrdajs bn rdmdhdajr aosrub ab uk aæd ab absi absidk dksj sj,, pjr pjr nj fb fbkj kjs. s. Nj dk dkb broj rojrr soek soeko oid id qub qub d idfm idfmoj oj abn abn rdm rdmdh dhj j pjr pjr sb sbos os aæ aæds ds ijksbiutvjs, bn rdmdhdajr bkarä abrbicj d abhdr ab ijkiurror d su rdmdhj bn sïptfj aæd ijk aosrub ab su sdndroj. Wbrj dfmoïk pubab suibabr qub nd bfprbsd ijkibad dn rdmdhdajr, ajs aæds ab absidksj d nd sbfdkd bk nuedr ab ukj sjnj y bkjkibs bn rdmdhdajr prbsdrä sus sbrvoiojs aurdkb iokij aæds ijksbiutvjs y absidksdrä njs ajs soeuobkbs. Nj kjrfdn bk kubsrj fbaoj bs qub bn absidksj sbfdkdn sbd bn aæd ajfokej. ABYIDKYJY JMNOEDQJ]OJY

 

Njs absidksjs jmnoedjrojs sjk bicds bspbiodnbs sbôdndads pjr nd Nby bk qub bn rdmdhdajr bsä dujrozdaj pdrd abhdr ab ijkiurror d sus ndmjrbs, ijk bn k ab ijkfbfjrdr dijkbiofobkjs rbnoeojsjs, iævoijs j ab sjnoadroada ijk nd indsb rdmdhdajrd. Njs aæds ab absidksj jmnoedjroj bsdmnbioajs pjr nd nby sjk njs soeuobkbs8  soeuobkbs8   4 ab bkbrj 4 ab fdyj 40 ab sbptbfmrb =7 ab kjvobfmrb =2 ab aoiobfmrb PDIDIOJKBY Nds vdidiojkbs sjk pbrojajs fäs prjnjkedajs ab aæds ab absidksj, d qub sb tbkb abrbicj pjr idad dôj iufpnoaj ab sbrvoiojs. Nd nby bsdmnbib qub pjr bn profbr dôj sb tbkb abrbicj d 0 aæds cämonbs ijksbiutvjs ab vdidiojkbs qub sb dufbkdräk ab = bk = cdsd nnbedr d 4=. Nnbedkaj d bsd iord, nj qub sb njerd bk bn 1 dôj, sb dufbkdräk ajs aæds ab absidksj pjr idad 2 dôjs ab dkteþbada. =.9. ]BFRKB]DIOJKBY WJ] ABYIDKYJY ]BFRKB]DIOÙK WJ] NJY ABYIDKYJY NBEDNBY Ijfj abiædfjs dkbrojrfbkb, aurdkb njs pbrojajs ab absidksj nbedn bn rdmdhdajr tbkb abrbicj d rbiomor su sdndroj sok fbrfd. Yok bfmdrej, bn pdej ab ïsb sb idniund ab fdkbrd aobrbkb so sb rdd ab vdidiojkbs, ab aæds ab absidksj jmnoedjroj j ab sïptfjs aæds. WDEJ ABN ABYIDKYJ YBFDKDN Bn pdej abn sïptfj aæd ækberj ijrrbspjkab sùnj d njs rdmdhdajrbs qub ndmjrdrjk jajs njs aæds ab nd sbfdkd, pubs so dndrjk d su rdmdhj, sb nbs pdedrä bk jrfd prjpjriojkdn derbedkaj ukd sbxd pdrb pjr idad aæd rdmdhdaj so sb jjred uk sjnj aæd ab absidksj, j ajs quokds pdrbs bk idsj ab qub sb ijkibadk i jkibadk ajs aæds d nd sbfdkd. Wjr bhbfpnj, so uk rdmdhdajr tbkb uk sdndroj ab 437 pbsjs aodrojs y absidksd bn ajfokej kjrfdnfbkb, pjr idad aæd rdmdhdaj sb nb dmjkdrä su sdndroj fäs nd n d sbxd pdrb qub bquovdnb d

 

97 pbsjs aodrojs, ab dn fdkbrd qub nd dnd ab uk aæd d nd sbfdkd, nb idusdrä qub sb nb abhb ab pdedr su sdndroj ab bsb aæd fäs nd prjpjrioùk ab 97 pbsjs. Yo ndmjrd ab nukbs d vobrkbs y absidksd sämdaj y ajfokej, dn sdndroj ab 437 pbsjs sb nb dmjkdräk 5= pbsjs qub bquovdnbk d ajs quokds pdrbs, ijfj prjpjrioùk ab sus sïptfjs aæds. Bs abior, d su sdndroj aodroj ab 437 pbsjs sb nb derbedk 5= pbsjs pdrd uk jdn ab =2.=7 pbsjs aodrojs qub, funtpnoidajs pjr njs iokij aæds rdmdhdajs d nd sbfdkd, adk uk jdn ab 4=07 pbsjs qub bs bn fosfj rbsundaj ab funtpnoidr bn sdndroj aodroj ab 437 pjr njs sobb aæds ab nd sbfdkd. Yo bn rdmdhdajr, bk nuedr ab absidksdr bn ajfokej ijfj sïptfj aæd, rdmdhd kjrfdnfbkb bk bsd bicd y absidksd bk jrj aæd ab nd sbfdkd, bkarä abrbicj d nd nndfdad profd ajfokoidn, qub ijksosb bk derbedr d su sdndroj jraokdroj, uk =2% pjr su rdmdhj bk ajfokej. Bsd profd ajfokoidn kj sb pded dn rdmdhdajr qub ndmjrd bk ajfokej iudkaj ijrrbspjkab d su absidksj sbfdkdn pubs, bk bsb idsj, sb nb pdedrä sdndroj ajmnb pjr bn tbfpj rdmdhdaj, pbrj kj sb nb dmjkdrä nd profd abn =2%. =.1. ]BFRKB]DIOÙK AB NJY ABYIDKYJY JMNOEDQJ]OJY Njs absidksjs jmnoedjrojs sb pdedk ijk bn sdndroj kjrfdn abn rdmdhdajr, d pbsdr ab qub ïsb ï sb kj absbfpbôù sus ndmjrbs, pbrj so bn rdmdhdajr bs jmnoedaj d ndmjrdr bk bsds bicds, dabfäs ab su sdndroj jraokdroj qub yd qubaù pdedaj, aosrudrä ab sdndroj ajmnb pjr bn tbfpj qub rdmdhb. Wjr bhbfpnj, so uk rdmdhdajr edkd =77 pbsjs aodrojs, bsd idktada sb nb iumrorä pjr bn aæd profbrj ab fdyj duk qub kj cdyd ndmjrdaj pjr qub pdrtiopù bk nd ibnbmrdioùk ab bsd bicd. Wbrj so bs nndfdaj d rdmdhdr ajs cjrds bsb profbrj ab fdyj, sb nb pdedräk dabfäs 477 pbsjs qub sjk bn rbsundaj ab aovoaor =77 bkrb 3 cjrds pdrd jmbkbr bn sdndroj ab =2 pbsjs pjr cjrd. Ijfj bs aæd ab absidksj jmnoedjroj bsd dsd sb funtpnoid pjr ajs pdrd jmbkbr bn sdndroj ajmnb pjr cjrd qub, funtpnoidaj pjr nds ajs cjrds rdmdhdads, kjs ad bn jdn ab njs 477 pbsjs. =.2. ]BFRKB]DIOÙK WJ] PDIDIOJKBY Dn sdndroj ab njs aæds ab vdidiojkbs, qub sb iumrb dn rdmdhdajr aurdkb jaj bn pbrojaj ab su aosrub, sb nb derbedk, pjr aospjsoioùk abn driunj 37 ab nd nby babrdn abn rdmdhj, bn ofpjrb ab

 

uk =2% pjr ijkibpj ab profd vdidiojkdn, ijk bn prjpùsoj ab qub bn rdmdhdajr iubkb ijk uk okerbsj daoiojkdn d su sdndroj abn pbrojaj vdidiojkdn. Wjr bhbfpnj so uk rdmdhdajr edkd =77 pbsjs aodrojs, y tbkb iudrj dôjs iufpnoajs ab sbrvoiojs, bn ofpjrb ab sus vdidiojkbs sbrä bn rbsundaj ab funtpnoidr su sdndroj pjr 4= aæds, qub nb ijrrbspjkabk i jrrbspjkabk nbednfbkb. Dn rbsundaj ab =177 pbsjs sb nb derbedräk 077 pjr ijkibpj ab profd vdidiojkdn, okabpbkaobkbfbkb ab qub, pjr sbpdrdaj, sb nb pdeubk njs absidksjs sbfdkdnbs u jmnoedjrojs qub sb drdvobsbk bk bn pbrojaj vdidiojkdn, pjr qub nds vdidiojkbs sb aosrudk bk aæds cämonbs. 9. ºIRÄN BY BN AÆD AB ABYIDKYJ AB RK Q]DMDHDAJ]: 9.4. ABYIDKYJ OKQB]NDMJ]DN Wdusd qub sb tbkb dn fbaoj aæd ijk fjtvj ab dnofbkdioùk y rbdnozdr iobrjs dijs mojnùeoijs.  9.=.ABYIDKYJ CBMAJFDAD]OJ Absidksj Cbmajfdadroj Cbmajfdadroj (abn nd k, cbmajfd, sobb, y adroj, aæd). J absidksj ajfokoidn, j sbfdkdn (abn ndk sbpt, sobb y fdkd, fdôdkd< –sobb fdôdkd fdôdkds‟). s‟). Ndpsj ab tbfpj qub ejzd bn rdmdhdajr abspuïs ab sbos aæds ab ndmjr. Bk njs pdæsbs idùnoijs bs bn aæd ajfokej, bk dneukjs bn sämdaj. Qobkb jroebk rbnoeojsj, bn rdmdhdajr rdmdhda jr tbkb nd kbibsoada ab uk aæd pdrd rbkaor iunj d Aojs. Dfmds Dfm ds pdndm pdndmrd rds, s, cbm cbmajf ajfdad dadroj roj y sbf sbfdk dkd, d, sj sjk k sok sokùko ùkofd fds, s, nd pro profbr fbrdd bs usd usdad ad bk Abrbicj y nd sbeukad bk bn nbkeudhb ijrrobkb. Bn absidksj cbmajfdadroj ijfprbkab 9 fjadnoadabs8  FJADNOADABY ABN ABYIDKYJ CBMAJFDAD]OJ  ABYIDKYJ AB RK AÆD. (ABYIDKYJ AJFOKOIDN) Yu jro jroebk ebk bs rbn rbnoeo oeojsj jsj,, oku okubki bkioda odaj j pj pjrr Iro Irostdk stdkosf osfj j y bn Id Idjno jnoios iosfj fj cd cdib ib qu qubb bn rdmdhdajr rdmdhda jr bked nd kbibsoada ab rbkaor iunj d su Aojs. Bsb absidksj sb ad uk ajfokej j uk aæd sämdaj.  ABYIDKYJ AB AÆD _ FBAOJ. (YÄMDAJ OKENÏY) Abn cbmrbj sdmdc, –absidksj‟, –ibsdioùk‟. Yb bsdmnbib bk Okendbrrd. Bs bn absidksj ab nd drab abn sämdaj y jaj bn ajfokej ijk nd okbksoùk (sb qubaj bk bsj8 okbksoùk) ab

 

rbiupbrdr nds iudrj cjrds rbsdkbs abn sämdaj aurdkb nd sbfdkd, rdmdhdk rdmdhdkaj aj ukd cjrd fds nubej ab nds 3 cjrds. Bsb absidksj sb iijksjnoad jksjnoad pjr bn Wrokiopoj prj Jpbrdruf. Bn Wjabr Huaoiodn ab Mjnovod soeub bn sosbfd ab absidksjs abn sämdaj okenïs, pjr qub njs pndzjs ab njs not eojs sjk ddnbs, y kj pubab bn prjibsdaj j abfdkadk abfdkadkbb bspbrdr bn nnukbs ukbs prùxofj. Bsb sämdaj okenbs sb ebkbrdnozd absab 4?27 mdhj nd okubkiod abn njs ijkvbkojs ab 4?4? y nd ab Eïkjvd ab 4?=7. 9.1. ABYIDKYJ AB AJY AÆDY D ND YBFDKD. Yämdaj y ajfokej, bsj bk dbkds qub rbquobrbk ab fdyjr aospbkaoj ab bkbreæds. Dabfäs bn bfpnbdajr tbkb fäs tbfpj pdrd nd fdkubkioùk ab nds fäquokds. Bk Mjnovod bn Wj Wjab abrr Bhbi Bhbiutv utvj j so soeu eubb bs bsd d fj fjad adno noad ada. a. Bn Wj Wjab abrr Nb Nbeo eosn sndtv dtvj j kj dibp dibpd d ko koke keuk ukdd fjadnoada, rdmdhd ab diubraj d sbsojkbs, 07 sbsojkbs jraokdrods, dfpnodmnbs 4=7.  9.2. ABYIDKYJ BKQ]B AJY HJ]KDADY Bs bn pndzj ab tbfpj bkrb uk aæd u jrj. Kjrfdnfbkb ijfprbkab ab 4= d 41 cjrds. Bsb absidksj abrovd abn næfob ab nd prbsdioùk aodrod qub jads nds nbeosndiojkbs tbkbk bsdmnbioaj.  9.0. PDIDIOÙK DKRDN ]BFRKB]DAD Bs uk abrbicj ab jrabk pømnoij abn rdmdhdajr bk vorua abn iudn pubab suspbkabr nd prbsdioùk abn sbrvoioj j dbkd, bk nd jpjrukoada sbôdndad pjr nby sok pïraoad ab rbfukbrdioùk cdmoudn cdmoudn d  k ab dbkabr d njs abmbrbs ab rbsdurdioùk jreä jreäkoid koid y ab voad sjiodn, sobfprb qub cumobrd iufpnoaj ijk njs rbquosojs nbednbs bxoeoajs.  YR ]ÏEOFBK NBEDN . Nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj bk su Dr. 11< bn AY ab 4? ab dejsj ab 4?2= bk su Dr. 4·< bn AY ab 43 ab fdrzj ab 4?37 bk su Dr. 4· bsdmnbibk nd soeuobkb dmnd8 Ab 4 d 2 dôjs ab rdmdhj, 42 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Ab 2 d 47 dôjs ab rdmdhj, =7 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Ab 47 d 97 dôjs ab rdmdhj, 97 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Nd Ndss vdid vdidioj iojkb kbss kj pj pjar aräk äk sb sbrr ijfp ijfpbk bksd sdaj ajss ijk ijk aokb aokbrj rj,, sd sdnv nvj j pdi pdij< j< kj pj pjar aräk äk diufundrsb, sdnvj pdij< nds dnds okhustidads iudkaj jdnoibk 4= sbräk ofpudads d nd vdidioùk. Yo kj sb mbkbiod mbkbio d bk ajs dôjs, prbsiromb.

 

 AÆDY CÄMONBY AB Q]DMDHJ Yjk cämonbs jajs njs aæds, bxibpj njs sbôdndajs pjr bn AY =4707 Dr. 208 • Njs ajfokejs. • 4· Ab Bkbrj. • Nukbs _ Fdrbs Ab Idrkdvdn. • Pobrkbs Ydkj. • 4· Ab Fdyj. • Ijrpus Irost. • 0 Ab Dejsj. • =2 Ab Aoiobfmrb. • Njs dkovbrsdrojs ab ukadioùk abn iidad dad abpdrdfbkj abpdrdfbkj..  ND HJ]KDAD AB Q]DMDHJ BK MJNOPOD YR B@OIDIOD ]BDN Bxosb Bxo sb bs bsdd rbe rbeund undioù ioùk k pjr pjrqu qubb dkbs dkbs ab abnn AY =47 =4707 07 jajs jajs njs sok sokaoi aoid djs, js, erb erbfoj fojs, s, fokosbrojs abindrdmdk uk aæd bstvj ijk suspbksoùk ab ditvoadabs, okinusovb pjr bn iufpnbdôjs abn hbb.

1. ºIRÄNBY YJK NJY ABYIDKYJY WDEDAJY: 

Bn absidksj aodroj, bs ab fækofj ajs cjrds so nd hjrkdad bs aosijktkud< y kj fbkjs ab ukd cjrd ab absidksj nubej ab iufpnoads nds profbrds iokij cjrds so nd hjrkdad bs ijktkød.

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Absidk Abs idksj sj sbf sbfdk dkdn, dn, nj ijk ijkst stuyb uybk k njs aæd aædss ajf ajfoke okejs js pj pjrr rbe rbend nd ebk ebkbrd brdn.n. Ab jr jrfd fd bxibpiojkdn rdmdhdk bk aæd ajfokej nds bfprbsds ab sbrvoiojs pømnoijs.

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Absidksj sdmätij, nd nby pbrfob qub pjr diubraj bkrb pdrbs sb pubad dijdr uk fbaoj aæd fäs ab absidksj.

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Nd vdidioùk dkudn, bn driunj 11 ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj cd soaj fjaoidaj fbaodkb A.Y. K¸45=33 ab 43 ab fdrzj ab 4?37 qub bsdmnbib bk soeuobkb rïeofbk vdidiojkdn8

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Ab 4 d 1 dôjs ab rdmdhj8 42 aæds cämonbs.

 

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Ab 2 d ? dôjs ab rd rdmdhj8 mdhj8 =7 aæds cämonbs.

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Ab 47 dôjs iufpnoajs ab rdmdhj dabndkb8 9 97 7 aæds cä cämonbs. monbs.

2. NDY ID]DIQB]ÆYQOIDY TRB IJFWD]QBK NJY ABYIDKYJY DKQBY FBKIOJKDAJY YJK8 

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Wdedajs. Kj sjk ijfpbksdmnbs bk aokbrj, sdnvj bn idsj ab nds vdidiojkbs dkudnbs nds iudnbs so pubabk sbr pdedads bk bn idsj abn ïrfokj ab nd rbndioùk ndmjrdn.

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Kj sjk diufundmnbs pdrd prjbebr nd n d sdnua abn rdmdhdaj rdmdhdajr. r.

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Nd vdidioùk dkudn bs susibptmnb ab absiubkjs ab nds n ds dnds okhustidads.

ºIuänbs sjk njs absidksjs pdedajs: 

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Bn absidksj aodroj, bs ab fækofj ajs cjrds so nd hjrkdad bs aosijktkud< y kj fbkjs ab ukd cjrd ab absidksj nubej ab iufpnoads nds profbrds iokij cjrds so nd hjrkdad bs ijktkød. Absidksj sbfdkdn, nj ijkstuybk njs aæds ajfokejs pjr rbend ebkbrdn. Ab jrfd bxibpiojkdn rdmdhdk bk aæd ajfokej nds bfprbsds ab sbrvoiojs pømnoijs. Absidksj sdmätij, nd nby pbrfob qub pjr diubraj bkrb pdrbs sb pubad dijdr uk fbaoj aæd fäs ab absidksj. Nd vdidioùk dkudn, bn driunj 11 ab nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj cd soaj fjaoidaj fbaodkb A.Y. K¸45=33 ab 43 ab fdrzj ab 4?37 qub bsdmnbib bk soeuobkb rïeofbk vdidiojkdn8 Ab 4 d 1 dôjs ab rdmdhj8 42 aæds cämonbs. Ab 2 d ? dôjs ab rdmdhj8 rdmdhj8 =7 aæds cämonbs. cämonbs. Ab 47 dôjs iufpnoajs iufpnoajs ab rdmdhj dabndkb8 97 aæds cämonbs. cämonbs.

Nds idrdibræstids qub ijfpdrbk njs absidksjs dkbs fbkiojkdajs sjk8  

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Wdedajs. Kj sjk ijfpbksdmnbs bk aokbrj, sdnvj bn idsj ab nds vdidiojkbs dkudnbs nds iudnbs so pubabk sbr pdedads bk bn idsj abn ïrfokj ab nd rbndioùk ndmjrdn. Kj sjk diufundmnbs pdrd prjbebr nd sdnua abn rdmdhdajr. Nd vdidioùk dkudn bs susibptmnb ab absiubkjs ab nds dnds okhustidads.

ABYIDKYJY AB Q]DMDHJ 4=.4 IJKIBWQJ  Absidksjs ab rdmdhj. Wdusds ab tbfpj qub sb nb jjred dn rdmdhdajr pdrd qub rbiupb-rb sus bkbreæds y pdrd qub rbdnoib iobrjs dijs mojnùeoijs.

 

4=.= ABYIDKYJ OKQB]NDMJ]DN Wdusd qub sb tbkb dn fbaoj aæd ijk fjtvj ab dnofbkdioùk y rbdnozdr iobrjs dijs mojnù-eoijs. 4=.9 ABYIDKYJ CBMAJFDAD]OJ  Absidksj Cbmajfdadroj (abn ndk, cbmajfd, sobb, y adroj, aæd). J absidksj ajfokoidn, j sbfdkdn (abn ndk sbpt, sobb y fdkd, fdôdkd< –sobb fdôdkds‟). Ndpsj ab tbfpj qub ejzd bn rdmdhdajr abspuïs ab sbos aæds ab ndmjr. Bk njs pdæsbs idùnoijs bs bn aæd ajfokej, bk dneukjs bn sämdaj. Qobkb jroebk rbnoeojsj, bn rdmdhdajr tbkb nd kbibsoada ab uk aæd pdrd rbkaor iunj d Aojs. Dfmds pdndmrds, cbmajfdadroj y sbfdkd, sjk sokùkofds, nd profbrd bs usdad bk Abrb-icj y nd sbeukad bk bn nbkeudhb ijrrobkb. Bn absidksj cbmajfdadroj ijfprbkab 9 fjadnoadabs8  4=.1 FJADNOADABY ABN ABYIDKYJ CBMAJFDAD]OJ 4=.1.4 ABYIDKYJ AB RK AÆD. (ABYIDKYJ AJFOKOIDN) Yu jroebk bs rbnoeojsj, okubkiodaj pjr Irostdkosfj y bn Idjnoiosfj cdib qub bn rdmdhd-ajr bked nd kbibsoada ab rbkaor iunj d su Aojs. Bsb absidksj sb ad uk ajfokej j uk aæd sämdaj.  4=.1.= ABYIDKYJ AB AÆD _ FBAOJ. (YÄMDAJ OKENÏY OKENÏY)) Abn cbmrbj sdmdc, –absidksj‟, –ibsdioùk‟. Yb bsdmnbib bk Okendbrrd. Bs bn absidksj ab nd drab abn sämdaj y jaj bn ajfokej ijk nd okbksoùk (sb qubaj bk bsj8 okbksoùk) ab rbiupbrdr nds iudrj cjrds rbsdkbs abn sämdaj aurdkb nd sbfdkd, rdmdhdkaj ukd cjrd fds nubej ab nds 3 cjrds. Bsb absidksj sb ijksjnoad pjr bn Wrokiopoj prj Jpbrdruf. Bn Wjabr Huaoiodn ab Mjnovod soeub bn sosbfd ab absidksjs abn sämdaj okenïs, pjr qub njs pndzjs ab njs noteojs sjk ddnbs, y kj pubab bn prjibsdaj j abfdkadkb bspbrdr bn nukbs prùxofj. Bsb sämdaj okenbs sb ebkbrdnozd absab 4?27 mdhj nd okubkiod abn njs ijkvbkojs ab 4?4? y nd ab Eïkjvd ab 4?=7.

4=.1.9 ABYIDKYJ AB AJY AÆDY D ND YBFDKD. Yämdaj y ajfokej, bsj bk dbkds qub rbquobrbk ab fdyjr aospbkaoj ab bkbreæds. Dab-fäs bn bfpnbdajr tbkb fäs tbfpj pdrd nd fdkubkioùk ab nds fäquokds. Bk Mjnovod bn Wjabr Bhbiutvj soeub bsd fjadnoada. Bn Wjabr Nbeosndtvj kj dibpd kokeukd fjadnoada, rdmdhd ab diubraj d sbsojkbs, 07 sbsojkbs jraokdrods, dfpnodmnbs 4=7. 4=.2 ABYIDKYJ BKQ]B AJY HJ]KDADY

 

Bs bn pndzj ab tbfpj bkrb uk aæd u jrj. Kjrfdnfbkb ijfprbkab ab 4= d 41 cjrds. Bs-b absidksj abrovd abn næfob ab nd prbsdioùk aodrod qub jads nds nbeosndiojkbs tbkbk bs-dmnbioaj.

4=.0 PDIDIOÙK DKRDN ]BFRKB]DAD Bs uk abrbicj ab jrabk pømnoij abn rdmdhdajr bk vorua abn iudn pubab suspbkabr nd prbs-dioùk abn sbrvoioj j dbkd, bk nd jpjrukoada sbôdndad pjr nby sok pïraoad ab rbfukbrd-ioùk cdmoudn d k ab dbkabr d njs abmbrbs ab rbsdurdioùk jreäkoid y ab voad sjiodn, sobfprb qub cumobrd iufpnoaj ijk njs rbquosojs nbednbs bxoeoajs. 4=.5 YR ]ÏEOFBK NBEDN . Nd Nby Ebkbrdn abn Qrdmdhj bk su Dr. 11< bn AY ab 4? ab dejsj ab 4?2= bk su Dr. 4·< bn AY ab 43 ab fdrzj ab 4?37 bk su Dr. 4· bsdmnbibk nd soeuobkb dmnd8 Ab 4 d 2 dôjs ab rdmdhj, 42 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Ab 2 d 47 dôjs ab rdmdhj, =7 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Ab 47 d 97 dôjs ab rdmdhj, 97 aæds cämonbs ab vdidioùk. Nds vdidiojkbs kj pjaräk sbr ijfpbksdajs ijk aokbrj, sdnvj pdij< kj pjaräk diufundrsb, sdnvjYopdij< dnds okhustidads jdnoibk 4= sbräk ofpudads d nd vdid-ioùk. kj sb nds mbkbiod bk ajs dôjs, iudkaj prbsiromb.

4=.3 AÆDY CÄMONBY AB Q]DMDHJ Yjk cämonbs jajs njs aæds, bxibpj njs sbôdndajs pjr bn AY =4707 Dr. 208 • Njs ajfokejs. • 4· Ab Bkbrj. • nukbs _ Fdrbs Ab Idrkdvdn. • Pobrkbs Ydkj. • 4· Ab Fdyj.  • Ijrpus Irost. • 0 Ab dejsj. • =2 Ab aoiobfmrb. • Njs dkovbrsdrojs ab ukadioùk abn idad abpdrdfbkj. 4=.? ND HJ]KDAD AB Q]DMDHJ BK MJNOPOD YR B@OIDIOD ]BDN  Bxosb bsd rbeundioùk pjrqub dkbs abn AY =4707 jajs njs sokaoidjs, erbfojs, fokosb-rojs abindrdmdk uk aæd bstvj ijk suspbksoùk ab ditvoadabs, okinusovb pjr bn iufpnbdôjs abn hbb. W]OKIOWOJY @RKADFBKQDNBY @RKADFBKQDNBY AB ND ]BERNDIOÙK NDMJ]DN

 

Bn dnidkib ab nds rbjrfds ndmjrdnbs bk Dfïroid Ndtkd bk nds øntfds ajs aïidads cd soaj ukj ab njs bfds ibkrdnbs abn abmdb ajirokdn y pjnætij. Ækaoibs ab bxomonoada, su dnidkib, su fdekoua y su ofpjrdkiod, dsæ ijfj su rbpbriusoùk bk bn bfpnbj cdk soaj jmhbj ab aosiusoùk, ab bsuaojs y ab absdrrjnnj pdrd pjabr oùk ndmjrdn, iudn bs bn jmhbj ab bsb ajiufbkj, sok ijksoabrdr njs fosfjs. Wjr bnnj bsb ajiufbkj ab rbdnozdr ukajirokdn dkänosos yyijfpondioùk njsijdayuvb aovbrsjs bsuaojs ijk bn k abrddrd njerdr sbr uk dpjrb ajiufbkdn,abqub nd aosiusoùk pjsotvd ab pjnætijs y nbeosndajrbs, ejmobrkj, rdmdhdajrbs, bfprbsdrojs y iouadadkjs, ijkromuybkaj d qub nd sjiobada ijkjzid ukd sbrob ab dreufbkjs qub nb pjsomonobk jrfdr uk irobroj dfpnoj abn bfd, Nd Iäfdrd Kdiojkdn ab Ijfbrioj, absbd bkrbedr bn prbsbkb ajiufbkj a jiufbkj pdrd su dkänosos y aousoùk. Nd rbjrfd ndmjrdn bk Mjnovod, su kdurdnbzd, su dnidkib y su absdrrjnnj, cdk soaj ukj ab njs bfds ibkrdnbs abn abmdb bijkùfoij y sjiodn bk bsd øntfd aïidad. Nd fdyjr pdrb ab njs dkdnosds, sbôdndk qub nds pjsurds ab fjaoidioùk, sjk fbkjs prjukads ab nj qub sb irbb, nd kjrfdtvd ab rdmdhj ab njs dôjs 4?9?,tbkb uk bsqubfd ab prjukad rdæz sjiodn, pjr bnnj, kj pdrbib qub bk bsbkiod pubad idfmodr bn fdrij bxrbfdadfb bxrbfdadfbkb kb prjbiiojkosd qub tbkb, pbrj qub sok bfmdrej kj cd pjaoaj ebkbrdr j prjfjvbr p rjfjvbr bn bfpnbj pbrfdkbkb sbeøk nds bsdaæstids,, dn vbz pjr su bxrbfd roeoabz qub ofpoabk d nds bfprbsds Foirj bsdaæstids Wbqubôd j okinusovb Fbaodkd dabiudrsb d nd ditvoada bijkùfoid jrfdn bk bn fdrij ab njs prjibsjs p rjibsjs ab dpbrurd bxosbkbs. Kj jmsdkb, bsjs dreufbkjs cdk soaj iubstjkdajs pjr nds jredkozdiojkbs sokaoidnbs ijfj nd IJM, qub irbb qub sb abmb prjukaozdr bk bn abrbicj ab njs rdmdhdajrbs, dn ijksoabrdr qub nds untfds kjrfds bsdmnbioads pjr bn Bsdaj Wnurokdiojkdn nj økoij qub cdk njerdaj, bs nd prbidrozdioùk abn bfpnbj y ukd fdyjr absprjbiioùk sjiodn, dufbkäkajsb nd fdsd ab okjrfdnoada rbokdkb bk bn pdæs, vosoùk ijk nd qub ijokioab nd Iäfdrd Kdiojkdn ab Ijfbrioj, pubs irbbfjs qub nds fjaoidiojkbs kj pubabk sbr prjauij ab nd ijyukurd, sokj ab ukd indrd pjnætid bijkùfoid ab prjfjioùk, prjbiioùk y prjauiioùk qub bn bsdaj abmobrd bsdmnbibr, ijk njs bquonomrojs qub pbrfodk nd prjbiioùk ab njs abrbicjs ndmjrdnbs y nd drdiioùk ab okvbrsojkbs. Yok pbrhuoioj ab njs dreufbkjs bk prj y ijkrd ab nds pjsomnbs rbjrfds, nj bvoabkb bs qub bsdfjs bk ukd bdpd ab dadpdioùk ijkstuiojkdn ab nd kjrfdtvd bk ebkbrdn, qub pjr nj fbkjs dradrd ibrid ab aobz dôjs. Wjr bnnj, nds rbjrfds absab nd pbrspbitvd abn bfprbsdrodaj abn Ybijr Ijfbrioj y Ybrvoiojs qub rbprbsbkd nd Iäfdrd Kdiojkdn ab Ijfbrioj d kovbn abmbk jfdrsb ijk fuicjs idnfd ijk bn tbfpj dabiudaj, pdrd qub bkedk ukkdiojkdn, bbij pjsotvj qub pbraurb fäs

 

dôjs bk bn tbfpj y bspdioj ab nj qub pbraurdrjk nds kjrfds qub cjy sb absbdk fjaoidr. Nd rbjrfd ndmjrdn abmb bsdr dijfpdôdad ab ukd sbrob ab idfmojs ab kjrfdtvds bspbiæids, bspbiæids, pjr bhbfpnj, kjrfds pdrd nd drdiioùk ab okvbrsojkbs, nd prjfjioùk ab nd Fo pyfbs, ab dn subrb sb ebkbrb uk ofpdij ab absdrrjnnj bijkùfoij qub bked bbij bk nd ebkbrdioùk ab bfpnbj aoekj y pbrfdkbkb, qub njerbpdrd aosfokuor bn ukd køfbrj ab rdmdhdajrbs qubukd okberdk okjrfdn, pjr bnnj, bkidrdr rbjrfd abmb bkidrdrsb sbrob bn absbijr prjukads rbbxojkbs y iubstjkdfobkjs iubstjkdfobkjs qub surebk bk jrkj d nd rbjrfds, su prjukaoada, su dnidkib y d su kbibsoada rbspjkaobkaj so8 ºBs nd rbjrfd okaospbksdmnb: ºBk quï erdaj:< ºD quï ijsj: ºBs rbdnfbkb kbibsdrod bk quï sbktaj: ºTuï ijsds abmbfjs fjaoidr: _ ºquï abmbrædfjs pbrsbeuor ijk nd rbjrfd: Ijk bn äkofj ab dyuadr d abspbhdr dneukds okiùekods y d dionodr dreufbkjs jmhbtvjs pdrd indroidr bn abmdb pjsotvj, nd Iäfdrd Kdiojkdn ab Ijfbrioj bk bsd rbijpondioùk ab aostkjs dkänosos, qub okvjnuirdk ajiufbkjs abn MOA, nd JOQ ab nd fosfd IKI, absbd qub njs Nbeosndajrbs bkiubkrb bkiubkrbk k uk bxj qub nbs sorvd ab euæd y pbrfod qub nds rbjrfds qub sb absbdk bsdmnbibr njerbk njs jmhbtvjs qub sb quobrb ofpnbfbkdr. Wjr bnnj, sok fdyjr prbäfmunj bsdmnbzidfjs bsdmnbzidf js dneukjs ijkibpjs y nokbdfobkjs8 Bk quï ijksosb absab bn pukj ab vosd sofpnb nd oabd y ijkibpj ab rdmdhj. Nd oabd y ijkibpj ab rdmdhj, vdrædk ab diubraj ijk njs aostkjs rbeæfbkbs bijkùfoijs ab idad pdæs, pbrj ijokioabk bsbkiodnfbkb quobkbs prbbkabk  hustidr bn rdmdhj sumjraokdaj. sumjraokdaj. Ajkab bxosb uk bf bfpnbdajr pnbdajr aubôj ab njs fbaojs ab prjauiioùk y uk rdmdhdajr qub prbsd su ubrzd ndmjrdn pdrd adr mdsb d nds edkdkiods qub bk abkotvd sbräk rbpdrtads bk aostkd prjpjrioùk bkrb dfmjs. Bn absdrrjnnj bijkùfoij dnidkzdaj y nd idpdioada ab njs rdmdhdajrbs, cdibk pjsomnb qub dabfäs ab pdrtiopdr bk nds utnoadabs, u tnoadabs, njerb fbhjrdr sus ijkaoiojkbs 



okbnbiudnbs, pjr bnnj nd idpdiodioùk dfmoïk tbkb qub sbr pdrb ab nd pjnætid bfprbsdrodn. Rkd oabd ukadfbkdn oabktid dn rdmdhj ijk bn bsubrzj qub rbdnozd ukd pbrsjkd< j sbd, qub jaj rdmdhj ofpnoid nnbvdr d idmj uk bsubrzj `soij j okbnbiudn, qub abmb bkbr dneukd rbpbriusoùk bk bn jrabk bijkùfoij< y bk dneukd fbaoad sdtsdibr ukd kbibsoada. Ab diubraj dn sjiodnosd y bijkjfosd rdkiïs, Wrjuacjk. Nd diunda ab rdmdhj aostkeub dn cjfmrb ab nd mbstd y tbkb su jkaj bk nds p prjukaoadabs rjukaoadabs ab nd rdzùk." Wdndmrds qub kjs cdibk abrovdr qub kj k j bxosbk ajs idfpjs aostktvjs abn rdmdhj fdbrodn b okbnbiudn. Wubs jaj bsubrzj fdbrodn dn sbr rbdnozdaj pjr nd pbrsjkd bkiubkrd su idusd fjtvj y hustidioùk bk nd rdzùk< dsæ ijfj bn rdmdhj 

okbnbiudn, pdrd sbr rdsibkabkb ofpnoid nd rbdnozdioùk ab uk bsubrzj fdbrodn.

 

Dcjrd mobk, bn ijkibpj ab rdmdhj jmnoed d bkbr bk iubkd dkj su rbpbriusoùk bk bn jrabk bijkùfoij ijfj nd prjbiioùk huræaoid qub abmb jjreärsbnb, jjreärsbnb, bs abior, qub bn rdmdhj ijfj ditvoada y bsubrzj, ijkstuyb bn ibkrj ab nds prbjiupdiojkbs ab bsb abrbicj y, bs okkbedmnb su rbpbriusoùk bk bn äfmoj bijkùfoij ijfj dfmoïk su rdsibkabkiod bk bn idfpj huræaoij. Bn rdmdhj bs 

pubs ukd rbs ijkaoioùk abubndaj bxosbkiod abnbncjfmrb tbkb ijfj jmhbj huræaoid irbdr ab sdtsdijrbs sdtsdij y rbsund pjr Bsdaj, qub iudkaj bxosb rbndioùk sumjraokdioùk. Iuänbs sjk njs bnbfbkjs qub ofpoabk bn absdrrjnnj abn ijkibpj ab rdmdhj. •Bn rdmdhj bs ukd ijkaoioùk ab bxosbkiod abn cjfmrb. Nd pbrsjkd pubab abaoidrsb dn absdrrjnnj ab nd prjbsoùk, okausrod, ijfbrioj, j iudnquobr jrd ditvoada qub fäs nb dijfjab, sobfprb y iudkaj kj bsï ofpbaoaj pjr abbrfokdioùk huaoiodn, kj sb ddqubk abrbicjs ab bribrjs, kj sb vojnb ukd rbsjnuioùk ab ejmobrkj aoidads bk ïrfokjs ab nby j kj sb jbkadk njs abrbicjs ab nd sjiobada. abbrfokdr nd ofpjrdkiod qub tbkb nd nby bk bn absdrrjnnj bijkùfoij y sjiodn ab njs pdæsbs ab nd rbeoùk, Mjnovod kj cd bsdaj dn fdrebk y bn bsuaoj ab bsjs abmdbs. Bxosbk fuicjs bsuaojs sjmrb nd bfätid ndmjrdn bk Mjnovod y Dfïroid Ndtkd, sbræd ofpjrdkb rbdrfdr prokiopojs j idrdibræstids ab nj qub abmobrd bkbr nd nbeosndioùk.

 

UBME]D@OD8 cps8//usdndroj.jre/mjnovod/abrbicjs-ndmjrdnbs/ijfpbksdiojk cp8//www.iid.jre.fx/iid/iursjs/dafoko cp8//www.iid.jre .fx/iid/iursjs/dafokosrdiojk/drrd/okrd/jpb srdiojk/drrd/okrd/jpbrdi/0.1.4/absidksjs.cf rdi/0.1.4/absidksjs.cf cps8//www.roejmbrjpdrbabs.ijf/bs/iu cps8//www.roejmbr jpdrbabs.ijf/bs/iudnbs-sjk-njs-absidksj dnbs-sjk-njs-absidksjs-pdedajs/ s-pdedajs/

cps8//bnabmbr.ijf.mj/bspbiodnbs/qu cps8//bnabmbr.ijf.mj/ bspbiodnbs/quobk-y-pjr-qub-ok obk-y-pjr-qub-okvbkj-nd-hjrkdad vbkj-nd-hjrkdad-ndmjrdn-ab-3-ndmjrdn-ab-3cjrdsZ951?9#8~8bx6Bk%=7Mjnovod%=7ub%=7nd%=7Bf cjrdsZ951?9#8~8bx6B k%=7Mjnovod%=7ub%=7nd%=7Bfprbsd,sb%=7rdti%I9%M9%=7rbio prbsd,sb%=7rdti%I9%M9%=7rbio%I9%D?k %I9%D?k %=7bk%=74?=1.. %=7bk%=74?=1