El Desarrollo Humano y El Crecimiento Economico

   

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

—Mýj gc dm Sokvcrsmdkzmbkòo gc dm Rmdug‘ 

v

BSQRJ

NCQCOBK BKM MRJBK RJBKMD MD WCHM

Cd gcs gcsmrrjd mrrjdddj e euh uhmoj y cd brcbk brcbkh hkcotj cotj c cbjo bjoò òhkbj. GJBCOWC

MQHCRW CRWMQ MQMHM[M, MDCUMDLQCWE  

CRWSGKMOWCR

Bjroc jrociij Mtjbec,Bdmrk mrkttm Gmi miemom emom Nmrb mrbèèm Q Qjqu jquc, c, Lrmob rmobj j Gmvk mvkg g Hjsbj sbjsj sjJrgk rgkoj ojddm, Dkdkmom Pmhcd cdm m Pmrgj Bdmvkij Qjsktm Cdvkrm Rmd mdgmrr gmrrkkmnm \kobcs, Bmrhco \mocsm  WSHACR 1010

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

KOGK C

K.

KOWQJGSBBKJO .................................................... ......................... ....................................................... ........................................................ ....................................2 ........2

KK.

JAICWK\JR ........................................................ ............................. ...................................................... ....................................................... .........................................3 .............3

KKK. HMQBJ WCJQKBJ .....................................................................................................................< 2.=. Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj ...........................................................................................................< 2.=.=. Khpjrtmobkm ................................................................................................................< 2.=.1. Jaictkvjs ....................................................................................................................< 2.1. Jaictkvjs gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj co cd oucvj hkdcokj ..................................................> ............................ ......................> 2.2. KGE (kogkbc gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj) ..............................................................................=0 2.7. Cd KGE sc cdcvm co Pcrù ................................................................................................== 2.3. Brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj ..................................................................................................=2 2.. Brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj gc 1,; % prjycbtmgj pmrm cd 1010 ........................................=3 2.>.=. Cd Amobj Huogkmd co Pcrù .........................................................................................=< 2.>.1. Cvkgcobkm chpèrkbm sjarc brcbkhkcotj ......................................................................=< 2.>.2. Dm rcdmbkòo cotrc brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj y gcsmrrjddj euhmoj ..............................=> 2.>.2.=. Gcd Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj md Brcbkhkcotj Cbjoòhkbj ...............................................=> 2.5. Rcks bjsms sjarc dm cbjojhèm gc Pcrù co 1010 ...........................................................=5 K\. BJOBDSRKJOCR .....................................................................................................................10 \. AKADKJNQMLÈM .........................................................................................................................1=

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

K.

KOWQJGSBBKJO

Co Pcrù sc em ncocrmgj cstmakdkgmg cbjoòhkbm bjo gcsknumdgmg sjbkmd y cxbduskòo, dj quc sc embc dmtcotc co djs bjoldkbtjs y vkjdcobkm sjbkmd, quc cxkstco mbtumdhcotc, oj emy ldukgcz co dm hjvkdkgmg sjbkmd, sjarc tjgj co cd hcrbmgj dmajrmd, pjrquc cd Cstmgj oj em djnrmgj rcljrhmrsc y rccstrubturmrsc lksbmdhcotc, oj em ncocrmgj cd prkobkpkj gc mutjrkgmg ocbcsmrkj pmrm mraktrmr bjoldkbtjs. Cd prcscotc trmamij majrgm cd tchm gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj y cd brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj bjhj pkdmrcs luogmhcotmdcs pmrm dm bjostrubbkòo gc uom hcijr sjbkcgmg, pjrquc ejy co gèm cstjs gjs bjobcptjs tkcoco uom khpjrtmobkm vktmd co cd gcsmrrjddj sjstcokadc y bjotkouj gc uo pmès j rcnkòo. Cs pjr cddj cd kotcrës gc rcmdkzmr cstc trmamij, pmrm bjojbcr bjhj cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj y cd brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj sc rcdmbkjomo bjo cd bjotkouj prjnrcsj gc uom sjbkcgmg. Cd Gcsmrrjddj euhmoj tkcoc bjhj cic bcotrmd m dm pcrsjom cd gcsmrrjddj gc sus bmpmbkgmgcs, ausbm cd hcijrmhkcotj gc dm bmdkgmg gc vkgm, pjr hcgkj gc dms jpjrtuokgmgcs, quc cd Cstmgj pucgmo arkogmrdcs pmrm bmpmbktmrsc y msè hkshj quc emym uom knumdgmg pmrm pjgcr cicrbcr sus gcstrczms, gc cstm hkshm hmocrm cd gcsmrrjddj ausbm cd bmhakj, dm cvjdubkòo, brcbkhkcotj co cstc bmsj gcd bmpktmd euhmoj pmrm pjgcr ddcvmr uom vkgm gknom y prjdjonmgm, quc pucgmo njzmr gc uom vkvkcogm, smdug, cgubmbkòo, rcbrcmbkòo tjgj mqucddj quc ncocrc akcocstmr m dm pcrsjom, dm pjarczm, cd momdlmactkshj, dm gcsknumdgmg, dm vkjdcobkm sjo lmbtjrcs quc khpkgco uo gcsmrrjddj euhmoj. Rk emy brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj sc pucgc prjhjvcr y hmotcocr dm prjspcrkgmg gc uom sjbkcgmg, tcokcogj gcsmrrjddj cbjoòhkbj sc pucgc kovcrtkr co dm pcrsjom y pmrm dm pcrsjom. Bumogj emy brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj muhcotm cd bjosuhj y cstc mlcbtm md gcsmrrjddj euhmoj gc ljrhm ocnmtkvm ym quc tcochjs t cochjs quc bmhakmr cd csquchm gc bjosuhj pjrquc cstmhjs mtcotmogj bjo oucstrjs rcbursjs omturmdcs.Cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj y djs gcrcbejs euhmojs tkcoco uom skhkdktug pjrquc mhajs cstío ecbejs pmrm gclcogcr dm kotcnrkgmg gcd scr euhmoj, pmrm embcr quc tjgjs tconmhjs uom vkgm gknom, gjogc sc ojs

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

rcspctc, sko gksbrkhkombkòo. Ausbm quc dm pcrsjom tconm uom vkgm dmrnm y smdugmadc, quc tconm bjojbkhkcotjs y mbbcsj m rcbursjs ocbcsmrkj pmrm uo okvcd gc vkgm gcbcotc.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

KK.

JAICWK\JR

Jaictkvj Ncocrmd   Momdkzmr y bjhprcogcr co quc bjoskstc cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj y



cd brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj gcotrj gc uo pmès.

Jaictkvjs Cspcbèlkbjs    Bjhprcogcr dm khpjrtmob khpjrtmobkm km gcd kogkbmgjr gc gcsmrrjddj euh euhmoj moj co uo pmès.



  Momdkzmr cd Cd Èogkbc g gc c Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj (KGE) brcmg brcmgj j pjr cd POSG.



  Gctcrhkomr dj djss bjhpjoc bjhpjocotcs otcs gcd (KGE)y gc ljrhm sc pucgc hcgkr



.   Gctcrhkomr dm dmss rcdmbkjoc rcdmbkjocss cotrc cd Brcbkhkc Brcbkhkcotj otj Cbjoòhkb Cbjoòhkbj jy Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj 

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SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

KKK. HMQBJ WCJQKBJ 2.=. Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj Pmgkddm (RL), mlkrhm quc —cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj cs uo bjobcptj quc embc

rclcrcobkm m djs cdchcotjs ocbcsmrkjs pmrm quc uom pcrsjom pucgm gcsmrrjddmr sus bumdkgmgcs y bmpmbkgmgc bmpmbkgmgcs, s, sko okonuo tkpj gc gksbrkhkombkjo‘  Rcnùo Pmpmdkm ct md. (10=1), hcobkjomo quc —cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj sc

bcotrm co cd cstugkj bkcotklkbj gc djs prjbcsjs skstchmtkbjs gc bmhakj y gc cstmakdkgmg co dms pcrsjoms‘(p.7). 

Pjr jtrj dmgj Qcycs (1005), p rcbksm quc —cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj cs cd rcsudtmgj gc kotcrmbbkjo gc hubejs lmbtjrcs y bjogkbkjomotcs cbjojhkbjs y sjbkmdcs, dms quc mbtumo gc hmocrm gkomhkbm, co djs bjotcxtjs budturmdcs pmrtkbudmrcs gc djs pucadjs, khprkhco su scddj bmrmbtcrkstkbj m dms sj bkcgmgcs‘ (p.=32).

2.=.=. Khpjrtmobkm Rcnùo Qkvcrj ct md. (10=3), dm khpjrtmobkm gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj rmgkbm co quc ausbm cd gcsmrrjddj gc dms bmpmbkgmgcs gc dm pcrsjom,mgchms gc quc prjhucvc cd hcijrmhkcotj gc su bmdkgmg gc vkgm. Cs pjr cddj quc cd cstmgj gcac nmrmotkzmr quc sus bukgmgmojs tconmo dms hkshms jpjrtuokgmgcs co ddcvmr uom vkgm gknom, mgchms gc quc pucgmo mbbcgcr m uom cgubmbkjo, smdug y vkvkcogm gc bmdkgmg, tjgj cstj bjo cd jaictkvj gc ncocrmr akcocstmr co dm pcrsjom.

2.=.1. Jaictkvjs Cd jaictkvj prkobkpmd gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj cs cd djnrmr cd akcocstmr gc dms d ms pcrsjoms gcotrj gc uom sjbkcgmg, sko chamrnj cd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj tkcoc co bucotm gkvcrsjs coljqucs9

m)

Kogkvkguj. Cstc coljquc ausbm hcijrmr dm bmdkgmg gc vkgm

gc dm pcrsjom.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

a)

Jpjrtuokgmgcs.  Co cstc scnuogj coljquc, cd gcsmrrjddj

euhmoj cstm jrkcotmgj m prjpjrbkjomr dms ecrrmhkcotms ocbcsmrkms md kogkvkguj pmrm quc gcsmrrjddc emakdkgmgcs quc dc scrmo cscobkmdcs pmrm mlrjotmr cstc huogj mbtumd. Hmyjrcs y hcijrcs pjskakdkgmgcs. Cstc coljquc sc jrkcotm m b) quc tjgm pcrsjom tkcoc quc tco tcocr cr mbbcsj m djs scrvkbkj scrvkbkjss amskbjs gc uom sjbkcgmg bjhj dm duz, cd mnum, trmospjrtc, vkvkcogm

g)

Dcnksdmbkjo. Cstc coljquc ausbm quc cd njakcroj prjhucvm

hcgkmotc dcycs uom hmyjr kotcnrmbkjo cotrc djs kogkvkgujs gc uom sjbkcgmg.

2.1. Jaictkvjs gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj co cd oucvj hkdcokj hkd cokj Qkbc (1003), mlkrhm quc ggurmotc dm buharc gcd hkdcokj gcd mýj 1000, =5; pmèscs sc bjhprjhctkcrjo m brcmr, m okvcd ombkjomd y huogkmd, uo cotjroj prjpkbkj pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj y dm cdkhkombkòo gc dm pjarczm, y msè mdbmozmr uojs jaictkvjs bjo sus hctms cspcbèlkbms pmrm cd 10=3.

2.1.=. Jaictkvj =9 Crrmgkbmr dm pjarczm cxtrchm y cd emharc. m) Qcgubkr m dm hktmg, cotrc =;;0 y 10=3, dm prjpjrbkòo gc pcrsjoms quc sulrco emharc. a) Qcgubkr m dm hktmg, cotrc =;;0 y 10=3, dm prjpjrbkòo gc pcrsjoms buyjs konrcsjs sjo kolcrkjrcs m uo gòdmr gkmrkj. Bjoscnukr pdcoj chpdcj prjgubtkvj y trmamij gknoj pmrm tjgjs, b) kobduycogj huicrcs y iòvcocs.

2.1.1. Jaictkvj 19 Djnrmr dm coscýmozm prkhmrkm uokvcrsmd.  Mscnurm r quc, co 10=3, dm kolmob  Mscnurmr kolmobkm km gc bumdquk bumdqukcr cr pmrtc pmrtc,, okýjs y okýms pjr knumd, scmo bmpmbcs gc bjhpdctmr uo bkbdj bjhpdctj gc coscýmozm prkhmrkm.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

2.1.2. Jaictkvj 29 Prjhjvcr dm knumdgmg cotrc djs nëocrjs y dm mutjojhèm gc dm huicr. Cdkhkomr dms gcsknumdgmgcs cotrc djs nëocrjs co dm coscýmozm prkhmrkm y scbuogmrkm, prclcrkadchcotc pmrm cd mýj 1003, y co tjgjs djs okvcdcs gc dm coscýmozm motcs gc lkomdcs gc 10=3.

2.1.7. Jaictkvj 79 Qcgubkr dm hjrtmdkgmg kolmotkd. Qcgubkr co gjs tcrbcrms pmrtcs, cotrc =;;0 y 10=3, dm hjrtmdkgmg gc okýjs hcojrcs gc bkobj mýjs.

2.1.3. Jaictkvj 39 Hcijrmr dm smdug hmtcrom Qcgubkr co trcs bumrtms pmrtcs, cotrc =;;0 y 10=3, dm hjrtmdkgmg hmtcrom.

2.1.9 Nmrmotkzmr cd sustcotj gcd hcgkj mhakcotc. m)

Kobjrpjrmr djs prkobkpkjs gcd gcsmrrjddj sjstcokadc co dms

pjdètkbms y djs prjnrmhms ombkjomdcs y rcgubkr dm përgkgm gc rcbursjs gcd hcgkj mhakcotc. a)

Emacr rcgubkgj y emacr rmdcotkzmgj bjoskgcrmadchcotc dm

përgkgm gc gkvcrskgmg akjdònkbm co 10=0.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

b)

Qcgubkr m dm hktmg, pmrm 10=3, dm prjpjrbkòo gc pcrsjoms

sko mbbcsj sjstcokadc md mnum pjtmadc y m scrvkbkjs aískbjs gc smocmhkcotj. g)

Emacr hcijrmgj bjoskgcrmadchcotc, co 1010, dm vkg vkgm m gc

md hcojs =00 hkddjocs gc emaktmotcs gc amrrkjs hmrnkomdcs.

2.1.5. Jaictkvj 59 Ljhcotmr uom msjbkmbkòo huogkmd pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj. m)

Gcsmrrjddmr mùo hís uo skstchm bjhcrbkmd y lkomobkcrj

makcrtj, amsmgj co ojrhms, prcvkskadc y oj gksbrkhkomtjrkj. a) Mtcogcr dms ocbcskgmgcs cspcbkmdcs gc djs pmèscs hcojs mgcdmotmgjs. b)

Mtcogcr dms ocbcskgmgcs cspcbkmdcs gc djs pmèscs co

gcsmrrjddj sko dktjrmd y djs pcqucýjs Cstmgjs kosudmrcs co gcsmrrjddj (hcgkmotc cd Prjnrmhm gc Mbbkòo pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj sjstcokadc gc djs pcqucýjs Cstmgjs kosudmrcs co gcsmrrjddj y djs rcsudtmgjs gcd vknëskhj scnuogj pcrèjgj cxtrmjrgkomrkj gc scskjocs gc dm Msmhadcm Ncocrmd). g)

Cobmrmr gc hmocrm kotcnrmd djs prjadchms gc dm gcugm gc

djs pmèscs co gcsmrrjddj bjo hcgkgms ombkjomdcs c kotcrombkjomdcs pmrm quc dm gcugm scm sjstcokadc m dmrnj pdmzj. c)

Co bjjpcrmbkòo

bjo dms

chprcsms lmrhmbëutkbms,

prjpjrbkjomr mbbcsj m djs hcgkbmhcotjs cscobkmdcs co djs pmèscs co gcsmrrjddj m prcbkjs mscqukadcs. l)

Co bjjpcrmbkòo bjo cd scbtjr prkvmgj, gmr mbbcsj m djs

acoclkbkjs gc dms oucvms tcbojdjnèms, cspcbkmdhcotc dms gc dm koljrhmbkòo y dms bjhuokbmbkjocs. n)

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

2.2. KGE (kogkbc gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj) Cd Èogkbc gc Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj (KGE) cs uo kogkbmgjr brcmgj pjr cd POSG (Prjnrmhm gc dms ombkjocs uokgms) quc, gcsgc djs mýjs ojvcotm, gm m bjojbcr cd nrmgj gc prjnrcsj gc bmgm pmès . Cs pjr cddj quc sc bjoskgcrm b joskgcrm md KGE bjhj uo kogkbmgjr hms prcbksj y bjolkmadc quc co bjhpmrmbkjo bjo kogkbmgjrcs cbjobjhkbjs bjhj cd PAK, gcakgj m quc tjhm co bucotm mgchms gcd okvcd gc konrcsjs gjs cdchcotjs quc sjo khpjrtmotcs pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj sjstcokadc gc uom sjbkcgmg bjhj dm bmdkgmg gc vkgm y cd okvcd gc cgubmbkjo gc dm pcrsjom.

2.2.=. Bjhpjocotcs gcd KGE Qkjs (1010), hcobkjom quc cstc kogkbmgjr brcmgj pjr cd prjnrmhm gc dm ombkjocs uokgms pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj (POSG), oj tmo sjdj tjhm co bucotm cd gcsmrrjddj cbjojhkbj, skoj quc quc tmhakco embc colmsks co cd gcsmrrjddj gc dm smdug (cstc bjhpjocotc hkgc dm cxpcbtmtkvm gc vkgm gcd kogkvkguj co uom sjbkcgmg) y co cd gcsmrrjddj sjbkmd (bjhpjocotc quc tjhm co bucotm cd okvcd gc cgubmbkjo gcd kogkvkguj).

2.2.1. Hcgkbkjo gcd KGE Cd KGE cs dm hcgkm ncjhëtrkbm gc dms trcs gkhcoskjocs gcd gcsmrrjddj euhmoj (cspcrmozm gc vkgm, cgubmbkòo c konrcsjs), buyjs èogkbcs sc bmdbudmo pjr scpmrmgj bjo djs gmtjs gc cspcrmozm gc vkgm, csbjdmrkzmbkòo y rcotm pcr bípktm gc bmgm pmès. Cd rcsudtmgj lkomd mrrjim skchprc uo vmdjr cotrc 0 y = quc gctcrhkom, scnùo cd POSG, djs bumtrj nrmgjs gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj quc gctmddmhjs m bjotkoumbkòo9 m)

Huy mdtj9 pmèscs bjo uo KGE supcrkjr m 0,50.

a)

Mdtj9 pmèscs bjo uo KGE cotrc 0,>0 y 0,50.

b)

Hcgkj9 pmèscs bjo uo KGE cotrc 0,33 y 0,>0.

g)

Amij9 pmèscs bjo uo KGE kolcrkjr m 0,33.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

2.7. Cd KGE sc cdcvm co Pcrù Cd èogkbc gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj (KGE) co Pcrù co  Pcrù co 10=> luc 0,>3 puotjs, dj quc supjoc uom hcijrm rcspcbtj m 10==‰ y su  rcotm pcr bípktm scm gc 3.;3>₤ curjs.   .

Lucotc9 Èogkbc gc Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

Lucotc9 Èogkbc gc Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj

ºBuídcs pjgrío scr dms vmrkmadcs quc prjhucvmo cd muhcotj gcd Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj:  Rko gugm uom pmrtc luogmhcotmd cs dm cxkstcobkm gc c chpdcjs, hpdcjs, buym ncocrmbkòo skchprc em skgj uoj gc djs jaictkvjs gc dms pjdètkbms cbjoòhkbms, pucs cs kogugmadc cd mpjrtc quc tkcoc tmotj pmrm dm rcmbtkvmbkòo gc dm cbjojhèm gcd pmès bjhj gc oucstrjs prjpkjs ejnmrcs. Cotrc djs koouhcrmadcs acoclkbkjs gc dm cxkstcobkm gc chpdcjs, cs pjskadc hcobkjomr, pjr cichpdj, hcijrmr dm smdug lèskbm y hcotmd gc dms pcrsjoms, scnurkgmg bkugmgmom, hcojr gcdkobucobkm, jatcocr sustcotj cbjoòhkbj, mpjrtmr md brcbkhkcotj cquktmtkvj gc oucstrm cbjojhèm, prjhjvcr dm knumdgmg gc nëocrj, rcgubkr dm pjarczm, prjhjvcr dm pmrtkbkpmbkòo gcd kogkvkguj co dm sjbkcgmg, cd gcsmrrjddj y pcrlcbbkjomhkcotj, pcrlcbbkjomhkc otj, dm ncocrmbkòo gc rcgcs, bmpktmd sjbkmd y cd mpjrtc m dm sustcotmakdkgmg cbjoòhkbm. Pjr tmotj, cs vktmd pmrm hcijrmr dms bjogkbkjocs gc vkgm gcd kogkvkguj y su lmhkdkm, dj bumd dcs pcrhktm tcocr uom vkgm gknom scnurm y prjdjonmgm. Pmrm quc hcijrco djs èogkbcs gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj cs ocbcsmrkj bjotmr bjo dcycs quc prjtcimo md trmamimgjr, rcnudco dm gcsknumdgmg gc jpjrtuokgmgcs y

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

dm rchuocrmbkòo co cd trmamij. Wjgj csj pmrm quc pucgmo nmrmotkzmr dms bjhpctcobkms y djs gcrcbejs gc djs trmamimgjrcs bjo rchuocrmbkjocs gknoms quc pcrhktmo uo mhakcotc smtkslmbtjrkj pmrm prjhjvcr dm prjgubtkvkgmg dmajrmd. Cs vktmd quc gcotrj gc uo pmès j rcnkòo ojs bcotrchjs co cd moídksks gcd brcbkhkcotj, pcrj rcbjrgmogj quc cd ëxktj gcpcogcrí y pcrgurmrí co cd tkchpj sjdj sk cstc brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj sc trmgubc co hmyjrcs y hcijrcs bjogkbkjocs gc vkgm, muhcotmogj bjo brcbcs dms jpjrtuokgmgcs y djs acoclkbkjs gc dms pcrsjoms, ncocrmogj chpdcjs y prjhjvkcogj dcycs quc rcnudco cd bjrrcbtj luobkjomr gc cddjs.

2.3. Brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj

Rc cotkcogc bjhj brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj m dm vmrkmbkòo pjrbcotumd (pjsktkvm) gcd prjgubtj arutj kotcroj (PAK) gc uom cbjojhèm co uo pcrkjgj gctcrhkomgj.

Gcakgj m quc pmrtc gc cstc brcb brcbkhkcotj khkcotj pucgc gcacrsc md

kobrchcotj gc dm pjadmbkòo, sc sunkcrc utkdkzmr dm vmrkmbkòo gcd PAK pcr bípktm bjhj hcgkgm hcgkgm gcd brcbkhkcotj cbj cbjoòhkbj. oòhkbj. Bmac hcob hcobkjomr kjomr quc c cdd PAK p pcr cr bípktm sjdj mprjxkhm cd nrmgj gc gcsmrrjddj cbjoòhkbj gc uom cbjojhèm6 sko chamrnj, gmgm dm koljrhmbkòo gkspjokadc, cs uom gc dms ecrrmhkcotms hís clkbmbcs pmrm hcgkr cd cstíogmr gc vkgm v kgm gc djs pmèscs. Cstj sc gcac m quc cxkstc mdtm bjrrcdmbkòo cotrc cd PAK pcr bípktm y gkvcrsms vmrkmadcs quc mprjxkhmo cd —akcocstmr‘ (outrkbkòo, mdlmactkshj,

hjrtmdkgmg kolmotkd, cspcrmozm gc vkgm). Cd nrílkbj pcrhktc jascrvmr cstm rcdmbkòo pjsktkvm, ym quc hucstrm cd muhcotj gcd PAK pcr bípktm y gcd Èogkbc gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj (quc bjotkcoc, cotrc jtrms, dms vmrkmadcs gc akcocstmr hcobkjomgms prcvkmhcotc). Pjr cddj, cd moídksks gc dm cvjdubkòo gcd PAK pcr bípktm y gc sus gctcrhkomotcs cs luogmhcotmd pmrm bjhprcogcr cd brcbkhkcotj co cd cstíogmr gc vkgm gc djs pmèscs y dms gklcrcobkms gc gcsmrrjddj cotrc djs hkshjs. Cotc djs prkobkpmdcs lmbtjrcs quc gctcrhkomo cd brcbkhkcotj cstío9 dm prjgubtkvkgmg gc djs lmbtjrcs y dm mbuhudmbkòo gc bmpktmd.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

Dm prjgubtkvkgmg gc djs lmbtjrcs sc rclkcrc m cd gcsmrrjddj gc prjbcsjs hís clkbkcotcs pmrm prjgubkr akcocs y scrvkbkjs6 pjr jtrj dmgj, dm mbuhudmbkòo gc bmpktmd sc rclkcrc cd muhcotj gc rcbursjs gc bmpktmd, dj quc kobduyc bmpktmd lèskbj (kolrmcstrubturm, akcocs gc bmpktmd) y bmpktmd euhmoj (bmpmbkgmgcs gc dm lucrzm dmajrmd). Pmrm tcrhkomr bmac hcobkjomr quc uo moídksks prjluogj gcd akcocstmr gc bmgm pmès gcac tjhmr co bjoskgcrmbkòo mgkbkjomd jtrms vmrkmadcs luogmhcotmdcs pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj cbjoòhkbj tmdcs bjhj9 dkacrtmgcs, gchjbrmbkm, gcsknumdgmg, gcrcbejs gc prjpkcgmg, scnurkgmg y rcspctj m dcy, sjstcokakdkgmg mhakcotmd, mhakcotmd, cotrc jtrms.

2.. Brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj gc 1,; % prjycbtmgj pmrm cd 1010 Cd Kostktutj gc Cbjojhèm y Gcsmrrjddj Chprcsmrkmd (KCGCP) gc dm Bíhmrm gc Bjhcrbkj gc Dkhm momdkzò cd brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj gcd pmès co dm ùdtkhm gëbmgm, gmogj mgchís m bjojbcr dms cxpcbtmtkvms cbjoòhkbms pmrm cd bkcrrc gc 10=; y cd pròxkhj 1010. Prcbksmhcotc, co dm prcscotc gëbmgm (10=0-10=5) cd gcschpcýj gc dm cbjojhèm pcrumom sc uakbm bjhj dm gc hmyjr brcbkhkcotj (7,5%) y hcojr koldmbkòo (2,0%), rcspcbtj md prjhcgkj moumd cotrc djs pmèscs gc dm Mdkmozm gcd Pmbèlkbj (MP), kobdusj supcrmogj m cbjojhèms gc hmyjr tmhmýj bjhj Mrncotkom y Armskd. Cstm ljrtmdczm hmbrjcbjoòhkbm, quc uakbm md pmès co cd prkhcr dunmr co cd Cotjroj Hmbrjcbjoòhkbj co cd Qcpjrtc gc Bjhpctktkvkgmg Ndjamd 10=; iuotj bjo jtrms 22 ombkjocs, sc cxpdkbm pjr dms sòdkgms bucotms lksbmdcs, co gjogc cd gëlkbkt lksbmd y dm gcugm pùadkbm prjycbtmgm pmrm cd prcscotc mýj mdbmozmo cd 1,0% y cd 1% gcd PAK, rcspcbtkvmhcotc. Mgchís, co cd lrcotc cxtcroj, cd gëlkbkt co bucotm bjrrkcotc ddcnmrèm m =,5% gcd PAK bjhpcosmgj bjo uo supcrívkt gc bmpktmdcs prkvmgjs cxtcrojs gc dmrnj pdmzj quc ddcnmo m mdrcgcgjr gcd 2,2% gcd PAK. Knumdhcotc, dm cbjojhèm pcrumom bucotm bjo uo okvcd gc rcscrvms kotcrombkjomdcs kotcrombkjomdcs (QKO) q quc uc mdbmozm cd 1>,>% gcd PAK. Wjgjs cstjs bjoiuotjs gc kogkbmgjrcs gc brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj ojs uakbmo bjo cd hcojr rkcsnj pmès gc dm rcnkòo. Djs rcsudtmgjs jatcokgjs bjoddcvmo khpjrtmotcs mvmobcs mvmobcs co djs kogkbmgjrcs sjbkmdc sjbkmdcs. s. Cotrc djs mýjs 1003 y 10=2 dm pjarczm sc rcguij co 2=,> puotjs pjrbcotumdcs (p.p.)6 cs gcbkr 2.3 p.p. prjhcgkj moumd. Chpcrj, co cd pcrkjgj 10=7 y 10=5 dm rcgubbkòo co tjtmd

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

luc gc mpcoms 2,7 p.p. gcakgj md hcojr brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj.  Msè, co djs ùdtkhjs =7 mýjs dm pjarczm sjdj muhcotò muhcotò co cd 10=>.

2.>.=. Cd Amobj Huogkmd co Pcrù

Dm cbjojhèm pcrumom em cxpcrkhcotmgj gjs lmscs gkstkotkvms gc gcsmrrjddj cbjoòhkbj gcsgc quc kokbkò cd oucvj skndj. Cotrc cd 1001 y cd 10=2, cd Pcrù luc uoj gc djs pmèscs gc brcbkhkcotj hís mbcdcrmgj co Mhërkbm Dmtkom, bjo uom tmsm gc brcbkhkcotj prjhcgkj gcd PAK gc .2.=. Gcd Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj md Brcbkhkcotj Cbjoòhkbj Dm tcjrèm cbjoòhkbm rcbjojbc md bmpktmd euhmoj bjhj uoj gc djs gctcrhkomotcs gcd brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj. Cddj sc rcbjnc co gjs tkpjs gc hjgcdjs, co cd prkhcrj sc colmtkzm cd rjd gc dm mbuhudmbkòo gc bmpktmd euhmoj9 co tmotj cd bmpktmd euhmoj rcprcscotm uo lmbtjr gc prjgubbkòo, dm hmyjr mbuhudmbkòo gcd hkshj pcrhktc kobrchcotmr dm tmsm gc brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj. Co cd scnuogj, sc bjoskgcrm djs khpmbtjs gcd okvcd gc bmpktmd euhmoj co cd brcbkhkcotj gc prjgubtkvkgmg m trmvës gc dm bmpmbkgmg gc mgmptmbkòo gc tcbojdjnèms cxkstcotcs y co dm koojvmbkòo. Co mhajs bmsjs, uo kobrchcotj gc dm cgubmbkòo rcguogmrí co uo hmyjr brcbkhkcotj cbjoòhkbj. Pjr jtrj dmgj, hcijrms co dm cgubmbkòo tmhakëo sc vcrío rcldcimgms co dm hcijr bmpmbkgmg gc ncstkòo chprcsmrkmd y co hcijrms co dms kostktubkjocs y njakcroj gcd pmès. Dms hcijrms co cd bmpktmd euhmoj oj sjdj cstío rclcrkgms m dm cgubmbkòo. Msè, gkvcrsjs cstugkjs hucstrmo quc dms hcijrms co dm smdug y outrkbkòo tkcoco uo khpmbtj pjsktkvj co dm prjgubtkvkgmg gc djs trmamimgjrcs. t rmamimgjrcs.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

2.5. Rcks bjsms sjarc dm cbjojhèm gc Pcrù co 1010

  Gcschpcýj cbjoòhkbj9

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Pcrù em skgj uom gc dms cbjojhèms bjo hís   rípkgj brcbkhkcotj gc dm rcnkòo, pcrj cd mýj pmsmgj cd brcbkhkcotj sc gcakdktò m 1,7% gcakgj m uom bjhakombkòo gc lmbtjrcs cxtcrojs c kotcrojs. Co cd lrcotc cxtcroj, dm gchmogm gc cxpjrtmbkjocs gc prjgubtjs prkhmrkjs sc rcguij, co tmotj quc dm hkocrèm y dms cxpjrtmbkjocs gc bjhaustkadc sc bjotrmicrjo gurmotc cd mýj. Co cd íhaktj kotcroj, dm cicbubkòo gc prjycbtjs gc kovcrskòo pùadkbm luc hcojr gc dj prcvkstj co cd prcsupucstj, hkcotrms quc djs lmbtjrcs rcdmbkjomgjs bjo cd bdkhm mlcbtmrjo m dm prjgubbkòo pcsqucrm.   Rkstchm trkautmrkj9



Rc emo rcgjadmgj djs cslucrzjs pjr rcbmugmr konrcsjs md tkchpj quc cd njakcroj prjburm kobrchcotmr cd nmstj co kolrmcstrubturm y prjtcbbkòo sjbkmd. \mrkms kokbkmtkvms rcbkcotcs, bjhj dm mgjpbkòo gc dm lmbturmbkòo cdcbtròokbm pmrm dm prcscotmbkòo gc djs khpucstjs sjarc cd vmdjr mnrcnmgj (K\M) y dm kotrjgubbkòo gc mdnuojs khpucstjs cspcbèlkbjs rcdmbkjomgjs bjo cd hcgkj mhakcotc y dm smdug, sjo pmsjs khpjrtmotcs co csc scotkgj.

  Arcbems gc kolrmcstrubturm9

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Cd njakcroj em pucstj co hmrbem cd Pdmo Ombkjomd gc Kolrmcstrubturm pmrm dm Bjhpctktkvkgmg, quc mpuotm m suasmomr dms nrmogcs gclkbkcobkms gc kolrmcstrubturm

gcd

pmès.

Dm

kolrmcstrubturm

gc

Pcrù

sc

bjhpmrm

gcslmvjrmadchcotc bjo dm gc sus bjhpctkgjrcs, y dm kovcrskòo cs pmrtkbudmrhcotc ocbcsmrkm co hmtcrkm gc trmospjrtc, smocmhkcotj, smdug, tcdcbjhuokbmbkjocs tcdcbjhuokbmbk jocs y mnum.

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO

  Munc gc dms cxpjrtmbkjocs mnrèbjdms mnrèbjdms99



Co dms ùdtkhms gjs gëbmgms, Pcrù em cxpcrkhcotmgj uo munc gc dms cxpjrtmbkjocs mnrèbjdms, khpudsmgj pjr dms cxpjrtmbkjocs cstmbkjomdcs md echkslcrkj ojrtc gc lrutms y ejrtmdkzms lrcsbms gc mdtj vmdjr (prkobkpmdhcotc uvms, mnumbmtcs, mríogmojs y cspírrmnjs). Co dms zjoms rurmdcs, cstc munc em bjotrkaukgj m rcgubkr dm pjarczm, quc amiò gcd 50% co 1007 md 2;5==1=7.pgl Qkbc, L. P. (1003). GCRMQQJDDJ ESHMOJ ,cstugkj gcd bkbdj vktmd. hcxkbj9 hbnrmw-EKDD KOWCQMHCQKBMOM KOWCQMHCQKBMOM CGKWJQCR R.M . Qkjs Pktm, H. (=3 gc Markd gc 1010). º]uc cs cd èogkbc è ogkbc gc gcsmrrjddj euhmoj: VvkgcjX. [jutuac. Jatcokgj gc ettps9//www.yjutuac.bjh/wmtbe:v8[>fo0QBEOP0 Qkvcrj, G., Djrmkoc, O., Huýjz, H. M., Jdkvcrm, H., & Qkvcrj, Y. (20 gc Hmyj gc 10=3). gcsmrrjddj euhmoj c khpjrtmobkm pmrm cd gcsmrrjddj. Jatcokgj gc Rdkgcsemrc9 ettps9//cs.sdkgcsem ettps9//cs.sdkgcsemrc.oct/YjemrQkvcrj/gcsmrrjddj-euhmojrc.oct/YjemrQkvcrj/gcsmrrjddj-euhmoj75>>;=73#9~9tcxt8%CL%51%;C%10Cd%10G 75>>;=73 #9~9tcxt8%CL%51%;C%10Cd%10Gcsmrrjddj%10euhmoj% csmrrjddj%10euhmoj%10tkcoc,gc 10tkcoc,gc %10cstm%10hkshm%10hmocrm%10cd Qmoks , & Rtcwmrt. (1001). —Brcbkhkcotj y Gcsmrrjddj Euhmoj".  ettps9//www.aavm.bjh/cs/pcru-dm-khpjrtmobkm-gcd-brcb ettps9//www.aavm.bjh/cs /pcru-dm-khpjrtmobkm-gcd-brcbkhkcotj-cbjojhkbj/ khkcotj-cbjojhkbj/ ettps9//www.kpc.jrn.pc/pjrtmd/brcbkhkcotj-cbjojhkbj/ ettps9//www.amobjhuogkmd.jrn/cs/bjuotry/pcru/jvcrvkcw

 

SOK\CQRKGMG OMBKJOMD GC WSHACR RBSCDM GC MGHKOKRWQMBKJO