El Criticismo Kantiano

 

_@CCFR Lº 9 ´PVÇ HF E@C_@ ^DR IDLDIFR4 FC IRG_GIGYHD (ofc krgfkd krgfkd κπηθχ,  κπηθχ, arèld, "ogstlkugr", "sfp`r`r" d "ogvgogr") fs c` odirgl` fpgsfhdcùkgi` ofs`rrdcc` ofs`r rdcc`o` o` pdr fc ecùsdd ecùsdd   Ghh`lufc A`l, A`l, quf prfflof prfflof fs`bcfifr fs`bcfifr cds cèhgfs cèhgfs ofc idldighgfld idldighgfld   igfrd ` r`vçs of ul` glvfstk`igùl sgsfhàti` sgsfhàti` of  of c`s idlogigdlfs of pdsgbgcgo`o ofc pdsgbgcgo`o ofc pfls`hgfld. Fc irgtigshd a`lt`ld: A`l A`l ofs`rrdccù  ofs`rrdccù c` ecdsd` irèti`0 fl rfspufs` ` cds iufstdl`hgflds quf c` cfiur` ofc ecùsdd fhpgrgs` fhpgrgs`   O`vgo Muhf cf Muhf cf m`bè` prdvdi`od1 prfvg`hflf, fl c` quf cds mgsdrg`odrfs of c` ecdsd`   cc ecdsd` cc`h `h`l `l su su ft`p` prfirèi`, A`l A`l m`b m`bè` è` flsfð`od flsfð`od c` odi odirg rgl` l` r`igdl`cgs` r`igdl`cgs`   of Imrgst`l [dc , ul sfkugodr of Cfgblgz Cfgblgz.. irèti` ` ` c` hgsh` r`zùl.  A`l C` ecd ecdsd sd`` a`l a`lt`l t`l`` fl flr` r` oflrd oflrd ofc prdyfid prdyfid gcusr`o gcusr`od d of ul` irèti prfflof fs`bcfifr iuàcfs sdl cds cèhgfs y c`s pdsgbgcgo`ofs of lufsrd idldighgfld, úlgid hfogd pdr fc quf fc mdhbrf pdorà `ci`lz`r su h`ydrè` of fo`o, cgbràlodsf of do`s c`s ufc`s, dsiur`ltshds y supfrstigdlfs. Fsà `udirèti` of c` r`zùl  glfl` rfsdcvfr cds `l`kdlgshds ` cds quf m`bè`l ccfk`od c`s `lfrgdrfs idlifpigdlfs `lrdpdcùkgi`s y fpgsfhdcùkgi`s quf, sfkúl fc ecùsdd, pufofl ulgei`rsf fl ods pdsur`s ogvfrkflfs: Fc odkh`ts odkh`tshd hd r`igdl`cgs`, gl`ukur`od pdr Ofsi`rfs y iuyd hàxghd fxpdlflf fl `qufc hdhfld fr` [dc y su fsiufc`, prffloè`l dbflfr c` ifrfz` ` p`rtr of gof`s y prgligpgds gll`ds of c` r`zùl ofouigods `irèti`hflf, rfim`z`lod fc v`cdr ofc idldighgfld quf `pdr` c` fxpfrgflig`.   Fc fsifptigshd d fc fhpgrgshd r`ogi`c of Muhf quf, rfouigflod dod fc àhbgd ofc idldighgfld ` c` fxpfrgflig`, m`bè` ghpdsgbgcg`od c` dbfligùl of ifrfz`s ulgvfrs`cfs y lfifs`rg`s fl fc àhbgd of c`s igflig`s ld dr drh`c h`cfs fs (s (sgi gi`, `, igf igfli lig`s g`s l` l`ur` ur`cfs cfs,, fi fi.) .),, quf qufo`l o`lod od suh suhfrk frkgod god do dod d fcc fccd d fl c` hfr hfr`` prd prdb`b b`bgcg gcgo`o o`o y idltlkflig`. Fc irgtigsh irgtigshd d a`l a`lt`l t`ld d sup supdlf dlf ul gl glfl fld d of idl idligc igcg`i g`igùl gùl y su supfr pfr`ig `igùl ùl of `h `hb` b`ss pds pdsur ur`s `s,, fc r`igdl`cgshd y fc fhpgrgshd:  `ulquf dod idldighgfld m` of prdvflgr of c` fxpfrgflig`, sgl fhb`rkd ld dod idldighgfld sf `kd` fl fcc`, y` quf sg ld, ld dbflorè`hds luli` ifrfz`s idl i`ràifr ulgvfrs`c y lfifs`rgd. Cds usds fùrgid y pràitids of c` r`zùl

A`l idhp`rtù cds prfsupufsds quf i`r`ifrgz`rdl `c hdvghgfld gcusr`od. Fs c` r`zùl c` gls`lig` suprfh` y c` `usflig` of r`igdl`cgo`o c` rfspdls`bcf of dods cds h`cfs ofc p`s`od, of lufsr` hgldrè` of fo`o. Fccd ghpcgi` c` gof` of ul prdkrfsd of c` muh`lgo`o quf sf m`if pdsgbcf kr`ig`s c` `udirèti` of c` prdpg` r`zùl. Çs`, ofsof sè hgsh`, m` of rfspdlofr c`s sgkugflfs prfkul`s: ´Puç pufod idldifr4 ´Puç ofbd m`ifr4 ´Puç hf i`bf fspfr`r4 ´Puç ç fs fc md mdhb hbrf4 rf4, Fs`s Fs `s prf prfkul kul`s `s,, quf sglftz sglftz`l `l c` c`b c`bdr dr of do` ecd ecdsd sd`` fl c` prf prfkul kul` ` ´Pu rfspdlofl ` ogstlds usds of c` r`zùl. Fl su us usd d f fùr ùrgi gid d, c` r` r`zù zùl l sf og ogrg rgkf kf ` `q `quf ufccccd d qu quff pu pufo foff id idld ldif ifr, r, y` sf sf`` ig igfl fle ei` i` id idhd hd hf`s hf `sgi gi`hf `hflf lf.. Fc usd fù fùrgi rgid d of c` r`z r`zùl ùl rfs rfspdl pdlof of ` c` prg prghfr hfr`` prf prfkul kul` ` ´Pu ´Puçç pdo pdofhd fhdss idl idldi difr4 fr4 Yf r`` of offrhgl`r c` fsruiur` of dod idldighgfld fl kflfr`c, ulo`hfl`chflf ofc idldighgfld igfleid. Fl su usd pràitid c` r`zùl m` of offrhgl`r cds prgligpgds quf rgkfl lufsrds idhpdr`hgflds y do`s `qufcc`s `iigdlfs fl c`s quf glfrvflk` c` cgbfr`o. Fsf usd rfspdlof c` sfkulo` prfkul` ´quç ofbd m`ifr4 C` r`zùl muh`l`, fl sus ogstlds usds, sf fsuog` ofsof ul` pfrspfitv` r`siflofl`c d irèti`. Fs ofigr, glfrfs`l c`s idlogigdlfs of pdsgbgcgo`o of dod idldighgfld, `sè idhd fc fs`bcfighgfld of sus prdpgds cèhgfs. Fc ofs`rrdccd ofc hçdod r`siflofl`c sf fliuflr` fl c`s rfs irèti`s a`lt`l`s: Irèi` of c` r`zùl pur`, Irèi` of c` r`zùl pur` pràii` y Irèi` ofc jugigd.

D_RD _F]_D ^dr Irgtigshd sf fltflof c` odirgl` of A`l, quf sdstflf c` supfrgdrgo`o of c` glvfstk`igùl ofc idldifr sdbrf c` glvfstk`igùl ofc sfr. Fs` idrrgflf fsà idlvfligo` of quf fs pdsgbcf fc idldighgfld p`r` fc mdhbrf, `ifp` quf pufof ccfk`r ` pdsffr c` vfro`o, pufof flfr idldighgflds quf o`l ifrfz`, pfrd quf

 

m`if glogspfls`bcf justei`r r`igdl`chflf c` drh` iùhd ccfk`hds `c idldighgfld: fs ofigr, iùhd ccfk`hds `c idldighgfld y fl quç drh` sf lds o` c` rf`cgo`o. "Fcc irg "F rgt tig igsh shd d fx` x`hg hgl l` d do` o`ss c` c`ss `e `erh rh`i `iggdl dlffs of c` r` r`zù zùl l muh` h`l l` y ld `i `ifp fp` ` l` l`o o` ofsprfdiup`o`hflf. Odlofqugfr`, prfkul` pdr cds hdtvds y pgof iufl`s ` c` r`zùl muh`l`. Yu idloui` ld fs odkhàti` lg fsiçpti`, sgld rffxgv` y irèti`. Fs ul çrhgld hfogd flrf c` fhfrgo`o odkhàti` y c` ofsfspfr`igùl fsiçpti`." Fc irgtigshd fs idhd ul` ogrfiigùl fspfig`c of c` kldsfdcdkè`, idlsgsflf fl c` `vfrgku`igùl of c`s i`fkdrè`s `prgdrèsti`s quf flvufcvfl cd o`od y pfrhgfl drofl`rcd y idldifrcd1 pdr dr` p`rf, fs ul` fdrè` ecdsùei` quf idgligof idl fc gof`cgshd fl sus ogvfrsds `spfids y quf glvgfrf c` ogrfiigùl m`bgu`c ofc idldighgfld hfog`lf fc prdpgd idldighgfld. Flflogflod pufs fc irgtigshd ofsof c` ecdsd`, fs ul` "`ituo" quf h`tz` dods cds `ids of c` vgo` muh`l`, sgflod c` çpdi` hdofrl` idlsgofr`o` "çpdi` irèti`" pufsd quf fl fcc` sf prfflogù `vfrgku`r fc ulo`hfld r`igdl`c of c`s irfflig`s úcth`s. Idlfxd mgsùrgid M` sgod idlirf`hflf c` Fo`o @ltku` c` quf m` pfrhgtod prfsfl`r pfqufðds brdfs of irgtigshd, y oflrd of fs` çpdi` sdbrfs`cf ^c`ùl (sgkcd U `lfs of Irgsd) qugfl ogstlkuf v`rgds kr`ods quf idlouifl `c idldighgfld: 0. Fc idldighgfld sflsgbcf.  Fsf tflf pdr dbjfd of idldighgfld cds sfrfs h`frg`cfs y çsds sf lds o`l ` r`vçs of cds sfltods, pdr cds iu`cfs sf pufof prfsfl`r v`rg`bgcgo`o fl fc cdkrd ofc idldighgfld, pdr `ld, ld fs pdsgbcf ul` vfro`ofr` igflig`. 2. Fc idldighgfld r`igdl`c ogsiursgvd. M`if rffrflig` `c lúhfrd y ` c` i`lto`o, fs ofigr, ` c`s h`fhàti`s. 9. Fc idldighgfld r`igdl`c glugtvd. Fsf sf rfefrf ` cds sfrfs fspgrgu`cfs1 fs fc hulod of c`s gof`s y fs sùcd fl çsf odlof sf pufof m`cc`r c` vfro`ofr` igflig`, pufs fs idlsgofr`od fc hulod dbjftvd, vfro`ofrd, ffrld f glhu`bcf. Hàss `o Hà `ofc fc`l `lf f,, sg sgku kuff ` ^c ^c` `ùl ùl,, su og ogsi sièp èpuc ucd d @r @rgs gsù ùf fcf cfs, s, qu qugf gfl l rf rf`e `erh rh`` c` pd pdsg sgbg bgcgcgo` o`o o of ul idldighgfld1 `ofhàs, `ic`r` quf cds sfltods sùcd lds flk`ð`l `iigofl`chflf, pufsd quf sdl mfimds p`r` i`p`r cds dbjfds. Ogstlkuf ods tpds of idldighgflds: fc sflsgtvd y fc glfcfitvd, cds iu`cfs sf o`l fl idls`lf rfc`igùl. "L`o` m`y fl fc flfloghgfld quf ld m`y` p`s`od pdr cds sfltods"1 fs ofigr, cds sfltods suhglgsr`l fc h`frg`c idl quf r`b`j` lufsr` hflf. Hàs `rof, fl c` çpdi` hdofrl`, fs A`l fc kr`l rfprfsfl`lf d ulo`odr of fs` idrrgflf irgtigs`, fc iu`c ccfkù ` fs` pdsgigùl ofspuçs of m`bfr p`s`od pdr fc odkh`tshd odkh`tshd y  y fc fsifptigshd fsifptigshd.. C` glfligùl quf uvd A`l idl fs` idrrgflf fr` sdhffr c` r`zùl ` ul `làcgsgs offlgod p`r` vfr sus fsruiur`s y offrhgl`r fldlifs c` drh` iùhd idldifl. Pugfrf ulo`hfl`r fc idldighgfld muh`ld offrhgl`lod cds `pdrfs quf m`if fc sujfd y cds `pdrfs quf prdvgflfl of c` fxpfrgflig`. Fc sujfd rfigbf cds o`ds, cds drk`lgz`, cfs o` drh`, ` r`vçs of fsruiur`s ` prgdrg, `ld of c` sflsgbgcgo`o idhd ofc flfloghgfld y c` r`zùl. C` drh` "` prgdrg", quf fs `pdr`o` pdr fc sujfd, pdsff sgfhprf ul i`ràifr lfifs`rgd y ulgvfrs`c. Cufkd sgkuf Mfkfc, fc iu`c m` drhuc`od fl su "Fligicdpfog`" quf c` glvfstk`igùl ofc idldighgfld ld pufof flfr cuk`r of drd hdod quf idldigflod. Pufrfr idldifr `lfs of idldifr fs `l `bsurod iu`lod sf p`rf of dod supufsd1 fs ofigr, sgl prdb`r ul` pdsgbgcgo`o hgsh` ofc idldighgfld. idldighgfld. @iu`cgo`o ofc pfls`hgfld a`lt`ld

Idl A`l sf ogd fc idhgflzd of ul` dbjftvgo`o ofc pfls`hgfld, kr`ig`s ` su irgtigshd quf gloujd `c mdhbrf ` r`siflofr su hulod, p`s`lod of c` sghpcf dbsfrv`igùl `c idldighgfld idldighgfld irètid of cd quf sf idldif. Fc idldighgfld, pdr `ld, ld fxgkf sdc`hflf qufo`rsf fl cds prdifsds hfl`cfs d of c` r`zùl, sgld `hbgçl ogrgkgr c` hgr`o` `c hulod lduhçlgid, quf lds drfif c` pdsgbgcgo`o hf`sgi` of lufsr`s i`p`igo`of i`p`igo`ofs. s. ^dr idlsgkugflf, fs lfifs`rgd ofs`i`r c` ghpdr`lig` quf `iu`chflf tflf A`l fl i`o` uld of cds ogfrflfs idlfxds sdig`cfs, quf ` p`rtr of su irèti` `brgù ` c` rfgvglogi`igùl ofc mdhbrf rfspfid `c hulod. Fc pfls`hgfld of A`l, fldlifs, `pdrù of fs` h`lfr` ` c` foui`igùl, pufs çc, ` r`vçs of c` irèti` of c` r`zùl pur`, prfsf prfsflù lù c`s pdsgb pdsgbgcgo gcgo`ofs `ofs idkldsigtv`s idkldsigtv`s fl ul idl idlfxd fxd fpgsfhdcùkg fpgsfhdcùkgid id quf prdyfiù ` c`s `iuc`ofs ofc mdhbrf fl iu`ld sfr sflsgbcf y r`igdl`c, pufs `hb`s sf glfkr`l, o`lod c` prghfr` fc fcfhfld subjftvd y drgfl`o` r`igdl`chflf m`ig` ul el (idldighgfl (idldighgfld d dbjftvd). C` foui`igùl `iu`chflf rfqugfrf fcfhflds fcfhflds subjftvds quf sdl o`ods pdr cd h`frg`c, cd sflsgbcf, p`r` ccfk`r `c idldighgfld dbjftvd quf sf cdkr` fl c` prdpg` sus`lig`cgo`o of c`s ids`s1 fl fsf `spfid, cds jugigds sdl

 

uflfs of idldighgfld, pufs sf o`l ` prgdrg y ` pdsfrgdrg, pdr `ld, fc mdhbrf `iu`c hgof su s`bfr fl cd quf y` m` idldigod idhd fl cd quf y` v` ` idldifr, y p`r` fsd ofbf flfr ul` i`p`igo`o of `sdhbr`rsf, of vfr c`s ids`s fsçti`hflf fsçti`hflf.. Fc pfls`hgfld irgtigs` of A`l, ld fsi`p` `hpdid ofc i`hpd rfcgkgdsd, rfidrofhds quf A`l, fl su vgvf vg vfli lig` g` pg pgft fts s`, `, sf `p `p`r `rù ù of cd od odkh khàt àtid id (s (sgl gl ccccfk fk`r `r ` sf sfrr fs fsiç içpt ptid id), ), qu qufr frgf gflo lod d fs fsi` i`p` p`rr of ul fs`li`hgfld r`igdl`c, y supfr`lod c`s rdlfr`s of cd quf c` f pfrhgf idldifr. Fc ^`p` Ju`l ^`bcd GG, m` gcuhgl`od kr`lofhflf fsf `lqugcds`hgfld of c` r`zùl idl su Flièicgi` "Egofs f R`td", fl c` iu`c prfsfl` huy dpdrul`hflf c` `rhdlè` quf ofbf m`bfr flrf fc idldighgfld ecdsùeid y fc of c` f: "C` f rfqugfrf quf su dbjfd sf` idhprflogod idl c` `yuo` of c` r`zùl1 c` r`zùl, fs fc iuchfl of su búsqufo`, `ohgf idhd lfifs`rgd cd quf c` f cf prfsfl`" A`l uf fldlifs "ul prdf` of c` igflig`" prfsfl`lod `c mdhbrf ul` lufv` pdsgbgcgo`o of flrfl`rsf `c idldig idl dighgf hgfld ld sgl od odkh` kh`tsh tshds, ds, sgl sgld d quf bus busiàl iàlodc odcd d ld igf igfk`h k`hfl flf, f, `l `lfs fs bg bgfl, fl, `pr `prdvf dvfim` im`lod lod c`s pdsgbgcgo`ofs quf fc hulod of mdy cf drfif. D_RD A@L_ Fc Irgtigshd A`lt`ld A`l prdpusd quf fc prdbcfh` ulo`hfl`c of c` ecdsd` fs –Y`bfr sg c` r`zùl muh`l` fs i`p`z of idldifr‘. A`l pgfls` quf cd prghfrd quf ofbf m`ifrsf fs sdhffr c` r`zùl ` jugigd d v`cdr`igùl, p`r` s`bfr sg c` r`zùl of uld tflf c` i`p`igo`o of rfsdcvfr cds prdbcfh`s quf `idhff. Fc rfsuc`od of fsd, fs ul sgsfh` ecdsùeid drh`od fl drld `c `làcgsgs of c` r`zùl hgsh`. Fsf sgsfh` rfigbf fc ldhbrf of Irgtigshd d Gof`cgshd _r`siflofl`c Çs` `erh` quf fc sujfd ofc idldighgfld fs ul` sèlfsgs flrf cds o`ds of c` fxpfrgflig` of lufsr` hflf quf idlstuyfl c` drh` of iu`cqugfr idldighgfld. A`l rfsuhf su ecdsd` y sus dbr`s fl ul`s sghpcfs prfkul`s ´Puç pufod idldifr4, ´Puç pufod m`ifr4 ´Puç pufod fspfr`r4 @ c` quf `krfk` dr` prfkul` ´quç fs fc Mdhbrf4 ^`r` A`l fc sfr muh`ld fs fc sujfd of c`s iufstdlfs, pdr cd quf c` glvfstk`igùl a`lt`l` tflf quf vfr idl fc mdhbrf hgshd.   A`l rfspdlof ` c` prghfr` gliùklg`s fl sus dbr`s Irèti` ` c` r`zùl pur`, ` c` sfkulo` fl C` Irèti` of c` r`zùl ^ràiti`, y ` c` frifr` fl C` rfcgkgùl oflr rd d of cds cèhgfs of c` hfr` r`zùl. Fc çrhgld Irèti` of c` r`zùl pur` tflf ul sgklgei`od fspfièeid p`r` A`l. @ c` r`zùl sf cf ofbf sdhffr ` –irèti –ir èti`‘ `‘ p`r p`r`` fs fs`bc `bcfi fifr fr cds cècèhg hgfs fs of su i`p i`p`ig `igo`o o`o,, y` qu quff hu huim` im`ss vf vfifs ifs cds frr frrdrf drfss sui suifo fofl fl pdr fxr`cghg`rsf d pdr rfb`s`r cds cèhgfs ofc idldighgfld. Fsf fsuogd cd ofbf ccfv`r ` i`bd c` r`zùl pur` fs ofigr, c` r`zùl cgbrf of iu`cqugfr o`d fxr`ðd ` fcc`, quf sf` pur` sgklgei` quf ld ofbf fs`r idl`hgl`o` pdr lglkúl `spfid prdvflgflf of c` sfls`igùl d of c` fxpf fx pfrg rgfl flig ig`. `. Çs Çs` ` of ofbf bf sf sfrr `l `lf frg rgdr dr ` iu iu`c `cqu qugf gfrr id idl lfl flgo god d fh fhpè pèrg rgid id d ` iu iu`c `cqu qugf gfrr fx fxpf pfrg rgfl flig ig`. `. @ofhàs fs` `rf` fs ccfv`o` ` i`bd pdr c` hgsh` r`zùl. D_RD Fc irgtigshd a`lt`ld A`l ofs`rrdccù c` ecdsd` irèti`Q0X fl rfspufs` ` cds iufstdl`hgflds quf c` cfiur` ofc ecùsdd fhpgrgs` O`vgo Muhf cf m`bè` prdvdi`od1 prfvg`hflf, fl c` quf cds mgsdrg`odrfs of c` ecdsd` cc`h`l su f`p` prfirèti`, A`l m`bè` flsfð`od c` odirgl` r`igdl`cgs` of Imrgst`l [dc, ul sfkugodr of Cfgblgz. Fc prdbcfh` quf m`bè` quf rfsdcvfr fr`, pdr cd `ld, c` lfifsgo`o of idligcg`r c` fvgoflig` of c` fxgsflig` of cfyfs ulgvfrs`cfs ‟fxprfs`o`s, pdr fjfhpcd, fl cds prgligpgds of c` h`fhàti`, quf ld p`rfifl sfr fc rfsuc`od of ul` glouiigùl idltlkflf1 fs ogigc sdsflfr quf fxgsf `ckúl i`sd fl quf fc rfsuc`od of ul` dpfr`igùl idhd 6 + ; ld v`y` ` sfr 02‟ idl c` odirgl` of quf dod fc idldighgfld prdvgflf of c` fxpfrgflig` of cds sfltods ‟ quf, pdr su prdpg` l`ur`cfz`, ld pufofl idldifr prgligpgds kflfr`cfs, sgld sùcd mfimds y dbjfds glogvgou`cfs. C` drhuc`igùl a`lt`l` of fsf prdbcfh` sf idrrfspdlof idl su ogstligùl flrf c`s `erh`igdlfs d  jugigds `l`cètids ‟fsd fs, `qufccds iuyd prfogi`od fsà ghpcèig` d fxpcèig`hflf idlflgod fl fc sujfd, idhd c`s `udcdkè`s ofc tpd "cd bc`lid fs bc`lid", d c`s `erh`igdlfs, idhd "dods cds i`rlèvdrds sdl `lgh`cfs", fl quf c` ofelgigùl ofc sujfd y` prfsupdlf cd prfogi`od1 "i`rlèvdrd" fs "`lgh`c quf idhf i`rlf"‟ y cds sglçtids ‟`qufccds fl quf sf `erh` `ckd ld prfvg`hflf idlflgod fl c` ldigùl ofc sujfd, idhd "fsf p`pfc fs bc`lid" d "fsf `lgh`c fsà flfrhd".

 

Cds jugigds `l`cètids pufofl m`ifrsf of h`lfr` ulgvfrs`c, f glofpflogflfhflf of c` fxpfrgflig`1 sdl, pdr cd `ld, ` prgdrg, pfrd ld idlstuyfl ul `uhfld ofc idldighgfld. Cds jugigds sglçtids `uhfl`l fc idldighgfld, pfrd ofpflofl of c` fxpfrgflig` of ul mfimd p`rtiuc`r1 p`rfifl sfr, pdr cd `ld, ` pdsfrgdrg, `ckd gl`ohgsgbcf p`r` c` igflig` quf ofbf prdouigr `erh`igdlfs ld idltlkflfs. A`l ofelf fc prdbcfh` of c` igflig` idhd c` ulo`hfl`igùl of cds jugigds sglçtids ` prgdrg, fs ofigr, `erh`igdlfs of v`cgofz ulgvfrs`c quf pufo`l rf`cgz`rsf glofpflogflfhflf of c` fluhfr`igùl of cds mfimds idls``ods. C` sdcuigùl a`lt`l` `erh` quf, sg bgfl l`o` m`y fl c` glfcgkflig` quf ld flk` drgkfl fl c` fxpfrgflig` of cds sfltods, ld dod fc idlflgod ofc idldighgfld sf ofrgv` of cd pfrigbgod sflsdrg`chflf. Cd idldigod fs fc rfsuc`od of c` `pcgi`igùl of c`s `iuc`ofs ofc glfcfid `c dbjfd ofc idldighgfld1 fsd fs, c`s i`r`ifrèsti`s of `qufccd quf sf idldif prdvgflfl fl p`rf ofc dbjfd idldigod, pfrd `hbgçl sf ofrgv`l fl p`rf of c` fsruiur` of c` glfcgkflig` quf idldif, ul` odirgl` idldigo` idhd gof`cgshd subjftvd. C`s prdpgfo`ofs ofc glfcfid quf pfrhgfl idldifr sdl c`s quf A`l cc`h` drh`s ` prgdrg of c` glfcgkflig`1 ogvgogo`s fl rfs lgvfcfs (drh`s of c` pfrifpigùl, ofc flfloghgfld y of c` r`zùl), glicuyfl ldigdlfs idhd c`s of fsp`igd y tfhpd, quf ld sf fxr`fl of c` fxpfrgflig` sgld quf idlstuyfl su idlogigùl of pdsgbgcgo`o. Fc mfimd of quf sf` ghpdsgbcf pfls`r ul dbjfd sgl idcdi`rcd fl fc fsp`igd ld glogi` l`o` `ifri` of c` l`ur`cfz` of cds dbjfds, sgld of c` hflf quf cds pgfls`. A`l ofs`rrdcc` c` odirgl` of c` irèti` fl rfs p`rfs1 c` prghfr`, c` glvfstk`igùl of c`s drh`s ` prgdrg of c` `iuc`o glfcfitv`, idrrfspdlof ` c` Irèti` of c` R`zùl ^ur` (0;=0). Çs` sf idltlú` idl c` glvfstk`igùl of cds prgligpgds ` prgdrg of c` hdr`c fl c` Irèti` of c` R`zùl ^ràiti` (0;==), y fc `làcgsgs of c` glfridlfxgùl flrf fc àhbgd offrhglgs` of c` l`ur`cfz` y fc àhbgd fspdlàlfd of c` i`us`cgo`o fspgrgu`c fl c` Irèti` ofc Jugigd (0;7>). Drds `udrfs of pdsgbgcgo`o y uligdl`hgfld `ld of c` `itvgo`o fidlùhgi` rf`c ‟ulo`o` fl fc ftimgshd of c` hfri`liè`‟ idhd of c` fdrè` fidlùhgi` icàsgi` of @o`h Yhgm y O`vgo Rgi`rod. Fc hgshd sfltod tflf c` ofsgkl`igùl of fdrè` irèti` of c` sdigfo`o utcgz`od pdr cds `udrfs of c` Fsiufc` of Eràlidr. Ifri`` of c` uhb` sf m`cc` ul` pc`i` idl c` sgkug Ifri sgkugflf flf glsirgpi glsirgpigùl gùl fl `cfhàl `cfhàl   y rusd rusd,, dh`o` of c` «Idlicusg «Idl icusgùl± ùl± of Irèi` of c` r`zùl pràii` : «Ods ids`s hf ccfl`l c` hflf idl ul sgfhprf rfldv`od y `irfifl`od `sdhbrd y `ohgr`igùl pdr huimd quf idltlu`hflf rfefxgdlf sdbrf fcc`s: fc rh`hfld fsrfcc`od sdbrf hè y c` cfy hdr`c oflrd of hè±.