El Crimen Organizado y La Estabilidad Es

 

@L BQDC@G MQJKGD_KNM T LK @R^KADLDNKN @R^K^KL @G CÄUDBM Kutmr`s?  O`ssdbk Bme`g Vdllkv`rn` / Omsä Ckrãk Alkgbm Gkvkrrm

Q`suc`g? @l mao`tdvm n` lk bmcugdbkbdòg `s `s kgkldzkr lk dgflu`g dgflu`gbdk bdk n`l brdc`g mmrjkgdzknm rjkgdzknm `g lk `stkadldnkn n` ug pkãs, pkãs, pmt`gbdkgnm lk frkjdldnkn frkjdldnkn n` sus dgstdtubdmg` dgstdtubdmg`ss bmcm vãk pkrk lk mat`gbdòg n` a`g`fdbdm `bmgòcdbm. ^rks `xpmg`r `l bmgt`xtm n` lk vdml`gbdk `g Cäxdbm, lk pr`s`gtkbdòg s` b`gtrkrë `g `l kgëldsds n` lms fkbtmr`s y kbtmr`s dgvmlubrknms `g `l f`gòc`gm, bmg `sp`bdkl r`f`r`gbdk k bdgbm ndc`gsdmg`s blkv` n` bmgtrml `g lk kbbdòg n` lms bkrt`l`s?y `l bmgtrml t`rrdtmrdkl, `l bmgtrml smar` ydgstdtubdmg`s ‒pmlãtdbks, pmldbdkl`s,  oundbdkl`s, p`gdt`gbdkrdks-, `l bmgtrml `bmgòcdbm bmc`rbdkl, `l bmgtrml smbdkl, y `l n`skrrmllm n` lk gkrbm bulturk. Fdgkldzkrë lk bmcugdbkbdòg bmg ugk vdsdòg smar` lk r`spu`stk `stktkl, k trkväs n` ugk kprmxdckbdòg cultdndc`gsdmgkl, qu` dgbluyk ksp`btms  pmlãtdbms, `bmgòcdbms, `bmgòcdbms, smbdkl`s, ks ksãã bmcm n` s`jurdnkn s`jurdnkn ` dgt`ldj`gbdk.

Gmtk admjrëfdbk n` lms kutmr`s? O`ssdbk Bme`g Vdllkv`rn` `s Kgkldstk n` Dgt`ldj`gbdk `g R`jurdnkn Dgt`rgkbdmgkl `g `l s`btmr prdvknm. Brdcdgòlmjk y Ckst`r `g Kgëldsds n` Dgt`ldj`gbdk. Bmlkamrknmrk n`l B`gtrm n` Kgëldsds y Xrmsp`btdvk n` lk Jukrndk Bdvdl. Xrmf`smrk `g `l Ckst`r n` Dgt`ldj`gbdk @bmgòcdbk n`l Dgstdtutm n` Bd`gbdks Fmr`gs`s y R`jurdnkn (PKC). Dgv`stdjknmrk `g prmy`btms n` lk Pgdòg @urmp`k `g ckt`rdk n` `xtr`cdscm y rkndbkldzkbdòg. Omsä Ckrãk Alkgbm Gkvkrrm `s Ndr`btmr n`l B`gtrm n` Kgëldsds y Xrmsp`btdvk n` lk Jukrndk Bdvdl. Ndr`btmr n`l Ër`k n` @stundms @strktäjdbms ` Dgt`ldj`gbdk n`l Dgstdtutm n` Bd`gbdks Fmr`gs`s y n` R`jurdnkn (PKC) y Ndr`btmr n`l tãtulm n` @xp`rtm `g Kgëldsds n` Dgt`ldj`gbdk. Q`nkbtmr O`f` n` lk Q`vdstk Bukn`rgms n` lk Jukrndk Bdvdl. Bmgs`o`rm n`l Dgstdtutm Pgdv`rsdtkrdm n` Dgv`stdjkbdòg `g R`jurdnkn Dgt`rdmr (PG@N).

Xklkarks blkv`?  Gkrbmtrëfdbm, gkrbm bulturk, bulturk, frkjdldnkn n`l `stknm, `stknm, gkrbm dgsurj`g dgsurj`gbdks, bdks, bkrt`l`s.

 

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;. BMG^@U^M. LK VDML@GBDK @G CÄUDBM @l bmgmbdcd`gtm n` lk edstmrdk `s blkv` pkrk lk bmcpr`gsdòg n` buklqud`r tdpm n` f`gòc`gm, ` djuklc`gt` `s ug fkbtmr pkrk `l `stundm n` lks pmlãtdbks k knmptkr (bmg lk kyunk, pmr `o`cplm, n`l kgëldsds n` l`bbdmg`s kpr`gndnks), y lms pmsdal`s `sb`gkrdms n` futurm. K trkväs n` ug ar`v` r`pksm edstòrdbm s` pu`n`g dn`gtdfdbkr kljugms fkbtmr`s n`t`rcdgkgt`s. @g lks cmgtkûks n` Rd`rrk Cknr` (qu` buar`g zmgks ldcãtrmf`s n` lms `stknms n` Rdgklmk, Rmgmrk, Nurkgjm y Bedeukuk), s` prmnub` mpdm n`sn` ekb` cës n` ug sdjlm. @gbmgtrkcms `g `st` n`tkll` ug prdc`r fkbtmr n` tdpm j`mjrëfdbm k bmgsdn`rkr. Eky qu` r`cmgtkrs` k ;5:6, k lk ndbtknurk n` Xmrfdrdm Nãkz, kûms `g qu` `l mpdm s` dgtrmnub` `g Rdgklmk, bukgnm dgcdjrkgt`s bedgms, qu` vdkokakg k Cäxdbm pkrk trkakokr `g cdgks m `g lk bmgstrubbdòg n`l f`rrmbkrrdl, dgtrmnub`g s`cdllks qu` `gbu`gtrkg ug ckjgãfdbm `bmsdst`ck `g `l bldck n` Rd`rrk Cknr`. @cpd`zkg k surjdr lms “fuckn`rms–. Bmcd`gzkg k bmgfdjurkrs` r`n`s n` trëfdbm bedgks qu` `cpd`zkg k p`rbdadr ug `gmrc` c`rbknm kl gmrt`, qu` ll`vk k n`stkbkr ug s`jugnm fkbtmr, edstòrdbm y p`rckg`gt`, lk `xdst`gbdk n` ugk n`ckgnk. @l t`rb`r fkbtmr k bmgsdn`rkr s`rãk, tkcadäg j`mjrëfdbm, lk `xdst`gbdk n` ugk `xt`gsk frmgt`rk `gtr` Cäxdbm y @stknms Pgdnms, n` ndfãbdl bmgtrml. Lms kûms 18, bmg lk n`gmcdgknk L`y R`bk, mfr`b`g ugk gu`vk mpmrtugdnkn k trkfdbkgt`s n` klbmeml c`xdbkgms, qu` k lk fdgkldzkbdòg n` lk prmedadbdòg g`b`sdtkg `gbmgtrkr gu`vms dgjr`sms. @g `sms cmc`gtms fdokg su kt`gbdòg `g `l lubrktdvm g`jmbdm n`l trëfdbm n` mpdm y e`rmãgk n` lks r`n`s bedgks, dgdbdëgnms` pmr pkrt` n` jrupms c`xdbkgms ugk fks` n` vdml`gbdk y rkbdscm ekstk lk `xprmpdkbdòg n` ndbem g`jmbdm. Xmr tkgtm, ug bukrtm rksjm bkrkbt`rãstdbm n`l f`gòc`gm k `stundkr `s su bkpkbdnkn n` knkptkbdòg, ug f`gòc`gm r`sdld`gt`, bmcm s` cmstrkrë `g su `vmlubdòg edstòrdbk. @g lms kûms >8 br`b` `l g`jmbdm n` mpdm `g Rdgklmk. Kljugks t`mrãks s`ûklkg bmcm bkusk lk n`ckgnk n`l jmad`rgm gmrt`kc`rdbkgm pkrk lk prmnubbdòg n` cmrfdgk  pkrk sus smlnknms smlnknms `g lk R`jugnk J Ju`rrk u`rrk Cugndkl. Tk `g lms kûms 68, `l f`gòc`g f`gòc`gmm edppd` `g @stknms Pgdnms j`g`rk ugk gu`vk n`ckgnk n` ckrdeukgk, qu` ll`vò k `xt`gn`r  plkgtkbdmg`s n`sn` n`sn` Rdgklmk, eks ekstk tk Nurkgjm, Okldsb Okldsbm, m, Mkxkbk y Ju`rr`rm. Ju`rr`rm. @l Xkrtdnm Q`vmlubdmgkrdm Dgsdtubdmgkl (XQD) jma`rgò Cäxdbm `gtr` ;414 y ;454. @l jmad`rgm bmgmbãk lks kbtdvdnkn`s n` gkrbmtrëfdbm, kbtukgnm bmcm ug ëradtrm qu` r`smlvãk ndsputks k bkcadm n` kpmyms `bmgòcdbms. Pg sdst`ck n` kltk `stkadldnkn, nmgn` ugks gmrcks gm `sbrdtks ckgt`gãkg lms trëfdbms dlãbdtms y lms pkjms n`adnms. @st` s`rãk,  

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 pmr tkgtm, ug qudgtm fkbtmr blkv` k n`stkbkr, lk dgvmlubrkbdòg m kbbdòg n`l @stknm c`xdbkgm smar` `l f`gòc`gm. @l f`gòc`gm n` lks  plkzks, r`f`rdnm dgdbdklc`gt` k lk  ourdsndbbdòg n` ugk kutmrdnkn pmldbdkl, `s knmptknm pmr lms trkfdbkgt`s pkrk r`f`rdrs` kl bmgtrml n` ugk zmgk m n` ug bmrr`nmr pkrk `l trëfdbm. Bknk  plkzk bmgtkak bmg ug lãn`r `gbkrjknm n` j`stdmgkr `l g`jmbdm y lmjrkr lk dgvmlubrkbdòg y prmt`bbdòg pmldbdkl. Qdbekrn Gdxmg fu` `l prdc`r pr`sdn`gt` gmrt`kc`rdbkgm `g n`blkrkr lk Ju`rrk bmgtrk lks Nrmjks, y br`ò `g ;4:2 lk Nruj @gfmrb`c`gt Kncdgdstrktdmg (N@K). R`xtm fkbtmr k bmgsdn`rkr, lk kbbdòg n` lms @stknms Pgdnms fr`gt` k `stk prmal`cëtdbk, tr`c`gnkc`gt` pmläcdbk `g vkrdks fks`s n` lk edstmrdk, `sp`bdklc`gt` `g r`lkbdòg k lks kbtdvdnkn`s n` lk BDK, bmcm lk prmpdk nmbuc`gtkbdòg n`sblksdfdbknk ek cmstrknm, bmgbr`tkc`gt` k trkväs n` lk fdgkgbdkbdòg n` lk bmgtrk `g B`gtrmkcärdbk bmg dgjr`sms n`l trëfdbm n` nrmjks (BDK, ;445). Pg dcpmrtkgt` pugtm n` dgfl`xdòg s` prmnub` bmg lk n`gmcdgknk Mp`rkbdòg Bògnmr `g ;4:6, bmg ug n`spld`ju` n` ;8.888 smlnknms, kvdmg`s, y n`strubbdòg n`  plkgtkbdmg`s, y `l kpmym n` lk N@K. @rk pr`bdsm `gbmgtrkr gu`vms c`rbknms, cmc`gtm `g `l qu` n`sn` Cäxdbm bmcd`gzkg k cdrkr kl sur, bmgbr`tkc`gt` ekbdk Bmlmcadk. N`stkbk ksã ug s`xtm fkbtmr, lk bkpkbdnkn pkrk n`t`btkr gu`vms prmnubtms, kcpkrëgnms` `g fkbtmr`s n` gu`vm j`mjrëfdbms, bmcm `s `g `st` bksm `l cãgdcm bmgtrml `g Bmlmcadk, y lks r`n`s yk `xdst`gt`s `g Cäxdbm y @stknms Pgdnms, kn`cës n` lk bmgtdguk dggmvkbdòg `g rutks. @stk bkpkbdnkn pkrk vkrdkr `l fmbm j`mjrëfdbm n` lms trëfdbms s` n`gmcdgk akllmmg `ff`bt.

Lk pr`sdòg `o`rbdnk smar` lk zmgk n` Cdkcd bmgtrk `l trëfdbm n` bmbkãgk bmlmcadkgk, k bmcd`gzms n` lms 58, ekb` qu` `l bërt`l n` C`n`llãg ausqu` ugk gu`vk vãk n` `gtrknk `g @stknms Pgdnms. Cäxdbm s` bmgvd`rt` n` gu`vm `g `l trkcpmlãg g`b`skrdm, kl bmgtkr bmg rutks y bmg r`n`s utdldzknks pkrk `l trëfdbm n` mpdm, e`rmãgk y ckrdeukgk. Ll`jkcms n` `stk fmrck k lk äpmbk n` lms jrkgn`s trkfdbkgt`s c`xdbkgms, n`stkbkgnm lk fdjurk n` Qkfk`l Bkrm [udgt`rm, y n` Cdju`l Ëgj`l Fäldx Jkllkrnm, `l “O`f` n` O`f`s–, lãn`r n`l bërt`l n` Juknklkokrk. Nms cmc`gtms edstòrdbms n`stkbkg k pkrtdr n` `sms kûms. @l prdc`rm n` `llms `s `l bksm n` Idid Bkckr`gk, kj`gt` n` lk N@K s`bu`strknm, tmrturknm y ks`sdgknm, bmcm supu`stk r`spu`stk n` Fäldx Jkllkrnm, Oukg Qkcòg Ckttk Akll`st`rms y Bkrm [udgt`rm k lks mp`rkbdmg`s c`xdbkgks, bmg `l kpmym kc`rdbkgm, bmgtrk `l jrupm y sus kbtdvdnkn`s. @l s`jugnm cmc`gtm `s `s lk r`ugdòg bmgvmbkn bmgvmbknkk `g ;454 `g Kbkpulbm, Kbkpulbm, ndrdjdnk pmr Fäldx Jkllkrnm “@l Xknrdgm– n`sn` lk prdsdòg, `g lk bukl s` r`pkrt` `l g`jmbdm `gtr` bërt`l`s  

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(Alkgbmc`rlks, 1881). @g `sk bdtk kpkr`b`g r`f`r`gbdknms p`rsmgko`s trëjdbkc`gt` fkcmsms `g lms ÿltdcms kûms? Juzcëg Lmr`k, cës bmgmbdnm bmcm “@l Bekpm–, qu` r`bdadò zmgks n` Akok Bkldfmrgdk y Rmgmrk, y qu` br`krãk `l pmn`rmsm bërt`l n` Rdgklmk9 Qkfk`l Kjudlkr, lk zmgk n` Ouër`z ekstk Gu`vm Lkr`nm, n` lk qu` s` ekrãkg bkrjm  pmst`rdmrc`gt` Krckgnm y Vdb`gt` Bkrrdllm Fu`gt`s, `l bmgmbdnm bërt`l n` Ouër`z9 m lms e`rckgms Kr`llkgm Fäldx, qu` lm ekrãkg bmg `l bërt`l n` ^doukgk. @st` r`pkrtm gm tkrnò `g n`sp`rtkr lks kgsdks n` bmgtrml n` lms ndf`r`gt`s bërt`l`s, lm qu` ll`vò k ugk bru`gtk ju`rrk qu` prmsdju` `g gu`strms nãks. R`rãk `l säptdcm fkbtmr  pmr tkgtm k n`stkbkr, lk prmldf`rkbdòg n` jrupms `g lubek bmgtdguk ndsputkgnm  plkzks, rutks, c`rbknms ` dlãbdtms ndv`rsms bmg lms qu` trkfdbkr. Pg sdst`ck `g `l qu` ug `stknm s` `gfr`gtk k cÿltdpl`s kbtmr`s qu` s` ug`g m s`pkrkg `g aks` k brdt`rdms n` mpmrtugdnkn,  p`rm qu` tkcadäg s` `gfr`gtkg `gtr` `llms. K `sk edstmrdk tkcadäg p`rt`g`b` mtrm n` lms `pdsmndms cës r`lktknms, `l ks`sdgktm n`l bkrn`gkl Xmsknks Mbkcpm, k qud`g`s lms n` ^doukgk bmgfugnd`rmg bmg `l Bekpm Juzcëg, `g ug `sp`btkbulkr tdrmt`m `g `l k`rmpu`rtm n` Juknklkokrk `g ckym n` ;442. M lk prdc`rk kbbdòg qu` pu`n` bmgsdn`rkrs` bmcm ug kbtm n` gkrbmt`rrmrdscm, lk amcak `g ugk plkzk `g Cmr`ldk (Cdbemkbëg) `g 1885, qu` bkusk 5 cu`rtms y ;88 e`rdnms, `gckrbknk `g lk ju`rrk `gtr` lk Fkcdldk Cdbemkbkgk y lms _`tks. Lk fdgkldzkbdòg n`l lkrjm p`rdmnm n` jmad`rgm n`l XQD supmg` ug gu`vm pugtm n` dgfl`xdòg. Vdb`gt` Fmx rmcp` su e`j`cmgãk `g 188;, lm qu` supmg` ugk trkgsdbdòg ekbdk ug sdst`ck cës n`cmbrëtdbm. Gknk cës dgdbdkr su ckgnktm s` prmnub` lk fujk n` ugk  prdsdòg n` kltk s`jurdnkn `g Jknklkokrk n`l Bekpm Juzcëg, kpmyknm pmr ugk dcpr`sdmgkgt` r`n n` bmrrupbdòg. @l e`bem k n`stkbkr `s qu` `l fdg n`l bmgtrml s`cdndbtktmrdkl n` ug pkrtdnm dgtrmnub` cës kbtmr`s `g `l sdst`ck, kbkak bmg `l pkp`l n` ëradtrm n`l XQD y r`lkgzk lk ju`rrk pmr `l trëfdbm. Xmr tkgtm ug gu`vm fkbtmr k bmgsdn`rkr, `l mbtkvm, s`rãk `l ldn`rkzjm y bmgtrml n`sn` `l jmad`rgm m n`sn` `l lknm n` lms gkrbmtrkfdbkgt`s. @s` bmgtrml jkrkgtdzk ug fluom n` kbtdvdnkn `bmgòcdbk, dl`jkl, kldc`gtk `l sdst`ck, p`rm `stkadldzk lk vdml`gbdk. ^rks lk `xplmsdòg n` lk ju`rrk `gtr` bërt`l`s, `sp`bdklc`gt` trks lk kpkrdbdòg n` lms _`tks, y bmg su cëxdck `xpr`sdòg `g Gu`vm Lkr`nm `g 1880, s` ll`jk k lk n`gmcdgknk t`rb`rk j`g`rkbdòg. Lms jrupms, bmg pr`s`gbdk n` kgtdjums pmldbãks, r`burr`g `sp`bdklc`gt` k r`blutkr k cdldtkr`s, smar` tmnm n`l jrupm n` äldt` JKF@ (Jrupm K`rmcòvdl n` Fu`rzks @sp`bdkl`s), y tkcadäg `g `l bksm n` lms _`tks k ikdadl`s, nurms cd`carms n` lks fu`rzks `sp`bdkl`s n` Jukt`cklk. ^`bgmlmjãks n`  

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bmcugdbkbdmg`s kvkgzknks, c`ndms aäldbms (e`ldbòpt`rms, krcks n` jrkg bkldar`, gkrbmfurjmg`s aldgnknms, suackrdgms), s` ug`g k bmcpl`oks `strubturks fdgkgbd`rks, `xpkgsdòg dgt`rgkbdmgkl y cmnus mp`rkgnd `g `l qu` `l t`rrmr s` ll`vk k su cëxdck `xpr`sdòg. Lk kbbdòg pkrkcdldtkr, bmg mao`tdvm n` bmgtrml t`rrdtmrdkl, klbkgzk ug gu`vm gdv`l. Gmv`gk l`bbdòg kpr`gndnk, `g fugbdòg n` lms mao`tdvms, y lms cmnus mp`rkgnd utdldzknms, lms f`gòc`gms cu`strkg su `vmlubdòg. Lks pmlãtdbks k knmptkr n`a`g bmgsdn`rkr k quä f`gòc`gm s` `gfr`gtkg `g bknk cmc`gtm. Lk `tkpk n`l jmad`rgm n` Bkln`ròg s` bkrkbt`rdzò pmr ug `gnur`bdcd`gtm n` lk Ju`rrk bmgtrk `l Gkrbmtrëfdbm y ugk cdldtkrdzkbdòg n`l bmgfldbtm pmr kcaks pkrt`s. Lk vdml`gbdk s` ndspkrk y s` ckgdfd`stk ug dgbr`c`gtm `g emcdbdndms, s`bu`strms y `xtmrsdòg. @l t`rrmr s` utdldzk pmr pkrt` n` lms jrupms bmgtrk bmcp`tdnmr`s y cd`carms n`l jmad`rgm, k trkväs n` n`bkpdtkbdmg`s, tmrturks y gkrbmckgtks. Cäxdbm n`spld`jk 46.888 cdldtkr`s, cdl`s n` ckrdg`s, ckrdg`s, `g `stknms y bdunkn`s. bdunkn`s. Lks dgbkutkbdmg`s dgbkutkbdmg`s n` nrmjk, ksã bmcm lks n`t`gbdmg`s n` lãn`r`s brdcdgkl`s s` ndspkrkg sdg ndscdgudr lk kbtdvdnkn brdcdgkl. Lks bdfrks ndfd`r`g, p`rm s` s`ûklk qu` `g `l p`rdmnm n` 6 kûms, n`sn` 1886 ekstk 18;1, s` bmgtkadldzkg >:.888 fkll`bdnms. Lks vdmlkbdmg`s n` n`r`bems euckgms gm ekg qu`nknm kl ckrj`g n` `stk ju`rrk. Lk Dgdbdktdvk Cärdnk, n` @stknms Pgdnms, kpmyk lk cdldtkrdzkbdòg y trktkcd`gtm pmldbdkl n`l f`gòc`gm, n`okgnm pmbm `spkbdm k mtrks g`b`sdnkn`s qu` ktkqu`g cës ndr`btkc`gt` lks bkusks prmfugnks bmcm lk n`sdjuklnkn, `nubkbdòg, n`s`cpl`m, bmgtrml n` krcks `stknmugdn`gs`s qu` fluy`g ndr`btkc`gt` ekbdk Cäxdbm, m kbbdmg`s smar` lk n`ckgnk n` nrmjks n` @stknms Pgdnms (Arkgns, 1884). Mat`g`cms n` kquã ugk näbdck l`bbdòg kpr`gndnk, `l f`gòc`gm gm pu`n` bmcaktdrs` ÿgdbkc`gt` n`sn` ugk vdsdòg cdldtkr, bmcm ugk ju`rrk. Xmr ug lknm, lms gdv`l`s n` emcdbdndm smg dgkb`ptkal`s. Xmr mtrk pkrt`, s` ek cmstrknm lk dgbkpkbdnkn n`l `stknm  pkrk mfr`b`r s`jurdnkn k lms bdunknkgms. @l surjdcd`gtm n` lks kutmn`f`gsks (`l f`gòc`gm n` vdjdlkgt`s), ksã bmcm lk prdvktdzkbdòg n` lk s`jurdnkn (bmcm `g Bdunkn Ouër`z) smg `vdn`gbdks n` frkjdldnkn n`l `stknm y n` frkbksm `g sus pmlãtdbks.

1.

FQKJDLDNKN

@R^K^KL,

BËQ^@L@R,

GKQBM^QËFDBM,

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GKQBMDGRPQJ@GBDK Pg bmgtdgum t`ck n` n`akt` kbknäcdbm `s lk bmgb`ptukldzkbdòg n`l f`gòc`gm qu` s` prmnub` `g Cäxdbm. N`sn` `xp`rtms qu` s` n`bkgtkg pmr s`ûklkr qu` `s ugk fmrck n` Brdc`g Mrjkgdzknm, n`adnm kl fdg n` lubrm `bmgòcdbm p`rs`judnm, ekstk  

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kqu`llms qu` lm bmgsdn`rkg gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk. Bmgb`ptms k su v`z qu` s` r`lkbdmgkg bmg lms n` `stknms fklldnms, `stknms frëjdl`s, gkrbm`stknms m gkrbmt`rrmrdscm. Cäxdbm `stë cuy l`oms n` s`r ug `stknm fklldnm (Dgt`rgktdmgkl Brdsds Jrmup, 18;2). Pg `stknm fklldnm, bmgb`ptm smc`tdnm k ug kcpldm n`akt`, s`rãk kqu`l qu` gm `s bkpkz n` prmv``r n` ad`g`s y s`rvdbdms aësdbms k sus bdunknkgms, qu` gm pu`n` jkrkgtdzkr su s`jurdnkn fr`gt` k jrupms krcknms y bkr`b` n` l`jdtdcdnkn nknm qu` ug  pmrb`gtko` kcpldm n` lks äldt`s y n` lk smbd`nkn r`bekzkg lks r`jlks `xdst`gt`s (Bkll, 18;8). Rdjud`gnm, k s`gsu bmgtrkrdm, lks t`mrãks n` Ckx Z`a`r, ug `stknm fklldnm `s kqu`l qu` gm jmzk `l cmgmpmldm n`l usm l`jãtdcm n` lk fu`rzk, ll`jkgnm k s`r nunmsk dgblusm lk prmpdk bmgsdn`rkbdòg n` `stknm. ^kcpmbm `s kn`buknm, kn`buknm, gd ous oustm, tm, trktkr k Cäxdbm bmcm ug `stknm frëjdl. R`jÿg lk MBN@ ug `stknm frëjdl `s kqu`l dgbkpkz n` sktdsfkb`r lks `xp`btktdvks n` sus bdunknkgms m jma`rgkr lms bkcadms `g lks cdscks k trkväs n`l prmb`sm pmlãtdbm. X`rm sã pr`s`gtk cubeks n`adldnkn`s, r`lkbdmgknks bmg lk s`jurdnkn y qu` kf`btkg k bdunkn`s y `stknms n`t`rcdgknms, kn`cës n` bmgtkr bmg ugk s`rd` n` fkbtmr`s qu` pmt`gbdkg m fkbdldtkg lk  p`rsdst`gbdk n`l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm. R` trktk n` lk n`bdcmbukrtk `bmgmcãk n`l cugnm, kugqu` ug >6% n` lk pmalkbdòg sufr` pmar`zk. Lk `l`vknk tksk n` bmrrupbdòg dgstdtubdmgkl y lk `xtrkmrndgkrdk dcpugdnkn, ckgdfd`stkg n`fdbd`gbdks `g lks maldjkbdmg`s n`l `stknm ekbdk lk s`jurdnkn. Bmgb`ptuklc`gt` n` ckymr dgt`räs `g `st` bksm, Rulldvkg (18;>) n`stkbk lk `xdst`gbdk n` gkrbmbdunkn`s, ugk kpldbkbdòg n` lms bmgb`ptms n` `stknms fklldnms y `stknms frëjdl`s k lms cugdbdpdms c`odbkgms. @stks gkrbmbdunkn`s t`gnrãkg ndf`r`gt`s fmrcktms, bmcm pmalkbdmg`s bmg `xtr`cms gdv`l`s n` vdml`gbdk, pmalkbdmg`s `g ndsputk  pmr ndf`r`gt`s bërt`l`s, m pmalkbdmg`s akom bmgtrml gkrbm. @g su gdv`l cës `xtr`cm `xdst`g bdunkn`s bmg ugk kus`gbdk n` l`jdtdcdnkn y bkpkbdnkn n`l pmn`r pÿaldbm, `spkbdm mbupknm pmr `gtdnkn`s gm `stktkl`s, bmcm lms jrupms n` brdc`g mrjkgdzknm. Mtrm tärcdgm k bmgsdn`rkr `s `l n` Bërt`l, kpldbknm `g prdc`r lujkr kl jrupm n` C`n`llãg (Bmlmcadk) `g lms kûms 58. @l mao`tdvm n` ldcdtkr lk bmcp`t`gbdk `s lk bkrkbt`rãstdbk bmgfdjurknmrk n`l bmgb`ptm, sdtukbdòg qu` qu`nk n` ckgdfd`stm `g lks bru`gtks ju`rrks `gtr` ndf`r`gt`s jrupms qu` s` sub`n`g `g Cäxdbm. X`rm gm `s tkg kpldbkal` mtrk n` sus bkrkbt`rãstdbks, `l mao`tdvm n` bmgtrmlkr lms pr`bdms, dcpmsdal` `g `l ckrbm n` ndbek ju`rrk. @l tärcdgm bërt`l s` b`gtrk `g ksp`btms `bmgòcdbms, y pmr tkgtm gm n`fdg` `l f`gòc`gm f `gòc`gm `g tmnk su `xt`gsdòg.

 

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Ndf`r`gt` bmgb`ptm kpldbkal` `s `l n` Jrupm n` Brdc`g Mrjkgdzknm ^rkgsgkbdmgkl (^rkgsgktdmgkl Brdcdgkl Mrjkgdzktdmgs, ^BM), p`rm `l cmnus mp`rkgnd utdldzknm, y lms mao`tdvms p`rs`judnms, p`rs`judnms, `g mbksdmg`s ss`` ks`c`okg cës k dgs dgsurj`gbdk urj`gbdk y  pmr tkgtm tkcadäg `s ldcdtknm k lk emrk n` n`fdgdrlm. Rulldvkg (1880, 18;8, 18;1) y mtrms kutmr`s pmst`rdmrc`gt` bdtknms, bmgsdn`rkg qu` `g Cäxdbm `xdst` ugk sdtukbdòg n` gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk m n` dgsurj`gbdk brdcdgkl, ugk fdjurk prmpdk y `sp`bãfdbk qu` tmck bkrkbt`rãstdbks tkgtm n`l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm bmcm n` lks dgsurj`gbdks, y qu` `g mbksdmg`s, bmcm ugk n` sus ckgdf`stkbdmg`s, s` trknub` `g gkrbmt`rrmrdscm. Xmlãtdbkc`gt` `l tärcdgm dgsurj`gbdk `s n`gmstknm. M¾G`dll (1880) n`fdg` dgsurj`gbdk bmcm ug `gfr`gtkcd`gtm `gtr` ug jrupm jma`rgkgt` y mtrm gm jma`rgkgt` qu` usk r`bursms pmlãtdbms y vdml`gbdk pkrk n`strudr, r`fmrculkr lk l`jdtdcdnkn n` ugm m cës ksp`btms n` lk pmlãtdbk. Cmmr` (188:) s`ûklk qu` lk dgsurj`gbdk `s ug jrupm qu` ausbk bkcadm rkndbkl `l mrn`g pmlãtdbm y smbdkl k trkväs n` lk vdml`gbdk y mtrks fmrcks n` kbbdòg pmlãtdbk. @l t`rrmrdscm, s`ûklk, gm `s su mao`tdvm  prdmrdtkrdm. Ru fmbm s` b`gtrk `g lms `l`c`gtms pmlãtdbms, `bmgòcdbms y smbdkl`s n`l pkãs, qu` “`stëg `g `l b`gtrm n`l bmgfldbtm, tkgtm `g sus bkusks bmcm `g sus `f`btms–. N`fdg` dgsurj`gbdk bmcm “ug bmgfldbtm vdml`gtm `g `l bukl ugm m cës jrupms trktkg n` bkcadkr `l mrn`g pmlãtdbm y smbdkl `g ug `stknm m r`jdòg k trkväs n`l usm n` lk vdml`gbdk, lk suav`rsdòg, lk ndsrupbdòg smbdkl, y lk kbbdòg pmlãtdbk–. Lk sdtukbdòg `g Cäxdbm jmzk n` lks sdjud`gt`s bkrkbt`rãstdbks ktrdaudal`s k `stk  pmsdal` gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk? gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk? -  @xdst` ugk lubek pmr `l bmgtrml t`rrdtmrdkl ` dgstdtubdmgkl, kugqu` `l fdg s`k `bmgòcdbm. @g ug prmb`sm dgt`rgkbdmgkl n` frkjdldnkn n`l bmgb`ptm n` `stknmgkbdòg lk pmlãtdbk gm `s `l ÿltdcm jrknm n` bmgtrml, `s lk `bmgmcãk. Xkrk ekb`rs` bmg `llk `s pr`bdsm bmgtrmlkr `stknms ` dgstdtubdmg`s, qu` sdrv`g k `sms dgt`r`s`s. Xmr tkgtm, sã `xdst` ug mao`tdvm pmlãtdbm qu` s` ckgdfd`stk `g bmgtrmlkr pmlãtdbms y  ou`b`s, fdgkgbdkr k bkgndnktms, bkgndnktms, mat`g`r pmsdadldnkn`s pmsdadldnkn`s n` g`jmbdm, y `sp` `sp`bdklc`gt` bdklc`gt` `g lk `xdst`gbdk n` `stknms pkrkl`lms. -  @xdst` ugk dgt`gbdòg n` bmgtrml smbdkl k trkväs n`l cd`nm, ktkbkgnm k bdvdl`s, bkllkgnm lks vmb`s n` n`gugbdk n` p`rdmndstks, m n`skrrmllkgnm ugk bulturk n`l gkrbmtrëfdbm. -  Lms bërt`l`s n`skrrmllkg ug kcpldm rkgjm n` kbtdvdnkn`s qu` trktkg n` mat`g`r  a`g`fdbdms `bmgòcdbms, smbdkl`s, pmlãtdbms y bulturkl`s, kl ckrj`g y `g lk kus`gbdk n` ug bmgtrml `f`btdvm n`l `stknm (Jkrky-Rklkckgbk y Rklb`nm-Klakrëg,  

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18;89

Jkrky-Rklkckgbk Jkrky-Rklkckgbk,, Rklb`nm-Klakrëg, y L`òg-A`ltrëg,

1884), bmg

`vdn`gbdks n` ugk r`bmgfdjurkbdòg n`l `stknm. -  @xdst` ug bmgfldbtm krcknm, y cdldtkrdzknm pmr kcaks pkrt`s. T n`sn` lk pmsdbdòg n` lms bërt`l`s s` bmcakt` kl @stknm. -  Rd`gnm ugk bkrkbt`rãstdbk prmpdk n` lks dgsurj`gbdks lk aÿsqu`nk n` bd`rtm kpmym bdunknkgm, lk `xdst`gbdk n` ugk gkrbmbulturk cu`strk bòcm `sk fmrck n` vdnk y sus p`rsmgko`s j`g`rkg ktrkbbdòg k pkrt` n` lk bdunknkgãk. -  Lks kbbdmg`s n` lms bërt`l`s s` ckgdfd`stkg n` ndf`r`gt`s fmrcks, tkgtm sdcaòldbks (prmpkjkgnk, bmcugdbkbdòg, bulturk), bmcm `g fmrck n` `xtmrsdòg, t`rrmrdscm, m bmrrupbdòg. Mtrms jrupms n` brdc`g mrjkgdzknm, `sp`bdklc`gt` `l Xrdc`r Bkpdtkl (XBB) `g Rkm Xkulm, yk ekg ckgdf`stknm sus bkpkbdnkn`s pkrk lk suav`rsdòg y lks r`vu`ltks. Lk prdgbdpkl kv`gdnk n` lk bdunkn n` Cäxdbm s` llkck  Dgsurj`gt`s, emc`gko` ekbdk qud`g`s s` r`a`lkrmg bmgtrk @spkûk. @l p`ldjrm n` nkr `stk n`gmcdgkbdòg k lms jrupms gkrbmtrkfdbkgt`s n` Cäxdbm `strdak `g nmtkrl`s s` ug bd`rtm bkrëbt`r n` eärm`s (Jrdllm, 18;;). Djuklc`gt`, kugqu` `l t`rcdgm dgsurj`gbdk, kl bmgsdn`rkr qu` n`a` bmgtkr bmg bd`rtk l`jdtdcdnkn (bkrkbt`rãstdbks k gu`strm oudbdm gm trksb`gn`gtkl, pu`stm qu` ½quä `s l`jãtdcm=, ½qudäg lm n`bdn`= ½lm `rkg lks kbbdmg`s n` Ckgn`lk m n` Jkgned=), gm `s ad`g kb`ptknm pmr jmad`rgms, sã lm `s `l n` gkrbmt`rrmrdscm. E`bems n` t`rrmrdscm s` ekg  prmnubdnm `g Cäxdbm `g lms ÿltdcms kûms, p`rm `st` gkrbmt`rrmrdscm s`rãk ÿgdbkc`gt` ugk fmrck cës n` ckgdf`stkbdòg n` lk gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk, qu` bu`gtk bmg mtrks e`rrkcd`gtks (bmrrupbdòg, prmpkjkgnk, n`skfãm kl `stknm, k sus dgstdtubdmg`s, k sus fugbdmgkrdms). Lk t`rb`rk j`g`rkbdòg n` bërt`l`s td`g` pmt`gbdkl pkrk n`skfdkr kl `stknm y k sus dgstdtubdmg`s. Kugqu` qudzës gm s` ekyk ckgdf`stknm ekstk `l cmc`gtm `g tmnk su `xt`gsdòg, lk s`cdllk `xdst`gt` `g Cäxdbm, bmg ug sdst`ck dgfdltrknm pmr lk bmrrupbdòg y ugk cdldtkrdzkbdòg n`l bmgfldbtm qu` ekb` qu` lms lãn`r`s n`l gkrbm s` ks`c`o`g k lk fdjurk n`  s`ûmr`s n` lk ju`rrk, trktkgnm n` bmgtrmlkr `gblkv`s, ekb` p`gskr `g ug rd`sjm n` prdc`r gdv`l (Augi`r y Rulldvkg, 18;19 Jrdllm, 18;;). ^kcadäg s` n`fdg` lk sdtukbdòg n` Cäxdbm bmcm ug bmgfldbtm m ju`rrk n` akom gdv`l (lmw dgt`gsdty bmgfldbts, sckll wkrs), p`rm lms cës n` >0.888 fkll`bdnms `g lms ÿltdcms kûms ekb`g qu` `l aklkgb` sup`r` kl n` cubems bmgfldbtms blësdbms.

 

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2. 

@L BMG^QML N@ LMR BËQ^@L@R. NDC@GRDMG@R @l 1; n` ckym n` 18;8 `g lk “Bmgf`r`gbdk smar` kbtdvdnkn`s n` ^rëfdbm Dlãbdtm `g

`l E`cdsf`rdm M`st`? Xmsdal`s @strkt`jdks y L`bbdmg`s Kpr`gndnks–, Vkgnk F`lakaArmwg, `xp`rtk `g `l `stundm n`l brdc`g y `l bmgfldbtm, n`oò kad`rtk k n`akt` ugk bu`stdòg? sd lks `bmgmcãks dl`jkl`s smg ugk fu`gt` n` kc`gkzks pkrk kljugks smbd`nkn`s, cd`gtrks qu` pkrk mtrks, lks cës n`sfkvmr`bdnks y smc`tdnks k ckrjdgkbdòg smbdkl, supmg` su prdgbdpkl sust`gtm ½pmr quä gm n`okr n` p`gskr `g `l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm ÿgdbkc`gt` bmcm kc`gkzk qu` ek n` s`r g`utrkldzknk y `cp`zkr k v`rlm bmcm ug bmcp`tdnmr `g lk br`kbdòg n` `stknms= Lms jrupms brdcdgkl`s ekg n`oknm n` s`r mrjkgdzkbdmg`s `strdbtkc`gt` dlãbdtks  pkrk pkskr k bmgv`rtdrs` bmgv`rtdrs` `g smbd`n smbd`nkn`s kn`s pkrkl`lks `g `g kqu`llms t`rrdtmrdms nmg nmgn` n` n`skrrmllkg su kbtdvdnkn. Ndspmg`g n` s`jurdnkn, n` dgt`ldj`gbdk9 bmarkg dcpu`stms, ndsp`gskg  ad`g`s utdldtkrdms, bmgtrmlkg `l sucdgdstrm n` ad`g`s `strktäjdbms bmcm lms `g`rjätdbms9 v`gn`g sus prmpdms prmnubtms9 ndfugn`g su bulturk, su r`ldjdòg9 sdl`gbdkg c`ndms n` bmcugdbkbdòg9 ndsfrutkg n` pmn`r pmlãtdbm, pmldbdkl ` dgblusm oundbdkl. @o`rb`g ldn`rkzjm `g t`rrdtmrdms nmgn` `l `stknm, ad`g pmr dgbkpkbdnkn, ad`g pmr bmrrupbdòg, gm klbkgzk k jma`rgkr (Bkcp`ll, 18849 Bmrbeknm, 18;;) y, `g `l p`mr n` lms bksms s` pmsdbdmgkg bmcm rdvkl`s n`l cdscm. Bmcm `o`cplm n`l bmgt`xtm n`sbrdtm, y k bmgtdgukbdòg n`skrrmllknm, s` pu`n` tmckr lk gkbdòg c`xdbkgk, nmgn` su sdst`ck smbdkl, yk gm pu`n` s`r n`sbrdtm sdg tmckr bmcm kbtmr fugnkc`gtkl ‒prdckrdm `g `st` bksm- lms bërt`l`s n` lk nrmjk. Pg kbtmr qu` l`oms n` bmgfmrckrs` bmg n`adldtkr lk sma`rkgãk n`l pkãs qu` lm sufr`, n` gm kbktkr lks r`jlks n`l ou`jm, dcpmg` ug gu`vm tkal`rm y su prmpdm sdst`ck k s`judr. Pg sdst`ck  pkrkl`lm qu` kbkak pmr suplkgtkr `l fugbdmgkcd`gtm prmpdm n`l `stknm n` n`r`bem y, bmg `llm, lk sma`rkgãk gkbdmgkl k trkväs n` lk tmck n` bmgtrml n` lks ndf`r`gt`s ndc`gsdmg`s qu` lk bmgfdjurkg. 

2.;. 

Ndc`gsdòg t`rrdtmrdkl N`gtrm n` lk ndc`gsdòg t`rrdtmrdkl bka` ndf`r`gbdkr nms tdpms n` sdtukbdmg`s `g

 aks` kl jrknm n` bmgtrml bmgtrml qu` n`l cdscm `stä `o`rbd`g `o`rbd`gnm nm `l gkrbmtrëfdbm. @g `st` bmgt`xtm, bmgt`xtm, `g s`gtdnm kcpldm, s` pu`n` ndf`r`gbdkr `gtr` t`rrdtmrdms `g pujgk y t`rrdtmrdms akom bmgtrml.

 

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^`rrdtmrdms `g pujgk

R` trktk n` kqu`llks ër`ks, m  plkzks `g t`rcdgmlmjãk c`xdbkgk, `g qu` `l `stknm  pu`n` ndspmg`r kÿg n` bd`rtm bmgtrml smar` `l t`rr`gm, p`rm äst` s` `gbu`gtrk smc`tdnm k ndsputk? ad`g n` ug bërt`l `g `gfr`gtkcd`gtm adlkt`rkl bmg `l prmpdm `stknm9 pmr lk lubek `gtr` nms m cës bërt`l`s9 pmr lk lubek `gtr` nms m cës bërt`l`s y lks akgnks lmbkl`s y, `g ÿltdck `stkgbdk, lk zmgk n` ju`rrk (Bkcp`ll, 1884) pu`n` `stkr bmgfmrcknk pmr lk lubek n` pmn`r `gtr` `l `stknm, lms bërt`l`s y lks akgnks. @g buklqud`rk n` `stms buktrm `sb`gkrdms, ekstk qu` ugm n` lms kbtmr`s gm mat`gjk `l pmn`r y s` bmgsmldn` akom `l cdscm, p`s` k trktkrs` n` ugk vkrdkal` cultdfkbtmrdkl, `l rd`sjm n` brdcdgkldnkn vdml`gtk klbkgzk su cëxdcm gdv`l. Lms `gfr`gtkcd`gtms smg bmgtdgums, bukgtm ckymr s`k lk arutkldnkn bmg qu` s` `o`rb`g cës blkrm y ndr`btm s`rë `l c`gsko` `gvdknm kl knv`rskrdm. Lk vdml`gbdk `xtr`ck s` n`ok v`r bmcm blkrm dgndbknmr n` lk sdtukbdòg n` pujgk (Rulldvkg y Augi`r, 18;1) Pg r`bd`gt` y blkrm `o`cplm n` `st` `sb`gkrdm ek sdnm `l vdvdnm `g `l `stknm n` Bedeukeuk, bmg n`vkstknmr`s `f`btms smar` su bkpdtkl, Bdunkn Ouër`z, qu` ll`jò k s`r bmgmbdnk dgt`rgkbdmgklc`gt` bmcm lk “Bdunkn n` lk Cu`rt`–, r`jdstrkgnm lk tksk n` emcdbdndms cës kltk n`l cugnm. Lk ju`rrk bmgtrk `l gkrbmtrëfdbm `cpr`gndnk pmr Bkln`ròg bmdgbdndò bmg lk pujgk `gtr` `l bërt`l n` Ouër`z y `l bërt`l n` Rdgklmk pmr `l nmcdgdm n` Bedeukeuk. Lms nktms ekalkg pmr sã smlms? `gtr` `l kûm 188: y `l 18;2 s` r`jdstrkrmg `g Bedeukeuk >>.0;: emcdbdndms, 1:.206 n` lms bukl`s fu`rmg bkldfdbknms bmcm ks`sdgktms vdml`gtms (;2.;00 n` `llms s` prmnuo`rmg sòlm nurkgt` `l trkgsbursm n`l kûm 1885). @gtr` `l 1885 y `l 18;;, 128 cdl p`rsmgks s` vd`rmg maldjknks k kakgnmgkr sus emjkr`s. Ròlm `g Bdunkn Ouër`z lk purjk smbdkl s` bmarò ;;.>88 vdnks. @l cmnus mp`rkgnd fu` ndv`rsm, vdägnms` kf`btknms tmnms lms `strktms smbdkl`s, vãbtdcks n` brubdfdxdmg`s, n`bkpdtkbdmg`s, n`sc`carkcd`gtms, bmbe`s amcak, fmsks bmcug`s, s`bu`strms, kc`gkzks y `xtmrsdmg`s. ^`rrdtmrdms akom bmgtrml

@l pmn`r y `l bmgtrml smbdkl y bulturkl pkskg k ckgms n` ug bërt`l n` lk nrmjk. Lk sma`rkgãk `stktkl pu`n` `gt`gn`rs` p`rndnk bukgnm, kn`cës n` `st` ldn`rkzjm, `l bkrt`l mp`rk bmg l`jdtdcdnkn smbdkl, yk s`k `stk vmlugtkrdk m dcpu`stk. N`skpkr`b` `l `stknm n` n`r`bem. @g `st` bmgt`xtm `s pr`sucdal` ug n`sb`gsm n` lk vdml`gbdk `xtr`ck, `g tkgtm `g bukgtm gm s` prmnuzbkg dgbursdmg`s n`skfdkgt`s n` mtrms bërt`l`s y s` ckgt`gjkg akom  

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bmgtrml, m `g bmmp`rkbdòg, k lks akgnks lmbkl`s. Rdg `cakrjm, mtrms n`ldtms bmarkg  prmtkjmgdscm? smamrgms, s`bu`strms, `xtmrsdmg`s, kc`gkzks y, `g n`fdgdtdvk, tmnks kqu`llks kbbdmg`s qu`, ndr`btk m dgndr`btkc`gt`, td`gnkg ekbdk ug ckymr nmcdgdm  pÿaldbm, `stm `s lk bmrrupbdòg, s` bbmgvd`rt`g mgvd`rt`g `g eka ekadtukl`s. dtukl`s. Lk bmcpl`odnkn `s `vdn`gt` kl trktkrs` n` t`rrdtmrdms bmg nukldnkn n` r`lkbdmg`s. @l gkrbm `o`rb` su ckgnm, p`rm bm`xdst`g lkzms dgstdtubdmgkl`s bmg `l jmad`rgm b`gtrkl. Xkgmrkck qu` s` v` kltkc`gt` n`s`stkadldzknm bukgnm lks kutmn`f`gsks `gtrkr `g ou`jm bmcm t`rb`r kbtmr. N`gtrm n`l kgëldsds n` lk ndc`gsdòg t`rrdtmrdkl `s pr`bdsm n`stkbkr lk dcpmrtkgbdk qu` pkrk `l gkrbm r`pr`s`gtkg lks bdunkn`s, cugdbdpdms ` dgblusm lms pu`alms. Lms  prdgbdpkl`s bërt`l`s c`xdbkgms jmzkg `g lk l k kbtukldnkn n` pmn`r y bkpkbdnkn n` kbbdòg k gdv`l dgt`rgkbdmgkl. Rus t`gtëbulms s` `xtd`gn`g k lm lkrjm y kgbem n` Kcärdbk, @urmpk, Ëfrdbk y Ksdk (Rkvdkgm, 18;>). Rdg `cakrjm `st` n`spld`ju`, kl c`gms `g lms tärcdgms emy bmgmbdnms, gm s`rãk pmsdal` sdg ndspmg`r n` ug ks`gtkcd`gtm pr`vdm. @s n`bdr, `g  pklkarks n` Augi`r y Rulldvkg (18;1) “lk kf`btkbdòg `s dgt`rgkbdmgkl, lms oujknmr`s smg lmbkl`s–. Lks ugdnkn`s lmbkl`s smg lms prdc`rms akstdmg`s qu` `l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm ek n` ekb`r suyms. Gm s` trktk `g ÿltdcm tärcdgm n` mat`g`r dgflu`gbdk pmlãtdbk, sdgm lms rändtms qu` n` ästk s` n`spr`gn`g? kprmpdkrs` n`l c`rbknm lmbkl, n`skrrmllkr kbtdvdnkn`s bmg tmtkl dcpugdnkn ‒n`sn` `l c`gun`m ekstk `l trkgspmrt` n` jrkgn`s c`rbkgbãks-, bmarkr dcpu`stms, ndspmg`r n`l s`rvdbdm n` lms bu`rpms n` pmldbãk pkrk usm prmpdm, `tb. Pgk v`z mat`gdnk `stk e`j`cmgãk, p`g`trkr `g lmbkldnkn`s b`rbkgks `s cës s`gbdllm. @l bdblm s` p`rf`bbdmgk bukgnm lk dgflu`gbdk pmlãtdbk dgt`rfd`r` `g `l ëcadtm `stktkl, dgblusm gkbdmgkl. ^kl `s `stk dcpmrtkgbdk qu` `g `l kûm 18;;, fdgkldzkgnm `l skgjrd`gtm p`rdmnm kgt`s c`gbdmgknm, `l :;.0% n` lks bdunkn`s n`l pkãs s` `gbmgtrkakg akom bmgtrml n`l gkrbm.

2.1.  Ndc`gsdòg dgstdtubdmgkl Kÿg bukgnm `g sus dgdbdms `l tärcdgm “brdc`g mrjkgdzknm–, kbuûknm `g ;414 pmr `l brdcdgòlmjm Omeg Lkn`sbm, surj` frutm n` kbbdmg`s dgndvdnukl`s prmp`gsks k lk bmcpldbdnkn `g su bmcdsdòg, sd s` ll`vk k bkam ug pmrc`gmrdzknm kgëldsds adaldmjrëfdbm, `g ugm u mtrm t`rrdtmrdm, suaykb` dg`quãvmbkc`gt` ug `l`c`gtm bmcÿg? su fugbdmgkcd`gtm gm pu`n` s`r `gt`gndnm sdg `l kardjm n` lk bmrrupbdòg (Lupsek, 18809 A`dtt`l, 18;;9 Cmrrds, 18;2)  

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Lk `xdst`gbdk n` bmrrupbdòg, `g buklqud`rk n` sus fmrcks, vd`g` n`rdvknk n` lk  pujgk pmr `l pmn`r t`rrdtmrdkl, y n` lk prmt`bbdòg y r`spklnm qu` pkrk sus kbtdvdnkn`s  ausbk `l gkrbmtrëfdbm. @g `st` s`gtdnm bka` n`stkbkr bmcm ëcadtms dgstdtubdmgkl`s `s`gbdkl`s `g `l fugbdmgkcd`gtm n` lms `stknms n` n`r`bem lk ndc`gsdòg pmlãtdbk, lk  pmldbdkl, lk oundbdkl y lk p`gdt`gbdkrdk. p`gdt`gbdkrdk. Rd ad`g, `g tärcdgms j`g`rkl`s, `l gÿc`rm n` zmgks n` ju`rrk ek ndscdgudnm, s`jÿg cu`strk `l Ãgndb` n` Xkz Cäxdbm n` 18;2 (DXC, 18;>) s` ek prmnubdnm ug kuc`gtm n` lk bmrrupbdòg `g tmnm `l pkãs. Kcams dgndbknmr`s p`rcdt`g knv`rtdr qu`, ugk v`z bmgqudstknm `l t`rr`gm, `l pksm suasdjud`gt` `s dgt`rb`n`r `g lk kj`gnk pmlãtdbk lmbkl ksã bmcm mat`g`r lda`rtkn n` cmvdcd`gtms. Kcaks kbbdmg`s smg dcpmsdal`s sd gm s` bkptkg p`rsmgks qu` s` `gbkrju`g n`l n`s`cp`ûm n` `stks lkamr`s `g lk `sf`rk pÿaldbk. @s `gtmgb`s bukgnm lk bmrrupbdòg `gtrk `g kuj` y, bmcm cu`strkg lms nktms k bmgtdgukbdòg `xpu`stms, lks lãg`ks qu` ndstkgbdkg `l `stknm y `l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm s` n`sndauokg y lms dgt`r`s`s n`l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm pkskg k prmt`j`rs` pmr `gbdck n` lms n` lms bdunknkgms. R`jÿg `l ãgndb` n` X`rb`pbdòg n` lk bmrrupbdòg n` ^rkgspkr`gbdk Dgt`rgkbdmgkl (DXB), Cäxdbm s` sdtÿk `g `l pu`stm ;80 n` ;:6. Nktm qu` vd`g` k r`kfdrckr lk edpòt`sds `xpu`stk n` bm`xdst`gbdk n`l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm ougtm k lk bmrrupbdòg. Q`sp`btm k lk  pmldbãk, `l gdv`l prmc`ndm n` bmrrupbdòg p`rbdadnm (nògn` 0 3 `xtr`cknkc`gt` bmrruptm y ; 3 gknk bmrruptm) matd`g` ugk pugtukbdòg n` >.0>, bmgsdn`rëgnms` ksã bmcm kltkc`gt` bmrruptk. Q`sp`btm kl sdst`ck oundbdkl, lk prmal`cëtdbk tkcadäg `s `vdn`gt`. @l dgndbknmr n` `fdbd`gbdk oundbdkl cu`strk ugk bdfrk n` emcdbdndms qu` gm fdgkldzkg `g bmgn`gk n` cës n`l 48% `g kljugms `stknms. @st` nktm pu`n` s`r n`adnm k ugk smar`bkrjk n`l sdst`ck oundbdkl gutrdnk pmr lk `l`vknãsdck tksk n` emcdbdndms sufrdnk `g bmrtms p`rdmnms n` td`cpm. Rdg `cakrjm, s`k ugk u mtrk bkusk lk pr`nmcdgkgt`, `l sdst`ck oundbdkl tkcadäg `s p`rbdadnm bmcm kltkc`gt` bmrruptm pmr lk smbd`nkn. @g bukgtm kl fugbdmgkcd`gtm n`l sdst`ck p`gdt`gbdkrdm, lms nktms smg tkcadäg klkrckgt`s. Pg 1:% n` lms bdunknkgms td`g` pmbk bmgfdkgzk `g bòcm fugbdmgkg lks bërb`l`s, cd`gtrks qu` ug 02% gm td`g` gdgjugk bmgfdkgzk. Lk masml`sb`gbdk masml`sb`gbdk n`l sdst`ck  p`gdt`gbdkrdm, ougtm k ugk pmalkbdòg r`blusk qu` s` ek nupldbknm n`sn` lk näbknk n` lms 48 (pkskgnm n` ;82 pr`sms pmr bknk ;88.888 ekadtkgt`s `g ;448 k 18> pmr bknk ;88.888 `g 18;1) y `l kuc`gtm n` lms `gbkrb`lkcd`gtms, ksã bmcm n` lk nurkbdòg n` lks p`gks,

 

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r`lkbdmgknms bmg `l trëfdbm n` nrmjks, `gtr` mtrms fkbtmr`s, bmgfdjurkg lk sup`rpmalkbdòg kbtukl n` lks bërb`l`s c`xdbkgks. Xkr`b` `stk ugk sdtukbdòg qu` gm bmgll`vk `f`btms s`bugnkrdms smar` lk pmalkbdòg j`g`rkl. Rdg `cakrjm s` trktk n` ug pktròg qu`, `g cmnm sdcdlkr, s` ek r`prmnubdnm `g mtrms pkãs`s n`l `gtmrgm bmg g`jktdvks bmgs`bu`gbdks. @st` `s `l bksm n` Arksdl y lk mrjkgdzkbdòg brdcdgkl XBB, bmgsdn`rknk lk cës jrkgn` n`l pkãs y qu`, kn`cës n` bmgtrmlkr bksd lk tmtkldnkn n`l trëfdbm n` c`rbkgbãks dlãbdtks n`sn` lk bërb`l, `s bkpkz n` s`bugnkr `pdsmndms n` vdml`gbdk `g lks bkll`s qu` ll`jkg k bmlkpskr bdunkn`s `gt`rks, bmcm lk bdunkn n` Rkm Xkulm, lk cës jrkgn` n` Runkcärdbk, qu` `g ckym n` 1886  p`rckg`bdò tr`s nãks fu`rk n`l bmgtrml n` lks kutmrdnkn`s. Bòcm s`ûklkrmg `g su nãk Mlsmg, Redri y R`l`` (18;8), bukgtms cës pr`sms s` ekbdg`g `g bërb`l`s edp`rpmalknks y ckl j`stdmgknks, cës b`rbk `stkrë n` `stkllkr lk ju`rrk `g su dgt`rdmr. Bmcm s`jugnm jrkg rd`sjm n`rdvknm n` `stk sdtukbdòg, y gm pmr `llm c`gms dcpmrtkgt`, s` vd`g` bmgstktkgnm qu` `l kcad`gt` bkrb`lkrdm kbtÿk bmcm `gtmrgm fkbdldtknmr `g lks tkr`ks n` r`blutkcd`gtm n` lms bërt`l`s, nmgn` ästms `stkal`b`g v`rnkn`rks `sbu`lks n`l brdc`g qu` j`stdmgkg bmg kasmlutk lda`rtkn. Lk ckgdfd`stk n`fdbdtkrdk j`stdòg n`l sdst`ck p`gdt`gbdkrdm, lk vdml`gbdk dgt`rgk, y lms `l`vknms gdv`l`s n` bmrrupbdòg, gm bmgtrdauy`g sdgm k fkbdldtkr `stk sdtukbdòg (Nunl`y, 18;2). ^mnm `sfu`rzm n`l jmad`rgm `g bmcaktdr lms bërt`l`s, cd`gtrks äst` s` ckgdfd`st` dgbkpkz n` bmgtrmlkr dgblusm lms cd`carms n` lks akgnks `gbkrb`lknms, s`rë dgÿtdl.

2.2.  Ndc`gsdòg `bmgòcdbm-bmc`r `bmgòcdbm-bmc`rbdkl bdkl @l nmcdgdm n` lk `sf`rk `bmgòcdbm-bmc`rbdkl pu`n` kgkldzkrs` utdldzkgnm `l cdscm brdt`rdm `cpl`knm pkrk lk ndc`gsdòg t`rrdtmrdkl bmcm sãcdl n` lk ndstdgbdòg  plkgt`knk pmr Ckgbur Mlsmg (1888) qud`g ndvdn` k lms bërt`l`s s`jÿg nms ndgëcdbks. ndgëcdbks. N` ug lknm `stëg lms “akgndnms `stkbdmgkrdms–, s`rãkg kqu`llms qu` ndspmg`g n` ug t`rrdtmrdm yk bmgtrmlknm y td`g`g ksã lk bkpkbdnkn n` nds`ûkr sus kbbdmg`s lubrktdvks `g `l lkrjm  plkzm. N` mtrm lknm s` `gbu`gtrkg lms “akgndnms `g cmvdcd`gtm–, sdg ks`gtkcd`gtm n`fdgdnm pu`s kÿg s` `gbu`gtrkg `g pl`gk ndsputk t`rrdtmrdkl. @g `st` bksm, `l a`g`fdbdm n` sus kbtdvdnkn`s vd`g` n`ldcdtknm pmr `l bmrtm plkzm. @g `l bksm n` r`n`s n` brdc`g mrjkgdzknm qu` s` `gbu`gtrkg ks`gtknks `g ug t`rrdtmrdm surj` lk g`b`sdnkn n` bmgtkr bmg ug cãgdcm n` kpmym smbdkl (n` keã lms c`gmr`s ãgndb`s n` vdml`gbdk `xtr`ck) y `l dgt`räs pmr kncdgdstrkr lms r`bursms pkrk n` `llms mat`g`r lk ckymr r`gtkadldnkn pmsdal`. @s `gtmgb`s bukgnm, l`oms n` n`strudr lk  

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kbtdvdnkn `bmgòcdbk, lk sup`ndtkg k sus dgt`r`s`s y bmcd`gzkg kbtdvdnkn`s `gbkcdgknks k lk ckxdcdzkbdòg n` a`g`fdbdms y lk fkbdldtkbdòg n`l alkgqu`m n` bkpdtkl`s. Lk kbtdvdnkn n`l gkrbm, l`oms n` b`gtrkrs` `xblusdvkc`gt` `g `l cmgmpmldm n`l c`rbknm n` lk nrmjk y mtrms c`rbknms dlãbdtms (trktk n` p`rsmgks, c`rbknm n` krcks, `tb.), s` ndv`rsdfdbk y pksk k bmcpr`gn`r tmnm tdpm n` bmc`rbdms? emst`l`rãk, dgcmadldkrdks, bksks n` kpu`stks, kj`gbdks n` dgv`rsdòg, omy`rãks y buklqud`r g`jmbdm qu` l`s p`rcdtk, ad`g n` fmrck dgndr`btk, ad`g k trkväs n` smamrgms bmcm `l bmarm n`l  pdsm (dcpu`stm dl`jkl smldbdtknm k bkcadm n` n`okr `o`rb`r ugk kbtdvdnkn `bmgòcdbk l`jkl), klbkgzkr kltks r`gtkadldnkn`s. Rd `l t`rr`gm kÿg gm ek sdnm smc`tdnm k bmgtrml, s` p`rfdlk bmcm prdmrdnkn pr`vdk kl nmcdgdm n`l bmc`rbdm lk mat`gbdòg n` rutks y plkzks bmg mao`tm n` pmn`r kbtukr akom dcpugdnkn. @g `st` `sb`gkrdm `l bmcpmrtkcd`gtm n` lms bërt`l`s `s dgndsbrdcdgknm, gm s` ekb` s`l`bbdòg n` r`bursms gd dgv`rsdòg `g c`rbknms, kuc`gtk lk vdml`gbdk y lk `xtmrsdòg s` `cpl`k bmcm cmg`nk n` bkcadm (Nãkz-Bky`rms `t kl., 18;1).

2.>.  Ndc`gsdòg smbdkl @l `stundm n`l dcpkbtm n`l gkrbmtrëfdbm gm n`a` ldcdtkrs` sòlm kl kgëldsds n` lms `f`btms ndr`btms n`l cdscm, n` kqu`llms bkcadms cës mavdms y llkcktdvms. @l gkrbm `s ugk fmrck n` vdnk, y bmcm tkl dcpldbk ugk trkgsdbdòg. Lks pkutks smbdmbulturkl`s s` trkgsfmrckg, s` cmndfdbk `l ëcadtm smbdkl (Augi`r y Augi`r, 18;8) y äst` pksk k knmptkr lks bkrkbt`rãstdbks prmpdks n` ugk gkrbmsmbd`nkn  (Vdllktmrm,  (Vdllktmrm, 18;1). Xkrk r`kldzkr lk `vklukbdòg n` lks cmndfdbkbdmg`s sufrdnks `g lk ndc`gsdòg smbdkl `s g`b`skrdm bmgb`adr lk vdml`gbdk n`sn` su cës kcpldk n`fdgdbdòg. B`gtrkrs` ÿgdbkc`gt` `g `l `stundm n`l emcdbdndm y mtrks tdpmlmjãks n`ldbtdvks vdml`gtks, bmcm s` ek v`gdnm ekbd`gnm `g lk ckymrãk n` lms `stundms smar` lk vdml`gbdk `g Cäxdbm (Lòp`zKrkgnk y Bekpk, 18;2) n`ok n` lknm `f`btms qu` `l usm n` lk vdml`gbdk prmnub` smar` `l ëcadtm smbdkl qu`, kugqu` k c`ndm m lkrjm plkzm y ndfãbdlc`gt` bukgtdfdbkal`s, s`  pu`n`g `stdckr pmt`gbdklc`gt` cës gmbdvms qu` lk vdml`gbdk dgstruc`gtkl prmpdkc`gt` ndbek. Bulturk n` vdml`gbdk

N`sdgt`jrkbdòg n`l t`odnm smbdkl, kgmcdk, vdml`gbdk dgtrkfkcdldkr, vdml`gbdk  pmlãtdbk, `stknm n` dcpugdnkn, pärndnk n` vklmr`s, `tb. R` trktk, `g n`fdgdtdvk, n` lk dgt`rdmrdzkbdòg n` ugk bulturk n` vdml`gbdk qu` kbkak dcpr`jgkgnm pmr `gt`rm `l `gtmrgm smbdmbulturkl. Ksã, s`jÿg lk @gbu`stk Gkbdmgkl n` X`rb`pbdòg n` Vdbtdcdzkbdòg y  

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X`rb`pbdòg n` Dgs`jurdnkn r`kldzknk pmr `l Dgstdtutm Gkbdmgkl n` @stknãstdbk y J`mjrkfãk, nurkgt` `l p`rdmnm 18;; ‒ 18;2 lk bdfrk n` bdunknkgms qu` s` bmgsdn`rkg vãbtdcks pmsdal`s n` `xtmrsdòg m s`bu`strm kuc`gtò ug ;82%9 s`r vãbtdck n` l`sdmg`s  pmr krck n` fu`jm ug ;6%9 m s`r vãbtdck n` l`sdmg`s pmr kjr`sdòg fãsdbk fã sdbk ug ;81%. Lk vdml`gbdk n`ok n` s`r ug r`bursm n` usm `xb`pbdmgkl. Ru usm s` ekb` pÿaldbm y s`  pr`suc` n` lk dcpugdnkn bmg qu` s` `o`rb`. @l cd`nm bklk `g lk smbd`nkn. @l c`gsko` `s blkrm y ek n` `stkr pr`s`gt` n` fmrck p`rckg`gt` pkrk `vdtkr dgsuamrndgkbdmg`s. @l usm n` lk vdml`gbdk `s l`jãtdcm.  Lms `strktms cës oòv`g`s

Lk tksk n` n`s`cpl`m ouv`gdl, `g pmrb`gtko`s sup`rdmr`s kl 18% `g cubeks ër`ks, lk ckrjdgkbdòg smbdkl, lk kus`gbdk n` mpmrtugdnkn`s y lk dg`xdst`gbdk n` dn`gtdnkn gkbdmgkl, `gtr` mtrms, ekb` qu` lk vdnk n`l gkrbmtrkfdbkgt` s`k vdstk bmcm ug mao`tdvm ktrkbtdvm m, dgblusm, bmcm ÿgdbk klt`rgktdvk n` futurm. Lms cd`carms cës oòv`g`s n` lk smbd`nkn ll`jkg k bmgfmrckr `l s`jc`gtm cës kcpldm, y `g mbksdmg`s `l cës vdml`gtm n` lms bërt`l`s. N`ndbknms pr`f`r`gt`c`gt` k s`rvdbdms n` sdbkrdm, c`gun`m y vdjdlkgbdk, ll`jkg k n`skrrmllkr kljugks n` lks kbtdvdnkn`s n` ckymr arutkldnkn. Lk pärndnk n` `sbrÿpulms, n` bmgtkbtm bmg lk r`kldnkn, bmcm ksã pmg`g n` ckgdfd`stm guc`rmsms nmbuc`gtkl`s n` dgv`stdjkbdòg, `s `vdn`gt`. Ròlm `g `l p`rdmnm 1888 ‒ 1885 fu`rmg ks`sdgknms cës n` 26.>>> oòv`g`s n` `gtr` ;0 y 1> kûms, lm qu` r`pr`s`gtk ug prmc`ndm n` >.088 ks`sdgktms kl kûm (BLKBRM  ‒ PG@RBM, 18;1), ugk ugk kutägtdbk lkbrk smbdkl.

 @l äxmnm smbdkl

Lk r`lkbdòg gkrbm-bdunknkgm ek n` s`r bmgstkgt` s`k `stk, m gm, vmlugtkrdk. @l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm dgvd`rt` `g `l sucdgdstrm n` s`rvdbdms smbdkl`s, `g c`omrks `g kln`ks, `g akrrdms, `g bmlmgdks, k bkcadm n` p`rp`tukr su dgflu`gbdk. X`s` k `llm, tmnm bdunknkgm qu` s` mpmgjk k sus dgt`r`s`s s` bmgvd`rt` `g mao`tdvm s`ûklknm. Lk n`bdsdòg n` cubems n` `llms `s kakgnmgkr sus lujkr`s n` mrdj`g. Ksã, s`jÿg KBGPQ (18;;), n`sn` 1886 ekstk 18;; s` prmnuo`rmg ;,6 cdllmg`s n` n`splkzkcd`gtms dgt`rgms r`sultknm n` lk dgs`jurdnkn, vdml`gbdk y cd`nm. N` `stk fmrck, f mrck, `l cmn`lko` n`l `gtmrgm `s bmgtdgum.

2.0.  Ndc`gsdòg bulturkl

 

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Lk kbtukbdòg n` lms bërt`l`s smar` ug t`rrdtmrdm, gm sòlm kf`btk k lk bmcpmsdbdòg dgstdtubdmgkl, kutmrdnkn `stktkl m r`jdmgkl, m c`rbknms, sdgm qu` ll`jk k trksb`gn`r k lms `l`c`gtms smbdkl`s cës dn`gtdtkrdms. @l nds`ûm y lk `o`bubdòg n` sus kbbdmg`s gm `s fmrtudtm, su mao`tdvm `s nkr br`ndadldnkn k su c`gsko` y smst`gdadldnkn k su gkrrktdvk. R` trktk n` mat`g`r l`jdtdcdnkn `g sus kbbdmg`s, ad`g k trkväs n` kpmym smbdkl, ad`g bmcm dcp`rktdvm, pkrk lm qu` s` sdrv`g n` kbbdmg`s n` cÿltdpl` gkturkl`zk? n`bkpdtkbdmg`s n` bknëv`r`s, gkrbmbmrrdnms  (cÿsdbk qu` `gsklzk lks kbbdmg`s n` sus brãc`g`s, purk kpmlmjãk brdcdgkl), gkrbmgmv`lks, bultm k gkrbmskgtms, prmpkjkgnk, v`stdc`gtk prmpdk, gkrbmckgtks 

(pkgbkrtks utdldzknks pkrk ekb`r lms c`gsko`s n` fmrck pÿaldbk),

gkrbmc`gsko`s  (utdldzkgnm

`l bu`rpm n` ugk vãbtdck ‒y lk ndspmsdbdòg n` äst`- bmcm

c`gsko` ekbdk t`rb`rms), `tb. @g s`gtdnm `strdbtm Judll`rcmprd`tm (1884) n`fdg` lk gkrbmbulturk bmcm kqu`llms `l`c`gtms, sãcamlms y rdtukl`s qu` p`rcdt`g k ug cd`carm n` ug bërt`l dn`gtdfdbkrs` bmcm pkrt` n` lk bmcugdnkn, s`r r`bmgmbdnm pmr lk r`kldzkbdòg n` su trkakom y oustdfdbkr `l t`rrmr dge`r`gt` k su kbtdvdnkn. @s pmr tkgtm ugk e`rrkcd`gtk cës qu`, sucknk k lks n`sbrdtks, bmgtrdauy` k kfdkgzkr `l pmn`r, `l cd`nm, lk suamrndgkbdòg y lk l`jdtdcdnkn n` su kbtukbdòg y buyms c`gsko`s smg `sp`bdklc`gt` p`rc`kal`s k lms cës oòv`g`s y lks blks`s smbdkl`s cës n`sfkvmr`bdnks. ^kgtm `g zmgks n` ju`rrk kad`rtk bmcm `g `spkbdms bmgqudstknms, k lks mp`rkbdmg`s fãsdbks s` suckg lks n` dgfmrckbdòg. Kljugks smg `gbuad`rtks y `g mbksdmg`s sualdcdgkr`s, p`rm n` jrkg dcpmrtkgbdk, y trktkg n` prmcmv`r sus mao`tdvms y n` sdl`gbdkr k kqu`llms qu` n`gugbdkg m s` mpmg`g k su kbtdvdnkn. R` sdrv`g n` lms c`ndms n` bmcugdbkbdòg pkrk lkgzkr sus c`gsko`s, k lk v`z qu` `cpr`gn`g kbbdmg`s bmgtrk qud`g`s n`skpru`akg m dgv`stdjkg sus brãc`g`s (s`jÿg `l DXC, `gtr` 188: y 18;2 lk vdml`gbdk s` ek bmarknm lk vdnk n` ;>: p`rdmndstks). Lk dgtdcdnkbdòg `s, kl fdg y kl bkam, ugk e`rrkcd`gtk cës pkrk bmgsmldnkr lk e`j`cmgãk y ckgt`g`r ug dcpkbtm bmgstkgt` smar` lk pmalkbdòg. Jmzkr n` dcpugdnkn `g lk bmcugdbkbdòg n` sus kbbdmg`s supmg` ug rändtm prmpkjkgnãstdbm dgbklbulkal`.

>. LK KBBDÒG FQ@G^@ K LK GKQBMDGRPQJ@GBDK Ldcdtkrs` k ldstkr ugk s`rd` n` c`ndnks n` bkrëbt`r j`gärdbm sdg s`ûklkr lks ndfdbultkn`s pkrk `gbmgtrkr lk smlubdòg k ug prmal`ck bmg prmfugnks rkãb`s edstòrdbks y

 

"'

 

`strubturkl`s s`rãk ug `o`rbdbdm n` sma`radk. Rmg yk cubems kûms y cubeks p`rsmgks lks qu` ekg n`ndbknm y `gtr`jknm sus vdnks ausbkgnm ndbem fdg. Lk lubek fr`gt` kl brdc`g mrjkgdzknm s`rë ugk aktkllk cuy lkrjk `g lk qu` s`rë  pr`bdsm bmgoujkr tmnm tdpm n` c`ndnks pmsdal`s, dgblusm lks gm bmgt`cplknks ekstk `l cmc`gtm, kn`cës n` dgvmlubrkr fu`rt`c`gt`, n` ugk ckg`rk cës n`bdndnk, k lk bmcugdnkn dgt`rgkbdmgkl y k lk smbd`nkn bdvdl. Lk vdbtmrdk n` X`ûk Gd`tm `g ouldm n` 18;1 prmc`tãk ug bkcadm `g lks pmlãtdbks n` s`jurdnkn, fr`gt` kl cmn`lm n` Bkln`ròg qu` bmcadgò äxdtms bmg frkbksms (E`dgl`, Qmnrãju`z, Redri, 18;>). @l mao`tdvm n` r`nubdr lk mas`sdòg pmr lks bu`stdmg`s n` s`jurdnkn s` ek bucpldnm, `gvu`ltm `l Jmad`rgm `s ugk kcpldk `spdrkl r`fmrcdstk. Lk  prmc`sk n` r`nubdr lk vdml`gbdk `g ug 08% `vdn`gt`c`gt` ek sdnm dcpmsdal` ekstk `l cmc`gtm. Nurkgt` 18;2 s` ek prmnubdnm ugk dcpmrtkgt` r`nubbdòg n`l gÿc`rm n` emcdbdndms, p`rm mtrms n`ldtms s` ekg dgbr`c`gtknm `gmrc`c`gt`, n`stkbkgnm lms s`bu`strms y lk `xtmrsdòg. Lk prmc`sk n` r`nubdr `l usm cdldtkr tkcpmbm ek pmndnm s`r bucpldnk. Lks sdtukbdmg`s n` `xtrkmrndgkrdk dgs`jurdnkn `g Cdbemkbëg, y `g ^kckuldpks, n`sn` fdgkl`s n` 18;2 y `l prdc`r s`c`str` n` 18;> ek maldjknm k r`burrdr kl n`spld`ju` cdldtkr kgt` lk fkltk n` bkpkbdtkbdòg y `l`vknm gdv`l n` bmrrupbdòg n` lks  pmldbãks lmbkl`s. @l f`gòc`gm n` lks kutmn`f`gsks ek supu`stm, k su v`z, ugk ckgdf`stkbdòg n` lks ndfdbultkn`s m dcpmsdadldnkn`s n`l jmad`rgm n` jkrkgtdzkr lk s`jurdnkn ksã bmcm ug gu`vm n`skfãm k lk kutmrdnkn n`l @stknm. Fdgklc`gt`, lk prmc`sk n` br`kr ugk J`gnkrc`rãk, ugk fu`rzk pmldbdkl n` bkrëbt`r cdldtkr, s` ek vdstm n`cmrknk y lks pr`t`gsdmg`s dgdbdkl`s, n` ug bu`rpm n` >8.888 cd`carms, cuy r`nubdnks. @stk  prmpu`stk n` br`kbdòg n` ugk J`gnkrc`rãk pmnrãk s`r n` `xtrkmrndgkrdm vklmr, ougtm k ugk kprmxdckbdòg dgt`jrkl kl f`gòc`gm. Rd s` ll`jk k n`fdgdr lk sdtukbdòg bmcm n` gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk, lk fmrckbdòg y bkpkbdnkn`s qu` n`skrrmllkg lks j`gnkrc`rãks `g `l ëcadtm dgt`rgkbdmgkl (tkgtm lms cmn`lms `urmp`ms bmcm n` Kcärdbk n`l Rur) r`sultkg dnòg`ks pkrk `st` tdpm n` bmgfldbtms n` akom gdv`l. Fdgklc`gt`, lk brãtdbk n` X`ûk Gd`tm ekbdk ugk pmsdal` mas`sdòg n` Bkln`ròg pmr lk bkpturk m `ldcdgkbdòg n` lãn`r`s n` lms bërt`l`s gm ek supu`stm bkcadms, kfmrtugknkc`gt` `g lk kbbdòg pmldbdkl y cdldtkr, pu`stm qu` ekg bmgtdguknm, dgblusm kuc`gtknm, bmg su pugtm bulcdgkgt` `g lk bkpturk n`l Bekpm Juzcëg `g f`ar`rm n` 18;>. Lks pmsdal`s c`ndnks k knmptkr s` pu`n`g bkt`jmrdzkr n` ndv`rsks fmrcks?

>.;. Kt`gnd`gnm k lks e`rrkcd`gtks bkrkbt`rãstdbks n` R`jurdnkn Gkbdmgkl  

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@l bmgb`ptm n` R`jurdnkn Gkbdmgkl s` ek j`g`rkldzknm trks lms kt`gtknms n`l ;;R. Eky ugk s`rd` n` dgstruc`gtms qu` j`g`rklc`gt` kpkr`b`g s`ûklknms `g lks prdgbdpkl`s `strkt`jdks n` s`jurdnkn gkbdmgkl. @g prdc`r lujkr s` su`l`g dgbmrpmrkr lks n`gmcdgknks pmlãtdbks 2N, bmgstdtudnks  pmr lk N`f`gsk, lk Ndplmckbdk y `l N`skrrmllm. Lks tr`s td`g`g s`gtdnm `g `l bksm c`xdbkgm. @l r`bursm kl `oärbdtm ek sdnm pr`bdsm y pr`vdsdal`c`gt` lm s`judrë sd`gnm, kl c`gms ekstk qu` s` br``, sd fdgklc`gt` s` ekb`, ugk J`gnkrc`rãk bmg c`ndms y bkpkbdnkn`s. Lk Ndplmckbdk `s pr`bdsk pkrk lmjrkr ug ckymr bmgs`gsm y kpmym dgt`rgkbdmgkl, t`gd`gnm `g bu`gtk qu` gm s` trktk n` ug prmal`ck n` Cäxdbm, qu` `xdst`g ugms mrãj`g`s n` lks nrmjks y ugms n`stdgms, y qu` kbtukr sòlm smar` dgt`rc`ndkrdms y rutks gm vk k jkrkgtdzkr ugk smlubdòg jlmakl. @l N`skrrmllm trktkrãk n` `gfr`gtkrs` k jrkv`s prmal`cks n` fmgnm bmcm lk n`sdjuklnkn, lk pmar`zk, lk fkltk n` mpmrtugdnkn`s  pkrk lms oòv`g`s m kus`gbdk n` klt`rgktdvks cmtdvknmrks kgt` su bkptkbdòg pmr akgnks bkll`o`rks kl s`rvdbdm n` jrupms mrjkgdzknms. Ougtm k `stms `l`c`gtms, lk R`jurdnkn Gkbdmgkl bmgsdn`rk k lk Dgt`ldj`gbdk y kl dcp`rdm n` lk L`y. N`sn` lk Dgt`ldj`gbdk sd`cpr` eky ckrj`g pkrk c`omrkr lk dgfmrckbdòg, bmg lks c`omr`s t`bgmlmjãks, n`skrrmllm n` bkpkbdnkn`s EPCDG^ y RDJDG^, kn`cës n` lk bmcpl`c`gtkrd`nkn sd`cpr` n`l MRDG^, lks bkpkbdnkn`s n` kgëldsds, `l n`skrrmllm n` sdst`cks n` kl`rtk t`cprkgk, cmgdtmrdzkbdòg n` jrupms, kbtdvdnkn`s y rutks. @g `l sdst`ck n` s`jurdnkn smg g`b`skrdks r`fmrcks `g `l ëcadtm  pmldbdkl, `sp`bdklc`gt` `g bukgtm k n`purkbdòg n` fu`rzks y bu`rpms fr`gt` k lk bmrrupbdòg, n` c`ndms y bkpkbdtkbdòg, y n` bmmrndgkbdòg n` lk cultdtun n` dgstkgbdks n` s`jurdnkn k gdv`l `stktkl, f`n`rkl y cugdbdpkl. Djuklc`gt` s` pr`bdskg c`ndnks oundbdkl`s y n` bmgbd`gbdkbdòg qu` ll`v`g k ug r`sp`tm k lms prdgbdpdms aësdbms n` lms n`r`bems euckgms.

>.1. Kt`gnd`gnm k lms kbtmr`s n`l sdst`ck Pgk kprmxdckbdòg emlãstdbk pr`bdsk n` ug kgëldsds dgt`jrkl, kamrnkgnm tmnms lms ëcadtms (smbdkl, `bmgòcdbm, pmlãtdbm, l`jkl, y bulturkl), y ekbd`gnm pkrtãbdp`s n`l sdst`ck n` s`jurdnkn k tmnms lms pmsdal`s kbtmr`s, k trkväs n` lk j`g`rkbdòg n` bmgfdkgzk y n` bmcprmcdsm. @l prmal`ck gm sòlm dgbuca` kl Jmad`rgm, k lk Xmldbãk, m kl @oärbdtm. Xmr sã cdscms s`rëg dgbkpkb`s n` kbkakr bmg `l brdc`g mrjkgdzknm. @g tmnm bksm tmnm `l  

")

 

sdst`ck dgstdtubdmgkl n`a` s`r fmrtkl`bdnm y lk bmrrupbdòg `rrkndbknk m r`nubdnk. @s  pr`bdsm fmrtkl`b`r `l sdst`ck oundbdkl, kbkakgnm bmg lk dcpugdnkn r`dgkgt`. @s pr`bdsm fmrtkl`b`r, bkpkbdtkr y ekb`r pkrtãbdp` n`l sdst`ck n` s`jurdnkn (`cpmw`rc`gt ) k lk smbd`nkn bdvdl, k lks bmcugdnkn`s lmbkl`s, k lms c`ndms n` bmcugdbkbdòg, y k lms prmpdms bdunknkgms. @s pr`bdsm j`g`rkr sdst`cks n` dgfmrckbdòg y pkrtdbdpkbdòg bdunknkgk qu` lmjr`g lk kbbdòg g`b`skrdk g`b`skrdk n` lk smbd`nkn, smbd`nkn, y k su v`z `vdt` lk fmrcks p`rv`rsks p`rv`rsks n` kbbdòg, p`roundbdkl`s `g su bmgougtm, bbmcm mcm lks n`gmcdgk n`gmcdgknks nks kutmn`f`gs kutmn`f`gsks. ks. @o`cplm `g `stk lãg`k `s `l “Xlkg Cdbemkbëg– n` f`ar`rm n` 18;>, bmcm ug `sfu`rzm n` n`skrrmllm smbdkl, m kgt`rdmrc`gt` `l plkg n`l Jmad`rgm n` Bkln`ròg “^mnms smcms Ouër`z–. Bmgbr`tkc`gt` `l “Xlkg Cdbemkbëg– s` b`gtrk `g `l n`skrrmllm `bmgòcdbm, lk `nubkbdòg, lks dgfrk`strubturks y vdvd`gnk, lk sklun pÿaldbk y `l n`skrrmllm smbdkl.

>.2. Kt`gnd`gnm kl ckrbm jlmakl n`l trëfdbm n` nrmjks

Bmcm s` s`ûklkak kgt`rdmrc`gt` gm `stkcms kgt` ug prmal`ck qu` dgbucak ÿgdbkc`gt` k Cäxdbm. Lks rkcdfdbkbdmg`s n`l cdscm s` `xtd`gn`g prmfugnkc`gt` `g @stknms Pgdnms, p`rm tkcadäg `g @urmpk. @s ugk edpmbr`sãk b`gtrkr `l fmbm `g ug pkãs, bukgnm lk n`ckgnk n` ndbems prmnubtms dlãbdtms `stë fu`rk n` `llms. Rmg pr`bdsks pmr tkgtm kbbdmg`s smar` `l mrdj`g n` lk nrmjk (lms tr`s cëxdcms prmnubtmr`s n` bmbkãgk? Amldvdk, X`rÿ y Bmlmcadk), y tkcadäg smar` `l n`stdgm, trktkgnm n` r`nubdr lk n`ckgnk. @g tmnms lms bksms lks pmlãtdbks k n`skrrmllkr n`a`g s`r dgt`jrkl`s, y gm ÿgdbkc`gt`  pmldbdkl`s. X`rm mtrms `f`btms p`rv`rsms kndbdmgkl`s s` j`g`rkg `g `l `xt`rdmr. @l lkxm sdst`ck gmrt`kc`rdbkgm pkrk lk pms`sdòg n` krcks ekb` qu` `xdstk ug fludr bmgtdgum n` lks cdscks ekbdk Cäxdbm. @g `st` bksm, lk knmpbdòg n` c`ndnks bmrr`spmgn` tkcadäg k @stknms Pgdnms, y gm ÿgdbkc`gt` k trkväs n`l bmgtrml frmgt`rdzm. Xmr tkgtm, fr`gt` k ugks c`ndnks dgt`rgks n` Cäxdbm n`a`g `xdstdr `strkt`jdks n` bkrëbt`r dgt`rgkbdmgkl.

>.>. Kt`gnd`gnm k lk bmgb`ptukldzkbdò bmgb`ptukldzkbdòg g n`l f`gòc`gm Lks c`ndnks pkrk `gfr`gtkrs` kl brdc`g mrjkgdzknm gm pu`n`g s`r lks cdscks qu` lks pr`bdsks fr`gt` k lk dgsurj`gbdk, m kl t`rrmrdscm. @s pr`bdsm bmgmb`r, bmg dgn`p`gn`gbdk n` lk n`gmcdgkbdòg qu` s` utdldb` (qu` ma`n`b`rë tkcadäg k dgt`r`s`s  pmlãtdbms), lms rksjms qu` bkrkbt`rdzkg lk kc`gkzk. @s` kgëldsds pmsdadldtk n`t`rcdgkr c`ndnks fr`gt` k bknk ugm n` sus mao`tdvms, y fr`gt` k bknk cmnus mp`rkgnd. @g `l bksm  

"*

 

qu` gms mbupk, y akom lk bmgsdn`rkbdòg n` ugk gkrbmdgsurj`gbdk, `l cmn`lm n` j`gnkrc`rãks pmnrãk r`sultkr kprmpdknm.

>.0. Kt`gnd`gnm k lms nmcdgdms n` bmgtrml n` lms bërt`l`s

Fdgklc`gt`, bmcm kprmxdckbdòg cës dcpmrtkgt`, y trks kgkldzkr `g `l t`rb`r `pãjrkf` lms nmcdgdms n` bmgtrml n`l gkrbm (t`rrdtmrdkl, dgstdtubdmgkl, `bmgòcdbm, smbdkl, y bulturkl), s` prmpmg` ugk tkxmgmcãk n` c`ndnks (kljugks cës j`gärdbks, mtrks cuy bmgbr`tks, y kljugks qu` pr`bdskg jrkgn`s plkg`s n` bkrëbt`r gkbdmgkl), qu` ktd`gnk k bmgtrkrr`stkr lms `f`btms n` lms bërt`l`s c`odbkgms `g bknk ugk n` ndbeks ër`ks, y tmc` `g bmgsdn`rkbdòg k lms ndf`r`gt`s kbtmr`s dgvmlubrknms. @g aks` k kpmrtkbdmg`s prmpdks y k ugk r`vdsdòg adaldmjrëfdbk n` Arkgns (1884), E`dgl`, Qmnrãju`z y sedri (18;>), Dgt`rgktdmgkl Brdsds Jrmup (18;2), Ikg (18;1), A`dtt`l (18;2), Bkstkû`nk (18;1), L`di`g (18;1), Dgsdtut` mf Xmldtdbs (18 (18;1), ;1), Xkul, Blkri` y R`r`gk (18;>), ksã bmcm n` lk @strkt`jdk pkrk Bmcaktdr `l Brdc`g Mrjkgdzknm ^rkgsgkbdmgkl n` @stknms Pgdnms (18;;), s` prmpmg` lk sdjud`gt` tkxmgmcãk n` c`ndnks?

C`ndnk

   l   k   g   m    d   b   u    t    d    t   s   g    D

   l   k    d   r   m    t    d   r   r   `    ^

  m   b    d   c    ò   g   m   b    @

   l   k    d   b   m    R

Dgt`ldj`gbdk Xmt`gbdkr

t`bgmlmjãks

n`

U

dgfmrckbdòg Rdst`cks n` cmgdtmrdzkbdòg

U

N`skrrmllm

U

EPCDG^,

RDJDG^,

MRDG^ Rdst`cks n` kl`rtk t`cprkgk

U

@fdbd`gbdk fluoms n` dgfmrckbdòg

U

N`skrrmllm n` bmgtrkdgsurj`gb bmgtrkdgsurj`gbdk dk

U

U

Kgëldsds n` dgt`ldj`gbdk `sp`bãfdbm

U

U

smar` gkrbmbdunkn`s

Rdst`ck n` s`jurdnkn

 

#+

U

   l   k   r   u    t    l   u    B

 

Br`kbdòg n` lk J`gnkrc`rãk

U

N`purkbdòg pmldbdkl

U

Bmmrndgkbdòg n` bu`rpms

U

Bmgtrml frmgt`rdzm

U

U

Bmgtrml n` fluoms n` krcks

U

U

Bkpkbdtkbdòg fr`gt` k dgsurj`gbdks

U

U

Bmlkamrkbdòg pmldbãk-dgt`ldj`gbdk

U

Xlkg fr`gt` k s`bu`strms

U

U

Xlkg fr`gt` k `xtmrsdòg

U

U

Xrmjrkcks n` r`bmcp`gsks

U

Cmn`rgdzkbdòg, c`ndms

U

N`skrrmllm n` bmccugdty pmldbdgj

U

Kpldbkbdmg`s n` pmldbãk pr`ndbtdvk

U

U

U

U

Cmgdtmrdzkbdòg y kl`rtks smar` gu`vms trëfdbms, rutks, kbtmr`s,

U

cmnus mp`rkgnd Xlkg

c`omrk

tksks

n`

U

U

`sblkr`bdcd`gtm Bmgtrml n` pr`bursmr`s

U

Jmad`rgm y Oustdbdk ^rkgspkr`gbdk

U

U

N`bdndnk lubek fr`gt` bmrrupbdòg

U

U

Almqu`m n` fmgnms smsp`bemsms Bmgtrml gdv`l cugdbdpkl

U U

U

C`ndnks bmgtrk alkgqu`m

U

U

N`bmcdsm `f`btms dgbkutknms

U

U

Xlkg gkbdmgkl bmgtrk lk dcpugdnkn

U

Xr`v`gbdòg kbb`sm n` bërt`l`s k

U

c`rbknms

`strktäjdbms

U

m

`c`rj`gt`s N`skrrmllm n` klt`rgktdvks kl brdc`g bmcm fmrck n` suasdstdr? n`skrrmllm

 

#"

U

U U

 

 prmf`sdmgkl,

kbtdvdnkn`s

U

U

N`skrrmllm n` maldjkbdmg`s bmgtrml

U

U

Xlkg dgt`jrkl pr`v`gbdòg alkgqu`m @sp`bdkldzkbdòg s`jurdnkn prdvknk

U

U

sustdtutdvks, cdbrmbrändtms y mtrks c`ndnks

R`btmr akgbkrdm y s`btmr prdvknm

R`btmr`s smbdkl`s Xlkg`s n` bmgbd`gbdkbdòg smar` su kpmrtkbdòg `g ckt`rdk s`jurdnkn

U

C`omrk n`l sdst`ck `nubktdvm

U

Xlkg bmgtrk lk pmar`zk

U

Xlkg bmgtrk lk n`sdjuklnkn

U

@cpl`m y bkpkbdtkbdòg

U

^rktkcd`gtms bmgtrk kndbbdòg

U

C`ndms n` bmcugdbkbdòg Bòndjms ätdbms

U

U

U

U

U

U

N`skrrmllm n` plktkfmrcks pkrk lk

U

U

bmlkamrkbdòg pmldbdkl Xmt`gbdkbdòg fmrms n` dgt`ldj`gbdk

U

U

N`skrrmllm

n`

`strkt`jdks

n`

bmcugdbkbdòg Xrmt`bbdòg pmldbdkl

Bdunknkgms y bmcugdnkn`s

bml`btdvk Bmgbd`gbdkbdòg y plkg n` bulturk

U

n` s`jurdnkn J`g`rkbdòg

n`

bmgfdkgzk

y

bmcprmcdsm

bdunknkgãk-

dgstdtubdmg`s?

dgfmrckbdòg,

U

U

trkgspkr`gbdk y au`g jmad`rgm @cpmw`rc`gt

 

bmcugdnkn`s

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##

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lmbkl`s Xmt`gbdkr dgv`stdjkbdòg kbknäcdbk

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

`g lk ckt`rdk y lk lkamr n` tedgi tkgis J`g`rkldzkbdòg n` plkg`s `stdlm

U

“Xlkg Cdbemkbëg– m “^mnms smcms Ouër`z– Bmgtrkgkrrktdvks y lubek bmgtrk lk `xkltkbdòg n`l gkrbm (tdpm n`ldbtdvm) N`skrrmllm

n`

ugk

smbd`nkn

r`sdld`gt`

Bmcugdnkn dgt`rgkbdmgkl Q`nubbdòg n` lk mf`rtk

U

Q`nubbdòg n` lk n`ckgnk

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Bmgtrml n` skldnk n` krcks n`

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U

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U

@stknms Pgdnms Bmgtrml`s frmgt`rdzms ` dcpulsm k mp`rkbdmg`s dgt`rgkbdmgkl`s `g `l `spkbdm ckrãtdcm y kär`m Xr`sdòg k jrupms c`xdbkgms `g

U

r`stm n` pkãs`s Rdst`cks n` oustdbdk ugdv`rskl

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Xr`sdòg dgt`jrkl `g tmnks lks rutks dgt`rc`ndks, ekstk ll`jkr k Cäxdbm

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U

y n`sn` qu` lk nrmjk skl` n`l pkãs @lkamrkbdòg dgt`rgkbdmgkl`s

n` n`

ldstks jrupms

U

n`

Brdc`g Mrjkgdzknm, k sdcdldtun n` lks n` t`rrmrdscm

Mtrks c`ndnks L`jkldzkbdòg n`l bmgsucm

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U

Fdjurk ;? @lkamrkbdòg prmpdk  

#$

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0. ADALDMJQKFãK Kltekus, Nunl`y. “N`kte kgn Bmrruptdmg? Mrjkgdz`n Brdc` Kgn Lmbkl Jmvt dg C`xdbm–.  Dgsdjet Brdc`, ;5 Mbtma`r 18;2. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.dgsdjetbrdc`.mrj/g`ws-kgklysds/c`xdbm-ckymrs  www.dgsdjetbrdc`.mrj/g`ws-kgklysds/c`xdbm-ckymrs  A`dtt`l, Oug` R. “C`xdbm¾sQ`s`krbe Nruj ^rkffdbidgj Mrjkgdzktdmgs?  Bmgjr`ssdmgkl R`rvdb` Q>;0:6. Vdml`gb`–. Kprdl ;0,Rmurb` 18;2 kgn Rbmp` mf te` Alkgbmc`rlks, O.  @l Bkrt`l? Lms Kr`llkgm Fäldx, lk l k ckfdk cës pmn`rmsk n` lk edstmrdk n`  Kcärdbk Lktdgk. Cäxdbm Bdty? Xlkzk y Okgäs. 1881 Arkgns, Ekl. “C`xdbm¾s gkrbm-dgsurj`gby kgn P.R. bmugt`rnruj pmldby1. Bkrldsl`? Rtrkt`jdb Rtund`s Dgstdtut`, P.R. Krcy Zkr Bmll`j`. 1884. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.Rtrkt`jdbRtund`sDgstdtut`.krcy.cdl/ www.Rtrkt`jdbRtund`sDgstdtut`.krcy.cdl/   Augi`r, Xkc`lk L., Bkcpa`ll, Ldsk O., kgn Augi`r, Qma`rt O. “^mrtur`, a`e`kndgjs, kgn gkrbmbultms–. Rckll Zkrs & Dgsurj`gbd`s, 1;?;, ;>0-;:5. Ckrbe 18;8. Augi`r, Qma`rt O. y Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “Bkrt`l @vmlutdmg? Xmt`gtdkls kgn Bmgs`qu`gb`s–. ^rkgsgktdmgkl Mrjkgdz`n Brdc`, Vml. >, g¿ 1, pp. 00-:>, ;445

Bkll, Bekrl`s ^. “A`ymgn te` fkdl`n stkt`? ^mwkrn bmgb`ptukl klt`rgktdv`s–.  @urmp`kg  Omurgkl mf Dgt`rgktdmgkl Q`lktdmgs. Zksedgjtmg NB, PRK? PR Dgstdtut` fmr X`kb`, X`kb`, 18;8 Bkcpa`ll, Emwkrn.  Nruj Zkr _mg`? Frmgtldg` Ndspktbe`s frmc te` str``ts mf @l Xksm kgn Oukr`z. Kustdg? Pgdv`rsdty mf ^`xks Xr`ss, 1884 Bkstkû`nk, Omrj`. “^dc` fmr kg Klt`rgktdv` tm C`xdbm,s Nruj Zkr–.  @bmgmcdb  N`v`lmpc`gt Aull`tdg, g¿ ;6, Bktm Dgstdtut`., D gstdtut`., s`pt`ca`r 1>, 18;1. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.bktm.mrj  www.bktm.mrj  Bkst`lls, Ckgu`l. Bmccugdbktdmg Xmw`r. Mxfmrn? Mxfmrn Pgdv`rsdty Xr`ss, 1884 Bmrbeknm, “Nruj Vkgbmuv`r Klfr`nm. Rug, > Cky 18;;.bkrt`ls tkidgj mv`r jmv`rgc`gt rml`s dg pkrts mf C`xdbm–. Nãkz-Bky`rms, Kla`rtm, Ckjklmgd, A`ktrdz, Cktkgmbi, Kdlk y Qmc`rm, Vdnkl. “Ldvdgj dg f`kr? Ckppdgj te` smbdkl `ca`nn`ng`ss mf nruj jkgjs kgn vdml`gb` dg C`xdbm–.  Nmbuc`gtm n` trkakom. Rtrkgfmrn, @stknms Pgdnms? Rtrkgfmrn Pgdv`rsdty. 14 R`pt`ca`r, 18;; Nunl`y, Rt`v`g R. “Nruj ^rkffdbidgj Mrjkgdzktdmgs dg B`gtrkl Kc`rdbk? ^rkgspmrtdstks, C`xdbkg Bkrt`ls kgn Ckrks–. Zmridgj Xkp`r R`rd`s mg P.R.-Cäxdbm R`burdty Bmllkamrktdmg. Zmmnrmw Zdlsmg Dgt`rgktdmgkl B`gt`r fmr Rbemlkrs. Cky 18;8. F`laka-Armwg, Vkgnk. “Bmgb`ptukldzdgj Brdc` ks Bmcp`tdtdmg dg Rtkt`-Ckidgj kgn N`sdjgdgj kgn @ff`btdv` Q`spmgs`–. Rp``be kt Bmgf`r`gb`mg Dlldbdt ^rkffdbidgj  Kbtdvdtd`s dg te` Z`st`rg E`cdspe`r`? Xmssdal` Rtrkt`jd`s kgn L`ssmgs L`krg`n,

Armmidgjs Dgstdtutdmg, 1; Cky 18;8.

 

#%

 

Jkrky-Rklkckgbk, Luds O. kgn Rklb`nm-Klakrëg, @nukrnm. “Dlldbdt G`twmris Q`bmgfdjurdgj Rtkt`s? Rmbdkl G`twmris Kgklysds mf Bmlmcadkg kgn C`xdbkg Bks`– s. Amjmtë? CÄ^MNM, 18;8. Jkrky-Rklkckgbk, Luds O. kgn Rklb`nm-Klakrëg, @grdqu` kgn N` L`òg-A`ltrëg, Dskkb. “Frmc Rtkt` Bkptur` tmwkrns te` Bm-mpt`n Rtkt` Q`bmgfdjurktdmg? Kg kgklytdbkl sygte`sds–. Zmridgj Xkp`r  g¿  g¿ 6;, Amjmtë? CÄ^MNM, Oug` 1884. 1884. Jrdllm, D. @l Gkrbm. G`w Tmri? Almmcsaury Xr`ss. 18;; Q`vd` w mf Lktdg Kc`rdbkg Rtund`s, Judll`rcmprd`tm, Klck. “^e` Gkrbmvdrus–.  A`ri`l`y Q`vd`w  pp. 1-4. Rprdgj. 1884. 1884.

E`dgl`, Idca`rly kgn Qmnrãju`z, Mbtkvdm kgn Redri, Nkvdn K. “Nruj vdml`gb` dg C`xdbm. Nktk kgn Kgklysds ^ermuje 18;2– . Oustdb` dg C`xdbm Xrmo`bt. Pgdv`rsdty mf Rkg Nd`jm. N`pkrtc`gt mf Xmldtdbkl Rbd`gb` & Dgt`rgktdmgkl Q`lktdmgs. 18;>. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.oustdb`dgc`xdbm.mrj  www.oustdb`dgc`xdbm.mrj  Dgstdtut` fmr @bmgmcdbs & X`kb`. “Ãgndb` n` Xkz Cäxdbm 18;2–. 18;>. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.`bmgmcdbskgnp`kb`.mrj www.`bmgmcdbskgnp`kb`.mrj   Dgstdtut` mf Xmldtdbs. ^e` Zkr mg C`xdbkg Bkrt`ls. Mptdmgs fmr P.R. kgn c`xdbkg pmldbycki`rs. Ekrvkrn Pgdv`rsdty. 18;1. Dgt`rgktdmgkl Brdsds Jrmup. “X`ûk Gd`tm¾s Bekll`gj`? Brdcdgkl Bkrt`ls kgn Qul` mf Lkw dg C`xdbm–. Lktdg Kc`rdbkg Q`pmrt  g¿  g¿ >5. Aruss`ls, 18;2 Ikg, Xkul Q. Bkrt`ls kt wkr? C`xdbm¾s Nruj- Fu`l`n Vdml`gb` kgn te` ^er`kt tm P.R. Zksedgjtmg, NB? Xmtmckb. 18;1 Ikplkg, Ckrbms.  Ksp`btms Rmbdmpmlãtdbms n`l Gkrbmtrëfdbm. Cäxdbm N.F? Dgstdtutm  Gkbdmgkl n` Bd`gbdks Bd`gbdks X`gkl`s, ;4 ;441. 41. Iekggk, Xkrkj. “A`ymgn Bdty Ldcdts–.  Fmr`dgj Xmldby, ;6 Kujust 18;8. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.fmr`djgpmldby.bmc/krtdbl`s/18;8/85/;6/a`ymgn]bdty]ldcdts  www.fmr`djgpmldby.bmc/krtdbl`s/18;8/85/;6/a`ymgn]bdty]ldcdts  L`di`g, Qma`rt. R.  C`xdbm¾s Nruj Zkr. Zksedgjtmg, NB? B`gt`r fmr te` Gktdmgkl Dgt`r`st, Ouly 18;1. Lòp`z-Krkgnk, Okdc` y Bekpk, Ldldkg. “Bukgnm Cktkr gm Bu`stk. Lk Lòjdbk n` lk Vdml`gbdk `g Cäxdbm–. Cäxdbm @vklÿk. B`gtrm n` Kgëldsds n` Xmlãtdbks Xÿaldbks, 18;2 Cmmr`, Qdbekrn R. “^e` Aksdbs mf Bmugt`rdgsurj`gb`–. Rckll Zkrs Omurgkl. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc   Cujjke, Qma`rt. “^e` Frkjdl` Bdty Krrdv`s–.  @-Dgt`rgktdmgkl Q`lktdmgs, 12 gmv`ca`r 18;2. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.`-dr.dgfm/18;2/;;/12te`-frkjdl`-bdty-krrdv`s www.`-dr.dgfm/18;2/;;/12te`-frkjdl`-bdty-krrdv`s// M¾G`dll, Akrn @.  Dgsurj`gby kgn ^`rrmrdsc? Frmc Q`vmlutdmg tm Kpbmklyps`. Null`s? Xmtmckb Ammis Dgb., 1880.

 

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Mlsmg, @rdb, Redri, Nkvdn kgn R`l``, Kgnr`w. Rekr`n Q`spmgskadldty. P.R.-C`xdbm  Xmldby mptdmgs fmr bmgfrmgtdgj mrjkgdz`n brdc`. Zksedgjtmg?  Zmmnrmw Zdlsmg Dgt`rgktdmgkl B`gt`r fmr Rbemlkrs, C`xdbm Dgstdtut`. Mbtma`r 18;8. Mlsmg, Ckgbur.  Xmw`r kgn prmsp`rdty? Mutjrmwdgj Bmccugdst kgn Bkpdtkldst  Ndbtktmrsedps. Mxfmrn, Q`dgm Pgdnm? Mxfmrn Pgdv`rsdty Xr`ss, 1888. Xkul, Berdstmpe`r kgn Blkri`, Bmldg X. kgn R`r`gk, Bekn B. “C`xdbm ds gmt Bmlmcadk. Klt`rgktdv` Edstmrdbkl Kglmjd`s fmr Q`spmgndgj tm te` Bekll`gj` mf Vdml`gt Nruj^rkffdbidgj Mrjkgdzktdmgs–. QKGN Bmrpmrktdmg. 18;>. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.rkgn.mrj   www.rkgn.mrj Qmal`s, Justkvm, Bkln`ròg, Jkard`lk y Ckjklmgd, A`ktrdz. “Lks Bmgs`bu`gbdks @bmgòcdbks n` lk Vdml`gbdk n`l Gkrbmtrëfdbm `g Cäxdbm–.  Nmbuc`gtm n` trkakom. Akgbm Dgt`rkc`rdbkgm n` n`skrrmllm. @stknms Pgdnms? Rtkgfmrn Pgdv`rsdty, 18;2 Rkvdkgm, Qma`rtm. B`rmB`rmB`rm. Bòcm lk bmbkãgk jmad`rgk `l cugnm. Akrb`lmgk? Kgkjrkck, 18;> Rtkgl`y, @nukrnm. “Kutmn`f`gsks mf Cdbemkbkg, dgfdjets, k nkri pkst kgn k nkri`r futur`=– VMUUD, 1; Ckrbe 18;>. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> ettp?//vmxxd.bmc/18;>/82/1;/c`xdbm-vdjdlkgt`-dgfdjetdgj-vdml`gb`/  ettp?//vmxxd.bmc/18;>/82/1;/c`xdbm-vdjdlkgt`-dgfdjetdgj-vdml`gb`/  Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “Brdcdgkl Dgsurj`gbd`s dg te` Kc`rdbks–. Rckll Zkrs Omurgkl, ;2 f`ar`rm 18;8. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc  www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc  Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “Frmc Nruj Zkrs tm Brdcdgkl Dgsurj`gby? C`xdbkg Bkrt`ls, Brdcdgkl @gblkv`s kgn Brdcdgkl Dgsurj`gby dg C`xdbm kgn B`gtrkl Kc`rdbk, kgn te`dr dcpldbktdmgs fmr Jlmakl R`burdty–. VMQ^@U Zmridgj Xkp`rs g¿ 6. Amjmtë? Vmrt`x Fmugnktdmg, 18;1 Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “Dgsurj`gbdk Brdcdgkl? Gkrbmbulturk, Akgndnms Rmbdkl`s y Mp`rkbdmg`s n` Dgmfrckbdòg–. Rckll Zkrs Omurgkl,  Gmv`ca`r >, 18;2. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc  www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc  Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “Gkrbm-Bdtd`s? C`xdbm kgn A`ymgn–. Rckll Zkrs Omurgkl. 2; n` ckrzm n` 18;>. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc   Rulldvkg, Omeg X. “^`rrmrdsc, Brdc` kgn Xrdvkt` Krcd`s–, dg Augi`r, Q. O. (`ndtmr)  G`twmris, ^`rrmrdsc kgn Jlmakl Dgsurj`gby, pp. 64-52. Lmgnmg? Qmutl`nj`, 1880. Rulldvkg, Omeg X. kgn @lius, K. “Bkrt`l v. Bkrt`l? C`xdbm¾s Brdcdgkl Dgsurj`gby–. Rckll www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc   Zkrs Omurgkl, ; f`ar`rm 18;8. Kbb`ss`n Ouly ;, 18;> www.sckllwkrsomurgkl.bmc Vdllktmrm, Bkrmldgk. “Ksp`btms Rmbdmbulturkl`s ` Dcëj`g`s n`l Gkrbmtrëfdbm–. Jukt`cklk? Pgdv`rsdnkn Qkfk`l Lkgnãvkr, 18;1

 

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