El Control de Calidad A Un Proyecto de Construcción

 

Kh cimtrih `k cdhe`d` d um priykcti `k cimstrucceóm

 Kstä odsd`i km kh cimtrih pir pdrtk `kh pkrsimdh pripei i dnkmi kspkcedhezd`i km kstk pi `k cimtrihks, `im`k sk `kokm dmdhezdr vdred`is dspkctis ciji>  – Cimtkme`i `k hd emairjdceóm> emairjdceóm> his phdmis, `ktdhhks, jkjireds jkjireds y heoris `k cimstrucceóm `kokm kstdr cijphktis y oekm rk`dctd`is  – Cujphejekmti `kh prigrdjd rkqukre`i  – Cujphejekmti `k hd mirjdve`d` dphecdohk  – Iotkmceóm `k his pkrjesis y heckmceds mkcksdreds Oukmd pdrtk `k his krrirks km hd knkcuceóm `k iords `k cimstrucceóm pdrtk `k hd `kakctuisd rk`dcceóm `kh priykcti `k cimstrucceóm>  – Hd emkxestkmced `k `ktdhhks cimstrucvis i pici pic i chdris  – Emkxestkmced `k emairjdceóm kxphecetd dckrcd `k his jåti`is cimstrucvis d skguer, kspkcedhjkmtk cudm`i mi sk trdtd `k khkjkmtis cimstrucvis pecis.  – His jdtkredhks d uhezdr uhezdr `kokm skr kspk kspkcecd`is cecd`is `k jdmkrd chdrd pdrd kvetdr kvetdr `evdgdceimks y jdhis kmtkm`e`is.  – Rici usi `k jdtkredhks jdtkredhks `k þhjd gkmkrdceóm quk dyu`km d jemejezdr hd prkskmced prkskmced `k piseohks `kakctis i pdtihigêd cimstrucvd. Cimtrih `k cdhe`d` km his jdtkredhks `k cimstrucceóm  

Km hd iord ks juy ejpirtdmtk irgdmezdr his cimtrihks `k pri`ucceóm y `k rkckpceóm `k jdtkredhks. Ri`kjis `esmguer `is pis `k jdtkredhks. Prd`eceimdhks> Sim dqukhhis quk, pir vkmersk uhezdm`i `ks`k kjpi dträs, dpdrkckm

rkguhd`is pir umd mirjd i kspkcecdceóm. – Jd`krd – Fekrri – Dckri – Cimcrkti – Hd`rehhi – Qe`rei, ktc. Mukvis jdtkredhks> His jdtkredhks mi trd`eceimdhks, pir kh cimtrdrei, sim jdtkredhks mukvis i

`k rkcekmtk dpdreceóm km kh jkrcd`i `k hd cimstrucceóm, mi kxeskm`i pdrd khhis (km rdzóm `k su nuvkmtu`) umdpdrd kspkcecdceóm quk his rkguhk. rkguhdceóm y kstdohkcejekmti `kh cimtrih `k cdhe`d` rkquekrk skr kstdohkce`d, quk kxestdHdumd cekrtd kxpkrekmced `k dphecdceóm. [md `k hds emcógmetds dsiced`ds d his mukvis jdtkredhks, ks su cijpirtdjekmti d hdrgi phdzi (`urdoehe`d`). Sim pir knkjphi> – Cimcrkti trdshuce`i – Sehkstimk, cijpdctis `k cudrzi. – Jitkri `k ckjkmti-cducfi rkcechd`i (CC_) – Cimcrkti rkcechd`i – Ejpkrjkdoehezdmtks cim hhdmtds (rkcechd`i) – P-Ohicls, ktc. Hd cdhe`d` `k um jdtkredh

Qekmk `kme`d pir umd skrek `k cdrdctkrêscds (kstdohkce`ds km hd cirrkspim`ekmtk kspkcecdceóm), hds cudhks `kokm skr ionkti `k cimtrih `urdmtk hd adorecdceóm. @k kstds cdrdctkrêscds, umds sim jk`eohks y, pir cimseguekmtk, rkprkskmtdohks km umd kscdhd mujårecd> sim hds hhdjd`ds vdredohks.

 

Itrds, pir kh cimtrdrei, sim `k cdräctkr cudhetdvi, mi jk`eohks cudmtdvdjkmtk< sim his hhdjd`is dtreoutis. [md himgetu`, umd rksestkmced, ktc, ks umd vdredohk. vdredohk. Km cdjoei, prkskmtdr mu`is i mi umd jd`krd, tkmkr i mi jdmcfds umd hisktd `k ckräjecd i quk fdyd i mi surds veseohks km um prkadorecd`i `k cimcrkti, ks um dtreouti. Cimtrih `k rkckpceóm `k jdtkredhks adorecd`is em`ustredhjkmtk

Cdk `kmtri `k hd rkspimsdoehe`d` `kh chekmtk `kmer cim prkceseóm, pir umd pdrtk, hd cdhe`d` rkqukre`d y, pir itrd, hds ji`dhe`d`ks `k cimtrih `k rkckpceóm d hhkvdr d cdoi, skd pir se jesji `erkctdjkmtk, skd d trdvås `k umd irgdmezdceóm `k cimtrih. Hd cdhe`d` rkqukre`d, dsê ciji hd airjd `k kakctudr kh cimtrih `k rkckpceóm, sim mirjdhjkmtk cimvkme`ds `k dmtkjdmi kmtrk kh adorecdmtk y kh chekmtk y sk rkkrkm, cudm`i ks piseohk d mirjds kxestkmtks. Km kstk skm`i, kxestk umd tkm`kmced fiy `êd d quk hds kspkcecdceimks emchuydm tdjoeåm hd airjd `k kakctudr kh cimtrih `k rkckp rkckpceóm> ceóm> tdjdôi `k his hitks, cretkreis `k dckptdceóm/rkcfdzi, ktc. Cudm`i sk trdtd `k um pri`ucti `kh quk sk kjphkdm jucfds ume`d`ks y quk sk sujemestrd pir hitks, kh cimtrih `k rkckpceóm sk rkdhezd cdse c dse sekjprk pir dtreoutis, sekm`i juy rdri rkdhezdrhi pir vdredohks. Hd emspkcceóm pir dtreoutis cimsestk km kxdjemdr umd ume`d` `k pri`ucti y cdhecdrhd `k «oukmd¼ i «`kakctuisd¼. Hd dcceóm d tijdr sk `kce`k `kspuås `k fdokr cimtd`i kh mþjkri `k ume`d`ks `kakctuisds quk fdy km hd jukstrd («emspkcceóm pir `kakctuisds¼= i kh mþjkri `k `kakctis pir jukstrd («emspkcceóm pir `kakctis=). Kstd airjd `k emspkcceóm ks jäs skmcehhd, dumquk rkquekrk jdyirks tdjdôis `k jukstrd, quk hd emspkcceóm pir vdredohks, km hd cudh hd dcceóm d tijdr sk `kce`k `kspuås `k kakctudr cähcuhis cim his vdhirks jk`e`is. Rhdm `k jukstrki

[m phdm `k jukstrki sejphk quk`d `kme` i pir trks khkjkmtis> 

kh tdjdôi `k hd jukstrd quk `kok tijdrsk `kh hitk



kh mþjkri `k dckptdceóm

 

kh mþjkri `k rkcfdzi.

Kh jukstrki ks um kxckhkmtk prick`ejekmti quk pkrjetk tijdr hd `kceseóm emjk`edtd `k dckptdr i rkcfdzdr kh hitk. Km his cdsis `k dckptdceóm `kokm rkcfdzdrsk mi iostdmtk hds ume`d`ks `k hd jukstrd quk krdm `kakctuisds Hd ejpirtdmced `kh cimtrih `k cdhe`d` `k his jdtkredhks km iords cevehks

Rrkvei d hd cimstrucceóm `k cudhquekr c udhquekr iord `k emgkmekrêd ceveh (cdrrktkrds, prksds, pukmtks, k`eceis, cdsds, kmtrk itrds) kxestk um `eskôi emtkgrdh quk ouscd hd jknir sihuceóm tåcmecd y kcimójecd pdrd gdrdmzdr hd kstdoehe`d` `k um `ktkrjemd`i priykcti.

 

His emgkmekris `eskôd`irks `ktkrjemdm km his dmäheses rkdhezd`is, hds pripek`d`ks `k his jdtkredhks quk skräm usd`is `urdmtk hd cimstrucceóm `k umd iord. Km kstis `eskôis sk kstdohkckm mirjds y kspkcecdceimks tåcmecds cimstrucvds, hds cudhks `kokräm skr cujphe`ds pir his cimstructirks, `k tdh jdmkrd quk sk cimsegd phdsjdr km iord, hd e`kdhezdceóm `kh priykcti `k emgkmekris y drquetkctis.

His jdtkredhks `k emgkmekrêd quk sim usd`is km hds `eakrkmtks iords cevehks, piskkm pripek`d`ks quk `kpkm`km jucfds vkcks `kh pricksi cimstrucvi kjphkd`i. His premcepdhks jdtkredhks `k emgkmekrêd usd`is km kh RK_[ y quk `kokm tkmkr um cimtrih em setu `urdmtk hds `eakrkmtks iords cimstrucvds sim> firjegóm, dckri, sukhis y jkzchd dsaähcd. Hd mirjd ESI 5222 `kmk d hd cdhe`d` ciji ‘kh grd`i km kh quk um cimnumti `k cdrdctkrêscds emfkrkmtks cujphk cim his rkquesetis‚. Km kh jum`i `k hd cimstrucceóm hd cdhe`d` sk dpkgd d hd cimcir`dmced i grd`i `k cimairje`d` kmtrk hi `eskôd`i y hi pri`uce`i i cimstrue`i. Hd rkspimsdoehe`d` `k iarkckr umd oukmd cdhe`d` `k his jdtkredhks kjphkd`is km iords ks kxchusevd `kh cimstructir y, d su vkz, kh scdhezd`ir `kokrä cimtrihdr y kxeger hi kstdohkce`i pir kh `eskôd`ir km hds kspkcecdceimks tåcmecds. Kh scdhezd`ir kmk hd pitkstd` `k `ktkmkr umd cimstrucceóm se `ktkctd dhgþm emcujphejekmti `k hds kspkcecdceimks tåcmecds y ir`kmdr hd cirrkctd knkcuceóm `kh trdodni rkdhezd`i. Sk rkcijekm`d quk kh cimstructir i cimtrdstd `k umd iord emchuyd km kh prksupuksti iakrtd`i `k cimstrucceóm, um ruori `k cimtrih `k cdhe`d` `k his jdtkredhks kjphkd`is km iord, quk mirjdhjkmtk mi dscekm`km d jäs `kh 4%< gdrdmzdm`i dh pripektdrei i cimtrdtdmtk, hd cdhe`d` `k his trdodnis kmtrkgd`is. Kh pripektdrei i cimtrdtdmtk pi`rä tdjoeåm cimtrdtdr skrveceis `k cimtrih `k cdhe`d` `k kjprksds cdhecd`ds km kh jk`ei y hhkvdr um cimtrih `k his rksuhtd`is km cimnumti cim kh scdhezd`ir. Sk `kok `k aijkmtdr umd cuhturd `k rkdhezdr um cimtrih `k cdhe`d` km cudhquekr iord `k cimstrucceóm, pir pkqukôd quk sk cimse`krk quk åstd skd, puks sk trdtd `k kvetdr reksgis i auturds pår`e`ds km hd emvkrseóm rkdhezd`d. KMSDUIS @K JDPK_EDHKS

Hd Supkrveseóm i hd dutire`d` cijpktkmtk pi`rä ir`kmdr, km cudhquekr ktdpd `k knkcuceóm `kh priykcti, kh kmsdyi `k cudhquekr jdtkredh kjphkd`i km hds iords `k cimcrkti, cim kh m `k `ktkrjemdr se cirrkspim`k d hd cdhe`d` kspkcecd`d.

 

 Kh jukstrki y his kmsdyis `k jdtkredhks y `kh cimcrkti `kokm fdckrsk `k dcukr`i cim hds Mirjds Påcmecds Rkrudmds - MPR cirrkspim`ekmtks i hds Mirjds DSPJ se mi fuoekrd umd Mirjd Påcmecd Rkrudmd. Km kh prkskmtk tkxti sk cetdm hds Mirjds Påcmecds Rkrudmds – MPR y DSPJ dphecdohks, km su þhjd vkrseóm d hd akcfd ciji rkakrkmced, sem kjodrgi, pi`räm kjphkdrsk hds vkrseimks rkvesd`ds i dctudhezd`ds auturds, km hd jk`e`d quk skdm kje`ds. CKJKMPIS

Kh ckjkmti `kok cujpher cim his rkquesetis `k hds MPR>  - 330.225>?241 (Ckjkmti Rirthdm`. _kquesetis). - 330.26?>?241 (Ckjkmti Rirthdm`. _kquesetis `k `kskjpkôi). - 330.252>?241 (Ckjkmti Rirthdm` d`eceimd`is. _kquesetis).  Kh ckjkmti kjphkd`i km hd iord `kok cirrkspim`kr dh quk sk fd tijd`i ciji odsk pdrd hd skhkcceóm `k hd `isecdceóm `kh cimcrkti. DG_KGD@IS

His dgrkgd`is pdrd cimcrkti `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 022.237>?246 (Dgrkgd`is pdrd cimcrkti. _kquesetis). His dgrkgd`is quk mi cujphdm cim his rkquesetis em`ecd`is hd MPR 022.237>?246, pi`räm skr uhezd`is sekjprk quk kh Cimstructir `kjukstrk, d trdvås `k kmsdyis y pir kxpkrekmceds `k iord, quk pri`uckm cimcrktis cim hd rksestkmced y `urdoehe`d` rkqukre`ds. Hd kvdhudceóm `k hd rkdcve`d` pitkmcedh ähcdhe-sêheck y hds rkcijkm`dceimks dphecdohks sk kakctudräm km cimairje`d` cim hd MPR ?35.722>?247 (Hemkdjekmtis pdrd rk`ucer kh reksgi `k rkdcceóm micevd `kh ähcdhe-dgrkgd`i km kh cimcrkti). Kh tdjdôi jäxeji mijemdh `kh dgrkgd`i gruksi mi `kok skr supkreir d memgumd `k> d) 4/; `k hd jkmir skpdrdceóm kmtrk his hd`is `kh kmciard`i.  o) 4/3 `k hd dhturd `k hd hisd, `k skr kh cdsi. c) 3/0 `kh kspdcedjekmti jêmeji heork kmtrk hds odrrds i dhdjorks em`eve`udhks `k rkaukrzi, pdquktks `k odrrds, tkm`imks em`eve`udhks, pdquktks `k tkm`imks i `uctis. Kstds hejetdceimks sk puk`km ijer se sk `kjukstrd quk hd trdodndoehe`d` y his jåti`is `k cijpdctdceóm sim tdhks quk kh cimcrkti sk puk`k cihicdr sem hd airjdceóm `k vdcêis i ‘cdmgrknkrds‚. His dgrkgd`is quk mi cukmtkm cim um rkgestri i dqukhhis privkmekmtks `k cdmtkrds kxphitd`ds `erkctdjkmtk pir kh Cimtrdstd, pi`räm skr dpriod`is pir hd Supkrveseóm se cujphkm c ujphkm cim his kmsdyis mirjdhezd`is kstdohkce`is km hd MPR 022.237>?246. Kstk prick`ejekmti mi emvdhe`d his kmsdyis `k cimtrih `k hitks `k dgrkgd`is km iord. His dgrkgd`is mi y gruksi `kokräm skr jdmknd`is ciji jdtkredhks em`kpkm`ekmtks. Cd`d umd `k khhis `kokrä skr pricksd`i, trdmspirtd`i, jdmepuhd`i, dhjdckmd`i y pksd`i `k jdmkrd tdh quk hd pår`e`d `k mis skd jêmejd, quk jdmtkmgdm su umeairje`d`, quk mi sk pri`uzcd cimtdjemdceóm pir sustdmceds kxtrdôds y quk mi sk prkskmtk riturd i skgrkgdceóm ejpirtdmtk km khhis.

 

 His dgrkgd`is d skr kjphkd`is km cimcrktis quk vdydm d kstdr sijk`is d pricksis `k cimgkhdceóm y `ksfekhi y mi cujphdm cim kh dcäpetk 7.4 `k hd MPR 022.237>?246 pi`räm skr uhezd`is se um cimcrkti `k pripek`d`ks cijpdrdohks, prkpdrd`i cim dgrkgd`i `kh jesji iregkm, fd `kjistrd`i um cijpirtdjekmti sdsadctirei cudm`i kstuvi sijk`i d cim`eceimks `k emtkjpkresji sejehdrks d hds quk sk kspkrdm. Hd prukod `k emtkjpkresji mi `kokrä kxegersk km priykctis d knkcutdrsk km zimd cistkrd i zimd `k skhvd pir kstdr kxkmtds `k cechis `k cimgkhdjekmti y `ksfekhi. Kh dgrkgd`i mi pi`rä cimsesr `k drkmd mdturdh i jdmuadcturd`d, i umd cijoemdceóm `k djods. Sus pdrcuhds skräm hejpeds, `k pkrhks prkakrkmtkjkmtk dmguhdrks, `uris, cijpdctis y rksestkmtks. @kokrä kstdr heork `k pdrcuhds kscdjisds, jdtkred irgämecd u itrds sustdmceds `dôemds. Kh dgrkgd`i gruksi pi`rä cimsesr `k grdvd mdturdh (pek`rd zdrdm`kd`d) i treturd`d (pek`rd cfdmcd`d) i umd cijoemdceóm `k djods y `kokrä kstdr heork `k pdrcuhds kscdjisds, jdtkred irgämecd u itrds sustdmceds `dôemds. Km kh dgrkgd`i treturd`i hds pdrcuhds skräm hejpeds, `k pkrh prkakrkmtkjkmtk dmguhdr i skje-dmguhdr, `urds, cijpdctds, rksestkmtks y `k tkxturd prkakrkmtkjkmtk rugisd. Km kh dgrkgd`i mdturdh hds pdrcuhds skräm hejpeds, `urds, cijpdctds, rksestkmtks, pu`ekm`i skr rk`im`kd`ds y `k tkxturd hesd.  Hd grdmuhijktrêd skhkcceimd`d pdrd kh dgrkgd`i `kokrä pkrjer iotkmkr hd jäxejd `kmse`d` `kh cimcrkti cim umd d`kcud`d trdodndoehe`d` km aumceóm `k hds cim`eceimks `k cihicdceóm `k hd jkzchd. Kh pdräjktri mujåreci `k cimtrih `k hd grdmuhijktrêd tdmti pdrd kh dgrkgd`i mi ciji kh gruksi i hd cijoemdceóm `k djois skrä kh Jó`uhi `k Aemkzd. Sk d`jetk umd tihkrdmced `k  2.? km kh Jó`uhi `k Aemkzd sem mkckse`d` `k rkqukrer dnustks km hd grdmuhijktrêd i km hd jkzchd `k cimcrkti. Kh hdvd`i `k his dgrkgd`is sk `kokrä fdckr cim dgud pitdohk i dgud heork `k jdtkred irgämecd, sdhks y sóhe`is km suspkmseóm. Kh dgrkgd`i `kmijemd`i "firjegóm" cirrkspim`k d umd jkzchd mdturdh `k grdvd y drkmd. Kh ‘firjegóm‚ sóhi pi`rä kjphkdrsk km hd khdoirdceóm `k cimcrktis cim c im rksestkmced km cijprkseóm mi jdyir `k 42 JRd d his ?6 `êds. Kh cimtkme`i c imtkme`i jêmeji `k ckjkmti skrä `k ?;; Lg/j3 . Kh firjegóm `kokrä kstdr heork `k cdm`d`ks pkrnu`ecedhks `k pihvi, tkrrimks, pdrcuhds ohdm`ds i kscdjisds, sdhks, ähcdhes, jdtkred irgämecd y itrds sustdmceds `dôemds pdrd kh cimcrkti. Km hi quk skd dphecdohk, sk skgueräm pdrd kh firjegóm hds rkcijkm`dceimks em`ecd`ds pdrd his dgrkgd`is mi y gruksi. DG[D

Kh dgud kjphkd`d km hd prkpdrdceóm y curd`i `kh cimcrkti `kokrä skr `k prkakrkmced pitdohk. @kok cujpher cim his rkquesetis `k hd MPR 335.266>?240 (Dgud `k jkzchd uhezd`d km hd pri`ucceóm `k cimcrkti `k ckjkmti Rirthdm`. _kquesetis). Sk pi`räm uhezdr dguds mi pitdohks sóhi se sk cujphkm his rkquesetis `k hd MPR 335. 335.266>?240 266>?240 y sk `kjukstrd quk>  d) Kstäm hejpeds y heorks `k cdm`d`ks pkrnu`ecedhks `k dcketks, äce`is, ähcdhes, sdhks, jdtkred irgämecd y itrds sustdmceds quk puk`dm skr `dôemds dh cimcrkti, dckri `k rkaukrzi i khkjkmtis kjokoe`is.

 

o) Hd skhkcceóm `k hds pripirceimks `k hd jkzchd `k cimcrkti sk odsd km kmsdyis km his quk sk fd uhezd`i dgud `k hd aukmtk a ukmtk khkge`d. Hds sdhks u itrds sustdmceds micevds prkskmtks km his dgrkgd`is y/i d`evis `kokräm sujdrsk d hds quk puk`d dpirtdr kh dgud dg ud `k jkzchd`i pdrd kvdhudr kh cimtkme`i titdh `k sustdmceds emcimvkmekmtks. Kh dgud `k jdr sóhi pi`rä kjphkdrsk km hd prkpdrdceóm `kh cimcrkti se sk cukmtd cim hd dutirezdceóm `kh Emgkmekri Rriykcstd y `k hd Supkrveseóm. Mi sk uhezdrä km his seguekmtks cdsis>  - Cimcrkti drjd`i y prkksairzd`i.  - Cimcrktis cim rksestkmceds jdyirks `k 47 JRd d his ?6 `êds.  - Cimcrktis cim khkjkmtis kjokoe`is `k krri gdhvdmezd`i i dhujemei. - Cimcrktis cim um dcdod`i supkrcedh `k ejpirtdmced. Mi sk uhezdrä km kh curd`i `kh cimcrkti me km kh hdvd`i `kh kquepi, dqukhhds dguds quk mi cujphdm cim his rkquesetis `k hd MPR 335.266>?240 Kh dgud `k jkzchd`i pdrd cimcrkti prkksairzd`i i pdrd cimcrkti quk cimtkmgd khkjkmtis `k dhujemei kjokoe`is, emchuykm`i hd pdrtk `kh dgud `k jkzchd`i cim hd quk cimtreouyk hd 46 fujk`d` heork `k his dgrkgd`is, mi `kok cimtkmkr cdm`d`ks pkrnu`ecedhks `k eimks `k chiruris. DCK_I @K _KA[K_^I

Kh rkaukrzi `kok skr cirrugd`i. Sk puk`k uhezdr rkaukrzi cimsestkmtk km pkrhks `k dckri kstructurdh i km tuois y khkjkmtis tuouhdrks `k dckri `k dcukr`i cim hds hejetdceimks `k kstd Mirjd. Kh rkaukrzi quk vd d skr sih`d`i dsê ciji kh prick`ejekmti `k sih`d`urd, kh cudh `kokrä skr cijpdohk cim his rkquesetis `k sih`doehe`d` `kh dckri quk sk kjphkdrä, `kokräm kstdr em`ecd`is km his phdmis y kspkcecdceimks `kh priykcti, dsê ciji hd uoecdceóm y pi `k his kjpdhjks sih`d`is y itrds sih`d`urds rkqukre`ds km hds odrrds `k rkaukrzi. Hd sih`d`urd `k odrrds `k rkaukrzi `kok rkdhezdrsk `k dcukr`i cim ‘Structurdh Wkh`emg W kh`emg Ci`k – _kemaircemg Stkkh‚, DMSE/DWS @4.0>?244 `k hd Djkrecdm Wkh`emg Sicekty. Hds mirjds pdrd odrrds `k rkaukrzi, kxckpti hd MPR 335.461>?246 `kokm skr cijphkjkmtd`ds cim um emairjk `k hds pripek`d`ks mkcksdreds `kh jdtkredh pdrd cujpher cim his rkquesetis `k DMSE/DWS @4.0. _kaukrzi cirrugd`i.

Hds odrrds `k rkaukrzi cirrugd`i `kokm cujpher cim his rkquesetis pdrd odrrds cirrugd`ds `k umd `k hds seguekmtks mirjds> d) MPR 304.234>?246 (Odrrds. `k dckri dh cdroimi, cirrugd`ds, pdrd rkaukrzi `k cimcrkti drjd`i. _kquesetis). o) MPR 335.461>?246 (Odrrds. `k dckri `k odnd dhkdceóm, sih`dohks. y cirrugd`ds, pdrd rkaukrzi `k. cimcrkti drjd`i. _kquesetis). Kh ksaukrzi `k ukmced `k hds odrrds y dhdjorks mi prkksairzd`is `kok `ktkrjemdrsk skgþm MPR 3;2.02;>?24;, tkmekm`i km cukmtd quk>

 

 d) Cudm`i hds odrrds i dhdjorks, km kmsdyis d trdcceóm `k odrrds `k skcceóm trdmsvkrsdh cijphktd, prkskmtkm um pumti `k ukmced oekm `kme`i (dujkmti `k hd `kairjdceóm d ksaukrzi dprixejd`djkmtk cimstdmtk), sk uhezdrä kh vdhir `k ay iotkme`i `k his kmsdyis, cim hds hejetdceimks em`ecd`ds km 5.;.  o) Cudm`i hds odrrds i dhdjorks, km kmsdyis d trdcceóm `k odrrds `k skcceóm trdmsvkrsdh cijphktd, mi prkskmtkm um pumti `k ukmced oekm `kme`i, sk uhezdrä, cim hds hejetdceimks em`ecd`ds km 5.;, kh jkmir vdhir cdhcuhd`i jk`edmtk> o4) Ahukmced iskt (Jåti`i `k `ksphdzdjekmti) cdhcuhd`d dh 2.?% `k `kairjdceóm umetdred. o?) Rdrd odrrds cim ay jkmir `k 0?2 JRd, hd rksestkmced d hd ukmced sk cdhcuhdrä ciji kh ksaukrzi cirrkspim`ekmtk d umd `kairjdceóm umetdred `k 2.;% y pdrd odrrds cim um ay jdyir i egudh `k 0?2 JRd, hd rksestkmced d hd ukmced sk cdhcuhdrä ciji kh ksaukrzi cirrkspim`ekmtk d umd `kairjdceóm umetdred `k 2.3;%. Kh dhdjork cirrugd`i pdrd rkaukrzi `kh cimcrkti `kok cujpher cim hd MPR 304.216>?246 (Dhdjork `k dckri dh cdroimi, hesi y cirrugd`i, y jdhhds khkctrisih`d`ds `k dhdjork pdrd rkaukrzi `k cimcrkti. _kquesetis) kxckpti quk kh `eäjktri `kh dhdjork mi `kok skr jkmir quk ;,; jj me jdyir `k 41 jj.  Hds odrrds `k rkaukrzi rkcuoekrtds cim zemc (gdhvdmezd`ds) `kokm cujpher cim hd DSPJ D717-45 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air ^emc-Cidtk` (Gdhvdmezk`) Stkkh Odrs air Cimcrktk _kemairckjkmt). Hds odrrds `k rkaukrzi cim rkcuorejekmti kpóxeci `kokm cujpher cim c im hd DSPJ D77;-45 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Kpixy-Cidtk` Stkkh _kemaircemg Odrs) i cim hd DSPJ D530-45 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Kpixy-Cidtk` Rrkadorecdtk` Stkkh _kemaircemg Odrs). Hds pdrrehhds `k rkaukrzi pdrd kh cimcrkti c imcrkti `k odrrds cirrugd`ds sih`d`ds `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 335.?33>?245 (Jdhhds `k odrrds `k dckri cirrugd`i sih`d`ds pdrd rkaukrzi `k firjegóm drjd`i). Hds jdhhds `k rkaukrzi khkctrisih`d`ds `k dhdjork cirrugd`i `kokm dnustdrsk d hd MPR 335.?33>?245 (Jdhhds `k odrrds `k dckri cirrugd`i sih`d`ds pdrd rkaukrzi `k firjegóm drjd`i). Hds emtkrskcceimks sih`d`ds mi `kokm kstdr kspdced`ds d jäs `k 022 jj, km kh skm`i `kh ksaukrzi cdhcuhd`i, kxckpti pdrd rkaukrzis `k dhdjork khkctrisih`d`i uhezd`is ciji kstreois. Hds jdhhds `k rkaukrzi khkctrisih`d`ds `k dhdjork hesi `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 304.216>?246. Hds emtkrskcceimks sih`d`ds mi `kokm kstdr kspdced`ds km jäs `k 322 jj km kh skm`i `kh ksaukrzi cdhcuhd`i, kxckpti pdrd rkaukrzi `k dhdjork khkctrisih`d`i uhezd`i ciji kstreois.

 

 His dhdjorks y kh rkaukrzi khkctrisih`d`i `k dhdjork rkcuoekrtis cim kpóxeci `kokm cujpher cim hd DSPJ D660-45 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Kpixy-Cidtk` Stkkh Werk dm` Wkh`k` Werk _kemairckjkmt). Hds jdhhds `k rkaukrzi khkctrisih`d`ds `k dhdjork rkcuoekrtis `k zemc (gdhvdmezd`is) `kokm cujpher cim hd mirjd DSPJ D4212-41o. His dhdjorks hesis quk sk vdm d rkcuorer `k zemc `kokm cujpher cim hd mirjd MPR 304.216>?246 (Dhdjork `k dckri dh cdroimi, hesi y cirrugd`i, y jdhhds khkctrisih`d`ds `k dhdjork pdrd rkaukrzi `k cimcrkti. Hds jdhhds `k rkaukrzi cirrugd`i rkcuoekrtds `k zemc `kokm trdtdrsk ciji rkaukrzi `k dhdjork hesi pdrd kakctis `kh `ksdrrihhi (dmchdnk) y kjpdhjks. His pkrmis cim cdokzd pdrd rkaukrzi `k cirtdmtk y sus kmsdjohdnks `kokm cujpher cim hd mirjd DSPJ D4200-41 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Stkkh Stu` Dsskjoheks air Sfkdr _kemairckjkmt ia Cimcrktk stu`s). Hds odrrds cirrugd`ds cim cdokzd `kokm cujpher cim hd mirjd DSPJ D572-46 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Fkd`k` Stkkh Odrs air Cimcrktk _kemairckjkmt) emchuykm`i his rkquesetis `kh Dmkxi D4 pdrd `ejkmseimks `k hds cdokzds Chdsk FD. Kh dckri usd`i km kh rkaukrzi pdrd cimcrkti cijpuksti pir ords `espkrsds `k dckri `kok skr cirrugd`i y cujpher cim hd mirjd MPR-ESI 43?72>?246 (Aeords `k dckri pdrd rkaukrzi `k cimcrkti. @kmeceimks y kspkcecdceimks) DSPJ D6?2-41 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim S pkcecdim air Stkkh Aeokrs air Aeokr-_kemairck` Cimcrktk). Hds ords `k dckri `kokm tkmkr umd rkhdceóm himgetu` d `eäjktri mi jkmir d ;2 me jdyir d 422.

 _kaukrzi hesi

His dhdjorks hesis pdrd rkaukrzi km ksperdh `kokm cujpher cim hd mirjd MPR 304.216>?246. 304.216>?24 6. Hds odrrds y dhdjorks hesis sóhi sk pkrjetkm km his seguekmtks cdsis> d) Ksperdhks> ciji rkaukrzi trdmsvkrsdh pdrd khkjkmtis km cijprkseóm i km tirseóm y ciji rkaukrzi `k cimmdjekmti km kjpdhjks. o) Dckri `k prkksaukrzi. c) _kaukrzi pir cdjoeis vihujåtrecis km hisds mkrvd`ds quk cujphdm cim 6.4?. Kh `eäjktri `k kstk rkaukrzi mi `kokrä skr jdyir `k 4/0‚.  Dckri `k prkksaukrzi

Kh dckri prkksairzd`i `kok cujpher cim umd `k hds mirjds seguekmtks> d) Dhdjork quk cujphd cim DSPJ D0?4-4; (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air [mcidtk` Strkss_khekvk` Stkkh Werk air Rrkstrkssk` Cimcrktk).  o) Dhdjork `k odnd rkhdndceóm quk cujphd cim DSPJ D0?4-4; emchuykm`i his rkquesetis suphkjkmtdreis S4 pdrd dhdjork `k odnd rkhdndceóm y kh kmsdyi `k hd rkhdndceóm.

 

c) Piróm quk cujphd cim DSPJ D SPJ D041-46 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Hiw-_khdxdim, SkvkmWerk Stkkh Strdm` air Rrkstrkssk` Cimcrktk). `) Odrrds `k dhtd rksestkmced quk cujphdm cim DSPJ D7??-46 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air FegfStrkmgtf Stkkh Odr air Rrkstrkssk` Cimcrktk).  His dhdjorks, his tirimks y hds odrrds quk mi gurdm kspkcêcdjkmtk km hds mirjds DSPJ D0?4, D041, ó D7??, sk puk`km usdr, sekjprk quk sk `kjukstrk quk cujphkm cim his rkquesetis jêmejis `k kstds mirjds, y quk mi kmkm pripek`d`ks quk his fdgdm jkmis sdsadctireis quk kstis.  Dckri kstructurdh

Kh dckri kstructurdh uhezd`i numti cim odrrds `k rkaukrzi km khkjkmtis cijpukstis sijk`is d cijprkseóm quk cujphd cim his rkquesetis `k 42.43, `kok dnustdrsk d umd `k hds seguekmtks mirjds>  d) MPR 3;2.022>?241 (Dckri dh cdroimi kstructurdh. Kspkcecdceimks quêjecds y jkcämecds). o) DSPJ D?0?-43 (?246) (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Fegf-Strkmgtf Hiw-Dhhiy Structurdh Stkkh). c) MPR 3;2.027>?241 (Dckri kstructurdh `k dhtd rksestkmced y odnd dhkdceóm dh meioei-vdmd`ei. Kspkcecdceimks). DSPJ D;7?-43 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Fegf-Strkmgtf Hiw-Dhhiy Cihujoeuj-Qdmd`euj Structurdh Stkkh). `) DSPJ D;66-45 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Fegf-Strkmgtf Hiw-Dhhiy Structurdh Stkkh up ti ;2 lse, (30; JRd) Jemejuj Uekh` Riemt wetf Dtjispfkrec Cirriseim _ksestdmck). k) MPR ?04.423>?241 (Rkrhks (R krhks `k dckri kstructurdh. _kquesetis). Rdrd khkjkmtis cijpukstis sijk`is d cijprkseóm, quk kståm airjd`is pir um tuoi `k dckri rkhhkmi `k cimcrkti, kh tuoi `kok cujpher cim umd `k hds seguekmtks mirjds> d) DSPJ D;3-46 Grd`i O (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Repk, Stkkh, Ohdcl dm` Fit-@eppk`, ^emcCidtk` Wkh`k` dm` Skdjhkss). o) DSPJ D;22-46 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim S pkcecdim air Cih`-Airjk` Wkh`k` dm` Skdjhkss Cdroim Stkkh Structurdh Puoemg em _ium`s dm` Sfdpks).  c) DSPJ D;24-40 (Stdm`dr` Spkcecdim air Fit-Airjk` Wkh`k` dm` Skdjhkss Cdroim Stkkh Structurdh Puoemg). D@EPEQIS

 His d`evis quk sk uskm km kh cimcrkti `kokm sijktkrsk d hd dpriodceóm `k hd Supkrveseóm y `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 330.266>?24; 330.26 6>?24; (D`evis quêjecis km pdstds, jirtkris y cimcrkti. Kspkcecdceimks. @kok `kjistrdrsk quk kh d`evi uhezd`i km iord ks cdpdz `k jdmtkmkr kskmcedhjkmtk hd jesjd cijpiseceóm y cijpirtdjekmti quk kh pri`ucti usd`i pdrd kstdohkckr hd `isecdceóm `kh cimcrkti `k dcukr`i cim hi kspkcecd`i. His d`evis quk cimtkmgdm chiruris quk mi privkmgdm `k ejpurkzds `k his cijpimkmtks `kh d`evi, mi `kokm kjphkdrsk km cimcrkti prkksairzd`i, km cimcrkti quk cimtkmgd dhujemei kjokoe`i i km cimcrkti cimstrue`i km kmciard`is pkrjdmkmtks `k dckri gdhvdmezd`i.

 

 His d`evis emcirpird`irks `k derk `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 330.265>?24; (D`evis emcirpird`irks `k derk km pdstds, jirtkris y firjegóm (cimcrkti). Kspkcecdceimks). His d`evis rk`uctirks `k dgud, rktdr`dmtks, dckhkrdmtks, rk`uctirks `k dgud y rktdr`dmtks, rk`uctirks `k dgud y dckhkrdmtks, rk`uctirks `k dgud `k dhti rdmgi, y rk`uctirks `k dgud `k dhti rdmgi y rktdr`dmtks, `kokm cujpher cim MPR 330.266>?24; (D`evis quêjecis km pdstds, jirtkris y cimcrkti. Kspkcecdceimks).  Hds ckmezds vihdmtks u itrds puzihdmds quk sk kjphkkm ciji d`evis `kokm cujpher cim hd MPR 330.420>?246 (Ruzihdmd mdturdh cru`d i cdhcemd`d y ckmezd vihdmtk pdrd usi km cimcrkti. _kquesetis). Hd kscired jihe`d grdmuhd`d `k dhti firmi uhezd`d ciji d`evi `kok cujpher cim hd MPR 330.462>?246 (Jdtkredhks ckjkmtisis suphkjkmtdreis jkzchd`is. _kquesetis). His d`evis usd`is km hd adorecdceóm `k cimcrkti quk cimtkmgd ckjkmti kxpdmsevi `k dcukr`i d hd MPR 330.4;1>?247 330.4;1>? 247 (Ckjkmti Rirthdm` Kxpdmsevi. _kquesetis) `kokm skr cijpdohks cim kstk ckjkmti y mi pri`ucer kakctis micevis. Hd jecrisêheck usd`d ciji d`evi `kok cujpher cim hd MPR 330.267>?246 (Jecrisêheck uhezd`i km jkzchds ckjkmtisds. _kquesetis). DHJDCKMDJEKMPI @K JDPK_EDHKS

Kh jdtkredh ckjkmtdmtk y his dgrkgd`is `kokm dhjdckmdrsk `k tdh jdmkrd quk sk prkvkmgd su `ktkreiri i hd emtri`ucceóm `k jdtkreds kxtrdôds. Memgþm jdtkredh quk sk fdyd `ktkreird`i i cimtdjemd`i `kok uhezdrsk km hd khdoirdceóm `kh cimcrkti. Rdrd kh dhjdckmdjekmti `kh ckjkmti sk d`iptdräm hds seguekmtks prkcduceimks>  (d) Mi sk dckptdräm d ckptdräm km iord oihsds `k ckjkmti cuyds kmvihturds kståm `ktkreird`ds i pkraird`ds. (o) Kh ckjkmti km oihsds sk dhjdckmdrä km iord km um hugdr tkcfd`i, arksci, heork `k fujk`d`, sem cimtdcti cim kh sukhi. Sk S k dhjdckmdrä km pehds `k fdstd 42 oihsds y sk cuorerä cim jdtkredh phäsci u itris jk`eis `k pritkcceóm. (c) Kh ckjkmti d grdmkh sk dhjdckmdrä km sehis jktähecis cuyds cdrdctkrêscds `kokräm ejpk`er kh emgrksi `k fujk`d` i khkjkmtis cimtdjemdmtks. His dgrkgd`is sk dhjdckmdräm i dpehdräm `k jdmkrd `k ejpk`er hd skgrkgdceóm `k his jesjis, su cimtdjemdceóm cim itris jdtkredhks i su jkzchd cim dgrkgd`is `k cdrdctkrêscds `eakrkmtks. Hds odrrds `k dckri `k rkaukrzi, dhdjork, tkm`imks y `uctis jktähecis sk dhjdckmdräm km um hugdr skci, deshd`i `kh sukhi y pritkge`i `k hd fujk`d`, krrd, sdhks, dcketk y grdsds. His d`evis skräm dhjdckmd`is seguekm`i hds rkcijkm`dceimks `kh adorecdmtk. Sk ejpk`erä hd cimtdjemdceóm, kvdpirdceóm i `ktkreiri `k his jesjis. His d`evis hêque`is skräm pritkge`is `k tkjpkrdturds `k cimgkhdceóm y `k cdjoeis `k tkjpkrdturd quk puk`dm dakctdr sus cdrdctkrêscds. His d`evis mi `kokräm skr dhjdckmd`is km iord pir um pkrêi`i jdyir `k skes jksks `ks`k hd akcfd `kh þhji kmsdyi. Km cdsi cimtrdrei, `kokräm rkkmsdydrsk pdrd kvdhudr

 

su cdhe`d` dmtks `k su kjphki. His d`evis cuyd akcfd `k vkmcejekmti sk fdyd cujphe`i mi skräm uhezd`is.

OEOHEIG_DAED> fp>//d`ucdrtk.wkkohy.cij/uphid`s/;/4/?/7/;4?7?52/cdhe`d`YyYcimtrihY`kYiords.p`a  fps>//www.sct.gio.jx/hkd`jem/@erkcceimksGrdhks/@GSP/Jdmudhks/JdmudhYPumkhks/CDR2 40.p`a  fps>//www.hemlk`em.cij/puhsk/hd-ejpirtdmced-`kh-cimtrih-`k-cdhe`d`-his-jdtkredhks-km fps>//www.hemlk`em.cij/puhsk/hd-ejpirtdmced-`kh-cimtrih-`k-cdhe`d` -his-jdtkredhks-km-grdu-sdciti fps>//www.cep.irg.pk/puohecdceimks/?2?4/kmkri/pirtdh/k.212-cimcrkti-drjd`i-skmceci.p`a  fps>//rkpisetirei.hdjihemd.k`u.pk/oetstrkdj/fdm`hk/[MDHJ/??52/K?2-D11?3-P.p`a9 skqukmck:4&esDhhiwk`:y fp>//www.etvdhhk`khgud`edmd.k`u.jx/p/Mirjds%?2ESI/ESI%?25222-?222%?2Sestkjds %?2`k%?2Gks%C3%O3m%?2`k%?2hd%?2Cdhe`d`.p`a