El Ciclo de Vida Del Arroz
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-CICLO DE VIDA-
NELLY YULITZA BENAVIDES QUIMBAYO
LUIS GABRIEL DIAZ
INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA BRISAS DE IRIQUÉ DÉCIMO GESTIÓN DE SISTEMAS DE MANEJO AMBIENTAL GRANADA, META 1
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-CICLO DE VIDA-
PRESENTADO A: LUIS GABRIEL DIAZ
INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA BRISAS DE IRIQUÉ
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1. OBJE OBJETI TIVO VOS S
OBJETIVO GENERAL •
Analizar el sector agroindustrial del cultivo de Arroz, a nivel general, de la región del Ariari, departamento del Meta, con el fin de conocer el ciclo de vida del arroz.
OBJETIVO SECUNDARIO •
Identificar la problemática ambiental generada por el cultivo y la producción de arroz y las oportunidades ambientales que se presentan en dicho sector.
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2. INTRODUCCIÓN
El arroz es un cultivo de ciclo semestral que cuenta a lo largo del año con dos periodos de siembra y cosecha. La participación en el país del arroz riego en el área total es mayor que el arroz secano, tanto en el semestre A como en el semestre B, aunque para efectos de este trabajo se presentará presentará la producción producción del arroz Secano, pues es la forma de cultivo más utilizada en la región del Ariari. Desde el enfoque productivo los eslabones involucrados en la cadena de arroz son pocos. En primer lugar se encuentra encuentra la producción producción agrícola del arroz, cosecha en arroz Paddy (cascara) verde; en segundo lugar, lugar, se tiene el proceso de secamiento secamiento industrial, que consiste en someter el arroz paddy a un proceso de secamiento, descascarillado (trilla) y pulimento para obtener arroz blanco, apto para el consuma así como algunos derivados como arroz partido, harina de arroz, el triturado de arroz, el afrecho de arroz y los grits de arroz entre otros. En tercer lugar está el proceso de comercialización del arroz paddy y el arroz blanco y subproductos.
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3 DEFINICIÓN La economía del departamento del Meta se basa en la producción y comercialización del arroz. El 40% del área cosechada del departamento se basa en el cultivo de arroz según datos del año 2009 en el departamento se encuentran ubicados el 14% de molinos nacionales, como molinos Roa, Arroz Diana, Improarroz, procearroz etc. Es importante señalar como el cultivo y la molinería de arroz representa alrededor del 4% del valor agregado departamental. La agri agricu cult ltur ura a arro arroce cera ra y la indu indust stri ria a moli moline nera ra de Colo Colomb mbia ia han han repr repres esen enta tado do importan importantes tes increme incrementos ntos en la product productivid ividad, ad, sin embargo embargo,, los precios precios nacional nacionales es continúan siendo superiores a los internacionales aspecto evaluado y que se espera mejorar en los diferentes convenios de TLC. Los principales problemas del sector arrocero se pueden resumir en los siguientes: el uso excesiv excesivo o de agroqu agroquímic ímicos, os, altos altos índices índices de contamin contaminació ación, n, poca poca investi investigaci gación ón dirigida a la calidad, altos costos de insumos químicos, insuficiencia y calidad de las vías secundarias y terciarias. Igualmente podemos señalar otros aspectos como el inadecuado manejo ambiental, los incentivos de la industria de agroquímicos del país. Un problema adicional que se puede mencionar es la falta de créditos, la falta de insufi insufici cienc encia ia de la infra infraest estruc ructur tura a públi pública ca.. Todo odo esto esto ha genera generado do una una serie serie de requ requer erim imie ient ntos os por por part parte e de los los prod produc ucto tore res, s, que que los los pode podemo mos s resu resumi mirr en los los siguientes: vías de penetración secundarias y terciarias, distritos de riego, maquinaria agrícola con tecnología de punta, capacitación a técnicos y profesionales en relación con producción limpia y sostenible. El proceso productivo de arroz más utilizado en la región es:
PREPARACIÓN DEL TERRENO El terreno debe nivelarse muy bien, con pendientes que no deben sobrepasar el uno por mil, e incluso es preferible nivelar a cero, lo que permite hacer tablas hasta de 15
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*Dar un pase de rastra (rastra), con el fin de cortar y mover la tierra para incorporar los residuos vegetales. *dar un pase de arado de cincel, cincel, con el fin de realizar un corte vertical vertical al suelo para aflojar el suelo y lograr una mejor permeabilidad (dar paso al agua) *Dar dos pases de rastrillo. Con el fin de pulir o desagregar el suelo para que que se facilite la siembre
SIEMBRA Puede realizarse la siembra a voleo, a mano, con máquina o por avión. Si se decide utilizar el método de al voleo, se deben tomar las semillas e introducirlas en la voleadora y ésta al estar enganchada al tractor y se acciona por medio del toma de fuerza del tractor. El tractor debe andar a una velocidad promedio de 5.5 km por hora, en el cual la voleadora irá regando la semilla en el terreno en un área con amplitud aprx de 8 mts. Post Poster erio iorr al rieg riego o de la semi semill lla, a, se debe debe dar dar un pase pase de puli pulido dorr, el cual cual es un implemento similar al rastrillo, pero más livianos que una rastra. Lo anterior con el fin de tapar la semilla.
LABORES CULTURALES CULTURALES Todas las labores realizadas luego de establecido el cultivo (control de malezas, control de plagas, control de enfermedades, etc) Aplicación de herbicidas Una vez implantado el cultivo, se realizan las labores de aplicación de herbicidas y pesticidas en su caso. Luego de la siembra, durante un tiempo posterior de 15 días, se debe realizar una aplicación de un postemergente y un preemergente selectivos. El postemergente: mata
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El preemergente: impide que las semillas de las malezas que quedaron en el suelo, tan pronto germinen, germinen, mueran. (Los herbicidas herbicidas utilizados utilizados pueden ser: *Oxifluorfen, *Oxifluorfen, *Acido 2,42,4-Di Dicl clor orof ofen enox oxii , *Iox *Ioxin iniL iL Oc Octa tano noat ato o - 2,4 2,4 Este Esterr Isoo Isooct ctil ilic ico o *Met *Metsu sulf lfur uron on Meti Metil) l)
Aplicación de fertilizantes Se realiza dos aplicaciones de fertilizantes. La primera a los 16 días aprox. De la siembra, y otro a los 45 días. En la primera primera fertilizac fertilización ión se aplica la 2/3 del nitrógeno nitrógeno (7 bultos), bultos), 2/3 de potasio potasio (2 bultos). En la segunda fertilización fertilización se aplica el resto de fertilizantes fertilizantes contemplados contemplados en el presupuesto. La mayor absorción de nitrógeno y potasio coincide con el período de máximo ahijamiento. La de fósforo, magnesio y calcio, con la fase final del ahijamiento. La mayor parte de los fertilizantes son absorbidos por las raíces antes de que empiece la fructificación.
Aplicación de fungicidas e insecticidas; La aplicación se realiza a los 78 dias aprox., al momento de la emergencia de la panícula (racimo de racimos. espigas). Se aplica la mitad de los fungicidas mezclados con los insecticidas. Esto con el fin de proteger q cuando la panícula salga, protegerla de hongos e insectos. Posterior a los 90 días cuando el grano grano esté lechoso, lechoso, se aplica el resto con el fin de
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Después de la recolección normalmente se quema el rastrojo y se realiza la labor de “tangueo”, que consiste en mover el barro con unas ruedas especiales. La recolección se hace con cosechadora provista de orugas. Cuando el arroz comienza a granar se suspende el riego. La madurez del arroz se prueba por la dureza del grano al diente, que debe ofrecer resistencia suficiente que impida cortarlo. El arroz puede presentar después del trillado una humedad del 25 al 30%, por lo que debe secarse hasta alcanzar un grado de humedad inferior al 14%. El secado puede efectuarse al sol o mediante secaderos térmicos.
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4. ALCANCES El Meta Meta se convi convirt rtió ió en la regió región n que que manif manifie iesta sta el mayor mayor aumento aumento en las áreas áreas cultivadas con Arroz, confirmó la federación Nacional del ramo. En los Llanos se observó un incremento del 29% en el primer semestre de este año, siendo el Meta el primer productor con un alto índice, 23.800 hectáreas, según el censo arrocero llevado a cabo durante junio de 2009. La región de los Llanos Orientales alcanzó las 180.917 hectáreas que comparada con el área del primer semestre del año 2008 de 140.055, representa un incremento de 40.862, “dice el informe del gremio arrocero”. El censo censo arroc arrocer ero o de los Llan Llanos os Orien Oriental tales es,, inclu incluyó yó los los depar departam tamen entos tos de Meta, Meta, Casanare, Arauca, Guaviare, Vichada y el Municipio de Paratebueno en Cundinamarca. El mayor crecimiento de área se presentó en el Meta con 23. 800 hectáreas, de las cuales 5.239 corresponden al sistema de riego y 18.561 al sistema de arroz de secano. En el Casanare se sembraron en este mismo periodo 76.926 hectáreas, 16. 419 más que el año pasado. El 99% del incremento en estos dos departamentos se hizo dentro del sistema de arroz de secano. Revela el informe que en los departamentos de Meta, Casanare y Arauca la mayoría del crecimiento de arroz de secano se registró en terrenos de altillanura y municipios marginales.
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5. PROBLEMAS Y LIMITACIONES DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ARROZ
PROBLEMAS FÍSICOS 1. CLIMA Los factores climáticos tales como la temperatura, la radiación solar y el viento tienen influencia sobre sobre el rendimiento rendimiento del arroz ya que afectan el crecimiento crecimiento de la planta y los procesos fisiológicos relacionados con la formación del grano. Estos factores también afectan indirectamente el rendimiento aumentando el daño causado por las plagas y las enfermedades.
a. Temperatura Las altas y bajas temperaturas por encima y por debajo de los límites críticos afectan el rendimiento rendimiento de grano ya que inciden sobre el macollaje, la formación de espiguillas y la maduración (Cuadro 3). Las bajas temperaturas limitan la duración del período y la tasa de crecimiento y el desarrollo de las plantas de arroz. Las altas temperaturas causan estrés térmico sobre las plantas de arroz. Hasta el momento de la iniciación del primordio de la panoja, los puntos de crecimiento de las hojas y los tallos están debajo del agua y la temperatura del agua controla el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la planta. La elongación de las hojas y la altura de la planta son afectadas, sin embargo, por la temperatura del agua y del aire. En las primeras etapas de crecimiento la temperatura del agua afecta el rendimiento por su incidencia sobre el número de panojas por planta, el número de espiguillas por panoja y
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Efecto de la temperatura (°C) sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la planta de arroz
Las temperaturas por debajo o por encima del rango normal afectan adversamente las fases vegetativas y reproductivas de las plantas, tal como se describe más adelante.
Germinación y crecimiento de la plántula La temperatura óptima para una buena germinación está comprendida entre 20°C y 35°C 35°C mient mientras ras que que para para la emer emergen gencia cia de la plánt plántula ula y el creci crecimie mient nto o inici inicial al se encuentra entre 20°C y 30°C.
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• •
• •
La emergencia de las plántulas es demorada por debajo de 12°C. Es posible producir plántulas en un criadero cubierto de plástico a principios de la primavera y trasplantar inmediatamente después que la temperatura llega a 15°C a fin de contar con más días cálidos durante el período de llenado del grano. El crecimiento de las raíces es raquitíco por debajo de 16°C. A 45°C aparecen punta blanca, bandas cloróticas y manchas sobre la lámina de las hojas.
Macollaje •
• •
•
La temperatura óptima para un macollaje vigoroso está comprendida entre 25°C y 31°C. Una baja temperatura del agua demora el macollaje. El macollaje es reducido tanto por las bajas temperaturas (9 - 16°C) como por las altas temperaturas (>33°C). La temperatura ideal para un buen macollaje es 31°C.
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Ocurre Ocurr e un una a alt alta a est ester erili ilidad dad de dell gr grano ano si la te temp mper eratu atura ra es está tá po porr deb debajo ajo de 15 15°C °C duran du rante te el pe perío ríodo do de in inici iciac ación ión de dell po pole len n (es (espo poros roscop copia) ia) o 15 día días s an ante tes s de la espigazón. Una temperatura baja de 22°C da lugar a una exerción incompleta de la panoja y retrasa la floración. Un fuerte estrés térmico induce la espiga blanca. Un estrés de alta temperatura a 35°C o más induce la esterilidad de la espiguilla. Un estrés de alta temperatura a 38°C o más da lugar a una reducción del número de espiguillas.
b. Radiación solar La ra rad dia iaci ción ón so sola larr es la fu fuen ente te de en ener ergí gía a par ara a el pr proc oces eso o fo foto tosi sint ntét étic ico o y la evapotranspiración. Es fundamental para obtener buenos rendimientos.
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Seleccionar cultivares con hoja bandera erecta y ángulo agudo y panojas que no sobresalgan en exceso de la hoja bandera de modo de minimizar la sombra de las hojas superiores durante la fase de maduración. Sembrar variedades semienanas que no vuelquen, con hojas superiores cortas y erectas para capturar el máximo posible de luz solar dentro del dosel de la vegetación foliar. Un índice de área foliar de 5-6 asegura una óptima fotosíntesis durante la etapa reproductiva. Para ma Para maxim ximiza izarr el re rend ndimi imient ento o ba bajo jo un ré régim gimen en de ma mane nejo jo óp óptim timo, o, la ép época oca de siembra debe ser seleccionada seleccionada de modo que el cultivo reciba altos niveles de radiación solar en las etapas reproductivas y de maduración.
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En tales situaciones es conveniente cultivar variedades semienanas de tallos fuertes resistentes al vuelco. Sin embargo, variedades con tallos más fuertes deben aún ser desarrolladas por los fitomejoradores.
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b. Deficiencia de nutrientes, toxicidad y condiciones inadecuadas del suelo Deficiencia de zinc (Zn) La deficiencia de zinc ocurre frecuentemente en el cultivo del arroz en tierras húmedas en suelos alcalinos o cercanos a la neutralidad, especialmente en aquellos de origen calc ca lcár áreo eo.. En lo los s ca caso sos s de de defi fici cien enci cias as se seve vera ras s de zi zinc nc,, la las s pl plán ántu tula las s de ar arro roz z trasplantado pueden morir o, en el caso de la siembra directa, las plántulas pueden no emerger. La deficiencia deficiencia de zinc a menudo está ligada a un alto pH del suelo o del agua de riego, a una fuerte reducción química del suelo, a una baja temperatura del suelo o a altas dosis de aplicación de nitrógeno y fósforo. Las características de las plantas con deficiencia de zinc son: Las nervaduras centrales de las hojas jóvenes, especialmente en la base, se vuelven cloróticas. Aparece Apare cen n ma manc nchas has y ra rayas yas ma marr rrone ones s en la las s ho hojas jas inf infer erior iores es se segu guida idas s po porr un crecimiento raquítico.
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secano. En condiciones sumergidas, la deficiencia de hierro ocurre en suelos con pH alto (>7,5). La deficiencia de hierro ocurre en suelos neutros a alcalinos. La clorosis es un síntoma característico de las plantas con deficiencia de hierro. Las medidas para aumentar la disponibilidad de hierro en cultivos de arroz de secano incluyen: Uso de cultivares tolerantes a la deficiencia de hierro. Estímulo de las condiciones anaeróbicas del campo por medio de surcos o caballones para mantener tanta agua como sea posible.
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La deficiencia y la toxicidad de manganeso raramente raramente se encuent encuentran ran en el campo pero puede pu eden n oc ocur urrir rir en tie tierra rras s al altas tas bi bien en dr drena enada das s y alg algun unas as vec veces es en tie tierra rras s ba bajas jas inundadas. Las plantas deficientes en manganeso son raquíticas pero tienen un número normal de tallos. La clorosis entre las nervaduras se encuentra en las hojas inferiores y se difund dif unde e de desd sde e la pu punta nta ha hacia cia la ba base se has hasta ta qu que e se vu vuelv elven en ne necró crótic ticas as.. La Las s ho hojas jas nuevas que emergen son cortas, angostas y de color verde pálido. La deficiencia de manganeso puede ser corregida por medio del uso de variedades tolerantes, tolerante s, uso de fertilizan fertilizantes tes acidificantes acidificantes y aplicaci aplicación ón de 50 - 100 kg/ha de sulfato de manganeso.
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Para corregir la deficiencia de azufre se debe aplicar azufre elemental o yeso o usar fertilizantes nitrogenados o fosfatados que contengan azufre. Deberían ser aplicados al suelo y la dosis dependerá del compuesto que se use. Deficiencia de calcio (Ca) Por lo ge gener neral, al, los cu culti ltivos vos de arr arroz oz no su sufre fren n la def defic icien ienci cia a de cal calci cio. o. En ca caso sos s extrem ext remos, os, la pl plant anta a es raq raquít uítica ica,, las pu punta ntas s de las ho hojas jas sup super erior iores es se vue vuelve lven n blanquecinas, se enrollan y el punto de crecimiento muere. Deficiencia y toxicidad de boro (B)
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Las hojas de las plantas deficientes en cobre presentan un color verde azulado y clorosis cerca de las puntas. La clorosis se extiende hacia abajo a lo largo de ambos lados de la nervadura central, seguida por necrosis de color marrón oscuro en las puntas. Las hojas emergentes no se desenrollan y permanecen con forma de agujas en toda la hoja, o algunas veces solo en la mitad de la hoja, donde la porción basal se desarrolla normalmente. La mayor parte de la deficiencia de cobre aparece en suelos arenosos con alto pH o en suelos con cinco por ciento o más de contenido de materia orgánica. La deficiencia de cobre puede matar las algas; en el caso del arroz, en el que las algas verde-azuladas verde-azuladas pueden contribuir con 25 - 50 kg/N/ha, la concent concentración ración de cobre
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Una buena absorción de silicio protege las plantas contra la infección de hongos e insectos y una buena capa cuticular de sílice sirve como una barrera contra hongos, insectos y ácaros. Una mayor absorción de silicio mantiene las hojas erectas y, por lo tanto, promueve una mejor fotosíntesis en los distintos doseles de hojas y, consecuentemente, mejora los rendimientos. Un aumento de la absorción de silicio disminuye las pérdidas por transpiración. Un aumento de la absorción de silicio fortalece el poder oxidante de las raíces del arroz y disminuye una excesiva absorción de hierro y manganeso.
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La falta de agua en las etapas vegetativas reduce la altura, el macollaje y el área foliar.
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Las ár Las área eas s co con n exc exces eso o de agu agua a se di divid vidide iden n en tre tres s ca categ tegorí orías, as, a sab saber, er, aguas aguas profundas, inundadas y sumergidas.
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•
Usar pesticidas solo como el último recurso para reducir densidades anormales de la las s pl plag agas as cu cuan ando do la pé pérd rdid ida a de dell cu cult ltiv ivo o pu pued ede e su supe pera rarr el co cost sto o de dell tratamiento. Ejecutar todas las operaci operaciones ones culturales en el momento oportuno, incluyendo la
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son ignoradas en el crecimiento económico y en el proceso de desarrollo. Deben ser creadas oportunidades para las mujeres rurales de modo que tengan acceso a los recursos agrícolas tales como crédito rural, insumos, servicios de extensión extensión,, tecnolog tecnología ía y capacitación. La alfabetización entre las mujeres debe ser mejorad mejorada. a. Para obtener un
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Cuando hablamos del arroz sin duda tenemos que referirnos a la Federación Nacional del Arroceros –Fedearroz–, la cal inició un programa divulgativo que permita actuar
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