El Arbitraje en La Historia

 

JH BVFA^VBEJ JK HB @AY^LVAB A. Hls fârfbrls. - Hb rjhamaùk y hb ilkquastb. - Hls Nruanbs. - Aktjrvjkialkjs pbiagastbs. Jh brfatrbej, js bibsl, ukb akstatuiaùk tbk bktamub ildl jh njrji`l dasdl. Ya jk hbs jnbnjs jdfralkbrabs nj hb glrdbiaùk nj hb eurasprunjkiab kl tuvl jh njsbrrlhhl quj hls tajdpls uhtjralrjs jhbflrbrlk `bstb su njgakatavb ilkstatuiaùk guj plr jh jstbnl kbturbh nj hls pujfhls, jk quj hb ilbiiaùk y hb gujrzb jrb jh nastaktavl jk hbs rjhbialkjs aktjrnjpjknajktjs nj hls mrupls `udbkls. Jdpjrl, njktrl nj jsj bdfajktj y jsb dlrbh adpjrbktjs, kl gbhtù jh mjkjrlsl jspäratu nj pbz quj prliurbrb sjdfrbr hb eustaiab jktrj hls `ldfrjs, yb quj jsb dasdb eustaiab rjmuhbfb bhmukls bitls nj su vanb iavah y pravbnb. Sjrl hb akstatuiaùk njh brfatrbej brfat rbej slhl `bfäb nj rjknar fjkágails rjsuh rjsuhtbnls tbnls iubknl, dâs tbrnj, hb kjijsanbn sliabh y hb jvlhuiaùk euränaib, hb aktrlnuejrbk ildl ukb nj hbs dâs fjhhbs rjbhanbnjs jk jh adpjral nj hb rbzùk, nj hb plhätaib, nj hb aktjrkbialkbhanbn.  Bsä vjdls vjdls jk hbs trafus trafus fârfbrbs, fârfbrbs, ildl ildl jk tlnbs hbs bmrupbialkjs bmrupbialkjs pradatavbs nj hb jspjiaj, jspjiaj, quj kl slk dltavls rbialkbhjs ka ilkvjkajkiabs ilhjitavbs hbs quj glrdbk jh iujrpl nj su jstbfahanbn y jxastjkiab. Hb ibprai`lsb kbturbhjzb njh `ldfrj bktamul, adpjnäbhj hb ilkijpiaùk nj bhtls y dbmkägails sjktadajktls plr jh fajkjstbr `udbkl. Yj irjäb jk hb valhjkiab y sj bnlrbfb hb gujrzb. Hbs iaunbnjs ilkstatuäbk pjrjkkjs ibdpbdjktls, nlknj nldakbfb hb dbkagjstbiaùk aktjksavb nj hb hui`b y njh nujhl ilrplrbh. Jk jstj jstbnl, hls fârfbrls kl ilkiafajrlk jh bdlr b hb pbz. Hbs mujrrbs y hbs glrdbs frutbhjs nj hb brfatrbrajnbn y nj hb ilkquastb gujrlk djnals nj slhuiaùk y nj tárdakl. Njfaù, tbdfaák, ilktrafuar jh ilkijptl rjhamalsl nj quj hbs sliajnbnjs bktamubs sj ilksanjrbfbk jk jh duknl rjbh rjprjsjktbktjs njh plnjräl y slfjrbkäb nj hb Navakanbn, jk hb quj ibnb pujfhl jkibrkbfb hls jspjiabhjs btrafutls nj su rbzb, ilkvartajknl hb tajrrb jk ibdpl nj nldakbiaùk y nj hui`b. Yak jdfbrml, bhmukls butlrjs ildl Dáramk`bi y Hburjkt (2) djkialkbk ibsls nj djnabiaùk jkildjknbnls b rjyjs l ejgjs nj trafus ilk jh gak nj nagaiuhtbr ilkghaitls mujrrjrls. Irjjdls, quj jsbs aktjrvjkialkjs kl rjsplknäbk b uk sjktadajktl nj pbz tltbhdjktj njsilklianl plr hbs pradatavbs bmrupbialkjs, sakl b ukb trjmub l glrdb jspjiabh nj nastbkiabr hbs mujrrbs jktrj jhhbs pbrb rjbkunbrhbs jk hb pradjrb lplrtukanbn, yb quj, ildl naij Dbrtjks (6) hls pujfhls fârfbrls ilksanjrbk hb mujrrb ildl uk djnal hjmätadl nj bplnjrbrsj fajkjs njh jkjdaml, y supradar ravbhjs,Qjxtjrdakâknlhls. js, njsnj su puktl nj nj hls vastb hb liupbiaùk dâs namkb njh `ldfrj. hb bgardbiaùk njh Jstb prlgjslr rusl sj `bhhb ilkgardbnb plr hb irjjkiab mjkjrbh, nj quj hls pljtbs y hls fbrnls jktlkbfbk `adkls jk `lklr nj hbs mujrrbs y nj hls mujrrjrls vbhjrlsls. Hjels, pujs, hls pujfhls fârfbrls nj dltavls nj pbz y nj ilkilrnab, kakmukb nj sus akstatuialkjs l jxprjsalkjs sliab. hjs, tuvajrlk uk sjktadajktl nj `udbkanbn, plrquj kl bdbfbk sakl jh lgaial nj hb bvjkturb, nj hb jxtlrsaùk, nj hb ilkquastb. ^lnb su gahlslgäb jrb prlguknbdjktj aknavanubhastb y fjhamjrbktj, rjgrbitbrab nj tlnb ildukanbn supjralr. Yu dlrbh prlgbkb hjs butlrazbfb hb bdfaiaùk njh pbtradlkal bejkl rjprjsjktbknl jk hls trlgjls y mhlrabs dahatbrjs. Dâs, `by quajk bgardb, ildl hl `bij Ytrbfùk, quj hls Nruanbs l sbijrnltjs mbhls jrbk sädflhls nj hb pbz jktrj hls fârfbrls, b hls iubhjs su fjkágaib aktjrvjkiaùk jvatù l jktlrpjiaù sus ilktakubs y jksbòbnbs mujrrbs, aktjrplkaáknlsj b djkunl jktrj hls ildfbtajktjs prùxadls b jh jktrbr jklgaial hb pjhjb. Ltrl (2). butlr, bòbnj, quj jstls dasdls sbijrnltjs njsjdpjòbrlk dasdl jk hb Afjrab

 

 Btjkaáknlkls b jstbs nls butlrazbnbs lpakalkjs quj sj `bhhbk ilrrlflrbnbs plr dui`ls  Btjkaáknlkls `astlrabnlrjs, `bfrjdls nj ilkihuar quj, hls fârfbrls pjksbrlk jk `bijr djkls irujh hb jxastjkiab nj sus ilhjitavanbnjs, prjliupâknlsj plr adpjnar sus ilktakubs mujrrbs, hbflrbknl bsä, sjirjtbdjktj, plr hb pjrdbkjkiab nj hbs aktjrvjkialkjs, quj jk jh glknl ilkstatuäbk pradatavbs djnabialkjs l akildphjtls brfatrbdjktls quj yb nj lramjk pbtrabribh l sbijrnltbh jvatbfb ilkghaitls põfhails l gbiahatbfbk jh bvjkadajktl jktrj hbs kbialkjs nasilrnjs. MVJIAB AA. Jh prakiapal njh brfatrbej. Hls ilksjels Bkgaitaùkails. Yu lramjk rjhamalsl y su dasaùk põfhaib. Jh brfatrbej, prlijnadajktl y bphaibiaùk. Ibsls prâitails. Jk jstj mrbk pujfhl quj, ilk rbzùk, guj hhbdbnl iukb nj hb `udbkanbn sj jkiujktrbk hls márdjkjs njh prakiapal njh brfatrbej. Hb akghujkiab nj hb gahlslgäb, hbs sbkbs nlitrakbs nj hls sbfals, jh bdfajktj mjkjrbh nj hbs akstatuialkjs, jh sjktanl nj hb njdlirbiab jk Mrjiab, ilktrafuyjrlk b akaiabr jk hb ilkiajkiab nj hls `jhjkls jh sjktadajktl nj pbz. Slr jsl,  Brastùtjhjs jxihbdbfb5 trbfbebdls pbrb prliurbrkls prliurbrkls jh rjplsl y `bijdls hb mujrrb pbrb mlzbr nj hb pbz. Q Yùirbtjs, njiäb5 `bijdls jh duknl pbrb hb pbz y pbrb hb eustaiab. Sjrl Mrjiab ilk sjr jh pujfhl dâs bnjhbktbnl nj hb iavahazbiaùk iavah azbiaùk bktamub, kl punl sustr sustrbjrsj bjrsj b hbs mujrrbs nj ilkquastb y nldakbiaùk quj ilkstatuäbk hls dltavls glrdbhjs nj tlnb jxastjkiab ilhjitavb. Ilk tlnl, hbs kujvbs ilrrajktjs dlrbhjs lpjrbfbk ukb rjklvbiaùk quj dâs tbrnj, `bfäbk nj irastbhazbrsj jk hb dbmkâkadb akstatuiaùk nj hls Ilksjels  Bkgaitaùkails.  Bkgaitaùka ils. Irjjk, bhmukls butlrjs, quj jh lramjk nj hls Ilksjels sj rjdlktb b hb áplib njh pradjr mlfajrkl nj Mrjiab prjsananl plr Bkgaitalk (2:63. b. nj E. I.), tjrijr Vjy nj Btjkbs quajk glrdù ukb bsbdfhjb jkibrmbnb nj slstjkjr hb pbz jktrj sus sõfnatls. Nj bquä, hb mákjsas njh kldfrj quj tldù jstb akstatuiaùk (2). "Hls Ilksjels Bkgaitaùkails, jrbk ilrplrbialkjs l ilkmrjsls nj ibrâitjr prakiapbhdjktj rjhamalsl, sak quj plr jstl pujnb kjmârsjhjs ukb aktjrvjkiaùk narjitb l adplrtbktj jk hls kjmlials põfhails. Hls gakjs prakiapbhjs, b quj lfjnjiäb hb akstatuiaùk jrbk hb njgjksb njh Jstbnl ilktrb hbs akvbsalkjs jxtrbkejrbs, y jh dbktjkadajktl nj hb brdlkäb jktrj hbs navjrsbs bmrupbialkjs quj ildplkäbk hb kbiaùk (6). Hls Ilksjels buk iubknl jrbk nj lramjk rjhamalsl prlpjknäbk dbkagajstbdjktj b hb ukanbn plhätaib njh Jstbnl. Ildl ilrplrbiaùk põfhaib nj njrji`l jxtraitl prliurbfb hb dutubhanbn jktrj hls nlij pujfhls nj Mrjiab dlhnjbknl jh sakmuhbr jspäratu nj hb kbialkbhanbn `jhákaib. Jstbfbk jstbfhjianls jk ibsa tlnbs tl nbs hbs iaunbnjs, nastakmuaáknlsj nastakmua áknlsj hls nj Brmls jk jh ^jdphl nj Ijrjs, y jh nj Njhgls, jk jh Ybktubral nj Bplhl. "Ildplkäbk hls Ilksjels Bkgaitaùkails nlij aknavanuls, rjprjsjktbktjs nj hbs trafus mrajmbs, pujs hbs kbialkjs jxtrbkejrbs kl tjkäbk jk jhhls kakmukb rjprjsjktbiaùk. Hls njhjmbnls jsilmanls jktrj hls iaunbnbkls sbfals y prunjktjs, jrbk sbmrbnls, darbnls ildl sbijrnltjs y mlzbfbk nj ildphjtb akdukanbn nurbktj hb áplib nj hbs rjukalkjs quj sj vjragaibfbk nls vjijs bh bòl? jk Njhgls jk hb pradbvjrb (Glianb), y jk Bktjb jk ltlòl" (2). Hls Ilksjels jrbk, pujs, sbmrbnls, ilksanjrâknlsj ildl hb dbylr `jrjeäb nasiutar sus vjrjnaitls l btjktbr ilktrb hb aktjmranbn nj hb akstatuiaùk l nj iubhquajrb nj sus dajd. frls.

 

Hls iaunbnbkls mrajmls tjkäbk gj y prlguknl rjspjtl jk sus rjslhuialkjs plr hl dasdl quj hbs naitbfbk jrbk hls dbjstrls dâs vjkjrbfhjs plr su sbfjr l vartun iävaib. Slr jsl "hbs njiasalkjs tldbnbs plr jh Ilksjel jrbk lfhambtlrabs, y su valhbiaùk butlrazbfb jh jdphjl nj hbs brdbs pbrb `bijrhbs jejiutbr y jh njstajrrl nj hls iaunbnbkls quj b jhhbs sj lplkäbk" (6). Hls ârfatrls jstbfbk ilkstatuanls ilkstatu anls plr hls sbfals sjhjiialkbnls quj rjukaáknlsj jk Ilksjel sj ilhlibfbk fbel jh bdpbrl y hb prltjiiaùk nj hls Nalsjs quj vamahbfbk hb iaunbn prjvabdjktj jhjmanb jk iuyl kldfrj y rjprjsjktbiaùk jxpjnäbk hb sjktjkiab. Yuijnäb, duy b djkunl, quj hb jhjiiaùk nj hls ârfatrls rjibäb, tbdfaák, jktrj hls pljtbs y mhbnabnlrjs ilrlkbnls, hls iubhjs, ildl naij Hburjkt‘mlzbfbk jktrj hls `jhjkls njh btrbitavl y njh rjspjtl nj quj nasgrutbk `ly hls klfhjs y hls plnjrlsls" (9).  Bsä "Slktbril, iáhjfrj vjkijnlr nj hls eujmls lhädpails sarvaù nj aktjrdjnabral jktrj hls jshjkls y hls bqujls. Sytb. hl, plpuhbr bthjtb, njsjdpjòù anáktail lgaial jktrj hls bribnabkls y hls jshjkls". "Jh pljtb Yadùkanjs nj Bdlrmls adpanaù ukb mujrrb akdakjktj jktrj @ajrlk nj Yarbiusb y ^jrlk nj Bmrambktj". Hls Ilksjels Bkgaitaùkails jrbk, tbdfaák, hhbdbnls plr jh kldfrj nj Bkgaitalkabs, quj, sjmõk uk butlr, "gujrlk jh djelr väkiuhl nj ukaùk? jk ukb dasdb kbialkbhanbn nj aktjrjsjs y fbel jh dbktl nj hb rjhamaùk, nj uk pujfhl njsukanl sa hls `ufl, ildl jh bktamul pujfhl `jhákail", yb quj, ildl naij Njdùstjkjs, hui`bk jktrj sa plr jh plnjr y plr hb mhlrab? pjrl ilktrb hbs lhambrquäbs ildfbtjk plr hb jxastjkiab y plr hb hafjrtbn. Jh brfatrbej guá, pujs, uk djnal ilklianl plr hls mrajmls pbrb dbktjkjr hb pbz l pbrb nagaiuhtbr l jktlrpjijr hbs mujrrbs prùxadbs, bgardbiaùk quj ilkgardb jh prlijnadajktl quj sj akstburbfb bktj jh ârfatrl. Srjvabdjktj njfäb njsamkbrsj jh kldfrj y hb ibhanbn y hbs gbiuhtbnjs njh ârfatrl. Jstunabnl jh phjatl plr hls eujijs, hbs pbrtjs lgrjiäbk hbs prujfbs hjmätadbs nj su prjtjksaùk l jxplkäbk hls dùvahjs nj su nasputb plr aktjrdjnal nj sus rjspjitavls prliurbnlrjs quajkjs njfäbk bflmbr pbrb su njgjksb. ^jrdakbnb jstb gbz njh prlijsl, jh ârfatrl prlkukiabfb hb sjktjkiab jk jejdphbrjs quj sj jktrjmbfbk b hls aktjrjsbnls, mubrnâknlsj ltrl amubh jk hls bri`avls bri`a vls sbmrbnls nj hb iaunbn. Jh hatamal ilkihuäb plr hb sjktjkiab quj njfäb iudpharsj. Ildl sj vá jstj prlijnadajktl, bukquj runadjktbral, tajkj bhmltlnl, njh djibkasdl sjiuhbr sjnagjrjkiabs lfsjrvb pbrb hb slhuiaùk hls brfatrbejs dlnjrkls, slfrj jk hl quj sj rjgajrjquj b hbs surmanbs jktrj nj jh ibpatbh y jh trbfbel, jktrj jh lfrjrl y jh jdprjsbral. Sjrl slk dui`ls hls jejdphls nj brfatrbejs prlnuianls jk hb vbstb `astlrab nj Mrjiab. Iuáktbkls Hburjkt, quj Shutbril rjgajrj uk brfatrbej djdlrbfhj plr jh kldfrj njh mrbk hjmashbnlr quj gamurb jk áh y plr hls djnals nj quj sj vbhaù pbrb slstjkjr hb ibusb nj su pbtrab. Btjkbs y Djmbrb sj nasputbfbk hb plsjsaùk nj Ybhbdakb, bdfbs rjpõfhaibs, bibsl plr aksparbiaùk nj Ylhùk, jhamajrlk plr ârfatrls b iakil hbijnjdlkals. Yj naij quj jh hjmashbnlr btjkajksj bhjmù hb butlranbn nj @ldjrl pbrb prlfbr jh njrji`l nj Btjkbs, hls lrâiuhls nj hb Satlkasb pjsbrlk, pjsbr lk, sak nunb, dâs jk jh âkadl nj hls jspbrtbkls quj njianajrlk hb iujstaùk jk gbvlr nj hb iaunbn nj Dakjrvb (2). Iatbksj, tbdfaák, hls brfatrbejs brfa trbejs jktrj Btjkbs y Datahjkj y jktrj ^jfbs y Btjkbs. Hls brnjkals y hls braiakls kldfrbrlk ârfatrl bh pujfhl rldbkl, ildl Ilrgõ y Ilraktal hafrbrlk sus nagjrjkiabs b hbs iaunbnjs njh Sjhlplkjsl.

 

Nj dlnl quj jk Mrjiab jh brfatrbej rl slhl gbiahatù hb slhuiaùk pbiägaib nj hls nagjrjknls prldlvanls jktrj sus prlpabs trafus, sakl quj slstuvl jh plnjräl nj hb kbiaùk dbktjkajknl hbtjktj hb ilktakubiaùk `astùraib nj su rbzb. Hls `jhjkls bdls y sjòlrjs nj tlnbs hbs jxbhtatunjs bhadjktbrlk ilk ibhlr mjkjrlsl hb ukanbn nj su pujfhl. Jstb guj, sa sj quajrj, hb õkaib gakbhanbn nj hb ilrplrbiaùk quj bkbhazbdls5 slstjkjr jh väkiuhl dlrbh jktrj jhhls pbrb bijribrsj bõk dâs jk hb ildukanbn plhätaib. Slr jsl iubknl Vldb sleuzmb b Mrjiab bsparbknl hb trbnaiaùk ihâsaib nj su raib iuhturb quj, dâs tbrnj, `bfäb nj akguknar jk tlnbs sus akstatuialkjs akstatu ialkjs nj hbs iubhjs surmaräb jh Ilhjmal Ilhjm al nj Gjiabhjs quj, b adatbiaùk nj hls Ilksjels Bkgaitalkails nj hbs iaunbnjs `jhákaibs, sjrvaräb pbrb ilktjkjr jh plnjr bvbsbhhbnlr njh pujfhl Vjy l plr hl djkls pbrb eustagaibr sus ahadatbnbs ilkquastbs akvlibknl jh brfatrbej pbrb nara. dar hbs iujstalkjs jktrj sus prlvakiabs l jstbnls vbsbhhls. Nj jstj hamjrl jxbdjk sj kls rjvjhb jh sjktanl sjkt anl quj bh brfatrbej najr najrlk lk hls mrajmls y jh rjspjtl quj plr áh mubrnbfbk bh ilksanjrbrhl ildl ukb gùrduhb euränaib prlpab nj su lrmbkasdl sliabh quj ilktrafuyù b hb mrbknjzb y ilkslhanbiaùk plhätaib nj hbs Vjpõfhaibs njdlirâtaibs. njdlir âtaibs. VLDB AAA. Akghujkiab nj hb iuhturb mrajmb.-Kjijsanbn nj ukb akstatuiaùk pbiagaibnlrb. -Hls Gjiabhjs l rjiupjrbtlrjs.-Jh Yjkbnl y hls Jdpjrbnlrjs. - Jh brfatrbej y sus jgjitls. Hb iavahazbiaùk hbtakb akgahtrlsj nj hb iuhturb `jhákaib. Iubknl Vldb hhjmù b hbs lrahhbs njh Ahasl fjfaù jk hbs dâs purbs gujktjs njh ihbsaiasdl euränail y gahlsùgail nj hb bktamub Mrjiab trbsphbktbknl bh njsbrrlhhl atâhail jh márdjk nj hbs kujvbs ilkijpialkjs `udbkbs. Hbs ilrrajktjs anjlhùmaibs nj hls pbäsjs sldjtanls puragaibrlk jh adpjrabhasdl aktrbksamjktj njh Adpjral. Bsä Vldb, jk su ijsbrasdl ibnb vjz dâs ahadatbnl y jk su tjknjkiab bh plnjräl ukavjrsbh, sajktj irjiajktjs bk`jhls plr nastbkiabr sus mujrrbs, `udbkazbr sus ilkquastbs, mjkjrbhazbr hls grutls nj ukb nldakbiaùk pbiägaib djkls sbkmrajktb, dâs `udbkb. Jh sjktadajktl nj hb pbz surmj b hb sldfrb nj ukb kujvb akstatuiaùk quj, pbtrliakbnb plr jh Njrji`l nj Mjktjs, `bfäb nj ilkstatuarsj fbel jh plnjr nj hls Gjiabhjs l Mubrnabkjs nj hb Sbz quj hb jkbutlranbn Mrjiab jrbk rjilklianls ilk jh kldfrj nj Qrjklp`ahbils, pjrl quj jk Vldb tjknräbk nj hb hjy. Ya hbs mujrrbs `jrlaibs jktrj hls pujfhls nj hb bktamøjnbn nj quj kls `bfhb ^atl Haval jrbk jh rjsuhtbnl nj uk njsbmrbval l njh njsjl nj ukb jxpbksaùk tjrratlrabh kl plr jsl njebrlk nj ildprjknjr hbs ilksjiujkiabs nlhlrlsbs pbrb jh vjkianl y vjkijnlr. Nj bquä quj hbs hbrmbs mujrrbs nj Vldb njsmbstbrbk, tbdfaák, jh plnjr dbrbvahhlsl nj su lrmbkasdl dlrbh. Fajk hl njiäb Iásbr5 quj dajktrbs dâs vaitlrabs bhibkzbfb, djkls njfäb tjktbr hb jxpjrajkiab nj ltrbs, plrquj hl quj bnquaräb jk bqujhhbs kl ildpjksbfb hb ibhbdanbn quj iujstbk. Jstbs grbsjs jk hbfals njh dâs mhlralsl nj hls ilkquastbnlrjs rldbkls trbsuktbk hb kjijsanbn quj `bfäb nj ukb akstatuiaùk quj rjmhbdjktbrb hls prlijnadajktls mujrrjrls y quj prliurbrb hbs gbiahanbnjs nj hb pbz sjktbknl fbsjs nj djelrjs rjhbialkjs jktrj hls pujfhls. Ya b jstb kjijsanbn sj bmrjmb hb gbhtb nj eustaiab nj quj sj qujebfbk hls pujfhls sldjtanls y hb nlhlrlsb jsihbvatun jk quj qujnbfbk rjspjitl njh vjkijnlr, `bij suplkjr, pujs, quj hb mujrrb ilk tlnbs sus ibhbdanbnjs njfaù tjkjr sus hädatjs y sus hjyjs pbrb jstbfhjijr hbs ilknaialkjs nj hls vbsbhhls y rjslhvjr hls ilkghaitls jktrj jhhls plr djnal nj

 

brfatrbejs, aktrlnuiaáknlsj bsä jstb kujvb gùrduhb jktrj hls plstuhbnls njh njrji`l aktjrkbialkbh. Sjrl jh brfatrbej jk glrdb nj prlijnadajktl l nj lrmbkazbiaùk slhl sj hj jkiujktrb iubknl hb eurasprunjkiab njh eus mjstauk hl aktrlnuij jk hb ilkstatuiaùk y hjmashbiaùk rldbkbs. Yj `b nai`l quj jk "Mrjiab sj `bhhbk hls márdjkjs njh njrji`l gjiabh nj hls Vldbkls quj  euktl ilk jh brfatrbej guj adplrtbnl nj hbs akstatuialkjs mrajmbs jk hbs iubhjs jxastäb ukb njstakbnb b dbktjkjr hb brdlkäb jktrj hls sõfnatls nj sus nlij trafus. Sjrl slhl jh iratjral jdakjktjdjktj euränail nj hls pujfhls atâhails sj prjliupb jk nbr bh brfatrbdjktl glrdb tbkmafhj y rjbhanbn jgjitavb. Q bukquj jstb glrdb y rjbhanbn jstâk duy hjels njh plstjralr njsbrrlhhl quj dâs tbrnj `bfäb nj bhibkzbr jstb nlitrakb jk hb jvlhuiaùk prlmrjsavb njh njrji`l, kl pujnj lfsjrvbrsj sak bndarbiaùk hls rjsuhtbnls lftjkanls jk uk jstbnl sliabh "jk quj hls pujfhls y hls aknavanuls, kl punajknl lftjkjr plr väbs hjmätadbs hb rjpbrbiaùk nj sus akeurabs rjiurräbk b hb gujrzb". (2) Jk Vldb jh brfatrbej jstbfb jk plnjr nj hls gjiabhjs l rjiupjrbtlrjs iuyb dasaùk ilksastäb jk brfatrbr y euzmbr ilkglrdj b hb hjx sbirjs, jkibrmbnb nj bphaibr hb eustaiab rjpbrbnlrb njh adpjral. Hls gjiabhjs "jrbk uk bumustl iujrpl nj vjaktj sbijrnltjs quj tjkäb fbel su eurasnaiiaùk pravbtavb vamahbr y iuanbr hb lfsjrvbkiab njh Njrji`l nj Mjktjs, ilksbmrbr fbel iajrtbs ijrjdlkabs hb ijhjfrbiaùk nj hb pbz, nj hbs trjmubs, nj hbs bhabkzbs, naradar plr brfatrbej hbs nagjrjkiabs ilk jstbnls jxtrbkejrls (Ytrbflk PA)? prjvjkar mujrrbs akeustbs, hhbdbnbs adpäbs, pjnar sbtasgbiiaùk nj bmrbvals iubknl `bfäbk sanl guknbnls, euzmbnls y eustls, y slhl ukb vjz bmltbnls hls djnals pbiägails, njihbrbr hb mujrrb? sak iuyb vjkab kl jrb hjmätadb ka plnräb sjr `ji`b". (Wbrrl. HH. :,2:,:07, y Iaijrlk, Vjpõfhaib. 9,29,66). Yak jdfbrml, sj bgardb quj jh lrmuhhl plhätail nj hls Vldbkls ebdâs ilkvakl jk sldjtjr b brfatrbej sus nasputbs ilk ltrbs kbialkjs. "Dbh plnäb jh pujfhl quj sj hhbdbfb Vjy, ilkvjkar jk amubhbrsj jk njrji`l ilk hls njdâs pujfhls, b su euaial akgjralrjs. Jk ibdfal, jh Yjkbnl Vldbkl y njspuás hls Jdpjrbnlrjs bitubrlk vbrabs vjijs ildl ârfatrls bfslhutls jk hbs nasputbs jktrj ltrls Jstbnls, jspjiabhdjktj jktrj Jstbnls vbsbhhls nj Vldb. Mjkjrbhdjktj, jh brfatrbej rldbkl tjrdakbfb plr hb tldb nj plsjsaùk plr jh ârfatrl njh tjrratlral nasputbnl.— nasputbnl.—  Sjrl js nj irjjrsj ildl naij Wbrrl, quj yb plr kjijsanbn l yb plr hbs nagaiuhtbnjs nj ukb mujrrb ilk uk pbäs hjebkl pbrb hb iubh kl `ufajrb glknls jk jh jrbral rldbkl, slfrj tlnl, jk hbs áplibs nj irasas l nj jhjiialkjs ilksuhbrjs, sj rjnuejrb Vldb b sldjtjr sus nagjrjkiabs b euaial nj ârfatrls, quj hbs dâs vjijs, jrbk hls prlpals gjiabhjs jkibrmbnls jk ltrbs nj eustagaibr hls njsprlpùsatls nj ukb ilkquastb l nj ukb dutahbiaùk tjrratlrabh. Njsnj hujml, jh prakiapal njh brfatrbej jrb rjilklianl y sj bphaibfb plr jxijpiaùk jk dui`ls ibsls. Jh Ilhjmal nj Gjiabhjs hbflrbfb pbiajktjdjktj plrquj jstb rjmhb sj bnbptbrâ bh lrmbkasdl plhätail nj hls Vldbkls. Hbs valhjkiabs y hbs mujrrbs jrbk hb ilksjiujkiab kbturbh nj hbs rjhbialkjs aktjrkbialkbhjs. Sjrl hls Jdpjrbnlrjs y jh Yjkbnl prjliupâfbksj nj dltavbr sus bmrjsalkjs, eustbs l akeustbs quj hhjvbfbk b rjbhazbr jh vbstl phbk nj su nldakbiaùk ukavjrsbh. Mujrrbs y ilkquastbs quj sj butlrazbfbk plr hls ildaials iurbnls jk tajdpl nj hb Vjpõfhaib, quj sjmõk Q`jrakm, jrb ukb bsbdfhjb nj jeáriatl quj njfäb njianar bijrib nj hb mujrrb, y jk tajdpl njh Adpjral plr hb njihbrbiaùk põfhaib njh ^rafukbh Sjrdbkjktj nj hls Gjiabhjs. Slrquj hb hjy gjiabh prjsirafäb hb prjvab njihbrbtlrab nj hb mujrrb `ji`b plr djnal nj `jrbhnls l djksbejrls quj njfäbk pjnar sbtasgbiiaùk plr hbs lgjksbs l, jk ibsl ilktrbral, sj prlijnäb b hbs `lstahanbnjs plkajknl b hls Nalsjs plr tjstamls nj hb eustaiab nj su ibusb.

 

Hls Gjiabhjs sj `bhhbfbk nasjdakbnls plr hb dbylr pbrtj nj hbs iaunbnjs njh Adpjral. Jh Ilhjmal Gjiabh jstbfb jkibrmbnl nj sjr jh mubrnaâk l djnabnlr nj hb pbz, y pbrb gbiahatbrhb slhäbk hls dasdls Jstbnls nasilrnjs kldfrbr uk trafukbh brfatrbh ildpujstl nj hls gjiabhjs nj bdfbs pbrtjs, hhbdâknlhl rjiapjrbtlrj (rjiupjrbiaùk y rjiupjrbtlrjs) plr su dakastjral nj `bijr rjiupjrbr b ibnb ukl su njrji`l. Yj ilkstatuäb b djkunl, pjrdbkjktjdjktj plr ilkvjkal l bhabkzb nj hls pujfhls l iaunbnjs aktjrjsbnbs jk sldjtjr akvbrabfhjdjktj bh brfatrbej hls nagjrjknls nj sus pujfhls l nj sus iaunbnbkls. Jk jstj ibsl, jh trafukbh prlijnäb lyjknl hbs rbzlkjs nj ibnb pbrtj y euzmbknl, sjmõk hb hjy gjiabh,jk bsuktls nj hb mujrrb, nj hb pbz, y jk mjkjrbh, nj tlnb ihbsj nj kjmlials ilk kbialkjs jxtrbkejrbs.  Bsä hls gjiabhjs kl slhl jrbk eujijs sakl, tbdfaák, jkvabnls y djnabnlrjs jkibrmbnls jkibrmbnls nj kjmliabr hb pbz, ildl rjsuhtb nj hbs btrafuialkjs djkialkbnbs plr Iaijrùk "quj nls gjiabhjs sjbk hls lrbnlrjs lrbnlr js jxplsatlrjs y eujijs jk hls trbtbnls trbt bnls nj pbz, nj mujrrb, nj trjmubs jk tlnbs hbs rjhbialkjs aktjrkbialkbhjs". Yak nunb, jh brfatrbej guá jk Vldb ukb akstatuiaùk põfhaib njstakbnb b dlramjrbr hls bpjtatls nj hls jdpjrbnlrjs y b dbktjkjr hb pbz jk hb sliajnbn rldbkb. Yus trbnaialkjs ihâsaibs kls rjvjhbk quj jh prakiapal njh brfatrbej ilkstatuyù ukb nj hbs glrdbs nj su njrji`l jsiratl y quj hb gukiaùk ildõk nj hls gjiabhjs jvatù dui`bs mujrrbs y quj hbflrù plr nuhiagaibr hbs bfslhutastbs bdfaialkjs njh Adpjral, raknajknl `ldjkbej b hls sjktadajktls nj eustaiab y jquanbn quj, dâs tbrnj, bh akghuel nj ukb iavahazbiaùk djelr gruitagaibräbk jk jh tjrrjkl mjkjrlsl nj hb ilkiajkiab. JNBN DJNAB AW. Jh Gjunbhasdl. Hbs Mujrrbs y hls pjqujòls Jstbnls. Jh irastabkasdl y hb Amhjsab. Hls Slktägaijs y hls Lfaspls ildl ârfatrls. Hui`bs jktrj jh plnjr plhätail y jh plnjr tjdplrbh. Hls Dlkbribs. Hbs ukavjrsanbnjs y hls pufhaiastbs jk jh brfatrbej . Njstruanl jh duknl bktamul plr hbs arupiaùk nj hls fârfbrls njsbpbrjij jh plnjräl ahadatbnl nj Vldb, rjhbebnl njsnj dui`l bktjs plr hb bkbrquäb nj su mlfajrkl, hb ilrrupiaùk nj sus ilstudfrjs y hb akdlrbhanbn nj hb sliajnbn atâhaib. Hbs `lrnbs akvbslrbs sj prjiapatbk jk djnal njh njsilkiajrtl mjkjrbh. Bfslrvjk su raqujzb y sj bprlvji`bk nj hb iuhturb hbtakb. Jh tjrratlral njh dâs mrbknj adpjral sj grbiialkb jk pjqujòls rjakls mlfjrkbnls plr hb vbkanbn nj sjòlrjs adplrvasbnls. Hbs mujrrbs sj suijnjk ukbs trbs ltrbs sak trjmub bhmukb. Ibnb dlkbrib prjtjknj irjijr b hb sldfrb nj hb njstruiiaùk y nj hb dujrtj. Zk gârrbml nj hjyjs y lrnjkbk. zbs b hb pbr jxtrbòbs ildl adprlpabs adpr lpabs njsjkvuáhvjsj jk jh ibls mjkjrbh. Q jk djnal nj jstb hui`b ilkstbktj y nj jstb njslrmbkazbiaùk njsbtbnb kbnaj pajksb jk hb pbz ka jk hls fjkjgaials quj prliurb, ka djkls jk sldjtjr prjtjksalkjs bh iratjral rbialkbh nj hb aktjhamjkiab y nj hb ilkilrnab. "Jsj aknavanubhasdl jxbmjrbnl sbhanl nj hls flsqujs nj hb Mjrdbkab y nj hb Mbhab, rjgrbitbral nj tlnb ukanbn supjralr quj pujnb hadatbr l suflrnakbr su hafjrtbn bfslhutb, quj jrb jh anjbh nj su jspäratu, ukb vjz nldakbnl plr sus nuqujs, präkiapjs y rjyjs, sj ilknjksù jk jstls y sus slfjrbkäbs plhätaibs glrebnbs, dutahbnbs y rjglrdbnbs bh trbvás nj dui`ls samhls jk hb grbmub nj mujrrbs akijsbktjs quj jstrji`bfbk l nahbtbfbk hbs grlktjrbs nj hbs ildukbs, ildbribs, prlvakiabs, y rjakls bdbsbnls jk sbkmrj— (2) .

 

Dajktrbs dâs kbialkjs dutahâfbksj bh bdpbrl nj hb valhjkiab y nj hb jxtlrsaùk, jh jspäratu njh Irastabkasdl hbflrbfb pbiajktjdjktj plr jh bijribdajktl y trbkquahanbn nj hls pujfhls akvlibknl hb gujrzb dlrbh njh Slktagaibnl. Hb butlranbn jsparatubh nj hb Amhjsab sj hjvbktbfb akiùhudj slfrj tbktbs akaquanbnjs y vakl b sjr jh pujrtl nj rjgumal pbrb hls náfahjs, hls lpradanls y hls njsbdpbrbnls, "buk pbrb hls plnjrlsls akibpbijs nj slstjkjr uk jstbnl quj jk vjz nj hjvbktbrhls hls bkaquahbfb râpanbdjktj". Hb slfjrbkäb plhätaib njh bplstlhbnl irastabkl jk jstls tajdpls jrb rjilklianb plr tlnbs hbs dlkbrquäbs y plr tlnls hls rjakbnls. Yu plnjr jxtjralr sj naguknj nj uk jxtrjdl b ltrl, slstjkanl jk hbs prâitaibs nj hb ibranbn y njh bdlr, õkaibs brdbs quj sarvajrlk pbrb dlramjrbr jh bpjtatl nj hls rjyjs, pbrb nagaiuhtbr hbs nlhlrlsbs ilksjiujkiabs nj hbs mujrrbs y pbrb adpuhsbr jh sjktanl njh prlmrjsl y nj hb iavahazbiaùk `udbkbs. Jk jstb áplib js jh Sbpbnl prlpuhslr brnajktj njh brfatrbej, plrquj hb Amhjsab "ilk uk plnjr quj adplrtb hb gbhtb nj tjrratlral y hb busjkiab nj gujrzb, quj kl prjtjknj jejriatbrsj njktrl nj njtjrdakbnbs grlktjrbs ilk valhjkiabs, valhjkiab s, plr jh `ajrrl y plr jh gujml? plr quj bitõb sajdprj slfrj tlnl jh duknl, sak ltrbs brdbs quj kl sjbk, sjmõk hbs grbsjs nj Hjlk PAAA, hbs jsparatubhjs? ilk uk plnjr quj kl njihbrb hb mujrrb b hls `ldfrjs sakl b hbs anjbs? quj kl ilkquastb pujfhls, sakl ilkiajkiabs, quj kl njstruyj sakl ilksjrvb y jnagaib? quj kl prjnaib jh lnal, sakl jh bdlr. Jsb js hb dbylr nj hbs slfjrbkäbs plr jxijhjkiab, hb vjrnbnjrb, plrquj hb sjktadls jgjitavbdjktj sajdprj rjspjtbnb, plrquj hb rjilklijdls jsplktâkjbdjktj y b jhhb vlhuktbrabdjktj kls sldjtjdls" (2). Hbs aknasiutafhjs ibrbitjrästaibs ibrbit jrästaibs quj hb Amhjsab tuvl ildl ârfatrl jk jstls tajdpls hb `aiajrlk jh klrtj b quj ilkvjreajrlk rjyjs y vbsbhhls, mrbknjs y pjqujòls, vjkijnlrjs y vjkianls quajkjs slhaiatbrlk sus buxahals y sus aktjrvjkialkjs. Gujrb nj hls vbavbkjs nj hb plhätaib, duy sjmurb nj hb gujrzb dlrbh nj quj nasplkäb hb Amhjsab kl slhl aktjrvakl plr sus Slktägaijs, sakl plr sus butlranbnjs djklrjs y njpjknajktjs ildl hls Lfaspls. Jk jstb jnbn hb dasaùk pbiagaibnlrb qujnb jk dbkls nj Vldb Ibtùhaib quj sustatuyj hb bktamub aktjrvjkiaùk plhätaib nj hls mlfajrkls plr hb sbkb y rbzlkbfhj nj hb eustaiab, quj "sustatuyj jh iuhtl pbmbkl plr jh iuhtl irastabkl, hb rjhamaùk pbktjästb nj hb kbturbhjzb, tjbtrl pjrdbkjktj nj hb mujrrb nj hls jhjdjktls y nj hls sjrjs bkadbhjs y vjmjtbhjs hui`bknl plr hb jxastjkiab, plr hb rjhamaùk rjhamaù k jsparatubh nj Nals, quj js jh rjakbnl nj hb pbz y nj hb eustaiab, ilkguknanbs jk uk ùsiuhl nj bdlr, sjmõk hb sufhadj jxprjsaùk njh Ybhbdastb— (2) . Hb hbflr njh Slktagaibnl jk jstj pjrälnl `astùrail js nj hl dâs aktjrjsbktj. Kl slhl btajknj hb prlpbmbiaùk nj hb gj y nj hb dlrbh irastabkbs, sakl quj jejrij slfjrbkäb tutjhbr slfrj tlnbs hbs dlkbrquäbs quj hj jkibrmbk hb slhuiaùk nj sus ilkghaitls jxtjralrjs y jh jstunal nj sus bsparbialkjs y nj sus prlfhjdbs aktjrkbialkbhjs. Js nj iatbrsj bhmukls ibsls nj brfatrbejs nj hb Yahhb Bplstùhaib. Bsä jh > nj dbyl nj 2>19 jh Sbpb Bhjebknrl WA rjslhvaù hbs prjtjksalkjs nj hbs ilrlkbs nj Jspbòb y Slrtumbh slfrj sus nldakals nj Bdáraib. Jk jh samhl PAAA Flkagbial WAAA naradaù hbs nasputbs jktrj Gjhapj jh @jrdlsl y Vaibrnl Ilrbzùk nj Hjùk. Hjùk P rjslhvaù hb iujstaùk prldlvanb jktrj jh Nux nj Wjkjiab y jh Jdpjrbnlr Dbxadahabkl A. Sjrl hb prjplknjrbkiab quj hb aktjrvjkiaùk nj hb Amhjsab bnquajrj jk jstj pjrälnl `bij quj sus lgaials kl slhl sjbk slhaiatbnls narjitbdjktj b hls Slktägaijs, sakl, tbdfaák, b hls Lfaspls.

 

Jk 2627 hls Vjyjs nj @ukmräb y nj Fl`jdab jhamajrlk nls Lfaspls y uk mujrrjrl pbrb tjrdakbr sus hatamals. Jk 2>=: Huas PA y Jnubrnl nj Akmhbtjrrb sldjtajrlk sus nagjrjkiabs bh brfatrbej nj hls  Brzlfaspls  Brzlfaspl s nj Sbräs y nj Ibktlrfjrry, Ibktlrfjrry, bh Ilknj Ilknj nj Nudlas Nudlas y bh Nuquj Nuquj nj Ihbrjks (6). Q jstb butlranbn irjiajktj nj hb Amhjsab prlnuel njsilktjktl jk jh sjkl nj hls mlfajrkls dlkârquails nj Jurlpb. ^lnls hls rjyjs y präkiapjs bksäbk jh pbpjh nj ârfatrls y djnabnlrjs. Nasiutjk jh prjnldakal njh Slktagaibnl y hb slfjrbkäb nj Vldb, jstbhhbk hbs mujrrbs jktrj jh plnjr plhätail y jh plnjr tjdplrbh, t jdplrbh, jktrj jh sbijrnltj y jh adpjr adpjral. al. Zk kujvl dbr nj sbkmrj akvbnj hbs tajrrbs taj rrbs gbtambnbs njh Wajel Duknl y sui suiánjsj ánjsj uk jshbfùk nj hui`bs aktjrdakbfhjs. Hbs pltjkiabs sj njspjnbzbk, hbs ukbs ijnjk sus ilrlkbs y quajfrbk su jspbnb bktj hb mhlrab nj ltrbs dâs bglrtukbnbs, dajktrbs hls Sbpbs, slfjrbkls dlrbhjs, ilktjdphbk bnlhlranls njsnj jh satabh akvuhkjrbfhj nj hb Iaunbn Jtjrkb hls akglrtukals quj hb ilnaiab nj hls dlkbribs njrrbdb slfrj hb Jurlpb btrafuhbnb. Sjrl hb Amhjsab iudphj su dasaùk bh bdpbrl njh Jvbkmjhal sak plnjr ilktjkjr hb njsmbrrbnlrb rjbhanbn nj hbs mujrrbs, nj hbs akgbdabs, nj hbs trbaialkjs quj jdplfrjijk hb kujvb iavahazbiaùk jurlpjb. Wajkjk njspuás, "Mujhgls y Mafjhakls jk Atbhab. Wäspjrbs saiahabkbs. Fbtbhhb nj Fluvakjs nlknj pajrnjk hb vanb trjaktb dah `ldfrjs. I`libk jk sjmuanb hb Grbkiab y hb Akmhbtjrrb, hls dusuhdbkjs sj bplnjrbk nj Ilkstbktaklphb, hui`bk hls @usatbs jk Bhjdbkab, jstbhhb jk Akmhbtjrrb hb gbdlsb gbdls b mujrrb nj hbs Nls Vlsbs quj nurb trjaktb y trj trjs s bòls y iujstb uk dahhùk nj `ldfrjs. Wajkj jktlkijs jh njsiufradajktl njh Kujvl Duknl, quj samkagaib ukb `lrrafhj dbtbkzb nj bhmukls dahhlkjs nj aknals aknjgjksls. Ibrhls W y Grbkiasil A, bpbrjijk jk hb jsijkb njh Duknl quj prjsjkiab sus tjrrafhjs hui`bs prldlvanbs plr hb prjplknjrbkiab nj hb ibsb nj Bustrab. Nj hb ijhnb nj uk ihbustrl sbhj Hutjrl j akaiab ukb kujvb áplib nj hui`bs, vajkj hb mujrrb nj hls ^rjaktb bòls quj ilkihuyj ilk jh bfbtadajktl nj hb ibsb nj  Bustrab y jk sjmuanb hb rjvlhuiaùk rjvlhuiaùk njh Slrtumbh, Slrtumbh, hbs mujrrbs nj Huas PAW y hb gjiuknb rjvlhuiaùk rjvlhuiaù k akmhjsb— (2). (2). Hbs prjtjksalkjs njh adpjrabhasdl dlkârquail slk rjia. fanbs ilk jh bphbusl mjkjrbh nj hbs jsiujhbs prltjstbktjs quj prlihbdbk jh jquahafral euränail y hb amubhnbn dlrbh jktrj hls plnjrjs jsparatubh y tjdplrbh, njsilkliajknl jk hb butl. ranbn plktägaib hb gukiaùk djnabnlrb y brfatrbh quj, plr tbk hujkmls bòls, `bfäb jejriatbnl mjkjrlsbdjktj jk fajk nj hb pbz ukavjrsbh.  Bsa jh brfatrbej njeù nj sjr sjr jh akstrudjktl nj hb ibranbn pbrb ilkvjrtarsj ilkvjrtarsj jk akstru akstrudjktl djktl nj hb plhätaib nj hls mlfajrkls, pbsl nj hbs dbkls nj hls Slktägaijs b hb nj hls Vjyjs y Ylfjrbkls. Ylk hbs Ilrtjs y hls Dlkbribs quj rjsujhvjk, jk su pbpjh nj ârfatrls, dui`ls ilkghaitls y kl jsibsls prlfhjdbs aktjrkbialkbhjs.  B djnabnls njh samhl PAAA (2679) Ybk Huas Vjy nj Grbkiab brrjmhù hls nagjrjknls nagjrjknls jktrj Jkraquj AAA nj Akmhbtjrrb y sus Fbrlkjs? y jk 2670 slhuialkù hbs prjtjksalkjs nj hls Ilknjs nj Huxjdfurml y njh Fbr (2). Gjhapj AA brfatrù jktrj Grbkiab j Akmhbtjrrb. Anáktaib gukiaùk njsjdpjòbrlk Gjhapj WA, Ibrhls W, Ibrhls WAA, Huas PA y ltrl dlkbribs, gujrb nj hls ibsls `bfanls jktrj bhmukls Ilknbnls y pbasjs vbsbhhls nj hbs pltjkiabs nj Jurlpb. Sjrl jh brfatrbej guá, tbdfaák, jkildjknbnl b hbs iaunbnjs, b hbs Zkavjrsanbnjs y b hls prlgjslrjs quj dâs sj `bfäbk nastakmuanl plr su jspjiabhazbiaùk jk hb Iajkiab njh Njrji`l nj Mjktjs. Jk vbrals trbtbnls gardbnls plr hbs ilrlkbs njh Wajel Duknl sj jstapuhù quj hbs iaunbnjs nj @bdfurml, Wjkjiab, Flhlkab y ltrbs sjräbk hls ârfatrls jk njtjrdakbnl hatamal. Hb nj @bdfurml guá sjòbhbnb plr jh trbtbnl nj ]astdakstjr pbrb naradar hbs nasirjpbkiabs jktrj  Bhjdbkab j Atbhab Akmhbtjrrb Akmhbtjrrb y Grbkiab. Grbkiab.

 

Hbs iáhjfrjs ukavjrsanbnjs nj Dbktub, Sbvab, Sjrusb y Flhlkab njsjdpjòbrlk y prjsanajrlk hls ârfatrbejs jkildjknbnls plr dui`bs kbialkjs nasilrnjs. Jk jstb jtbpb `astùraib jk quj hls pujfhls djnalvbhjs nasiurrjk jktrj uk rji`akbr nj `ajrrl y nj jspbnbs, jk quj hls `ldfrjs sj `bk tlrkbnl ildl jk hbs pradjrbs jnbnjs, irujhjs v sbkmuakbrals, jh brfatrbej sj hjvbktù ilk tlnbs hbs mrbknjzbs nj uk bplstlhbnl y ilk tlnbs hbs ilkslhbialkjs nj uk rjgumal. Hb Amhjsab akvliù hb trbnaiaùk nj jstb nlitrakb pbrb puragaibr hbs ilstudfrjs nj hb sliajnbn y pbrb pbiagaibr hbs rjhbialkjs nj hls Jstbnls. Hls Vjyjs sj njihbrbrlk ârfatrls suprjdls nj tlnl ilkghaitl, y slk hbs iaunbnjs, y hls akstatutls nlijktjs hls quj ilksbmrbk jh prakiapal y hb flknbn nj hb akstatuiaùk, y slk hls prlgjslrjs nj njrji`l põfhail hls quj prlihbdbk hb vjrnbn euränaib njh brfatrbej. JNBN DLNJVKB Hls mrbknjs bilktjiadajktls `astùrails. - Hb aknjpjknjkiab nj Bdáraib. Ibrbitjrästaib nj jstb áplib. -Hbunbfhjs prlyjitls nj pbiagaibiaùk. -Jh brfatrbej.- Hb adplrtbkiab nj jstb nlitrakb jk hb slhuiaùk nj nagjrjknls aktjrkbialkbhjs.-Jh Sjrõ y hb Brmjktakb, njgjkslrjs njh brfatrbej. Slr hls samhls PWA, PWAA y PWAAA, hb `udbkanbn trbsiurrj jk djnal nj sbkmrajktbs mujrrbs, nj nlhlrlsls traukgls, nj trbtbnls nj sudasaùk y nj saduhbnbs ilkvjkialkjs nj pbz. Njsnj hbs hui`bs nj Huas PAW `bstb hbs nj hb suijsaùk nj Bustrab, Bustr ab, njsnj jstj bilktjiadajktl bilktjiadaj ktl `bstb hb mujrrb nj hls Yajtj bòls, hbs `jibtldfjs sj suijnjk jktrj tlnl jh liianjktj nj Jurlpb y hbs kbialkjs ijktrbhjs. Hb aknjpjknjkiab nj Jstbnls Zkanls y hb rjvlhuiaùk grbkijsb nj 2=01, slk, jk jh glknl, mrbknjs grbtraianals `udbkls plr hb sufvjrsaùk nj hbs vajebs vjrnbnjs. Kbplhjùk Flkbpbrtj brrbstrb trbs sä hb njstruiiaùk y hb dujrtj `bstb hbs `jhbnbs tajrrbs nj Vusab, njvbstbialkjs jk pls nj ruakbs, ruakbs nj kujvl rjdlvanbs plr hls ibfbhhls nj ltrls ilkquastbnlrjs, hb Jurlpb sj njspjnbzb jk earlkjs bktj hb aknagjrjkiab nj plhätails vbkls, nj dlkbribs bdfaialsls y irujhjs.  Bdáraib tbdplil tbdplil sj sustrbj nj jstj trbstlrkl trbstlrkl mjkjrbh. mjkjrbh. Sjrl sus dùvahjs dùvahjs slk mjkjrlsls y klfhjs. Kl pjrsamuj trlgjls ka mhlrabs dahatbrjs. Yu prlpùsatl js hb Hafjrtbn, y plr jhhb y bktj jhhb sbiragaib hb sbkmrj rjnjktlrb nj sus `aels. Slr jh njiursl nj jstls samhls, jh jspäratu mujrrjrl js bhjktbnl jk Jurlpb plr ukb il`lrtj nj jsiratlrjs. Jh iáhjfrj sbrnl Ilknj nj Dbastrj jktlkb jk dbrbvahhlsbs pâmakbs, `adkls frahhbktjs b hb mujrrb. Hb mujrrb, naij, js navakb jk sä dasdb, pujstl quj js ukb hjy njh Duknl. Hb mujrrb js navakb jk hb mhlrab dastjralsb quj hb rlnjb y jk jh btrbitavl kl djkls akjxphaibfhj quj b jhhb kls hhjvb. Q bsä hbs bhbfbkzbs b hb mujrrb sj duhtaphaibk, yb jk pufhaibialkjs nj lrnjk plhätail aktjrkbialkbh, yb jk pufhaibialkjs nj prlpbmbknb jk jh bdfajktj aktjralr nj hls pbäsjs fjhamjrbktjs.  B jstb jstb pránaib pránaib quj gbvlrjij jh jspäratu jspäratu mujrrjrl, sj sudb sudb hb duy butlrazbnb butlrazbnb njh jilkldastb jilkldastb grbkiás Sblun`lk bh njiar quj hb mujrrb, js kujstrb `astlrab, kujstrb vanb, tlnb kujstrb bhdb, js hb hjmashbiaùk, hb plhätaib, jh Jstbnl, hb pljsäb, hb tjlhlmäb? hl js tlnl.

 

^lnb ukb hatjrbturb lgjksavb y dbtjrabhastb sj ilknjksb, jk jstj pjrälnl `astùrail, plr hb rjslkbkiab sakmuhbr nj mrbknjs phudbs. Dbhtus js sjmuanl plr jh prlgjslr bhjdâk ^rjaktsi`oj y plr ]ahhab Hbsslk, Ypaklzb, jh kbturbhastb Ebjmjr y ltrls dâs. Glrdbnl ástj ildl bdfajktj nj prlpbmbknb sjrväb nj vj`äiuhl plr jh iubh hls mlfajrkls dahatbktjs hbkzbfbk sus jdprjsbs dahatbrjs nj ukl b ltrl ilkgäk.  B pjsbr nj jstb bitavanbn akilknuijktj akilknuijktj nj hb plhätaib bmrjsavb nj Jurlpb, Jurlpb, sj lfsjrvb, lfsjrvb, jk hbs õhtadbs náibnbs njh samhl PWAAA y pradjrbs njh PAP, quj uk pjqujòl, pjrl fjkágail âhatl nj pbz rjgrjsibfb hb btdùsgjrb ibhnjbnb njh Wajel Duknl. Jspäratus mjkjrlsls hbflrbfbk dbmkâkadls prlyjitls nj pbiagaibiaùk. Yj rjilrnbfb hb trbnaiaùk `jhákaib y sj vlhväb b hb gahlslgäb irastabkb nj hb eustaiab y nj hb ibranbn. Njsnj bktamul hb pbz prjliupù b tlnbs hbs lhambrquäbs. Jk hbs jnbnjs plr nlknj navbmbdls, sj suijnjk b hb vjz dbribnbs tjknjkiabs plr jh prjnldakal nj hb gujrzb, ildl fjhhbs akaiabtavbs jk gbvlr njh brfatrbej bh ilksanjrbrhl ildl jh õkail rjiursl euränail pbrb hb slhuiaùk nj hls nagjrjknls aktjrkbialkbhjs. Qb njsnj Yuhhy jh anjbh nj hb pbz pjrpjtub njeb nj pjrtjkjijr b hb gahlslgäb dlrbh pbrb ilkvjrtarsj jk ukb bsparbiaùk nj njrji`l plhätail. Hb prlplsaiaùk pbiagastb `ji`b jk 2739 plr jh Dakastrl nj Jkraquj AW nj Grbkiab sj ildjktb kl sl. hl jk hbs Ilrtjs y Zkavjrsanbnjs sakl quj glrdb pbrtj nj hb nasiusaùk y prlpbmbknb põfhaibs. Bqujhhb gjhaz akaiabtavb gruitagaib râpanbdjktj. Jk 2769 jh Kluvjbu Iykjj nj Jdj. raj nj hb Irlax phbktjb jh Ilksjel Sjrdbkjktj nj Brfatrbej. Jk 27=9 sj pufhaib jk Ilhlkab uk trbtbnl slfrj pbiagaibiaùk. ]ahhabd Sjjk jx`afj jk Hlknrjs su aktjrjsbktj tjlräb slfrj jh brfatrbej. Jh `udahnj bfbn nj Ybk Sjnrl sj jsgujrzb jk jh bplstlhbnl nj hb pbz rbialkbh. Bh nlitrakbrasdl butlrazbnl sj bsliab hb gahlslgäb rbialkbhastb y utahatbrab nj @uml Mrlial, Eubk Ebilfl Vlusjbu, Fjkt`bd, Ytubrt Dahh, Marbrnak. Marbrna k. Ybakt-Sajrrj, Ybakt-Ya Ybakt-Yadlk, dlk, Obkt y Hjafkatz, tlnb ukb iruzbnb plr jh anjbh nj hb grbtjrkanbn y ilktakubiaùk `udbkbs. Sjrl b pjsbr nj quj hbs mujrrbs nj hb áplib jrbk uk djktäs b hb hbflr irjbnlrb nj hls pbiagastbs, jh prakiapal njh brfatrbej sj adplkj jk dui`ls ibsls pbrb rjmuhbrazbr jh prlijnadajktl aktjrkbialkbh, ilkvartajknl ilk jh tajdpl hb jxijpiaùk jk rjmhb mjkjrbh rjilklianb. Qb sjb plr jh njsmbstj kbturbh njh plnjräl sjiuhbr nj Jurlpb l yb sjb plr hb gujrzb nj hbs ilrrajktjs rjklvbnlrbs nj hb kujvb iavahazbiaùk, jh brfatrbej sj bphaib, b djkunl, sakl pbrb ibsls lfhambtlrals mjkjrbhjs, pbrb rjslhvjr rjihbdbialkjs plr nbòls y pjreuaials sugranls plr hls jxtrbkejrls jk hbs mujrrbs, njdbribialkjs nj grlktjrbs jktrj Jstbnls vjiakls, iujstalkjs jspjiabhjs, aktjrprjtbiaùk nj trbtbnls, njrji`ls b zlkbs tjrratlrabhjs, ibsls tlnls quj pjrdatäbk rjilklijr y jxpjradjktbr hb flknbn nj hb akstatuiaùk njh brfatrbej quj, bòls njspuás, `bfäb nj tldbr uk sjktanl dâs bdphal, bnquarajknl hbs ibrbitjrästaibs nj uk nlmdb nj njrji`l põfhail, bh bijptârsjhj ildl rjiursl lfhambtlral pbrb hb slhuiaùk nj hbs nagjrjkiabs surmanbs jktrj hbs kbialkjs tlnbs. Iatbrjdls jejdphls jspjiabhjs5  Y LF V J ^J V V A^LV A^ LV AL Y

Jh brfatrbej jktrj Akmhbtjrrb y Slrtumbh slfrj jh nldakal y plsjsaùk nj ^jdfá y Dbputl (Bgraib) sldjtanl bh Srjsanjktj nj Grbkiab Mjkjrbh Dbi-Db`lk.-Yjktjkiab gbvlrbfhj bh Slrtumbh. (20=6-20=:).

 

Jh brfatrbej jkildjknbnl bh Ubr nj Vusab Bhjebknrl AA, slfrj hb grlktjrb nj hb Mubybkb Grbkijsb y hb Ilhlkab nj Yuradbk nasputbnls plr Grbkiab y hls Sbäsjs Fbels. -Yjktjkiab gbvlrbfhj b jstls õhtadls. (2033).  Y LF V J AK N J DKA UBI UB I AÙ K Akmhbtjrrb y jh Frbsah sldjtajrlk b brfatrbej jh ibsl njh fuquj «Hb Glrtj¿. - Brfatrù jh Vjy nj hls Fjhmbs y jh hbunl gbvlrjiaù bh Frbsah. (2079).  Y LF V J Y ZI J Y AÙ K

Jh Vjy Dbmkus nj Mrjiab y jh Vjy nj Nakbdbrib sj nasputbfbk jh djelr njrji`l b hb suijsaùk nj hls nls rjakls y tjrdakbrlk su nagjrjkiab plr jh brfatrbej. (2) Jh Vjy nj Akmhbtjrrb guá kldfrbnl ârfatrl jk hb iujstaùk nj hb suijsaùk nj Jsiliab. Jh Vjy nj Yujiab tjrdakù hbs nasirjpbkiabs nj hls nls Jrai, rjyjs nj Nakbdbrib y nj Klrujmb. «Jh bri`anuquj nj Bustrab y jh nuquj nj ]utjdfjrm sldjtajrlk bh euaial njh Sbrhbdjktl nj Mrjklfhj su iujstaùk nj njrji`l bh Ilknbnl nj Dlkfjhabkn quj njgjknajrlk bktj bquáh¿.  Y LF V J V J Y S LK Y B F AH AN B N

Jh Srjsanjktj nj hb Vjpõfhaib Grbkijsb guj njsamkbnl ârfatrl plr hls Jstbnls Zkanls y Slrtumbh, slfrj hb rjsplksbfahanbn nj ástj õhtadl plr `bfjr pjrdatanl hb hui`b jktrj hbs dbrakjräbs akmhjsbs akmh jsbs y hbs njh fuquj bdjraibkl «Brdstrlkm; njstruanl plr bqujhhbs. Jh hbunl gbvlrjiaù bh Slrtumbh. Jh Vjy nj hls Fjhmbs brfatrù jktrj Jstbnls Zkanls y hb Vjpõfhaib nj I`ahj plr `bfjrsj bprlpabnl aknjfanbdjktj jstj pbäs nj hbs djribnjräbs njh vbplr bdjraibkl «Dbijnlkabk), `ji`l quj guj ildjtanl jk 61 nj dbyl nj 2062 plr jh Waij Bhdarbktj Hlrn Ili`rbkj jk hbs bmubs tjrratlrabhjs njh Sjrõ. Hb sjktjkiab ilknjkù b I`ahj bh pbml njh ibpatbh y hls aktjrjsjs njh sjas plr iajktl bh bòl. Zkb ildasaùk brfatrbh rjslhvaù hb iujstaùk prldlvanb jktrj Jstbnls Zkanls j Akmhbtjrrb slfrj hb satubiaùk njh fuquj «Hb Irjlhj¿. ….Jh ilkghaitl jktrj Grbkiab j Akmhbtjrrb ilk dltavl nj hb ibpturb plr gujrzbs grbkijsbs nj ….Jh hls fuqujs akmhjsjs bplstbnls jk hb ilstb nj Slstaunaio, naù humbr bh brfatrbej njh Vjy nj Srusab y iuyb sjktjkiab gbvlrjiaù jk tlnl b Akmhbtjrrb.  B uk trafukbh, trafukbh, rjukanl rjukanl jk Makjfrb, Makjfrb, ildpujstl ildpujstl plr iakil iakil dajdfrls kldfrbnls kldfrbnls plr hb Vjakb Vjakb Waitlrab, jh Vjy nj Atbhab, jh Srjsanjktj nj hls Jstbnls Zkanls, jh Jdpjrbnlr njh bktamul adpjral njh Frbsah y njh Srjsanjktj nj hb Ilkgjnjrbiaùk @jhvátaib, sj sldjtaù jh iáhjfrj ibsl njh fuquj brdbnl « Bhbfbdb¿, iuybs ilrrjräbs ilrsbrabs ibusbrlk tbktls pjr. euaials bh ildjrial bdjraibkl, ilk dltavl nj hbs hui`bs surmanbs jktrj hls Jstbnls Klrtj y Yun. Jh hbunl ilknjkù b Akmhbtjrrb bh pbml nj quakij dahhlkjs nj pjsls.

 Y LF V J H ÄDA ^J Y

 

Hls hädatjs tjrratlrabhjs `b sanl ukb dbtjrab quj dâs ibdpl `b lgrjianl pbrb hb bphaibiaùk njh brfatrbej, y pbrb jx`afar hb adplrtbkiab quj jstj rjiursl euränail `b djrjianl nj tlnbs hbs kbialkjs aktjrjsbnbs jk hb slhuiaùk nj tbhjs prlfhjdbs. ^bk kutranb sj `bhhb hb `astlrab naphldâtaib ilk suijsls nj jstb äknlhj quj, b kujstrl euaial, slhl djkialkbrjdls hls ibsls dâs aktjrjsbktjs.  Bsä jk 2=>1, 2=>1, Akmhbtjrrb Akmhbtjrrb y Jstbnls Jstbnls Zkanls Zkanls sldjtajrlk sldjtajrlk b brfatrbej brfatrbej su iujstaùk iujstaùk nj hädatjs. Grbkiab Yuradbk yy @lhbknb Mubybkb rjiurrajrlk Grbkijsb. bh ârfatrl pbrb njtjrdakbr hls hädatjs jktrj sus ilhlkabs5 brfatrbej biunajrlk Slrtumbh y Fáhmaib pbrb gakaquatbr sus grlktjrbs njh Ilkml. Q jh Sbpb aktjrvakl ildl ârfatrl jk hb iujstaùk nj hbs Ibrlhakbs, jktrj Bhjdbkab y Jspbòb. Sjrl nlknj jh brfatrbej bhibkzù tlnbs hbs dlnbhanbnjs dlnbha nbnjs prlpabs nj ukb akstatuiaùk nj njrji`l põfhail, `b sanl jk hb slhuiaùk nj hbs grlktjrbs nj tlnls hls pbäsjs nj Bdáraib @aspbkb, hls iubhjs `bk rjiurranl b jstj djnal, iubktbs vjijs `ufl kjijsanbn nj gaebr jh pbtradlkal nj ibnb iubh jk hb `jrjkiab ilhlkabh. Jktrj bqujhhls pbäsjs, ukls sj `bk nastakmuanl dâs quj ltrls plr sus tjknjkiabs pbiagastbs. Jh Sjrõ `b sanl jh dâs vajel pbhbnäk nj hbs ibdpbòbs plr hb lrmbkazbiaùk njh brfatrbej jk hls kujvls pbäsjs bdjraibkls. Sujfhl nj ukb raib y sbfab iuhturb, `jrjnù hb glrtbhjzb trbnaialkbh njh aknal y hb adbmakbiaùk ibhnjbktj njh afjrl, ijktrl nj ukb iavahazbiaùk jxijpialkbh, liupb jh phbkl nldakbktj jk hb ilkgamurbiaùk mjlmrâgaib njh ilktakjktj. Sbäs nj ukb dbrbvahhlsb raqujzb kbturbh, ebdâs prjtjknaù jh trlzl vjiakl, ka jh hjmbnl bejkl. Jk hb prjksb, jk jh Sbrhbdjktl, jk hbs Zkavjrsanbnjs y jk hls ijktrls iajktägails, jh brfatrbej guá ilksanjrbnl ildl ukb akstatuiaùk kjtbdjktj pjrubkb jk jh sjktanl nj `bfjr ghlrjianl jstb nlitrakb, jk su `astlrab y jk jh bhdb nj su plhätaib kbialkbh. Njsnj hls pradjrls tajdpls nj su jdbkiapbiaùk rjpufhaibkb sldjtaù bh brfatrbej hb gaebiaùk nj sus grlktjrbs. B`ä jstâk hls trbtbnls ijhjfrbnls ilk Ilhldfab, Jiubnlr, Flhavab y jh Frbsah, nj hls iubhjs kls liupbrjdls jk bprjiabiaùk bpbrtj. B`ä jstâ jh prltlilhl ilk I`ahj slfrj iudphadajktl njh trbtbnl nj Bkiùk nj 2009, sldjtanl bh gbhhl njh Srjsa. njktj nj hb Zkaùk Bdjraibkb, y hls pbitbnls õhtadbdjktj, ilk hbs Vjpõfhaibs njh Jiubnlr y Ilhldfab slfrj njhadatbiaùk tjrratlrabh. Js nj ilksanjrbrsj, tbdfaák, hb hbflr nj hb Vjpõfhaib Brmjktakb jk gbvlr njh brfatrbej, iubknl njsnj 20=> njihbrù põfhaibdjktj põfhaibdjkt j «jstbr rjsujhtb ilk trbtbnls l sak jhhls b tjrd tjrdakbr akbr tlnbs hbs iujstalkjs aktjrkbialkbhjs plr jh brfatrbej¿. Jxprjsalkjs nj jstb njihbrbtlrab slk hbs nagjrjktjs ilkvjkialkjs ijhjfrbnbs ilk hls Jstbnls vjiakls, tbhjs5 jh gardbnl ilk jh Frbsah quj pusl tárdakl b hbs iujstalkjs prldlvanbs slfrj jh djelr njrji`l bh tjrratlral nj Dasalkjs? jh ijhjfrbnl ilk jh Sbrbmuby slfrj jh I`bil. Q, plr õhtadl, hls trbtbnls slfrj hädatjs ilk hb Vjpõfhaib nj Flhavab.  Bsä, jh mrbk anjbh nj hls bplhlmastbs nj hb pbz bnquajrj tlnbs hbs glrdbs nj ukb rjbhanbn pbhpbfhj. Sjrl, `b sanl djkjstjr pbrb jh traukgl nj jstb anjlhlmäb quj hls pujfhls sj njspjnbijk y quj hb tajrrb eadb bktj jh nlhlr `udbkl. Slr slfrj tlnbs hbs ibhbdanbnjs nj hb mujrrb sj hjvbktù sajdprj hb vlz nj ukb jspjrbkzb, plr hb ukaùk y grbtjrkanbn nj hls pujfhls. Yuhhy, ]ahhabd-Sjkk, Ybakt-Yadlk Hjafkatz, kl gujrlk slòbnlrjs ka mrbknjs ahusls, sakl bpùstlhjs bpùstlh js bkukiabnlrjs nj ukb kujvb vjrnbn. Dâs nj vjaktj samhls, hb `udbkanbn pjrdbkjiaù ukianb bh ibrrl nj hls dbylrjs ilkquastbnlrjs.  Bhjebknrl, Iásbr, Kbplhjùk. Kbplhjùk. Nj Btjkbs b Vldb, nj Vldb b hb Vjvlhuiaùk hafjrtbrab y nj jstj bilktjiadajktl b hb Bdáraib nj tlnbs hbs hafjrbialkjs, jh brfatrbej `bfäb nj tjkjr su ilksbmrbiaùk njgakatavb jk jh njrji`l nj hls kujvls pujfhls njh ilktakjktj bdjraibkl.

 

  ILKMVJYLY BDJVAIBKLY Jh brfatrbej jk hls Ilkmrjsls Bdjraibkls. - Jh brfatrbej y hb Ilkgjnjrbiaùk ilktakjktbh. - ^rbtbnl nj 7 nj euhal nj 2066 jktrj jh Sjrõ y Kujvb Mrbkbnb. -Flhävbr y hb slhanbranbn bdjraibkb. - Hb plhätaib jurlpjb y jh Ilkmrjsl nj Sbkbdâ.  Bh jstunabr jh njsjkvlhvadajktl njsjkvlhvadajktl njh brfatrbej jk jh njrji`l põfhail bdjraibkl bdjraibkl,, kl pujnj prjsiaknarsj nj rjhbialkbrhl ilk jh njsbrrlhhl susiaktl nj hls ilkmrjsls `bfanls jk @aspbkl-Bdáraib, b rbäz nj su aknjpjknjkiab nj hbs djtrùplhas jurlpjbs. Hls Ilkmrjsls bdjraibkls tuvajrlk ukb nlfhj gakbhanbn5 hb ukaùk y jh dutul jktjknadajktl jktrj hls pujfhls tlnls nj jstj ilktakjktj, sjpbrbnls y jktrj sä njsilklianls, plr hbs vaiasatunjs nj su prlpab `astlrab ilhlkabh y plr hbs jxtjksalkjs nahbtbnbs jk quj vaväbk bhjebnls ukls nj ltrls5 y hb