Ejercicio 2. Nociones Básicas Del TS. Bases Teóricas

 

KIAFIKGQ CÎQFANQ MGH ]SNCNJI QIAFNH ]ioîs Dgrkîkmgz Bnraïn y Hnurn Uikag mg Hgñk Siogri 

>

 

ANU >: KN]WSNHGZN, AIKAGU]IQ V ICJG]FTIQ MGH ]SNCNJI QIAFNH >. Kntur Knturnhg nhgzn zn y duk dukmno mnogkt gktis is mgh mgh ]Q ]Q

Sfaloikm mgdfkg Qgrvfafi Qiafnh ( gktgkmfmn natunhogktg aioi ]rncnji Qiafnh) aioi ‘Gh sgrvfafi siafnh mg ansis gs gh aikjukti mg oætimis qug mgsnrrihhnk hn pgrsiknhfmnm, rgnjustnkmi aiksafgktg g fkmfvfmunhogktgg n hn pgrsikn n su ogmfi siafnh, tgkfgkmi gk augktn his ghgogktis y aikmfafikgs fkmfvfmunhogkt qug kis rimgn‟ V mg gstn sg pugmgk snanr trgs ghgogktis ahnvgs pnrn hn fktgrvgkafñk pridgsfiknh: pridgsfiknh: ‘Hn aioprgksfñk mg fkmfvfmunhfmnm mg hns pgrsikns y gh gstumfi mg sus anrnatgrïstfans pnrtfauhnrgs‟ ‘Gh nkîhfsfs mg rgaursis mfspikfchgs y hn fkdhugkafn mgh ogmfi siafnh qug hi rimgn‟ ‘ Hn rghnafñk mg aioprgksfñk gktrg usunrfi y pridgsfiknh pnrn dnafhftnr hn nmnptnafñk y hn supgrnafñk mg hns prichgoîtfans phnktgnmns‟ Hn fktgrvgkafñk siafnh gs rnafiknh y sfstgoîtfan y sg dukmnogktn gk his sfbufgktgs prfkafpfis: fkmgpgkmfgktgogktg mg su aikmfafñk siafnh • Gh rgspgti n hn pgrsiknhfmnm mg anmn usunrfi/n, fkmgpgkmfgktgogktg • His/ns trncnjnmirgs/ns siafnhgs cusank sgr útfhgs y mgcgk oistrnrsg luofhmgs gk hi qug rgspgatn n su pridgsfñk. Ki mgsgopgþn ukn dukafñk privfmgkafnh, sfki sfophgogktg sfophgogktg hn mg uk pridgsfiknh qug gstnchgag ukn rghnafñk mg npiyi. • Uhnktgnr kugvis mgsndïis pnrn ogjirnr hn sftunafñk mgh usunrfi y su anhfmnm mg vfmn. pripfafnr uk anocfi y dnafhftnr gh gopimgrnofgkti gopimgrnofgkti mg hns •  Npiyi ontgrfnh y pgrsiknh pnrn pripfafnr pgrsikns. • Dnafhftnr hn pnrtfafpnafñk mg timis nqughhis rgaursis mfspikfchgs, yn sgnk ontgrfnhgs i pgrsiknhgs, pnrn rgsihvgr hn sftunafñk sfbufgkmi uk pribrnon prgvfi mgtgrofknmi. Gk sus fkfafis gstn pridgsfñk sg cnsncn gk ukn ogtimihibïn mg trncnji gk hn qug prfogri sg rgnhfzncn uk priagsi ofkuafisi mg nkîhfsfs mg hn hn sftunafñk y hugbi sg hhgvncn nanci ukn natunafñk pridgsfiknh ogmftnmn (nknhfznr nktgs mg fktgrvgkfr). Hn naafñk mg nyumn qug rgnhfznois his/ns trncnjnmirgs/ns siafnhgs sg aikvfgrtg gk ukn rghnafñk mg npiyi pridgsfiknh. Brnkmgs nutirgs aioi Anrh Siygrs, qug gsarfcfñ ‘ ]grnpfn agktrnmn gk gh ahfgktg‘ gk mikmg rgsnhtn hn fktgrnaafñk gktrg pridgsfiknh y usunrfi, mfag ‘Hn rghnafñk mg npiyi gs nqughhn gk hn qug uki mg his pnrtfafpnktgs fktgktn lnagr surbfr gk ukn i nocns pnrtgs ukn ogjir nprgafnafñk mg sus rgaursis hntgktgs y uk usi dukafiknh mg his ofsois‟. V Anoptik Bnhnwny mgdfkg hn rghnafñk mg npiyi aioi ‘ukn rghnafñk gk hn qug sg gxprgsn ukn prgiaupnafñk rgnh pir gktgkmgr n his itris, anrnatgrfznmn pir gh aiopriofsi, hn ichfbnafñk, hn nagptnafñk, hn gopntïn, hn nutgktfafmnm, hn ahnrfmnm, y pir tgkgr uk pripñsfti aikiafmi y nagptnmi pir nocns pnrtgs‘ Gstn rghnafñk mg npiyi gs uk priagsi rglncfhftnmir y tgrnpæutfai mg aioukfanafñk ,qug fophfan uk aiopriofsi pridgsfiknh, mikmg gh trncnjnmir siafnh pikmrî timis sus aikiafofgktis n mfspisfafñk mgh usunrfi. Gstg priagsi gstî irfgktnmi nh trntnofgkti mg ansis, pgri tnocfæk sg gophgn n dnofhfns, brupis i aioukfmnmgs. >.>. Qujgti mg ]Q Gk ]rncnji Qiafnh gh sujgti y icjgti (nqughhi qug pugmg sgr icsgrvnmi y gstumfnmi) sik hns pgrsikns  y hns rghnafikgs qug sg gstnchgagk gstnchgagk gktrg ghhns. G Ghh usunrfi phnktgn ukn prichgo prichgoîtfan îtfan y gh pridgsfiknh fktgktn npiynrhg ukn sihuafñk. Gk gstg naugrmi mg aihncirnafñk, nocns pnrtgs pnrtfafpnk gk gh priagsi, aikvfrtfækmisg murnktg hn fktgrvgkafñk gk icjgti y sujgti n hn vgz. Gh/Hn trncnjnmir/n siafnh mgcg mgsnrrihhn su hncir aik y pnrn gh usunrfi, pgri gs gh usunrfi qufgk gs pnrtïafpg y rgspiksnchg gk timi oiogkti mg sus kgagsfmnmgs y prichgons, yn qug gstg ki gs uk aiksuofmir mg sgrvfafis sfki qug qufgrg y mgsgn sgr gh aikstruatir mg su pripfi duturi V pnrn ghhi rgaurrg nh trncnjnmir/n siafnh, qug sfophgogktg sik qufgkgs his irfgktnk n ogjirnr su cfgkgstnr. Hn rghnafñk qug sg gstnchgag gktrg nocis (usunrfi y pridgsfiknh) tgkmrïn qug sgr lirfziktnh, gs mgafr ukn aioukfanafñk gk hn qug ki gxfstg ukn rghnafñk mg nutirfmnm.

3

 

>.3. Icjgti mgh ]Q ‘Gh icjgti afgktïdfai ki gs gh ogri icjgti pgrafcfmi pir his sgktfmis, sfki uk icjgti ghncirnmi tgñrfanogktg, supgrnkmi y kgbnkmi gk afgrti oimi gh icjgti sgksfchg‟ (Qfgrrn Crnvi) Gh icjgti mgh trncnji siafnh ki pugmg sgr gstumfnmi icjgtfvnogktg yn qug gstg vn sfgkmi nhtgrnmi pir gh icsgrvnmir. Fmgihñbfan, sgktfofgktis, gxpgrfgkafns, arggkafns… fkdhuygk gk hn rgnhfmnm gstumfnmn. Gstg gs gh gstumfi mg hns kgagsfmnmgs mg hns pgrsikns y his bgstfikn lnafgkmi qug dnvirgzan gh  cfgkgstnr y gvftg hn hn mgsfbunhmnm, ictgkfg ictgkfgkmi kmi uk mgsnrrihhi bhicnh mg hns pgrsikns pgrsikns y aioukfmnmgs. Gh icjgti mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh tnocfæk hi aikstftuyg gh gstumfi mg hns aiktrnmfaafikgs mg ukn siafgmnm gk aikstnktg gqufhfcrfi gktrg kgagsfmnmgs y rgaursis. >.1. Sghnafñk gktrg gh icjgti y sujgti mgh ]Q Qujgti y icjgti gstîk rghnafiknmis gktrg sï. Anmn usunrfi tfgkg su pripfn rgnhfmnm cnsnmn gk hns  vfvgkafns pgrsiknhgs, pgrsiknhgs, pir ghhi gh trncnji siafnh ki mgcg sgr icjgtfvi sfki qug mgcg mgcg sncgr noihmnrsg n anmn pgrsikn. V aiocfknr hns vfvgkafns pgrsiknhgs mg his usunrfis aik hn icjgtfvfmnm fkstftuafiknh aik hn qug gh pridgsfiknh trncnjnk, utfhfznkmi gh hgkbunjg, hn aioukfanafñk y hn fktgrnaafñk, nsï irfgktnr nh usunrfi gk hn cúsqugmn mg su pripfi cgkgdfafi. Qfgoprg tgkfgkmi gk augktn su gktirki. Hn siafgmnm mgcntg sf gh aikiafofgkti gstî gvihuafiknkmi mgsmg ukn pgrspgatfvn oimgrkfstn lnafn ukns siafgmnmgs pistoimgrkfstns. Hns siafgmnmgs pistoimgrkfstns sg anrnatgrfznk pir hn nagptnafñk mg vnrfns gxphfanafikgs pnrn aioprgkmgr uk ofsoi dgkñogki, pir gh rgaikiafofgkti mg qug ki gxfstg ukn sihn vgrmnm sicrg uk dgkñogki, sfki oúhtfphgs vgrmnmgs i vgrsfikgs qug pugmgk bfrnr gk tirki n æh, pir hn arggkafn mg qug gh aikiafofgkti gstî siafnhogktg aikstrufmi y pirqug hn sucjgtfvfmnm gs fkgvftnchg y kgagsnrfn. Gh trncnjnmir siafnh mgcg tgkgr gk augktn timis gstis anocfis. 3. Mgdfkfafñk mg ]rncnji siafnh 

Ki lny ukn mgdfkfafñk gxnatn mgh trncnji siafnh, gktikags sg fktgktn hhgbnr n ukn mgdfkfafñk bhicnh, gstn gs: ]rncnji Qiafnh ln sfmi aiksfmgrnmi aioi ukn pridgsfñk, aioi uk sgrvfafi i priagsi mg nyumn, aioi nyumn pridgsfiknh, aioi diron mg gmuanafñk siafnh, aioi ukn natfvfmnm pridgsfiknh i ukn natfvfmnm qug nyumn nh njustg, nsï aioi ukn naafñk pridgsfiknh sfstgontfznmn, fktgkafiknmn y rnafiknh. ]nocfæk sg aiksfmgrn nh ]rncnji Qiafnh aioi uk nbgktg mg anocfi i mg aiktrih siafnh, aioi fkstftuafñk, fkstruogkti siafnh, aikjukti mg oætimis, fkbgkfgrïn siafnh, privfsfñk mg rgaursis, aioukfanafñk y rghnafñk i fkahusi aioi uk nrtg. Brnkmgs nutirgs ahnsfdfank nh ]rncnji siafnh aioi afgkafn, aioi mfsafphfkn nanmæofan y tgkfgkmi gk augktn su tnhgkti pridgsfiknh. Gh ]rncnji Qiafnh aioi afgkafn: gk >6=6 Qwftluk Ciwgrs mgdfkfñ gh aikagpti mg ansgwir` aioi hn ‘afgkafn mg hns rghnafikgs luonkns y hnhis lncfhfmnm s uhnauhtfvi, qug sg gophgnk pnrn pikgr gk jugbi hns pitgkafnhfmnmgs mgh fkmfvfmui y mg rgaursisgkmgsu aioukfmnm aik icjgti mg privianr ukn ogjir nmnptnafñk mgh ahfgktg n su ogmfi nocfgktg i n ukn pnrtg mg æh‟. Gk >663 ]ions Dgrkîkmgz mgdfkg trncnji siafnh aioi ‘ukn mfsafphfkn afgktïdfan, ogtñmfanogktg irmgknmn y dironmn, qug aikstftuyg ukn rnon mgh sncgr mg hns afgkafns siafnhgs pirqug aiktrfcuyg n fkargogktnr gh dukafiknofgkti fkmfvfmunh fkmfvfmunh y siafnh mg hns pgrsikns y n pitgkafnr sus aikiafofgktis y lncfhfmnmgs pnrn nhankznr su cfgkgstnr siafnh‟. Gh trncnji siafnh aioi afgkafn aikiag aikiag auîhgs sik hns anusns-gdgatis mg his prichgons prichgons siafnhgs, mg his fkmfvfmuis, mg hns dnofhfns, aioukfmnmgs i brupis, y nsï pimgr cusanr sihuafikgs pnrn gh  cfgkgstnr, gh argafofgkti argafofgkti luonki, hn justfa justfafn... fn... Hns prfkafpnhgs anrnatgrïstfans mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh aioi Afgkafn sik: • Gh ]rncnji Qiafnh gs afgkafn aunkmi sg aikvfgrtg gk aikiafofgkti (aikagptis y tgirïns) primuafmi pir afgktïdfais siafnhgs. • Qu anrîatgr afgktïdfai gstî nvnhnmi pir gh gstumfi mg uk icjgti pripfi mg hn fkvgstfbnafñk, gk gstg ansi hns kgagsfmnmgs. • Qg rgqufgrg uk oætimi sfstgoîtfai pnrn hn rgsihuafñk mg prichgons y aikdhfatis.

1

 

• Gk gh qug lnagr mfnrfi mgh trncnjnmir siafnh sg gstnchgag uk mfîhibi aikstnktg aik hn prîatfan, hn fkvgstfbnafñk nphfanmn, gh aikiafofgkti afgktïdfai y hn fkvgstfbnafñk cîsfan. Gh ]rncnji Qiafnh aioi mfsafphfkn nanmæofan fkvgstfbn fkvgstfbn y gstumfn hns kgagsfmnmgs mg his fkmfvfmuis, hns aisns qug hgs ndgatn gk su anhfmnm mg vfmn, su cfgkgstnr, his prichgons mg hn siafgmnm, his gdgatis mg hn arfsfs y his rgaursis gophgnmis pnrn snhfr mg ghhn. Hn mfsafphfkn nanmæofan mgpgkmg mg hns mgafsfikgs pihïtfans y gmuantfvns nmiptnmns gk anmn pnïs, gh ]rncnji Qiafnh yn sg ln aiksgbufmi aiksfmgrnr aioi ukn pridgsfñk. Gk ghhn sg mgcg gophgnr uk aikiafofgkti afgktïdfai afgktïdfai pnrn pimgr ogjirnr hns aikmfafikgs mg vfmn mgh fkmfvfmui y gh cfgkgstnr mg hn pichnafñk, su icjgtfvi sfgoprg mgcgr sgr gh pimgr nhankznr ukn vfmn oîs mfbkn pnrn timis. ‘His qug sg cusan sik anocfis siafnhgs gk hn siafgmnm gk bgkgrnh, y gk hns dirons fkmfvfmunhgs mg mgsnrrihhi mgktri mg hn ofson‟(DF]Q). ]rncnji Qiafnh aioi pridgsfñk: • Aiksfstg gk mgsnrrihhnr hns anpnafmnmgs mg hn pgrsikn y su gktirki, cusankmi gh gopimgrnofgkti mg his/ns usunrfis/ns. • Cusan hn pnrtfafpnafñk natfvn mg his/ns usunrfis/ns y rgspgtn su nutimgtgrofknafñk gk hn supgrnafñk mg hns sftunafikgs mg arfsfs. • Fophfan ukn naafñk pridgsfiknh sfstgontfznmn, pgksnmn, ogmftnmn, fktgkafiknh y rnafiknh. • Wtfhfzn ukn ogtimihibïn afgktïdfan pnrn aiksgbufr his icjgtfvis mfsgþnmis. • Qu dfknhfmnm aiksfstg gk fkargogktnr hn anhfmnm mg vfmn, hn snhum fktgbrnh y gh cfgkgstnr. Gk gh 3553, gh prgsfmgktg mg hn Nsiafnafñk Fktgrknafiknh mg Gsaughns mg ]rncnji Qiafnh y hn prgsfmgktn mg hn Dgmgrnafñk Fktgrknafiknh mg ]rncnjnmirgs Qiafnhgs mgdfkgk gh ]rncnji siafnh, mg hn sfbufgktg onkgrn: ‘Hn pridgsfñk mg ]rncnji Qiafnh priougvg gh anocfi siafnh, hn rgsihuafñk mg aikdhfatis gk hns rghnafikgs luonkns y hn ntrfcuafñk mg pimgr (gopimgrnofgkti) y hfcgrnafñk mg hns pgrsikns pnrn rgdirznr su cfgkgstnr. Wtfhfznkmi tgirïns mgh aiopirtnofgkti luonki y sfstgons siafnhgs, gh ]rncnji Qiafnh fktgrvfgkg gk his puktis gk his qug hns pgrsikns natúnk rgaïprianogktg aik sus nocfgktgs, sfgkmi his mgrgalis luonkis y hn justfafn siafnh dukmnogktnhgs pnrn hn prîatfan pridgsfiknh‟. Gh trncnjnmir/ns siafnh mgcg gophgnr timis sus oætimis mg trncnji oihmgnkmi his y nmnptîkmihis n his mfdgrgktgs fkmfvfmuis y sftunafikgs. 1. Urfkafpfis mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh

]imis his nutirgs qug lnk gstumfnmis his prfkafpfis mgh ]Q aifkafmgk gk gstnchgagr afkai puktis  cîsfais mg brnk utfhfmnm pnrn hn prîatfan prîatfan pridgsfiknh, nsï bnrnktfznk hn anhfmnm mgh sgrvfafi prgst prgstnmi nmi sfbufgkmi his sfbufgktgs prfkafpfis:

• Aiksfmgrnafñk fkmfvfmunhfznmn: Gh trncnjnmir/n siafnh mgcg rgnhfznr ukn fktgrvgkafñk fkmfvfmunh, fkmfvfmunh, anmn pgrsikn tfgkg su pripfi prichgon. Qgbúk Dgrkîkmgz sg mgdfkg aioi ‘uki mg his prfkafpfis dukmnogktnhgs mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh qug supikg gh rgaikiafofgkti úkfai mg hn pgrsikn, mitîkmihn mg su pripfn aiksfmgrnafñk oirnh.‟ Gstg prfkafpfi vn ukfmi n hn fmgktfmnm pgrsiknh. Anmn usunrfi sg aiopirtn mg ukn onkgrn mfdgrgktg mgcfmi n sus vfvgkafns, lfstirfns i gh aiktgxti siafnh gk gh qug sg gkaugktrn. Uir ghhi his pridgsfiknhgs mgh trncnji siafnh mgcgk nknhfznr anmn ansi y gktgkmgr his sgktfofgktis mg gsn pgrsikn nktg uk prichgon. N pnrtfr mg gsi anmn pgrsikn mgcg sgr gsaualnmn y npiynmn mgsmg su pnrtfauhnrfmnm.

• Hn nagptnafñk mgh usunrfi: Æstg sg aiophgogktn nh nktgrfir prfkafpfi, nh nagptnr nh usunrfi supikg gktgkmgrhg, gs mgafr, nagptnr n hn pgrsikn aioi gs. Uugmgk surbfr iansfikgs gk hns qug gh pridgsfiknh sg sgktfrî fkanpnz mg pimgr ntgkmgr n uk usunrfi, mgcfmi n qug ki hg nagptnrn, yn sgn pir oitfvis pihïtfais, rghfbfisis aioi pgrsiknhgs, gta. Aunkmi gsti suagmg hi ogjir sgrî mgrfvnr gh ansi, pirqug sf ki fkauophfrïn gstg prfkafpfi y hn pridgsfiknhfmnm sg vgrïn ndgatnmn. Gh pridgsfiknh tnocfæk gs ukn pgrsikn y tnocfæk tfgkg sus

=

 

 vfvgkafns, gstî cfgk cfgk qug gh trncnjnmir siafnh rgaik rgaikizan izan sus hfoftnafikgs y hn mg his usunrfis pnrn pnrn nsï pimgr bnrnktfznr hn gdgatfvfmnm mg hn fktgrvgkafñk. Hns anrnatgrïstfans mg uk trncnjnmir/n siafnh sik: • Oistrnrsg rgagptfvi g fktgrgsnmi gk hn fkdironafñk dnafhftnmn pir gh usunrfi/n. • Mfdgrgkafnr hns kgagsfmnmgs mgh usunrfi/n y hns mgh pripfi pridgsfiknh. • Uitgkafnr gh pribrgsi mg hn pgrsikn y su anpnafmnm pnrn nyumnrsg n sï ofson. • Nknhfznr his gsqugons mg natunafñk y aioprgksfñk ogmfnktg hn icsgrvnafñk, pnrn gvftnr onhgktgkmfmis qug pugmnk fktgrdgrfr gk hn nagptnafñk mg hn rghnafñk. • Gktgkmgr hns pgauhfnrfmnmgs fkmfvfmunhgs y pgrsiknhgs mgh usunrfi/n, y sncgr aiocfknrhns aik his sgrvfafis fkstftuafiknhgs mgh sfstgon siafnh. Murnktg hn fktgrvgkafñk his usunrfis ki sfgoprg ougstrnk su ogjir dnagtn yn qug gstis vfgkgk aik prichgons brnvgs y prgiaupnafikgs, pir hi qug gh pridgsfiknh mgcg fktgktnr qug gh usunrfi sfgktn qug gstî sfgkmi gsaualnmi, nsï gstis sg sgktfrîk fopirtnktgs y sg ncrfrîk oîs pnrn sihuafiknr ogjir his prichgons. Gh trncnjnmir siafnh mgcg nagptnr n anmn pgrsikn fkmgpgkmfgk fkmgpgkmfgktgogktg tgogktg mg su rghfbfñk, arggkafn, gmuanafñk, gtkfn, gtkfn, sgxi… V npiynrhis pnrn hn rgsihuafñk mg sus kgagsfmnmgs.

• Ki gkjufafnofgkti mgh usunrfi: Gh trncnjnmir/n siafnh ki pugmg gstnchgagr kfkbúk jufafi mg vnhir sicrg gh/hn usunrfi/n, cnsnmi gk prgjufafis i ipfkfikgs pgrsiknhgs. Gh trncnjnmir/n siafnh ki gs qufgk mfag qufgk tfgkg hn auhpn sfki gh/hn qug mn sihuafikgs. Murnktg hn gktrgvfstn lny qug gvftnr drnsgs aik hns qug usunrfi sg pugmg sgktfr fkañoimi i fkahusi auhpnchg, aioi pir gjgophi: «ustgm, sf sncïn hi qug fcn n pnsnr, gktikags ¹pir quæ hi lfzi9°, «¹pir quæ ki sg mfi augktn mg qug gsti pimïn pnsnr9°, «pgri ¹gk quæ gstncn pgksnkmi9°... Hn pgrsikn trntnmn ki sg pugmg sgktfr gkjufafnmn. nutimgtgrofknafñk:: • Hn nutimgtgrofknafñk Qg mgdfkg aioi ‘hn anpnafmnm qug tfgkg hn pgrsikn pnrn mgafmfr hfcrgogktg sicrg su pripfi mgstfki‟. Hfbnmi mfrgatnogktg aik gh gopimgrnofgkti, pisfcfhftîkmihgs hns lgrrnofgktns kgagsnrfns pnrn sihuafiknr pir sf ofsois sus prichgons. Anmn pgrsikn mgcg ghgbfr su pripfi mgstfki, mgafmfgkmi pir sf ofsoi/n qug anofki gs gh airrgati gk anmn oiogkti. Qik hfcrgs, gh trncnjnmir/ n gk kfkbúk oiogkti mgh ichfbn n tionr uk anofki, sfophgogkt sfophgogktgg mgh naiksgjn. Qik ghhis his rgspiksnchgs mg sus sftunafikgs, ki gk gh pridgsfiknh.

• Aikdfmgkafnhfmnm: Gh usunrfi hg augktn sus prichgons nh pridgsfiknh cnji uk naugrmi mg aikdfmgkafnhfmnm, gsti qufgrg mgafr, qug hi qug sg lnchg gk gsn rgukfñk ki pugmg snhfr n hn huz, gh pridgsfiknh mgcg tgkgr aufmnmi aik gsis mntis ygsns bunrmnrhis gk uk sftfi sgburi mikmg mgcg knmfgprgbuktnr his pugmnsfgoprg vgr. Qf gstg gk nhbúkAioi oiogkti qufgrg oistrnr aikvgrsnafikgs n itrns pgrsikns nh usunrfi, pir gjgophi sf ukn pgrsikn sg qufgrg sufafmnr i tfgkg TFL, nktgs mg aioukfanrhi aik gh rgsti lny qug aioukfanrhi aik gh usunrfi, sf æstg sg kfgbn lny qug tgkgr sgktfmi aioúk y vgr hi qug oîs hg vn n  cgkgdfafnr i lnchnr aik itris pridgsfiknhgs pridgsfiknhgs qug lnk tgkfmi tgkfmi gh ofsoi sgktfmi aaioúk, ioúk, pgri kukan sg pugmg vfihnr gstg prfkafpfi. =. Icjgtfvis mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh

Gh icjgtfvi sg mgdfkg aioi, his dfkgs i rgsuhtnmis qug sg prgtgkmgk aiksgbufr aik hns naafikgs pridgsfiknhgs hhgvnmns n anci. Fkdironr, nsgsirnr, irfgktnr y npiynr sik his dfkgs prfkafpnhgs mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh, y pnrn aiksgbufrhis sik kgagsnrfis ogmfis aioi hn aioukfanafñk i hn phnkfdfanafñk. Ofgktrns ukis nutirgs hualnk pir gh mgsnrrihhi mg hns pgrsikns y su cfgkgstnr siafnh itris hualnk pir argnr ukn siafgmnm oîs justn aik fbunhmnm mg ipirtukfmnmgs. Wk gjgophi mg gstn úhtfon gs: Hn  Nsiafnafñk Fktgrknafiknh Fktgrknafiknh mg Gsaughns mg ]rncnji Qiafnh (NFG]Q/GNQQR) (NFG]Q/GNQQR) sus dfkg dfkgss sik0 ‘qug hns pgrsikns sg aiopriogtnk gk hn mgdgksn mg nsuktis fktgrknafiknhgs, knafiknhgs, hianhgs, y/i rgbfiknhgs, aiksgbufr hn dirouhnafñk g fophgogktnafñk mg pihïtfans ailgrgktgs aik his prfkafpfis

7

 

ætfais mg hn pridgsfñk, y hibrnr anocfis gk nqughhns aikmfafikgs gstruaturnhgs qug onktfgkgk n hns pgrsikns gk aikmfafikgs onrbfknhgs i mg vuhkgrncfhfmnm siafnh‟. Unrn gh Aiksgji mg Wkfvgrsfmnmgs mg Gspnþn (>66663) pnrn irmgknr his icjgtfvis argn ukn mfstfkafñk gktrg ]rncnji Qiafnh mfrgati y ]rncnji Qiafnh fkmfrgati. Gh mfrgati fophfan uk aiktnati mfrgati aik gh usunrfi ofgktrns gh fkmfrgati ki, pgri nocis sik fbunh mg fopirtnktgs. His icjgtfvis mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh Mfrgati sik hn gvnhunafñk, hn prgstnafñk mg sgrvfafis prîatfais, gh aiksgji, nsgsirnofgkti, hn ogmfnafñk y hn supgrvfsfñk. V his icjgtfvis mg ]rncnji siafnh Fkmfrgati sik hn rgnhfznafñk mg tnrgns mg phnkfdfanafñk, bgstfñk bgstfñk,, dironafñk, prgpnrnafñk mg pgrsiknh y prgvgkafñk. Aik timi gsti, pimgois mgafr qug gh ]rncnji Qiafnh fktgktn ogjirnr hn anhfmnm mg vfmn mg his afumnmnkis sntfsdnafgkmi sus kgagsfmnmgs. Gh trncnjnmir siafnh tfgkg gh aiopriofsi mg pripirafiknr his rgaursis kgagsnrfis pnrn qug hns kgagsfmnmgs cîsfans gstæk aucfgrtns y ntgkmfmns. Itris nutirgs mfvfmgk hns dukafikgs mgh trncnjnmir siafnh gk siafihñbfans y ogtimihñbfans. Hns siafihñbfans gstîk irfgktnmns n fkargogktnr hn ipgrntfvfmnm mg hn pgrsikn mgsmg ukn vfsfñk nutikiofstn-prioiafiknh y tnocfæk n ogjirnr his rgaursis mfspikfchgs qug pgroftnk fkargogktnr hn anhfmnm mg vfmn mgsmg ukn vfsfñk nsfstgkafnhfstn-prgstnafik nsfstgkafnhfstn-prgstnafiknh. nh. V hns dukafikgs ogtimihñbfans gstîk mfrfbfmns lnafn hn fkvgstfbnafñk, fkvgstfbnafñk, irbnkfznafñk, phnkfdfanafñk, aiirmfknafñk y nkîhfsfs mg his anocfis gxpgrfogktnmis mgspuæs mg hn natfvfmnm pridgsfiknh. =.> Aiopgtgkafns mgh ]Q Aik hn npnrfafñk mgh Brnmi gk ]rncnji Qiafnh, y hn fkairpirnafñk mg hns gxfbgkafns mgh kugvi Gspnafi Guripgi mg Gmuanafñk Qupgrfir (GGGQ), sg ghncirñ gh Hfcri Chnkai pnrn hn kugvn tftuhnafñk (rgdgrgktg n sgbufr pir timns hns ukfvgrsfmnmgs gspnþihns). Gk gstg miauogkti sg rgaipfhnrik hns aiopgtgkafns bgkgrnhgs y gspgaïdfans qug mgcgk mgsnrrihhnr his qug fkbrgsnk gk ]rncnji Qiafnh. Unrtg mg ukn aiopgtgkafn bgkgrnh ghncirnmn pir gh ‘Kntfiknh Iaaupntfiknh Qtnkmnrms dir Qiafnh Rir`‟, mikmg sg gxpikg «qug his/ns trncnjnmirgs/ns siafnhgs tfgkgk ukn aioprgksfñk nophfn mg hns gstruaturns y priagsis siafnhgs, mgh anocfi siafnh y mgh aiopirtnofgkti luonki, qug hgs anpnaftn pnrn fktgrvgkfr gk hns sftunafikgs (prichgons) siafnhgs (mg onhgstnr) qug  vfvgk hns pgrsikns, dnofhfns, dnofhfns, brupis, irbnkfznafik irbnkfznafikgs gs y aioukfmnmgs, nsfstf nsfstfgkmi, gkmi, onkgjnkmi aikdhfatis y gjgrafgkmi hn ogmfnafñk. ]fgkgk aioi icjgtfvi pnrtfafpnr gk hn dirouhnafñk mg pihïtfans siafnhgs qug dnvirgzank hn afumnmnkïn natfvn ogmfnktg gh gopimgrnofgkti mg hns pgrsikns y hn bnrnktïn sus mgrgalis siafnhgs. Gh dfk úhtfoi itris pridgsfiknhgs mg hnmgnaafñk siafnh n hnmgfktgbrnafñk siafnh, hn aikstftuafñk mg gs uknaiktrfcufr siafgmnm aik ailgsfiknmn y gh mgsnrrihhi hn anhfmnm mg vfmn y mgh cfgkgstnr siafnh°. Gstn gs ukn aiopgtgkafn bgkærfan, n pnrtfr mg ghhn sg mgsprgkmgk 4 oîs gspgaïdfans: >. Anpnafmnm pnrn trncnjnr y vnhirnr mg onkgrn aikjuktn aik pgrsikns, dnofhfns, brupis, irbnkfznafikgs y aioukfmnmgs sus kgagsfmnmgs y afraukstnkafns. 3. Anpnafmnm pnrn phnkfdfanr, fophgogktnr, rgvfsnr y gvnhunr hn prîatfan mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh aik pgrsikns, dnofhfns, brupis, irbnkfznafikgs, aioukfmnmgs y aik itris pridgsfiknhgs. 1. Anpnafmnm pnrn npiynr n hns pgrsikns pnrn qug sgnk anpnags mg onkfdgstnr hns kgagsfmnmgs, puktis mg vfstn y afraukstnkafns. =. Anpnafmnm pnrn natunr gk hn rgsihuafñk mg hns sftunafikgs mg rfgsbi aik hns pgrsikns, nsï aioi pnrn hns pripfns y hn mg his aihgbns mg hn pridgsfñk. 7. Anpnafmnm pnrn nmofkfstrnr y sgr rgspiksnchg, aik supgrvfsfñk y npiyi, mg hn pripfn

4

 

prîatfan mgktri mg hn irbnkfznafñk. 4. Anpnafmnm pnrn mgoistrnr aiopgtgkafn pridgsfiknh gk gh gjgrafafi mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh.

ANU 3: TNHISGQ, Æ]FAN V LNCFHFMNMGQ QGH ]SNCNJI QIAFNH =. Añmfbi ætfai mg hn DF]Q y mg hn NFG]Q

‘Ætfan gk gh ]rncnji Qiafnh, mgahnrnafñk mg prfkafpfis‟ gs uk miauogkti npricnmi gk iatucrg mg 355= pir hn DF]Q y pir hn NFG]Q, gk Nmghnfmn, Nustrnhfn. Gh prfkafpnh icjgtfvi mg gstg gs aikafgkafnr n his pridgsfiknhgs mg hn kgagsfmnm mg ghncirnr rgdhgxfikgs y mgcntgs sicrg augstfikgs ætfans.  Nocns fkstftuafikgs aiksfmgrnk aiksfmgrnk qug his miauogk miauogktis tis foprgsafkmfchgs p pnrn nrn uk pridgsfiknh mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh sik hn Mgahnrnafñk Wkfvgrsnh mg his Mgrgalis Luonkis, gh Unati Fktgrknafiknh sicrg Mgrgalis Afvfhgs y Uihïtfais, gh Unati Fktgrknafiknh sicrg Mgrgalis Gaikñofais, Qiafnhgs y Auhturnhgs, hn Aikvgkafñk pnrn hn Ghfofknafñk mg timns hns dirons mg Mfsarfofknafñk Snafnh, hn Aikvgkafñk pnrn hn Ghfofknafñk mg timns hns dirons mg Mfsarfofknafñk aiktrn hns Oujgrgs, hn Aikvgkafñk sicrg his Mgrgalis mgh Kfþi y hn Aikvgkafñk sicrg Uugchis Fkmïbgkns y ]rfcnhgs.  Nmgoîs his/hns pridgsfiknhgs tfgkgk tfgkgk qug tgrkg uk uknn sgrfg mg prfkafpf prfkafpfis is pridgsfiknhgs: >. Mgrg Mgrgalis alis luo luonkis nkis y mfb mfbkfmnm kfmnm l luonkn uonkn.. Qg cnsn gk gghh rgspg rgspgti ti nh vnhir y mfbkfmnm mfbkfmnm ffklgr klgrgktg gktgss n timn pgrsikn, y n his mgrgalis qug mg ghhi sg mgsprgkmgk: Sgspgtnr ghghmgrgali mgrgalinnhnhnnutimgtgrofknafñk pnrtfafpnafñk • Urioivgr • ]rntnr n anmn pgrsikn aioi uk timi • ]rntnr n anmn pgrsikn aioi uk timi 3. Justf Justfafn afn siafnh siafnh.. His trncnjnmi trncnjnmirgs rgs siafnh siafnhgs gs tfgkg tfgkgk k hn rgspiksn rgspiksncfhfm cfhfmnm nm mg prioivg prioivgrr hn justfafn siafn siafnhh gk rghnafñk aik hn siafgmnm gk bgkgrnh, y aik hns pgrsikns aik hns qug trncnjnk:

• • • • •

Mgsndfnr hn mfsarfofknafñk kgbntfvn Mgsndfnr hn mfsarfofknafñk kgbntfvn Mfstrfcufr his rgaursis gquftntfvnogktg gquftntfvnogktg Ipikgrsg n hns pihïtfans y naafikgs fkjustns ]rncnjnr gk sihfmnrfmnm

1. Hn aikmua aikmuatn tn pridgsf pridgsfiknh. iknh. His His/hns /hns pridg pridgsfikn sfiknhgs hgs mgcg mgcgrîk rîk tgkg tgkgrr natunhfz natunhfznmis nmis sus añmfb añmfbis is ætfais y gk anmn aiktgxti knafiknh gstis añmfbis anocfnk:

• His pridgsfiknhgs mgcgk tgkgr lncfhfmnmgs, dironafñk y prgpnrnafñk sudfafgktg pnrn mgsgopgþnr • • • • • • •

su trncnji. Ki pnrtfafpnrîk gk naafikgs aik dfkgs fkluonkis, aioi tirturn i tgrrirfsoi. Mgcgrîk natunr aik fktgbrfmnm: ki ncusnr mg hn rghnafñk mg aikdfnkzn aik his usunrfis, rgaikiagr his hïoftgs gktrg hn vfmn pgrsiknh y pridgsfiknh y ki ncusnr mg su pisfafñk pnrn cgkgdfafis i bnknkafns pgrsiknhgs. Qg mgcgrî natunr aik his/ns usunrfis/ns mg sus sgrvfafis aik gopntïn y ntgkafñk. His/ns trncnjnmirgs/ns siafnhgs ki mgcgk sucirmfknr hns kgagsfmnmgs g fktgrgsgs mg his/ns usunrfis/ns n sus pripfns kgagsfmnmgs i fktgrgsgs. Mgcgrîk lnagr hi kgagsnrfi pnrn aufmnr mg sï ofsois, pridgsfiknh y pgrsiknhogktg, gk gh hubnr mg trncnji y gk hn siafgmnm, pnrn nsgburnrsg mg qug pugmnk idrgagr his sgrvfafis nmgaunmis. Onktgkmrîk hn aikdfmgkafnhfmnm mg hn fkdironafñk. Gxagpafikgs pir rgqugrfofgktis ætfais supgrfirgs. His/ns trncnjnmirgs/ns siafnhgs tfgkgk qug nsuofr hn rgspiksncfhfmnm mg sus naafikgs nktg his/ns usunrfis/ns mg his sgrvfafis, hns pgrsikns aik hns qug trncnjnk, sus aihgbns, sus gophgnmirgs, hns irbnkfznafikgs pridgsfiknhgs y nktg hn hgy.

2

 

• His pridgsfiknhgs mgcgk gstnr mfspugstis n aihncirnr aik hns Dnauhtnmgs mg ]rncnji Qiafnh pnrn

npiynr n sus gstumfnktgs gk gh naagsi n ukns prîatfans mg dironafñk mg cugkn anhfmnm qug hgs pgroftnk ogjirnr su aikiafofgkti prîatfai. • Qg mgcg prioivgr y diogktnr gh mgcntg ætfai gktrg his aihgbns y gophgnmirgs y nsuofr hn rgspiksncfhfmnm mg tionr mgafsfikgs ætfanogktg dukmnogktnmns. Mgcgrîk gstnr prgpnrnmis pnrn mnr augktn mg sus mgafsfikgs cnsnmns gk aiksfmgrnafikgs ætfans y • nsuofr hn rgspiksncfhfmnm mg sus ghgaafikgs y natunafikgs. • His pridgsfiknhgs mgcgk trncnjnr pnrn bgkgrnr ukns aikmfafikgs ñptfons gk hns irbnkfznafikgs mikmg trncnjnk y gk sus pnïsgs, mikmg his prfkafpfis mg gstn mgahnrnafñk y his mg sus añmfbis mg ætfan knafiknhgs (sf his lny) sgnk mgcntfmis, gvnhunmis y mgdgkmfmis. 7. Añmfbi ætfai mgh ]Q gk Gspnþn 

Lnstn nlirn sg lncïnk nknhfznmi his vnhirgs y prfkafpfis mgh trncnji siafnh fktgrknafiknhog fktgrknafiknhogktg, ktg, pgri pnrn gjgragr cfgk hn pridgsfñk gk kugstri pnïs (Gspnþn )sg ghncirn uk Añmfbi Mgiktihñbfai, puchfanmi gh 36 mg jukfi mgh 35>3. Gk gh sg rgúkgk 76 nrtïauhis gk his qug gxphfan mfdgrgktgs dukafikgs mgh trncnji siafnh, aioi pir gjgophi: phnkfdfanr, priygatnr, anhauhnr, nphfanr, gvnhunr, ogjirnr his sgrvfafis, fophgogktnr pihïtfans siafnhgs pnrn his brupis y aioukfmnmgs, natunr aik ansis, brupis y aioukfmnmgs gk oualis sgatirgs dukafiknhgs utfhfznkmi mfvgrsis gkdiqugs ogtimihñbfais, trncnjnr gk uk nophfi onrai mg îocftis irbnkfzntfvis, pripirafiknr rgaursis y prgstnafikgs n mfvgrsis sgatirgs mg hn pichnafñk n kfvgh ofari, ogsi y onarisiafnh... Qus prfkafpnhgs naafikgs sik hn fkdironafñk, fkvgstfbnafñk, prgvgkafñk, prgvgkafñk, nsfstgkafn, ntgkafñk mfrgatn, prioiafñk g fksgrafñk siafnh, ogmfnafñk, phnkfdfanafñk, bgrgkafn y mfrgaafñk, gvnhunafñk, supgrvfsfñk, miagkafn y aiirmfknafñk. Gstg tgxti qug sg pugmg gkafktnr gk fktgrkgt gk hns pîbfkns wgc mg his Aihgbfis Idfafnhgs mg ]rncnji Qiafnh y gk gh Aiksgji Bgkgrnh mgh ]rncnji Qiafnh, ougstrn his mgrgalis y mgcgrgs mg his/hns trncnjnrgs/ ns.  Nukqug anmn pnïs tgkbn su pripfi pripfi Añmfbi Mgiktihñbfai Mgiktihñbfai his pridgsfiknhgs sfgoprg mgcgk gjgragr sus dukafikgs mgsmg gh rgspgti n his mgrgalis luonkis dukmnogktnhgs mg his fkmfvfmuis, brupis y aioukfmnmgs.

<