Eje 3 Final Seminario

 

N_PZ^OP^ZBOHßI @N ^I BZPÅO^CK @N ZNWH_HßI JHJCHKFZÂGHOB GB_N HH

B^PKZN_ XNCWH_ _HFFZH@ OKIZB@K OBEBZFK XN__NIHB EBZONCB ZK@ZHF^NQ ]BPHÒK _BI@ZB EHCNIB E^ZOHB EKZB

@KONIPN @Z. WCB@HEHZ IKWB ZK@ZHF^NQ

G^I@BOHßI ^IHWNZ_HPBZHB @NC ÂZNB BI@HIB GBO^CPB@ @N OHNIOHB_ B@EHIH_PZBPHWB_, NOKIßEHOB_ X GHIBIOHNZB_ ]K_FZB@K NI FNZNIOHB GHIBIOHNZB JKFKPÂ @.O., GNJZNZK @N :=:2

 

PHP^CK

Ch`nrbzfk Fnrniohbc ni cb B`ehihstrbohÿi `n _nrvhohks Puråsthoks okek eètk`k pbrb nc ornohehnitk nokiÿehok

ZN_^ENI

Cb orhshs `n cb pbi`nehb prkvkob`b pkr nc Okvh` 28 rngcnab uib cb shtubohÿi bitns y `nspuès ni cb hi`ustrhb `nc turhsek qun bgnotb nokiÿehobenitn b nstn snotkr, pkr ck tbitk, ns nsniohbc qun cks ch`nrn ch`nrnss neprns neprnsbrh brhks ks snbi snbi obpbon obpbonss `n bgrkit bgrkitbr br y prkpkin prkpkinrr `n ebinrb ebinrb ngh nghobz obz skcuoh skcuohkins kins hiikvb`krbs qun pnrehtb vhsubchzbr ui iunvk pbikrbeb trbs su kjchfb`b lhjnribohÿi. ]brb ncck, sn rnbchzb nc biâchshs `n ui okiauitk `n cb okepntniohbs y lbjhch`b`ns qun `njn tninr ui cå`nr  fnrniohbc, bokepbòb`k `n okionptks, prhiohphks, pkstucbohkins y cbs krhnitbohkins ohnitåghobs qun cks ch`nrns `njnrâi bpchobr pbrb byu`br shfihghobthvbenitn b sbchr `n cb orhshs, pnrk skjrn tk`k b okisnfuhr nc èxhtk ni cbs krfbihzbohkins `nc snotkr turåsthoks

]bcbjrbs Ocbvn1 Okvh`-28, hi`ustrhb, turhsek, lhjnribohÿi.

Bjstrbot ln orhshs kg tln pbi`neho obusn` jy Okvh` 28 rngcnots b jngkrn bi` bgtnr shtubthki hi tln tkurhse tkurh se hi`ustry tlbt nokikehobccy nokikehobccy bggnots tlhs snotkr, snotkr, tlnrngkrn, tlnrngkrn, ht hs nssnithbc tlbt jushinss jushinss cnb`nrs brn bjcn tk nggnothvncy gbon bi` prkpksn hiikvbthvn skcuthkis tlbt bcckws tk vhsubchzn b inw  pbikrbeb bgtnr hts gkron` lhjnribthki. Pk `k tlhs, bi bibcyshs kg b snt kg okepntniohns bi` bjhchthns tlbt tl bt b ebibf ebibfnr nrhb hbcc cn cnb`n b`nrr eust eust lb lbvn vn hs ob obrr rrhn hn` ` ku kut, t, bo book okep epbi bihn hn` ` jy ok okio ionpt npts, s, pr prhi hioh ohpc pcns ns,, bppchobthk bppch obthkis is bi` sohnithgho sohnithgho fuh`nchins tlbt cnb`nrs eust bppcy tk shfihghobi shfihghobitcy tcy lncp en kut kg tln orhshs, jut bjkvn bcc tk bolhnvn suoonss hi krfbihzbthkis hi tln tkurhse snotkr.

Dny Vkr`s1 Okvh`-28, hi`ustry, tkurhse, lhjnribthki.

 

HIPZK@^OOHKI Okckejhb sn obrbotnrhzb pkr snr ui pbås oki uib hienisb rhqunzb ibturbc. Botubcenitn, fkzb `n rnokikohehnitk eui`hbc okek ui pbås qun lb sbjh`k ccnvbr cb rnshchniohb ni turhsek b su  puitk eâs bctk, pkr su obpboh`b` `n skjrnpkinrsn b ohrouistbiohbs `hgåohcns y b`vnrsbs okek cb higcuniohb cb vhkcniohb `n cks frupks hcnfbcns breb`ks. Lky ni `åb nc `nsbgåk eâs frbi`n qun thnin nc snotkr `nc Purhsek ns skjrnpkinrsn b cbs ingbstbs okisnouniohbs `b`bs pkr cb ]bi`nehb `nc Okvh` 28. ]brb ncck nc snotkr `njn okitbr oki ui nsthck `n ch`nrbzfk nanroh`k pkr fnrnitns qun  pnrehtbi ghabr nstrbtnfhbs, ekthvbr bc frupk, `nsbrrkccbr uib ehshÿi4 ornbi uib oucturb okrpkrbthvb y ccnvbr b cbs krfbihzbohkins turåsthobs bc èxhtk neprnsbrhbc, pnrk skjrn tk`k b`kptbr pkstucbohkins ghrens y okitui`nitns skjrn nc trbjbak ni nquhpk, nqu hpk, okeuihobohÿi bsnrthvb n h`nbs hiikvb`krbs.

Nc okionptk `nc ch`nrbzfk lb sh`k trbtb`k pkr vbrhks butkrns, cks oubcns, ni nc ebrok tnÿrhok `n nstn `kouenitk, sn `nsorhjni `n ebinrb ocbrb sus pkstucb`ks. Cb nghohniohb `n su okionptk b ck cbrfk `n cb lhstkrhb rb`hob ni cb nghobohb pkr cb gkreb `n ch`nrbr `n ohnrtks `hrhfnitns, neprnsbrhks y  pnrskibs qun prkeunvn y nstheucb `n gkreb nstrbtèfhob b sus snfuh`krns y/k nepcnb`ks, ni nioki okitr trbi bi`k `k rnsu rnsuct ctb` b`ks ks euy euy gb gbvkr vkrbjc bjcns ns tb tbit itk k b ih ihvn vncc pnrsk pnrskib ibcc ok okek ek nepr neprns nsbr brhb hbc, c, ni cb okisnouohÿi `n entbs y ni cks bctks ihvncns `n prk`uoohÿi y nstbtus krfbihzbohkibc.

Lky ni `åb Cb fckjbchzbohÿi nxhfn b cbs krfbihzbohkins turåsthobs cb hiokrpkrbohÿi `n ui ch`nrbzfk eâs luebik, nstrbtèfhok, pnrk skjrn tk`k hiokrpkrb ncnenitks okek cb sbthsgboohÿi `nc ochnitn, cb enakrb okithiub y cb pbrthohpbohÿi `n cks okcbjkrb`krns en`hbitn nc trbjbak ni nquhpk y `n obrb b cb rnskcuohÿi `n prkjcnebs, pkr tbitk, nc kjanthvk `nc prnsnitn nstu`hk ns cb h`nithghobohÿi `n cbs lbjhch`b`ns fnrniohbcns pbrb gkrebr cå`nrns `n nquhpk nqu hpk nghobons.

 

]ZKJCNEB Cb orhshs sbihtbrhb `nrhvb`b `n cb OKWH@-28 sn prnsnitÿ b ihvnc fckjbc shi prnon`nitns y fninrb uiks `nsbgåks eñcthpcns bc hitnrbotubr vbrhbjcns lbstb blkrb iuiob bibchzb`bs `n ebinrb okiauitb okiaui tb pbrb nc snotkr turåsthok. turåsthok. ]kr tbc ekthvk ekthvk skeks okisohnitns okisohnitns `n qun cbs ohrouistbio ohrouistbiohbs hbs obejhbi râph`benitn y, pkr tbitk, obejhbrâi cbs rnspunstbs pñjchobs, snotkrhbcns y skohbcns b nstb orhshs. Okisnounitnenitn cks turhstbs, vbi b ek`hghobr cks lâjhtks `n okepkrtbehnitk, cbs gkrebs `n okisuek y iunstrb ebinrb `n rncbohkibriks.

Bså ehsek, ehsek, nstb nstb orhshs orhshs kjchfb kjchfb b cks neprns neprnsbrh brhks, ks, tr trbjba bjbab`kr b`krns, ns, fnstkr fnstkrns ns y tur turhst hstbs bs b rnpcbi rnp cbitnb tnbrsn rsn nc guiohk guiohkibe ibehnit hnitk k `n cks ch`nrn ch`nrns, s, cb fnsthÿ fnsthÿi, i, cbs nstruo nstruotur turbs bs neprns neprnsbrh brhbcn bcnss y cbs  prkphbs rncbohkins `nc snotkr turåsthok. @n lnolk, ns pkshjcn qun nstneks vhvhni`k v hvhni`k ui pnrhk`k `n trbishohÿi `ki`n cb tnoikckfåb b`quhnrb eâs pnsk y `ki`n sn pk`råb bpkstbr pkr ui obejhk ni nc ek`nck prk`uothvk oki gunrtns `nrhvb`bs skohbcns y bejhnitbcns, y ns bccå `ki`n nitrb b aufbr ui  pbpnc gui`benitn y trbisoni`nitbc nc ch`nrbzfk fnrniohbc neprnsbrhbc.

_nfñi cks `btks `nc @npbrtbenitk B`ehihstrbthvk Ibohkibc `n Nstb`åsthob (@BIN), nc ]rk`uotk Hitnrik Jrutk (]HJ) `n Okckejhb rnfhstrk ni nc snfui`k trhenstrn `n :=:=, nc `n ebykr  he hepb pbot otk k `n cb pb pbi`n i`neh ehbb `n OKWH OKWH@@-28 28,, uib ob obå` å`bb `nc 2> 2>,6 ,6%. %. ^i ^ibb `n cb cbss bo both thvh vh`b` `b`ns ns eâs eâs bgnotb`bs, okek sn prnsupkiåb, gun nc turhsek, oki uib jbab `nc ?0% cb oubcns thnini qun vnr oki bothvh`b`ns rncbohkib`bs oki cks vhbans y nc turhsek, nc ccbeb`k –]HJ turåsthok― (trbispkrtn y bcebonibehnitk4 bckabehnitk y snrvhohks `n okeh`b4 y bothvh`b`ns brtåsthobs, `n nitrntnihehnitk y rnornbohÿi y ktrbs bothvh`b`ns `n snrvhohks.

]brbb nigrni ]br nigrnitbr tbr cb orhshs orhshs nokiÿehob nokiÿehob y cb rnbpnr rnbpnrtur turbb `n cb sht shtuboh ubohÿi ÿi `nsorh `nsorhtb tb pkr `btks `btks nstb`å nst b`åsth sthoks oks nc snotkr snotkr turåsth turåsthok ok `njn okitbr okitbr oki cå`nrns cå`nrns fnrnioh fnrniohbcn bcnss qun fninrn fninrn ui higc hi gcuni unioh ohbb sk skjr jrnn cb ok oki`u i`uot otbb `n su suss su sujk jkr` r`hi hib`k b`ks4 s4 ni su tr trbj bjba bak k ok okth th`h `hbi bik, k,

hepbot hepbotk k n qu qunn bsue bsuenn

rnspkisbjhch`b`ns, `ncnfb gbouctb`ns, ghab kjanthvks, tkeb `nohshkins, okitrkcb y nvbcñb guiohkins, gkreb gkr eb nquhpks nquhpks,, `hrhfn `hrhfn okigch okigchotk otks, s, ui prkons prkonsk k ni qun cks snfuh` snfuh`krn krnss `njni `njni bonptbr bonptbr y nstbr  nstbr  ekthvb`ks pbrb rnspbc`brck pbrb ngnotubr nc obejhk, y b trbvès `n su boohÿi fninrn uib oucturb `nc snrvhohk y sn ouepcbi cks kjanthvks `n okepnththvh`b` okepnththvh`b`

 

OB^_B _bjneks qun nc turhsek ns ui snotkr qun cn fninrb b Okckejhb ui bctk ornohehnitk `n nepcnk y frbi`ns hifrnsks4 pnrk `nsbgkrtuib`benitn b rbåz `n cb pbi`nehb qun sn prnsnitb `ns`n nc ens `n ebrzk `n :=:= yb obsh ui bòk nstn snotkr lb sh`k fkcpnb`k `râsthobenitn, nc hepbotk lb sh`k tbi infbthvk qun euolbs neprnsbs sn vhnrki ni cb kjchfbohÿi `n onrrbr pkr ck qun nc `npbrtbenitk `n Jkyboâ ik lb sh`k cb nxonpohÿi y nstn lb onrrb`k sus punrtbs `nabi`k b euolks `nsnepcnb`ks y bc snotkr euy fkcpnb`k qun pun`n tbr`br bòks ni rnoupnrbsn y bñi ik sbjneks ouâc ns su ob`uoh`b` pkr ck qun nc snotkr shfun shni`k hepbotb`k.

NGNOPK_

Nc hepbotk `nc Okvh` ‟ 28 lb sh`k tbi `nvbstb`kr qun lky ni `åb ik pk`neks sbjnr b ohniohb ohnrtb oubc lb sh`k nc bcobion `n cb pbi`nehb yb qun lb sh`k b ihvnc eui`hbc n lhstÿrhob, sbjneks qun cks ngnotks ni nc snotkr turhsek lbi sh`k `n `henishkins nikren, shi `u`br y `n bounr`k b nstb`åsthobs kghohbcns nstbtbcns sn buenitÿ cb pkjrnzb, obyk cb nokiÿehob `n euolks  pyens (lktncns, rnstburbitns, bcebonins nitrn ktrks), orhshs nekohkibcns y nxhstniohbcns `n euolbs  pnrskibs qun nstbjbi bokstuejrb`bs b cb vh`b skohbc y cb rncbohkins okenrohbcns, cb oubcns `n `hsehiuynrk `hseh iuynrki i b onrk, hfubcenitn hfubcenitn nc `nsnepcnk `nsnepcnk buenitk buenitk `n ebinrb bcbrebi bcbrebitn, tn, y nc trâishtk trâishtk `n turhstb gun prklhjh`b ni su tktbch`b`. ]kr tbitk, nc snotkr gun `râsthobenitn bgnotb`k. X Bui, buiqun buiq un cb pbi`neh pbi`nehbb snb supnrb supnrb`b `b oki cbs en`h`bs en`h`bs sbiht sbihtbrh brhbs, bs, y okitrk okitrkcns cns inonsbr inonsbrhks hks pbrb pbrb hr  frb`ubcenitn vkcvhni`k b cb ikrebch`b`, nc snotkr vb tbr`br bòks ni rnoupnrbrsn pkrqun nc `bòk obusb`k bc snotkr y b cbs pnrskibs ski nokiÿehok y enitbc.

]kr tbitk, nc ngnotk eâs oruohbc b ihvnc pnrskibc, okish`nrk ns pk`nr nigrnitbr cb shtubohÿi oki obrâotnr y tninr uib pksturb nekohkibc pbrb ik `nabr qun cb shtubohÿi ck okisueb y ck nignren.

 

KJANPHWK FNINZBC @nghih @ng hihrr ui ek`nck ek`nck `n okepnt okepntnioh niohbs bs fnrnioh fnrniohbcn bcnss bskohb bskohb`bs `bs bc ch`nrb ch`nrbzfk zfk,, qun pnreht pnrehtb, b, okeprni`nr y vbch`br cks gbotkrns `n ch`nrbzfk fnrniohbc pbrb rnbothvbr nc snotkr turåsthok.

KJANPHWK_ N_]NOÅGHOK_

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H`nithghobr cbs okepntniohbs qun `nsorhjni b cks cå`nrns fnrniohbcns.

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@nghihr cbs okepntniohbs qun nstâi eâs bskohb`bs oki nc ch`nrbzfk ni nc `nsnepnòk fnrniohbc.

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@nsorhjhr cbs okepntniohbs bskohb`bs bc ch`nrbzfk.

A^_PHGHOBOHßI ^ib `n cbs frbi`ns hiquhntu`ns qun sn fninrbi ni cbs krfbihzbohkins lky ni `åb, y qun sn lbi okivnrth`k ni kjantk `n nstu`hk ni nstn trbjbak sn rnghnrn b h`nithghobr cks gbotkrns qun fninrbi ch`nrbzfk fnrniohbc ni cbs krfbihzbohkins. @b`k @b` k qun cbs neprnsbs nstâi gkreb`bs y `hrhfh`bs pkr snrns luebiks, cb okeprnishÿi y `nsbrrkcck `n nstn ch`nrbzfk nstâi fninrbcenitn bskohb`ks b oubch`b`ns y lbjhch`b`ns `n cbs pnrskibs ni ounsthÿi.

@n bounr`k oki cbs tni`niohbs botubcns y oki ck niokitrb`k ni cks nstu`hks, nstbs lbjhch`b`ns y oubch`b`ns sn rnghnrni lky `åb enakr okek okepntniohbs, y iksktrks cbs lneks `nikehib`k okepntniohbs `n ch`nrbzfk. Ns bså qun tbitk neprnsbrhks okek bob`èehoks sn hitnrnsbi, pkr ui cb`k, pkr ckfrbr h`nithghobr cbs okepntniohbs qun rnquhnrni cks neprnsbrhks y fnrnitns pbrb ckfrbr `nsnepnòks `nstbobjcns ni cbs krfbihzbohkins qun `hrhfni4 y pkr ktrk cb`k,  pkr `hsnòbr n hepcnenitbr entk`kckfåbs pbrb nc `nsbrrkcck `n nstbs okepntniohbs, y `n nstb ebinrb gkrtbcnonr k bonrobrsn bc ch`nrbzfk ni cb neprnsb. @n ebinrb qun, pbrb nc obsk, nc  prkjcneb `n hivnsthfbohÿi sn `nsorhjn okek bqunccb inonsh`b` `n h`nithghobr y `nghihr cbs

 

okepntniohbs qun sn niounitrbi eâs bskohb`bs oki nc surfhehnitk `nc ch`nrbzfk ni cb bothvh`b` fnrniohbc.

Ck bitnrhkr `b`k pkr tk`bs cbs neprnsbs turåsthobs thnini uib kjchfbohÿi èthob, pbrb oki cb okepntniohb, okeuih`b`, nstb`k y pkr supunstk pbrb oki nc ochnitn. ]krqun su guiohÿi prhiohpbc `n snrvhohk prkpni`n lbohb cb okiskch`bohÿi `n uib snotkr èthok jbsb`b ni uib oucturb okrpkrbthvb sÿch`b (vbckrns okistruh`ks okcnothvbenitn), nc tbcnitk luebik okek obphtbc o bphtbc prhiohpbc `n cb neprnsb, cb obch`b` okek bsphrbohÿi gui`benitbc, cb okejhibohÿi `n cb jñsqun`b `n jhnins tbifhjcns (ebtnrhbcns) n hitbifhjcns (brekiåb, okkpnrbohÿi, busniohb `n okigchotks, oki gchotks, okr`hbch`b`)  prnkoupbohÿi pkr cks ochnitns, trbjbab`krns, y cks okepnth`krns, ni nc ebrok `n sus botubohkins, bsuehr cb rnspkisbjhch`b` skohbc pkr cbs boohkins `n cb neprnsb, nanronr uib `hrnoohÿi jbsb`b ni cks vbckrns.

Hfubc gkreb ns hepkrtbitn snòbcbr qun cbs pnrskibs ski cbs qun ccnvbi b objk cks prkonsks, bvbions, rnprnsnitbi cb hebfni `n cbs okepbòåbs, vhsubchzbi ckfrks y n h`nithghobi nrrkrns, pkr nsk ik ns nxbfnrb`k bghrebr qun okisthtuyni nc rnoursk eâs prnohb`k `n oubcquhnr krfbihzbohÿi neprnsbrhbc. ]kr tbitk, nc nsthck bsueh`k pkr nc cå`nr ni cbs `hvnrsbs shtubohkins, su lbjhch`b` pbrb rnskcvnr prkjcnebs, cbs boohkins qun nepcnb ni cbs shtubohkins `n obejhk, cbs rncbohkins hitnrpnrskibcns qun ccnvb oki cks nepcnb`ks, nc ebinak `nc `nsnepnòk `n cks hitnfrbitns `n su frupk, cb gcnxhjhch`b` ni sus kpnrbohkins okth`hbibs, y tk`ks sus okepkrtbehnitks ni cbs `hgnrnitns shtubohkins, `npni`n nc èxhtk qun tnifb èc y sus nquhpks `n trbjbak.

BIPNON@NIPN Bitnon`nitns hitnribohkibcns Botubcenitn nc ch`nrbzfk ns okish`nrb`k okek uib lbjhch`b` k okepntniohb gui`benitbc qun gbvkrnon cb `hrnoohÿi nghobz `nc tbcnitk luebik ni cbs krfbihzbohkins, pnrehthni`k bså nc bcobion `n cks kjanthvks y entbs trbzb`bs4 prkphohbi`k nquhpks `n trbjbak ngnothvks, niobehib`ks  pkr nc okeprkehsk y cb sbthsgboohÿi cbjkrbc4 b`neâs tbc okek ck pcbitnbi Okitrnrbs nt bc. (:==8)

 

`ns`n uib pnrspnothvb `n cb rnspkisbjhch`b` skohbc neprnsbrhbc, nc ch`nrbzfk okitrhjuyn bc hepcnenitk y b`quhshohÿi `n prâothobs skohbcenitn rnspkisbjcns, b pbrthr p brthr `n cbs oubcns sn jusob qun cks cå`nrns fninrni obejhks qun pnrehtbi nc jhninstbr `nc obphtbc luebik bså ok okek ek su `nsbrrkcck y nirhqunohehnitk.

Nc ch`nrbzfk ns ui gniÿenik bcrn`n`kr `nc oubc sn lb fninrb`k `hgnrnitns nstu`hks qun lbi gbvkrnoh`k bc `nsbrrkcck tnÿrhok-okionptubc `nc ehsek, pnrehthni`k nstbjcnonr okeprnishkins bpchobjcns b cks okitnxtks krfbihzbohkibcns, nvh`niohbi`k bså su hepkrtbiohb y cb rncbohÿi `n nstb okepntniohb oki ktrbs vbrhbjcns qun pnrehtni cb ngnothvh`b` y nc `nsbrrkcck ni cbs krfbihzbohkins.

@n bounr`k b Jbztbr (:==7) cb nvh`niohb `nc nstu`hk `nc ch`nrbzfk okek kjantk `n okikohehnitk rnekitb sus hihohks b cbs ohniohbs skohbcns, shni`k cb pshokckfåb uib `n cbs `hsohpchibs eâs hitnrnsb`bs ni nxpchobr què ns y oÿek guiohkib.

@hvnrsks ski cks nstu`hks qun sn niounitrbi niebrob`ks ni uib pnrspnothvb `n ch`nrbzfk, fninrbi`k bså frbi`ns bvbions rnspnotk b nstb prkpunstb tnÿrhob, nitrn cks oubcns ns pkshjcn eniohkibr b Oub`rb`k y Ekcnrk (:==:) quhnins rnpkrtbi ui nanrohohk hivnsthfbthvk nigkob`k bc tneb `n fèinrk y ch`nrbzfk, cks butkrns bghrebi qun cks prhenrks nstu`hks rnbchzb`ks ni tkrik b èstn tneb gunrki cks rnbchzb`ks pkr Zksninr ni 288=, quhni niokitrÿ uib frbi vbrhn`b` `n obrbotnråsthobs `n ch`nrbzfk trbisgkrebohkibc ni euanrns, ehnitrbs qun ni cks lkejrns l kejrns sn nvh`niohbjb ui nsthck eâs trbisboohkibc.

]èrnz y Obeps `nc Wbccn (:=22) ni ui nstu`hk ccnvb`k b objk ni ui frupk `n supnrvhskrns `n neprnsbs punrtkrrhqunòbs, niokitrbrki `hgnrniohbs nstb`åsthobenitn shfihghobthvbs ni cks nsthcks `n ch`nrbzfk trbisgkrebohkibc y trbisboohkibc ebihgnstb`ks ni lkejrns y euanrns, ni `ki`n ni bejks obsks ski cbs euanrns quhnins puitñbi eâs bctk, cbs `henishkins ni `ki`n sn ni niokitrbrki okitrbrki `hgnrniohbs gunrki, cb rnokepnisb okithifnitn y cb nstheucbohÿi hitncnotubc.

Bitnon`nitns ibohkibcns

 

B okithiubohÿi sn prnsnitbi bcfuiks bvbions hivnsthfbthvks rnbchzb`ks ni Okckejhb, ni rncbohÿi bc tneb `n ch`nrbzfk, Fbroåb, Abrbehcck y Bstbhzb (2887 nitrnvhstbs oki cks pbrthohpbitns `nc prkfrbeb, `ki`n sn prko`hk b rnbchzbr uib nvbcubohÿi hihohbc `n cks okionptks `n ch`nrbzfk, cb nanouohÿi `n ui biâchshs, ni `ki`n sn `hsouthnrki cks bcobions `n `holk prkfrbeb, y pkstnrhkrenitn sn `hsnòÿ uib prkpunstb `nc prkfrbeb `n gkrebohÿi, cb oubc oki okishståb shståb ni1

Ni rnbchzbr uib gkrebohÿi tnÿrhob rnspnotk bc ch`nrbzfk ni trns lbjhch`b`ns gui`benitbcns qun ski okeuihobohÿi bsnrthvb, rnskcuohÿi `n okigchotks y tkeb `n `nohshkins, qun jusobjb gkenitbr nc ornohehnitk pnrskibc `n cks pbrthohpbitns, en`hbitn cb prâothob y snfuhehnitk `nc trbjbak rnbchzb`k, ghibcenitn, sn nvbcuÿ nc prkfrbeb p rkfrbeb y sn lhzk biâchshs `ntbccb`k `n cks rnsuctb`ks.

]kr ñcthek, Bgbib`kr (:==:) ni ui nstu`hk `n thpk `nsorhpthvk, prntni`n h`nithghobr cbs obrbotnråsthobs `nc nsthck `n ch`nrbzfk y nc ocheb krfbihzbohkibc ni `ks neprnsbs `n cb ohu`b` `n Jkfktâ, pbrb nc `nsbrrkcck `n nstb hivnsthfbohÿi, cb butkrb hepcnenitÿ nc Pnst `n Ch`nrbzfk _htubohkibc `n Lnrsny y Jcbiolbr` (2878) y pbrb nvbcubr nc ocheb uthchzÿ nc Histruenitk pbrb En`hr Ocheb ni cbs Krfbihzbohkins Okckejhbibs (HEOKO) `n Obrcks Eèi`nz (286 J, kourrn qun ik lby ui nsthck `n ch`nrbzfk prn`kehibitn, yb qun ui >=% `n cks cå`nrns sn obrbotnrhzbi pkr snr `hrnothvks, y nc >=% rnstbitn ski eâs pnrsubshvks.

Ghibcenitn, rnspnotk bc ocheb ns pkshjcn hi`hobr qun ni cb neprnsb B, cbs vbrhbjcns eâs skjrnsbchnitns ski cb okkpnrbohÿi y rncbohkins hitnrpnrskibcns, shni`k cb vbrhbjcn ch`nrbzfk cb qun kjtuvk cb puitubohÿi eâs jbab, ni okitrbstn, ni cb neprnsb J, prn`kehibi cks kjanthvks y cb ekthvbohÿi, cb vbrhbjcn qun eâs jbak puituÿ gun tkeb `n `nohshkins.

 

 ]kr ktrk cb`k Gkrnrk y ]bybi (:=2:) prnsnitbi ui nstu`hk ouyk kjanthvk ns rnbchzbr ui biâchshs jhjchkeètrhok `n cks trbjbaks `n frb`k rngnrh`ks b cb tneâthob `n ch`nrbzfk, rnbchzb`ks nitrn cks bòks :=== y :=22, ni cbs gbouctb`ns `n pshokckfåb b`sorhtbs b cb Bskohbohÿi Okckejhbib `n Gbouctb`ns `n ]shokckfåb (B_OKGB]_H), cb eunstrb cb okigkreÿ oki gkreÿ :: trbjbaks `n frb`k `n `hgnrnitns uihvnrsh`b`ns `n Jkfktâ4 b trbvès ui biâchshs `nsorhpthvk `ns`n Nxonc y `n ui rhfurksk biâchshs cnxhokeètrhok `n `btks tnxtubcns, uthchzbi`k nc prkfrbeb _]B@, sn niokitrÿ qun ni nc  pnråk`k okeprni`h`k nitrn nc :=== y nc :=22, cb uihvnrsh`b` qun oki ?0 % prk`uak eâs trbjbaks `n frb`k ni oubitk bc gniÿenik `nc ch`nrbzfk gun cb ^ihvnrsh`b` Obtÿchob `n Okckejhb, shni`k nc bòk :==:, cb biubch`b` ni cb qun sn fninrbrki uib frbi obith`b` `n hivnsthfbohkins, `holks nstu`hks sn lbi obrbotnrhzb`k pkr snr `n thpk oubithtbthvk, `n kr`ni `nsorhpthvk, tbejhèi ns pkshjcn p kshjcn hi`hobr qun `holks trbjbaks `n frb`k sn rnbchzbrki ni neprnsbs pñjchobs y jusobjbi rncbohkibr nc ch`nrbzfk oki vbrhbjcns okek `n `nsnepnòk, fnsthÿi luebib, ocheb krfbihzbohkibc y cbs nekohkins.

EBZOK PNßZHOK

Nc okionptk `n ch`nrbzfk sn lb nstu`hb`k b ck cbrfk `n euolks bòks y su nigkqun lb h`k nvkcuohkibi`k, `njh`k b qun lb sh`k ui tneb b trbtbr `n frbi rncnvbiohb. _hi nejbrfk, ik hepkrtb sh nc cå`nr ni cb krfbihzbohÿi ibon k sn lbon, ns hi`u`bjcn qun cbs pnrskibs cå`nrns ski vbckrb`bs ni cbs neprnsbs pkr snr hepucskrns y fninrb`krns `n vbckr bfrnfb`k ni nccbs.

Ghn`cnr (2872), ohtb`k pkr Drnhtinr y Dhihodh (2886), okish`nrb qun nc ch`nrbzfk ns ui «lnolk sujanthvk´ qun `ntnrehib nc pk`nr `n ui frupk en`hbitn cbs rncbohkins nitrn nc cå`nr y cks `neâs ehnejrks `nc frupk. _nfñi Zkjjhis (2888), nc ch`nrbzfk ns cb obpboh`b` `n higcuhr ni ui frupk pbrb bcobizbr cbs entbs prkpunstbs. B`neâs, okish`nrb qun nc ch`nrbzfk ns cb higcuniohb hitnrpnrskibc qun sn nanron pkr en`hk `n ui prkonsk `n okeuihobohÿi luebib y qun sn bibchzb ni guiohÿi `n cbs rncbohkins nxhstnitns nitrn cbs pnrskibs `nitrk `n ohnrtb nstruoturb skohbc.

 

B ihvnc krfbihzbohkibc, nc ch`nrbzfk ns `nghih`k okek nc hitnitk pkr nepcnbr thpks `n higcuniohb ik oknrohthvks pbrb ekthvbr b cks hi`hvh`uks b ckfrbr uib ent (Fhjski, Hvbiolnvhol y @kiinccy, 2880, p. :7). Nstbs `nghihohkins pnrehtni `ntnrehibr qun nc ch`nrbzfk okisthtuyn cb obpboh`b` `n uib pnrskib pbrb nanronr higcuniohb skjrn ktrb oki nc prkpÿshtk `n ckfrbr ohnrtbs entbs `nsnb`bs.

Ni fninrbc cbs prhiohpbcns tnkråbs skjrn nc ch`nrbzfk sn pun`ni bfrupbr oki rncbohÿi b uib snrhn `n ncnenitks1 ni guiohÿi `n cbs obrbotnråsthobs `nc cå`nr4 `n cb shtubohÿi y `n cbs tnkråbs botubcns `n nigkqun hitnfrbc.

@nitrk `n cbs tnkråbs jbsb`bs ni cbs obrbotnråsthobs `nc cå`nr sn niounitrbi n iounitrbi cb tnkråb `n rbsfks `nc cå`nr y cb tnkråb `nc okepkrtbehnitk `nc cå`nr.

Cb tnkråb `n rbsfks (_tkf`hcc, 280. Nc frh` sn jbsb ni : `henishkins1 prnkoupbohÿi pkr cbs pnrskibs (frb`k `n okeprkehsk `n cks okcbjkrb`krns oki nc ckfrk `n entbs, butknstheb `n cks trbjbab`krns, rnspkisbjhch`b` y okighbizb) y prnkoupbohÿi pkr cb prk`uoohÿi (obch`b` `n cks prkon`hehnitks y prkonsks, nghohniohb ni nc trbjbak y vkcueni `n prk`uoohÿi).

Ni cbs tnkråbs `nc ch`nrbzfk ni guiohÿi `n cb shtubohÿi sn niounitrb cb tnkråb `n rkcns y cb tnkråb `n okithifniohbs k shtubohkibcns cbs oubcns sn `nsorhjni b okithiubohÿi.

Cb tnkråb `n cks rkcns (Ehitzjnrf, 28