Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary Vol 1

>1B f^ AN

EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC DICTIONARY. WITH AN INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS, KING LIST AND GEOGRAPHICAL LIST WITH INDEXES, LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS. COPTIC AND SEMITIC ALPHABETS, ETC.

ByCSir)

E^r

AV

WALLIS BUDGE,

Knt., F.S.A.,

M.A. AND LiTT.D., Cambridge; M.A. and D.Litt., Oxford; D.Lit., Durham; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND TYRWHITT HEBREW SCHOl.AU KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM. ;

{IN

TWO VOLUMES) VOL.

I.

LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1920.

T

CONTENTS. PAGE

Dedication

'

.

facing

.

Introduction

V

List of Authorities quoted or referred to List of Hieroglyphic Characters Coptic, Semitic,

Ixxv

....

xcvii

and Persian Cuneiform Alphabets

cxiviii

Egyptian Dictionary List of Kings'

I

Names ^

917

.

List of Countries, Cities, Towns, etc.

Index of English

947

Words

Index of Kings' Names

1067 1257

.

Index of Geographical Names

Geographical Names

in Coptic,

1271

Greek, Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac

Arabic, etc List of Coptic

1279

Words quoted

List of non-Egyptian

in

the Dictionary

Words quoted

in

Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac, Arabic, List of

ii

Egyptian

1287

etc.

— Greek

....

the Dictionary

Hieroglyphic Characters in the

Messrs. Harrison and Sons; with Appendix.

1305

Fount of 1315

INTRODUCTION. may

be taken for granted that, from the time when Akerblad, Young and Champollion le Jeune laid the foundation of the

It

science of Egyptology in the

first

quarter of the nineteenth century

down to the present day, every serious student of Egyptian texts, whether hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic, has found it necessary to compile in one form or another his own Egyptian Dictionary. In these days

when we have

knowledge which

at our disposal the

hundred years by the unceasing and their immediate Labours of Birch, Lepsius, Brugsch, Chabas, Goodwin, E. de p^"^!^ followers Rouge and others we are apt to underrate the difficulties which lexicothey met and overcame, as well as to forget how great is the debt S^'^P^^^^. which we owe to them. I therefore propose, before passing on to describe the circumstances under which the present Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary has been produced, to recall briefly the labours of the " famous men " who have preceded me in the field of Egyptian lexicography, and " who were honoured in their generations, and were the glory of their times." The Abbe J. J. Barthelemy (1716-1795) as far back as 1761 Akerblad and inscriptions Zoega's showed satisfactorily that the ovals in Egyptian uy i discoveries, which we call " cartouches " contamed royal names. Zoega

has been acquired during the toil

of

the

last

above-mentioned

—

pioneers

—

jT

.

(1756-1809) accepted this view, and, developing

it,

stated that the

them were alphabetic letters. Had Akerblad (1760-1819) and S. de Sacy (1758-1838) accepted these facts, and wofked to develop them, the progress of Egyptological They failed, howscience would have been materially hastened. ever, to pay much attention to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of which copies were available, and devoted all their time and labour

hieroglyphs

in

^

to the elucidation of the enchorial, or demotic, text on the Rosetta

Stone, the discovery of which had roused such profound interest

among with

the learned

this

text

men

of the day.

Their labours in connection

were crowned with

considerable

Akerblad belongs the credit of being the

first

European

a " Demotic Alphabet," and to give the values of Coptic letters, but neither he nor

S.

its

success.

To

to formulate

characters in

de Sacy seems to have sus-

pected the existence of a hieroglyphic alphabet. Both these eminent scholars produced lists, or small vocabularies, of demotic '

See

my

Rosetta Stone, vol.

I,

p. 40.

a 3

Silvestre de

^^^^

Introduction.

VI

Demotic vocabularies

Akerblad and de Sacy. of

words, and added translations of them which are surprisingly

both were able

to read correctly the

Greek royal names, failure to

the

to

e.g.,

And

when they were compiled.

correct considering the period

demotic equivalents of several

Alexander, Ptolemy and Berenice.

Their

apply the method by which they achieved such success

hieroglyphic

inscriptions

is

inexplicable.

It

has been

suggested that their scholarly minds revolted at the absurd views, theories Kircher, Jablonski,

de Guignes

and Tychsen.

and statements about the Egyptian hieroglyphs made

by Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680), Jablonski (1673-1757),

J.

de

Guignes (1721-1800), Tychsen (1734-1815) and others, and the suggestion is probably correct. After the publication of his

famous " Letter " to

S.

de Sacy,^ Akerblad seems to have dropped

his Egyptological studies.

about them.

De

At

all

events, he published nothing

Sacy, though he did not consider that he had

wasted the time that he had spent on the demotic text on the Rosetta Stone, refrained from further research in Egyptology, and nothing of importance was effected in the decipherment of the

Egyptian hieroglyphs until Dr. Thomas Young (June 13th, 1773May loth, 1830) turned his attention to them.

Young's Hieroglyphic Alphabet and Vocabulary. Thomas Young and the Rosetta Stone.

In

1 814

Young began

to study the inscriptions

on the Rosetta own statement, succeeded in a few translating both the demotic and the hieroglyphic

Stone, and, according to his

months texts.

in

His translations, together with notes and some remarks

on Akerblad's Demotic Alphabet, were printed in Archceologia for 1815, under the title " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri and on the Inscription of Rosetta." With respect to the Egj^ptian Alphabet " he says, I had hoped to find an alphabet which would enable me to read the enchorial inscription. But I gradually compelled had been to abandon this expectation, and to admit the conviction that no such alphabet would ever be

...

.

discovered, because

it

had never been

next three or four years he

ment

made

in existence."

During the

striking progress in the decipher-

both demotic and hieroglyphic characters. The results of his studies at this period were published in his article Egypt, of

which appeared pcBcLia

in Part

Britannica

in

I

i8ig.

of the It

fourth volume of the Encyclo-

was accompanied by

five plates,

containing inter alia a hieroglyphic vocabulary of 218 words, a '

Lettre sur

V Inscription Egyptienne de

Rosette, adressee

au citoyen

Silvestre

de Sacy, Paris (Imprimerie de la Republique Fran^aise) and Strasbourg, an (1802), 8vo.

With a

plate containing the

Demotic Alphabet.

X

Introduction. " supposed enchorial,

i.e.,

vii

demotic alphabet," and " specimens of

phrases." The Vllth Section of the letterpress contained the Young's " Rudiments of a Hieroglyphic Vocabulary," and thus Young Hieroglyphic

Egyptian Vocabularies. In this article, which formed a most important and epochmaking contribution to Egyptology, Young gave a list containing a number of alphabetic Egyptian characters, to which, in most cases, he assigned correct phonetic values, i.e., values which are accepted by Egyptologists at the present day. In fact, he showed

became the "father"

that he

had

of English compilers of

rightly grasped the idea of a phonetic principle in

the reading of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the existence of which had

been assumed and practically proved by Barthelemy and Zoega, and applied it for the first time in the decipherment of .

.

.

His application of the Phonetic

Egyptian hieroglyphs. This seems to me to be an mdisputable principle. fact, which can easily be verified by any one who will take the " trouble to read Young's article, Egypt, in the " Supplement to the EncyclopcBdia Britannica and study his correspondence and papers which John Leitch reprinted in the third volume of Young's the Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., gnceTith'^'

Those whom such evidence will not satisfy may consult the five volumes of his papers that are preserved in the In the first British Museum (Additional MSS. 27,281-27,285). volume (Add. 27,281) are all the principal documents dealing with his work on the Rosetta Stone, and in the second (Add. 27,282) will be found his copies of a series of short vocabularies of Egyptian London, 1855.

Chan-pollion

^

others.

Without wishing in any way to reopen the dispute as to the merits and value of Young's work in comparison with that of ChampoUion, it may be pointed out that scholars who were contemporaries of both and who had competent knowledge of Egyptology couple together the names of Young and ChampoUion, and place Young's name first. Thus Kosegarten groups Young, words.

Birch speaks of the " discoveries of ChampoUion and Peyron^ and Tattam says that the Dr. Young and M. ChampoUion "^ sculptured monuments and papyri of Egypt have long " engaged ;

;

who have

contemporary opinions on

endeavoured to Young's decipher them, tUl our indefatigable and erudite countryman, discovery. Dr. Young, and, after him, M. ChampoUion, undertook the task."''

the attention of the Learned,

in vain

Debitas vero gratias refero Youngio, ChampoUiono, Peyronio, viris praeclarissimis, quo quoties aliquid ad hoc studiorum genus pertinens abiis sciscitarem, '

semper et promte quae desiderarem mecum communicaverunt. De Prisca Aegyptiorum Litteratura Commentatio prima. Weimar, 1828, p. iv. - Sketch London, 1838, p. 3. of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary.

toties benevolo

'

Coptic

Grammar.

London, 1830,

p. ix.

a 4

:

Introduction.

Vlll

The

great value and importance of Young's application of the

phonetic principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs has been

summed up

with characteristic French terseness and accuracy by Chabas,

who

the distinguished Egyptologist,

wrote, " Cette id6e fut, dans

lux de la science."' Curiously enough Young did not

la realite, le fiat

up

follow

his discovery

by

a continued application of his phonetic principle to Egyptian inscriptions other than those on the Rosetta Stone, but seems to

have been content to leave

its

further application and development

ChampoUion le Jeune.^ And for some reason he made no attempt to add to the Egyptian Vocabulary containing 218 words wliich he published in his article Egypt in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, to

he did, his additions were never printed. On the other hand, he devoted himself to the preparation of a Demotic Dictionary and

or Young's

Demotic Dictionary.

if

work occupied the last ten years of his life. The " Advertisement " is of considerable interest, for it shows that it was only his inability to decide upon the system of arrangement that ought to be employed in an Egyptian Dictionary, that prevented him from publishing the work during his lifetime. His difficulty is described this

by him thus " From

the mixed nature of the characters employed in the

written language or rather languages of the Egyptians, to determine

cult

it

is diffi-

what would be the best arrangement

for

a

dictionary, even

if they were all perfectly clear in their forms, and perfectly well understood at present, however, so many of them remain unknown, and those which are better known assume so diversified an appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly increased. Every methodical arrangement, however arbitrary, has the advantage of bringing together such words as nearly resemble each other and it appears most likely to be subservient to the purposes of future investigation, to employ an imitation of an alphabetical order, or an artificial alphabet, founded upon the resemblance of the characters to those of which the phonetic value was clearly and correctly determined by the late Mr. Akerblad; and to arrange the words that are to be interpreted :

Alphabetic arrangement of the Dictionary.

:

according to their places in this in each instance, not

artificial

always the

first

the composition of the word, but the most radical, or the most '

Inscription de Rosette, p.

^

See Advertisement

to

order

;

choosing, however,

character that enters into

that

essential

which appears to be in

its signification,

or

5.

Dr. Young's Egyptian Dictionary printed in Rudiments

of an Egyptian Dictionary, which formed an Appendix to Tattam's Coptic Grammar. London, 1830, 8vo, and was reprinted by Leitch. op. cit., p. 472 ff.

Introduction.

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Introduction.

sometimes that which distinguished.

Now

merely the most readily ascertained or

is

"1

although Young was the

first

to apply the phonetic, or

alphabetic, principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs,

Champollion's

AlphabS'^'^

it

is

quite clear

from the above that he failed to see its value in arranging Egyptian words in a dictionary. Speaking of Champollion's alphabet, which was in reality his own with modifications and considerable he says

additions,

:

"His system

of phonetic characters

may

often be of use in assisting the

memory, but it can only be applied with confidence to particular cases when supported in each case by the same kind of evidence that had been employed before its invention. His communications have furnished many valuable additions to this work, all of which have been acknowledged in their

proper places."

phonetic,

ment

of

So then rejecting

his

own system

of

alphabetic, characters, and Champollion's develophe drew up his " Rudiments of the Egyptian Dicthe ancient Enchorial Character," intending the work

i.e. it,

tionary in

appear as an Appendix to the " Coptic Grammar," which Henry Tattam was then writing. Whilst the printing of the

to

Rudiments " was in progress he work was so great that in spite "

Kosegarten's es imony.

prepare

its

fell ill,

but his interest in the

of his illness he continued to

pages for the lithographer and to correct the proofs.

When

he had passed for press six sheets, i.e. 96 pages, death overtook him, and Tattam corrected the last 14 pages (pp. 97-110) of proof, saw them through the press, and compiled an Index to the work, which appeared with Tattam's " Coptic

Grammar

" in

Writing to M. Arago on July 4th, 1828, Young says, " Now of the nine letters which I insist that I had discovered, M. ChampoUion himself allows me five, and I maintain that a single one would have been sufficient for all that I '

wished to prove

;

the method by which that one was obtained being allowed to

The

be correct, and to be capable of further application. analysis of the Egyptian system,

I insist, is

true foundation of the

the great fact of the original identity

of the enchorial with the sacred characters, which

I

discovered and printed in

Museum

Criiicum No. VI, pp. 155-204], and which M. ChampoUion probably rediscovered, and certainly republished in 182 1 besides the reading of

1816

[in

the

;

name

had completely ascertained and published in 1814, and the name of Cleopatra, which Mr. Bankes had afterwards discovered by means of the information that I had sent him out to Egypt, and which he asserts that he communicated indirectly to M. ChampoUion [see H. Salt, Essay on Dr. Young's and M. Champollion's Phonetic System of Hieroglyphics, London, 1825, and whatever deficiencies there might have been in my original alphabet, p. 7] supposing it to have contained but one letter correctly determined, they would and must have been gradually supplied by a continued application of the same method to other monuments which have been progressively discovered and made the

of Ptolemy,

which

I

;

public since the date of

Thomas Young, M.D.,

my

first

Leitch, Miscellaneous

paper."

F.R.S., Vol. Ill,

p.

464

ff.

Works

of the late

Introduction.

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Chatnpollion's Table of Hieroglyphic relative

b,

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ij"»ti

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{j...c5

and Demotic phonetic

des Hieroglyphes Phonetiqties.

signs.

From

Paris, 1822.

his Letire

a M.

Plate IV.

Dader

^

xu

Introduction.

The

1830.^

" Rudiments,"

to

paraphrase Kosegarten's words,

contains a valuable and well-arranged collection of

all

the most

important groups of enchorial characters hitherto deciphered. These Young selected from enchorial texts which had been published

himself, and by Champollion and Kosegarten, and from which he had received from Champollion describing the

by

letters

contents of unpublished papyri at Paris.

The

progress of Egyptology suffered a severe set-back

May loth, 1830, and by the death of March 4th, pollion on 1832, and there was no scholar sufficiently advanced in the science to continue their work. With the exception of books and papers of a polemical character, some authors championing Young's system of phonetics, and others loudly proclaiming the superior merits of that of Champollion, and others advocating the extraordinary views of Spohn and Seyffarth (1796-1885), no important work on Egyptological decipherment appeared for several years. Soon after the death of Champollion a rumour circulated freely among the learned of Europe to the effect that the great Frenchman had left in manuscript, almost complete, many works which he was preparing for press when death overtook him, and that these were to appear shortly under death of Young on

Progress of

Egyptology retarded by the death of

Young and Champollion.

by the Cham-

Champolhon-Figeac (i 778-1 867). was widely known that Champollion had been engaged for

the editorship of his brother, It

'

In his Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets (Coptic p. ix ff.) Tattam describes briefly and accurately the various steps in

Grammar,

He shows that Young was the first Ptolemy and Berenice, that Bankes, with the help of Young, discovered the name of Cleopatra, and says that the system of letters thus discovered was " taken up, and extended, by M. Champollion, and afterwards He then gives the Hieroglyphic by Mr. Salt, our late Consul-General in Egypt." Alphabet as constructed from the researches of Young, Bankes, Champollion and the early history of Egyptian decipherment. to read correctly the

names

of

Salt. ' Das Werk (Nro. 2), mit welchem der treffliche Young Laufbahn und zugleich sein Leben beschlossen hat, tnthalt

wohlgeordnete Sammlung

allcr

seine literarische

eine schatzbare,

wichtigsten bisher erklarten enchorischen Schrift-

Er hat diese Sammlung aus den von ihm selbst, von Champollion, und von mir bekannt gemachten enchorischen Texten ausgewahlt, aber auch

gruppen.

aus noch nicht herausgegebenen Pariser PapyrusroUen benutzt. Er leitete den Druck und die Corrcktur dieser Schrift, welchc ihm sehr am Herzen lag, und die gleichsam sein Vermachtniss iiber die Aegyptischen Untersuchungen liefert, noch auf seinem letzten Krankenbette, Als er bis zur g6sten so schwer ihm auch zuletzt das Schreiben schon ward. briefliche Mittheilungen Champollion's

Scite

mit der Correktur gelangt war,

letzten Seiten,

und

fur wissenschaftUche Col. 771.

ereilte ihn der

die Indices besorgte daher Kri'.ik,

Jahrgang 1831, Bd.

Tod

die Correktur der

;

Hy. Tattam. II,

Stuttgart

See Jahrbiicher

und Tubingen,

4to,

n Introduction.

xiii

PHONETiCK Alphabet '" i

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xxix

Introduction.

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