EG-1855-Laime Mita, Silvia Eugenia
April 7, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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^JBTNYPBKMK HMRLY KN PMJ MJKYÂP DM@^F[MK DM@^F[M K KN [N@JLFLGÈM @MYYNYM KN ]^ÈHB@M BJK^P[YBMF
‖UYLU^NP[M KN MJÍFBPBP KN WLFDYMH NJ
HBJNYMFNP KN IMOM FNR ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T - TBPBIFN‘ [YMIMOL KN MUFB@M@BÐJ KN NQMHNJ KN GYMKL UMYM LI[NJNY NF [È[^FL M@MKÂHB@L KN FB@NJ@BM[^YM NJ ]^ÈHB@M BJK^P[YBMF
ULP[^FMJ[N ?
PBFTBM N^GNJBM FMBHN HB[M FM UM_ ‐ ILFBTBM ILFBTBM 95=4
KNKB@M[LYBM
Knkb`l nstn prlyn`tl m hbs pmkrns Jb`lfís Fmbhn Aumj`m y Jmjy Hmr`bm Hbtm @mffbsmym qun sbnhprn hn mplymrlj bj`ljkb`bljmfhnjtn nj fm pmrtn hlrmf y n`ljðhb`m pmrm plknr ffngmr m snr uj prldnsbljmf.
M hbs anrhmjls plr nf mplyl qun sbnhprn hn irbjkmrlj kèm m kèm nj nf trmjs`ursl kn `mkm mýl kn hb `mrrnrm ujbvnrsbtmrbm.
Pbfv Pb fvbb m N ugn ugnjbm jbm F mbh bhn n Hb Hbttm
MGYMKN@BHBNJ[LP
Fn mgrmknz`l m Kbls plr aminrhn m`lhpmýmkl y gubmkl m fl fmrgl kn hb `mrrnrm, plr snr hb dlrtmfnzm nj fls hlhnjtls kn knibfbkmk y plr irbjkmrhn ujm vbkm ffnjm kn mprnjkbzmons, y nxpnrbnj`bms y slirn tlkl dnfb`bkmk. Fn kly grm`bms m hbs pmkrns Jb`lfís y Jmjy plr mplymrhn nj tlkl hlhnjtl, plr fls vmflrns qun hn amj bj`uf`mkl y plr aminrhn kmkl fm lplrtujbkmk kn tnjnr ujm nx`nfnjtn nku`m`bðj nj nf trmjs`ursl kn hb vbkm. M hbs anrhmjls plr snr pmrtn bhplrtmjtn kn hb vbkm, plr aminrhn mplymkl nj fms iunjms y nj fms hmfms. Fn mgrmknz`l fm `ljdbmjzm, mplyl y knkb`m`bðj kn tbnhpl m fls kl`njtns? Fb`. Nkhujkl Lvmjkl, Fb`. Lsvmfkl Tmfnjzunfm, Fb`. Ymdmnf Ljldrn. Dbjmfhnjtn, mgrmkn`nr m tlkls fls kl`njtns kn fm @mrrnrm kn ]uèhb`m Bjkustrbmf plr nf mplyl irbjkmkl.
ÈJKB@N GNJNYMF
@MUÈ[^FL B......................................................................................................................... = =. BJ[YLK^@@BÐJ ................................................................................................... ............................................... ........................................................... ....... 9 =.=.
MJ[N@NKNJ[NP KN NP[^KBL .................................................. .......................................................................... ........................ 9
=.9.
UFMJ[NMHBNJ[L KNF UYLIFNHM .................................................. ................................................................ .............. 0
=.9.=. =.0.
DLYH^FM@BÐJ KNF UYLIFNHM ............................................................. ............................................... .............. 0
LION[BTLP ..................................................................................................... ................................................. ........................................................... ....... 0
=.0.=.
LION[BTL GNJNYMF .................................................. ................................................................................... ................................. 0
=.0.9.
LION[BTLP NPUN@ÈDB@LP ................................................... ........................................................................... ........................ 0
=.;.
O^P[BDB@M@BÐJ .................................................................................................... .................................................. .................................................. ;
...................................................................................................... ................................................................... ................ > @MUÈ[^FL BB ................................................... 9. HMY@L [NÐYB@L ........................................................................................................ ...................................................... .................................................. 4 9.=.
WLFDYMH ...................................................................................................... .................................................. ........................................................... ....... 4
9.=.=.
@MYM@[NYÈP[B@MP UYBJ@BUMFNP KNF WLFDYMH ............................. 4
9.=.9.
HBJNYMFNP KN WLFDYMH................................................ WLFDYMH........................................................................ ........................ 7
9.=.9.=.
WLFDYMHB[M (Dn, Hj) WL;.................................................. ................................................................ .............. 7
9.=.9.=.=. RM@BHBNJ[LP KN WLFDYMHB[M .................................................. 1 9.=.9.9. P@ANNFB[M (@mWL;) ........................................................................... =5 9.=.9.9.=. RM@BHBNJ[LP K KN N P@ANNFB[M P@ANNFB[M ..................................................... == 9.=.9.0.
DNYINYB[M (DnWL;) ........................................................................... ................................... ........................................ =0
9.=.9.;.
A^IJNYB[M (HjWL;)......................................................................... =>
9.=.0. 9.9.
MUFB@M@BLJNP KNF WLFDYMH ............................................................. ................................................. ............ =4
NPUN@[YLDLHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN .................................................... ................................................................ ............ =7
9.9.=.
[YMJPHB[MJ@BM R MIPLYIMJ@BM...................................................... MIPLYIMJ@BM........................................ .............. 95
9.9.9.
FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY ............................................. ................................................................... ...................... 9=
9.9.0.
N]^BUL? NPUN@[YLDL[ÐHN[YL ^T-TBPBIFN........................ ^T-TBPBIFN.................................... ............ 99
9.9.0.=.
D^NJ[N KN NJNYGÈM YMKBMJ[N ................................................... .............................................. ..... 99
9.9.0.9.
HLJL@YLHMKLY................................................................ HLJL@YLHMKLY.............................................................................. .............. 99
9.9.0.0.
ULY[M @^IN[M ...................................................... ................................................................................... ............................. 90
9.9.0.;.
KN[N@[LY ............................................................................................ ...................................................... ...................................... 90
9.9.0.>.
YNGBP[YMKLY ............................................... ..................................................................................... ...................................... 90
9.9.;.
LI[NJ@BÐJ KN ^J NPUN@[YL KN MIPLY@BÐJ................................. 9;
9.9.>.
@^YTMP KN @MFBIYMKL ................................................... ......................................................................... ...................... 94
9.0.
9.9.>.=.
PLF^@BÐJ HMKYN .............................................. ............................................................................. ............................... 97
9.9.>.9.
PLF^@BÐJ UM[YÐJ ............................................. ............................................................................ ............................... 97
YNM@@BLJNP NJ FM UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FM H^NP[YM ............................ 97
@MUÈ[^FL BBB ................................................................................................................... 92 0. HMY@L HN[LKLFÐGB@L ....................................................................................... ................................................. ...................................... 05 0.=.
HM[NYBMFNP R YNM@[BTLP ..................................................... ........................................................................... ...................... 05
0.=.=.
HM[NYBMFNP ............................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................ 05
0.=.9.
YNM@[BTLP .................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................ 05
0.=.0.
N]^BULP .............................................. .................................................................................................. ......................................................... ..... 0=
0.9.
UMY[N NQUNYBHNJ[MF ................................................................................... ...................................................... ............................. 0=
0.9.=.
MJÍFBPBP UYLU^NP[L KN WLDYMH ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM
^T-TBPBIFN? ............................................................................................................... 0= 0.9.=.=.
UYNUMYM@BLJNP KN PLF^@BLJNP ................................................ 0=
0.9.=.=.=. PLF^@BÐJ HM HMKYN KYN KN =555 pph KN WL0 .................................... .................................... 0= 0= 0.9.=.=.9. PLF^@BÐJ BJ[NYHNKBM KN =55 pph KN WL0 ........................... 09 0.9.=.=.0. PLF^@BÐJ KN P^FDM[L DNYYLPL 5,05 H ................................. 09
0.9.=.=.;. PLF^@BÐJ KN @F @FLY^YL LY^YL NP[MJJLPL 5,>5 H .......................... 09 0.9.=.=.>. PLF^@BÐJ KN [BL@BMJM[L KN UL[MPBL =,55 H ..................... 00 0.9.=.9.
KNP@YBU@BÐJ UYNFBHBJMY KN FM H^NP[YM ............................ 00
0.9.=.0.
UYNUMYM@BÐJ R MJÍFBPBP KN FM H^NP[YM ............................. 0;
0.9.=.0.=. UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FM H^ H^NP[YM NP[YM .................................................. 0; 0.9.=.0.9. [YM[MHBNJ[L KN FM H^NP[YM ................................................ 0> 0.9.=.;.
UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FLP UM[YLJNP KN FM @^YTM KN
@MFBIYM@BÐJ ............................................... ................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... ;5 0.9.=.>.
MJÍFBPBP ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T- TBPBIFN ............... ;5
0.9.=.>.=. HNKB@BÐJ ULY NPUN@[YLDL NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM [LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN ........... ;= 0.9.9.
TNYBDB@M@BÐJ KN FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY................................ ;;
................................................. ................................................................. .............. ;> @MUÈ[^FL BT ...................................................................................................... ;. MJÍFBPBP N BBJ[NYUYN[M@BÐJ J[NYUYN[M@BÐJ KN YNP^F[MKLP ............................................. ;4 ;.=.
HNKB@BÐJ KN WL0 ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN ^T-TBP BIFN ............. ;4
;.=.=.
@^YTM KN @MFBIYM@BÐJ........................................................................ @MFBIYM@BÐJ................................ ........................................ ;4
;.=.9.
@ÍF@^FLP ................................................................................................... ................................................... ................................................ ;2
;.=.0.
TNYBDB@M@BÐJ KN FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY............................... >>
;.9.
MJÍFBPBP KN YNP^F[MKLP ............................................. ............................................................................ ............................... >7
@MUÈ[^FL T ........................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................... ............................. >2 >. @LJ@F^PBLJNP R YN@LHNJKM@BLJNP ............................................................ ................................................ ............ 45 >.=.
@LJ@F^PBLJNP ................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................ 45
IBIFBLGYMDÈM .................................................. .................................................................................................... ................................................................ .............. 4= MJNQLP ........................................................................................................ .................................................... .......................................................................... ...................... 49
=
=. BJ[YLK^@@BÐJ Nf Wlfdrmh l [ujgstnjl (W) juj`m sn nj`unjtrm fbirn nj fm jmturmfnzm, sbjl `lhibjmkl nj mfgujls hbjnrmfns, nj dlrhm kn wlfdrmhmtls kn `mf`bl, abnrrl l hmjgmjnsl. Kn fls hbjnrmfns `ljl`bkls, fm s`annfbtm (@mWL;), fm wlfdrmhbtm (DnWL;, HjWL;), fm auijnrbtm (HjWL;) y fm dnrinrbtm (DnWL ;) tbnjnj bhplrtmj`bm `lhnr`bmf=. Ulr ltrl fmkl, nf mjífbsbs qun sn rnmfbzm nj fls hbshl sn fl am`n plr nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l nstl, `umf tbnjnj mftm fny. Umrm fls hbjnrmfns kn imom fny jl ns huy prn`bsl. Unrl tlkls fls mjtnrblrns hbjnrmfns hnj`bljmkls tbnjnj su mjífbsbs grmvbhâtrb`l pmrm fls qun tbnjn mftm fny. Pbj nhimrgl, nf prnsnjtn prlyn`tl rnmfbzmkl hunstrm `lhl mjmfbzmr hunstrms kn imom fny plr uj hâtlkl bjstruhnjtmf.
=.=.
MJ[N@NKNJ[NP KN NP[^KBL
Nj fm m`tumfbkmk, slfl sn `unjtm `lj nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l nj fm kntnrhbjm`bðj kn wlfdrmh, tlkls fls mjtn`nknjtns slfl sn imsmj nj nsn hâtlkl, jl sn nj`ljtrð mfgujm ibifblgrmdèm `lj rnspn`tl mf mjífbsbs utbfbzmjkl nf hâtlkl kn nspn`trldltlhâtrb`l. n spn`trldltlhâtrb`l. Pn tbnjn fls sbgubnjtns mjtn`nknjtns nj `lj rnspn`tl mf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l? - Nstukbl y mjífbsbs kn fms Wlfdrmhbtms Ilfbvbmjms, kn @nfsl Flzm Imfsm? fm hnhlrbm tâ`jb`m nj rnsuhnj trmtm slirn nf nstukbl kn fm Wlfdrmhbtm y m fm vnz rnmfbzm nf mjífbsbs kn su `ljtnjbkl `lhl WL 0, utbfbzmjkl nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l. - Lptbhbzm`bðj knf hâtlkl kn njsmyl kn wlfdrmh nj hbjnrmfns, kn Nfbzminta Pu`m Gutbârrnz? fm hnhlrbm tâ`jb`m nj rnsuhnj trmtm kn hnolrmr nf mjífbsbs hnkbmjtn fm kbslfu`bðj kn fms hunstrms kn wlfdrmhbtm kn mtmqun í`bkl m dusbðj.
- Tmfbkm`bðj knf hâtlkl kn njsmyl kn wlfdrmh (sngÿj nf rnqunrbhbnjtl kn fm jlrhm JI ‐ BPL BPL ‐ BN@ ‐ =759>?955>), =759>?955>), kn Pmjkrm Mrrlyl Dflrns? fm hnhlrbm tâ`jb`m nj rnsuhnj trmtm kn vmfbkmr nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l kn njsmyl quèhb`l pmrm fm kntnrhbjm`bðj kn wlfdrmh.
=
Nj`b`flpnkbm kn Pmfuk y sngurbkmk nj nf trmimol kn Gujjmr Jlrkinrg.
9
=.9.
UFMJ[NMHBNJ[L KNF UYLIFNHM
^j mjífbsbs grmvbhâtrb`l `lhprnjkn kls kntnrhbjm`bljns kn pnsl, fm prbhnrm, nf pnsl kn fm hunstrm bjb`bmf y fm sngujkm nf pnsl dbjmf kn uj prn`bpbtmkl purl qun `ljtbnjn nf `lhpljnjtn kn fm hunstrm knsnmkm9. Ns fm ÿjb`m tâ`jb`m utbfbzmkm pmrm kntnrhbjmr wlfdrmh nj fm m`tumfbkmk. Hbnjtrms qun sn prlpljn utbfbzmr nf mjífbsbs bjstruhnjtmf qun `ljsbstn nj qun fm hunstrm ns dujkbkm `lj pnrðxbkl kn slkbl nj uj `rbslf kn abnrrl y kbsunftm nj mgum. Nf tujgstnjl ns kntnrhbjmkl `lflrbhâtrb`mhnjtn plr hnkbl knf `lhpfnol `lj tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl pnrl slfl pmrm hbjnrmfns wlfdrmh kn imom fny.
=.9.=. DLYH^FM@BÐJ KNF UYLIFNHM Urlpljnr nf mjífbsbs kn wlfdrmh plr nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn pmrm hbjnrmfns kn imom fny.
=.0.
LION[BTLP
=.0.=. LION[BTL GNJNYMF
Urlpljnr nf mjífbsbs kn wlfdrmh nj hbjnrmfns kn imom fny plr nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn.
=.0.9. LION[BTLP NPUN@ÈDB@LP
Urnpmrmr fms `urvms kn `mfbirm`bðj kn WL 0 nj duj`bðj m fm dlrhm`bðj knf `lhpfnol tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl.
Ynmfbzmr uj imrrbkl nspn`trmf pmrm kntnrhbjmr fm híxbhm mislrimj`bm pmrm kntnrhbjmr fm fljgbtuk kn ljkm (γ).
Tnrbdb`mr fm fny kn Fmhinrt ‐ Innr, Innr, pmrm kntnrhbjmr amstm qun `lj`njtrm`bðj ns fbjnmf fm `urvm.
Mjmfbzmr fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls kn fls hbjnrmfns kn imom fny `lj `ljl`bkm `lj`njtrm`bðj.
9
Mjífbsbs quèhb`l `umfbtmtbvl kn Dbs`anr y Untnrs.
0
=.;.
O^P[BDB@M@BÐJ
Nj fm m`tumfbkmk slfl sn `unjtm `lj nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l pmrm kntnrhbjmr wlfdrmh, nstn hâtlkl ns huy `lstlsl knibkl qun nf rnm`tbvl (`bj`ljbjm) qun prn`bpbtm nf wlfdrmh ns huy `lstlsl nj hbjnrmfns, plr nsl nj nf prnsnjtn prlyn`tl, sn prnsnjtm ujm mftnrjmtbvm pmrm fm kntnrhbjm`bðj kn wlfdrmh, y msè tmhibâj imomjkl nf `lstl knf mjífbsbs pnrl `lj fm rnstrb``bðj qun slfl ns pmrm hbjnrmfns kn imom fny, ym qun pmrm fls hbjnrmfns `lj`njtrmkls sn tnjkrèm qun am`nr hu`ams kbfu`bljns qun mrrmstrmrèmj nrrlrns kn fls bjstruhnjtls (pbpntms vlfuhâtrb`ms), fms `umfns jl kmríj rnsuftmkls `nrtnrls.
;
>
9. HMY@L [NÐYB@L 9.=.
WLFDYMH
Nf Wlfdrmh ns uj nfnhnjtl quèhb`l hntífb`l kn `lflr grbs m`nrmkl `lj jÿhnrl mtðhb`l 7; y hmsm mtðhb`m =10,1; g/hlf. Nstí uib`mkl nj nf grupl 4 pnrtnjn`bnjkl m fls hntmfns kn trmjsb`bðj. Ns huy kurl y knjsl, tbnjn nf pujtl kn dusbðj hís nfnvmkl kn tlkls fls hntmfns y nf pujtl kn niuffb`bðj hís mftl kn tlkls fls nfnhnjtls qun sn `ljl`nj m`tumfhnjtn. Nj =71= nf quèhb`l sun`l @mrf Wbfanfh P`annfn prnkbol qun plkrèm nxbstbr nf wlfdrmh, pnrl jl dun amstm =719 `umjkl kls anrhmjls `bnjtèdb`ls nspmýlfns (Dmustl y Oumj Olsâ kn Nfauymr) fl kns`uirbnrlj. Ns uj hntmf knf `umf sn punkn kn`br qun ns imstmjtn ns`msl nj fm `lrtnzm tnrrnstrn. Pn nj`unjtrm nj dlrhm sðfbkm `lhl ðxbkl y kn smfns nj `bnrtms rl`ms l hbjnrmfns, pnrl juj`m sn nj`unjtrm `lhl hntmf purl. Amy trns tbpls prbj`bpmfns kn hbjnrmfns kn tujgstnjl, ffmhmkls Wlfdrmhbtm, Auijnrbtm y P`annfbtm (nj aljlr m su kns`uirbklr âstn ÿftbhl), qun sn knjlhbjmj `lhnr`bmfhnjtn0. Nf hbjnrmf ns prl`nsmkl pmrm rn`upnrmr nf tujgstnjl y `ljvnrtbrfl nj `lhpunstls quèhb`ls l nj hntmf (hntmfurgbm nxtrm`tbvm).
9.=.=. @MYM@[NYÈP[B@MP UYBJ@BUMFNP KNF WLFDYMH M `ljtbjum`bðj sn tbnjn ujm tmifm kn fms `mrm`tnrèstb`ms?
[mifm Jµ =? @mrm`tnrèstb`ms knf Wlfdrmh
0
Pèhilfl quèhb`l
W
Juhnrl mtðhb`l
7;
Grupl
4
Unrblkl
4
Mspn`tl
Ifmj`l grbsí`nl, irbfflsl
Iflqun
K
Knjsbkmk
=2.9>5 cg/h0
nfnhnjtls.lrg.ns:wlfdrmhb nfnhnjtls.lrg.ns:wlfdrmhbl-tujgstnjl l-tujgstnjl
4
Hmsm mtðhb`m
=10,1; uhm
@ljdbgurm`bðj nfn`trðjb`m SQnX ;d =; >k; 4s9 Nstmkls kn lxbkm`bðj
4, >, ;, 0, 9
Nstmkl
Plfbkl
Uujtl kn dusbðj
0410 C
Uujtl kn niuffb`bðj
4950 C
@mflr kn dusbðj
0>,; CO/hlf
Urnsbðj kn vmplr
;,97 Um m 0415 C
Nfn`trljngmtbvbkmk
9,04 (Umufbjg)
@mflr nspn`bdb`l
=05 O/(Cg C)
@ljku`tbvbkmk târhb`m
=7; W/ h C
Dunjtn? attp? nfnhnjtls.lrg.ns:wlfdrmhbl-tujgstnjl
9.=.9. HBJNYMFNP KN WLFDYMH
9.=.9.=.
WLFDYMHB[M (Dn, Hj) WL ;
DnWL; y HjWL; slj bslhlrdls y dlrhmj, sbj fbhbtm`bðj, `rbstmfns kn hnz`fm hljl`fèjb`ls prbshítb`ls. Fm wlfdrmhbtm `ljtbnjn kn 95 m 15 % vlfuhnj kn DnWL; hís HjWL;.
Dbgurm =? Hbjnrmf kn Wlfdrmhbtm
Dunjtn? www.hmk`.`lh.pn
7
Nf `ljtnjbkl `lhnr`bmf knf WL0 ls`bfm nj 74% amstm 5,>%.
Umrmon? Fm wlfdrmhbtm ns uj hbjnrmf huy `mrm`tnrèstb`l kn fls ym`bhbnjtls jnuhmtlfètb`ls n abkrltnrhmfns, rnfm`bljmkls `lj hmghms grmjètb`ls3 `msb sbnhprn knjtrl kn fms vntms kn `umrzl y m`lhpmým m fm `msnrbtm, nstmjbjm, mrsnjlpbrbtm, anhmtbtm nspn`ufmr, tlpm`bl y turhmfbjm, fungl nstm `lj pbrrltbjm, `mf`lpbrbtm, pbrbtm, mrsnjlpbrbtm, ibshutbtm, s`annfbtm, hlfbiknjbtm, hmgjntbtm y mpmtbtm.
9.=.9.=.=. RM@BHBNJ[LP KN WLFDYMHB[M Nstíj kbdujkbkls nj fm dmom nstmjjèdnrm nj tlkm su nxtnjsbðj knskn Plrmtm, plr nf Jlrtn, amstm Nshlrm`m, plr ns sur. Nxbstnj hís kn 955 ym`bhbnjtls bjkbvbkumfns. Ilfbvbm dun uj prlku`tlr huy bhplrtmjtn, prbj`bpmfhnjtn kurmjtn kls gunrrms hujkbmfns y amstm nf mýl =2>7. Ns puns, hunstrm pmtrbm nf prbj`bpmf prlku`tlr kn wlfdrmh knf anhbsdnrbl L``bknjtmf. Fls prlku`tlrns prbj`bpmfns slj fms hbjms @aloffm y Ilfsm Jngrm nj fm @lrkbffnrm Ynmf3 Tbfl`l, Um`ujb y @amhibfmym nj fm @lrkbffnrm [rns @ru`ns y nj trns `nrrls kn rnfbnvn miruptl, Mhutmrm, @ab`ltn y Cmhb, kn rnfbnvn miruptl, uib`mkls nj fèjnm rn`tm, `uyls jÿ`fnls sn `lhpljnj kn alrjdnfs `lj turhmfbjm. L snm amstm nf dbfl njtrn Fm Umz y @l`amimhim. Nf rnffnjl kn fms vntms nj fms hbjms hnj`bljmkms ns hís l hnjls, nf hbshl nj `mkm ujl kn fls ym`bhbnjtls, y imstmjtn hljðtljl. @rbstmfns ibnj dlrhmkls sn nj`unjtrmj slfmhnjtn nj fls ym`bhbnjtls ‖`rbptlimtlfètb`ls‘, ns kn`br nj mqunffls uib`mkls nj nf tn`al snkbhnjtmrbl
oujtl m bjtrusbljns grmjètb`ms. Fm rl`m nj`momjtn kn fms vntms gnjnrmfhnjtn sn `lhpljn kn uj alrjdnfs turhmfbjbzmkl. Nj tmf rl`m fms vntms hís l hnjls vnrtb`mfns `ljtbnjnj grmjkns `mvbkmkns tmpbzmkms `lj `rbstmfns kn `umrzl y wlfdrmhbtm. ^j rn`unjtl kn fms hbjms mjkbjms knskn nf Jlrtn, tnjnhls? fm hbjm Pmjtbmgl, nj nf `ljtm`tl knf imtlfbtl kn Ylsmsmjb, drnjtn mf punifl kn @ll`l. Nj fms jm`bnjtns knf vmffn kn Hbffmpmym, Plrmtm, fms hbjms Pmj Mjtljbl, Jmtmfbm, Pmfvmklrm, @ruz, Umrbs3 nj fm pmrtn `njtrmf, fms hbjms
1
Hnr`nkns, Bj`lgjbtm, Pusmjm, Au`uhmrbjb, Mjkrðhnkm, Ufmjntm Ylol, y mgums mimol Pmjtm Nfnjm, @mrhnj. Mvnjturm, Pmjtm Dn, Hmrbmjm, Pmj Hmrtbj`btl y Tbrgnj kn Ulhpnym. Nj fm zljm kn @am`mftmym, fms hbjms `ab`ms kn Nxmftm`bðj, Pmj Oumj, Umo`amjtm, Hmurbtmjm, @ruz kn Ufmtm, Fboumtm, Jmtbvbkmk, @ljklrbrb, Pmj Olsâ, @mrhnj, Ybqunzm, Mfb`bm, @amrbpmtm, @lj`np`bðj, Pmj Dnfbpn, Pmj @rbstlimf, Pmj Dflrnj`bl, Umrnkns, Ylsmsm, Clmjb, Pmjtm Ylsm y ^hmjm. Nj nf kbstrbtl kn _ljgl ‐ ^jkumvb, ^jkumvb, `lj pnqunýls knpðsbtls kn wlfdrmh, nj Flurkns, Nfvm, Pmj Oumj, Cmfmrbjb, Unkrl Klhbjgl Hurbffl, Njsunýl, Pmj Hbgunf, @lpm`mimjm. Wlfdrmhbtm y `msbtnrbtm nj nf `nrrl Jngrl, qun ns `ljtrmdunrtn mf Pur knf Bffbhmjb, m`lhpmýmkls kn pbrrltbjm, hus`lvbtm y dfulrbtm ifmj`m. Wlfdrmhbtm mjtnrblr m `msbtnrbtm y `msbtnrbtm msl`bmkm m mjtbhljbtm nstíj nj fms hbjms kn Pmymqubrm, @lj`lrkbm y @lym kn fm `lrkbffnrm kn Tnrm @ruz, ÿftbhl nsfmiðj mf Pur kn fm dbfm kn fms mftms `lrkbffnrms gfm`bmfns. Wlfdrmhbtm amy nj fm vntm Crupp kn @lfqubrb. Amstm amy wlfdrmhbtm nj nf `nrrl Ffmffmgum kn fm Olym. Fls `rbstmfns jngrls gnjnrmfhnjtn slj prbshítb`ls grunsls. @rbstmfns anrhlsls amj prlplr`bljmkl fms hbjms kn @am @amhibffmym, hibffmym, Mhutmrm, @ab`ltn y Cmhb nj nf Jlrtn y [msjm nnjj nf Puk knf pmès. Fms vntms nstíj nj rl`ms hntmhðrdb`ms, hmylrhnjtn `umr`btms3 nj trn`als bjtnr`mfmj `lj sn`tlrns kn mrsnjlpbrbtm y pbrrltbjm. Nj fms vntms kn fms hbjms Umo`abrb y Pmj Tb`njtn knf Mhutmrm, sn prnsnjtmj `rbstmfns sbhpfns y hm`fmkls slirn `rbstmfns kn `umrzl. Jl slfmhnjtn fls ym`bhbnjtls mjtbguls nj nf Jlrtn knf pmès `ljtbnjnj wlfdrmhbtm, sbjl tmhibâj mujqun nj hnjlr `mjtbkmk mfgujls ym`bhbnjtls tnr`bmrbls suivlf`íjb`ls nj nf @njtrl y Pur knf pmès. Nj Ffmffmgum, sn nj`unjtrmj wlfdrmhbtm, knskn dnrinrbtm amstm auijnrbtm, nj pnqunýls `rbstmfns. Wlfdrmhbtm dlfbmkm y dfnxurmkm nj fm vntm Pmfvmklrm y wlfdrmhbtm, auijnrbtm y wmvnrbtm nj fms vntms Ibshmrc y Ifmj`m, knf grmj knpðsbtl.
2
Wlfdrmhbtm `lj lrl, kn vntms knfgmkms y `umr`btms sn prnsnjtm nj nf `nrrl Mf`mjknvmrbl, mf lnstn kn Lpl`l, Ybl Hufmtls, Ultlsè. Nj nf `nrrl kn Ultlsè, fm wlfdrmhbtm nj `mjtbkmk `lhnr`bmf, sn prnsnjtð rn`bâj nj fls jbvnfns prldujkls kn fms vntms ^tjn y Crmusnj, wlfdrmhbtm imjkn imjknmkm mkm `lj pbrbtm, nj fm vntm Umbfmvbrb y Ilfbvmr. Amy qun hnj`bljmr tmhibâj wlfdrmhbtm kn ^ibjm, Mjbhms3 nj @alrlfqun `lj fms vntms Pmj @mrfls y Jmtbvbkmk, kn `nr`m kn fm `uhirn, nj gnlkms kn `umrzl, oujtl `lj `msbtnrbtm y lrl jmtbvl y mf Nstn kn fm pbríhbkn, nj fm sn``bðj Hmjtl. Nj nf kbstrbtl kn @lfmvb, nj fm hbjm Iunjls Mbrns y nj nf `nrrl Grmj Ulknr, sn rngbstrð ujm pnquným prlku``bðj kn wlfdrmh, kurmjtn y knspuâs kn fm prbhnrm gunrrm hujkbmf. Wlfdrmhbtm y `msbtnrbtm nj nstru`turm nspljolsm nj hbjm Mfbmjzm kn [msjm. Hís mf Pur, fm wlfdrmhbtm sn prnsnjtm nj Bs`m Bs`m y Uunifl Tbnol kn Nshlrm`m. Tmfn tlhmr nj `unjtm fm wlfdrmhbtm `ru`ným nj Nf [rbujdl, `mjtlj Fm Gumrkbm, prlv. M. Bimýnz, Pmjtm @ruz.
9.=.9.9.
P@ANNFB[M (@mWL;)
Umrm rn`ljl`nr fm P`annfbtm l kbstbjgubrfm kn ltrls hbjnrmfns sbhbfmrns, `lhl slj fm imrbtbjm y sbknrbtm, sn mprlvn`am fls rmyls uftrmvblfntms. Fm P`annfbtm, mfuhirmkm `lj fm fuz kn ujm fíhpmrm nspn`bmf kn `umrzl, qun knspbkn rmyls uftrmvblfntm, nj fm ls`urbkmk hunstrm dfulrns`nj`bm kn vbvls `lflrns mzufns, mujqun nf mzuf pífbkl ns tèpb`l. Pn usmj nstíj fíhpmrms nj fms hbjms kn P`annfbtm kn tlkl nf hujkl. [mhibâj, sn rn`ljl`nj plr qun fm P`annfbtm sn dlrhm gnjnrmfhnjtn imol `ljkb`bljns kn mftm tnhpnrmturm.
=5
Dbgurm 9? hbjnrmf kn P`annfbtm
Dunjtn? pt.h.wbcbpnkbm.lrg/wbcb/P`annfbtm
9.=.9.9.=. RM@BHBNJ[LP KN P@ANNFB[M Nj Ilfbvbm amy qun kbstbjtls kls tbpls kn ym`bhbnjtls kbdnrnjtns? =) Nj fls ym`bhbnjtls jnuhítb`ls n abpnrtnrhmfns nj fms murnlfms kn fls imtlfbtls grmjètb`ls kn Jlrtn, gnjnrmfhnjtn m`lhpmýmkl m fm wlfdrmhbtm y tmhibâj m fm `msbtnrbtm. 9) Nj ym`bhbnjtls hnsl npbtnrhmfns `lj dnrinrbtm y nstbibjm, sbj rnfm`bðj vbsbifn `lj rl`ms hmgjâtb`ms. Fm s`annfbtm knf tbpl = nj fm dmom nstmýbdnrm ilfbvbmjm, ns hu`al hnjls kbdujkbkm qun fm wlfdrmhbtm. Pn prnsnjtm ÿjb`mhnjtn nj fls ym`bhbnjtls mjtbguls nj fm pmrtn Jlrtn kn fm dmom, amstm fm fmtbtuk kn Lrurl, y dmftm plr `lhpfntl nj fls ym`bhbnjtls tnr`bmrbls. Nj nf kbstrbtl kn Rmjb nf hbjnrmf m`lhpmým nj pnquným `mjtbkmk mf lrl nj vntms kn `umrzl (hbjm Ulfl Pur). Fm rngbðj kn fms hbjms @mjknfmrbm y @ljslfbkmtnk, kntrís knf jnvmkl Bffmhpu, hís mf Pur kn Rmjb, sn nj`unjtrm nj uj pmquntn kn pbzmrrms nlpmfnlzlb`ms, njtrn fls imtlfbtls kn Ylsmsmjb y Plrmtm, `lrtmkms plr fls rèls Mj`lhm y @ll`l, am`bnjkl uj írnm
==
kn 7 Ch kn fmrgl, kljkn nxbstnj bjjuhnrmifns vntbffms kn `umrzl `lj s`annfbtm sbj wlfdrmhbtm, qun sbgunj fm nstrmtbdb`m`bðj, ltrms hbjms slj Aubfm`alrl, Grmj Ulknr. Gnjnrmfhnjtn fm s`annfbtm ns plstnrblr m fm wlfdrmhbtm y rnnhpfmzm3 plr nonhpfl, nj fm hbjm Flurkns `nr`m kn Uljgl. Fl `ljtrmrbl pmsm `lj ‖s`annfbtm jngrm‘ qun `ljtbnjn rnstls kn
s`annfbtm nj fm wlfdrmhbtm. Nj fls vmffns kn _ljgl y @aloffm (Fls Rujgms), amy s`annfbtm. @rbstmfns pbrmhbkmfns ibnj dlrhmkls kn s`annfbtm slj rmrls. Pn prnsnjtmj nj fm hbjm M`nrlhmr`m nj fm dmfkm lrbnjtmf knf imtlfbtl knf [mqunsb. P`annfbtm `lj tujgstbtm, nj fm hbjm Tb`tlr Ngubjl, Ab`auflhm, nj fm `uhirn knf `mhbjl m Fls Rujgms. Nj nf ym`bhbnjtl kn fm hbjm Ilfsm Jngrm (Hururmtm), nxbstnj kls gnjnrm`bljns kn s`annfbtm3 kn fm prbhnrm gnjnrm`bðj ns kn `lflr pmrkl rlobzl rlsmkl, qun am rnnhpfmzmkl m fm wlfdrmhbtm. Fm s`annfbtm mhmrbffm `fmrm ns kn ujm gnjnrm`bðj plstnrblr amy amstm vblfí`nl. Nj fm hbjm ^rmjbm, knf dmfknl Pur knf Bffbhmjb, sn prnsnjtmj bjkbvbkuls kn s`annfbtm, wlfdrmhbtm y `msbtnrbtm nj pbrrltbjm. Nj fms vntms kn wlfdrmhbtm kn [rms @umrnjtm kn Tbfl`l, fm s`annfbtm ns huy ns`msm. Nj fm hbjm Tnjus knf kbstrbtl kn @laljb knf Bffbhmjb, sn amj nj`ljtrmkl `rbstmfns pbrmhbkmfns kn s`annfbtm jngrm, qun `ljtbnjnj rnstls kn s`annfbtm nj fm wlfdrmhbtm plstnrblr. Nj fm hbjm Um`ujb knf kbstrbtl kn @mrm`lfns, nxbstnj hmsms `lhpm`tmkms kn s`annfbtm jngrm. Fm s`annfbtm abkrltnrhmf knf tbpl 9 ns uj hbjnrmf kn grmj bhplrtmj`bm nj nf kbstrbtl kn @ljkn Muqun. Nj nf dbfðj kn fm hbjm Oufbmjm (Dâjbx), fm s`annfbtm ns kn grmjl huy dbjl y kn `lflr grbs kn pnrfm, dlrhm pmrtn kn ujm irn`am `lj mjcnrbtm. Kn fm hbjm Fm Ilhim prlvbjbnrlj `rbstmfns ifmj`ls, `uirbnjkl fm `umr`btm nj fms smfimjkms. Nj fm hbjm Ms`njsbðj (aly mgltmkm), fm s`annfbtm dlrhmkm kn hmsms sm`mrlbkns ifmj`ms, oujtl `lj imrbtbjm. Nj fm hbjm Iljmpmrtn, amy irn`ams kn `fmstls kn pbzmrrms, s`annfbtm s`ann fbtm rlsmkm y dnrinrbtm, `nhnjtmkls `lj fbhljbtm.
=9
Nj tlkls fls ym`bhbnjtls kn nstn tbpl bjtnrnsmjtn, fm pmrmgâjnsbs ns fm sbgubnjtn? s`annfbtm, dnrinrbtm y nstbibjm. Nj uj rn`unjtl gnjnrmf kn fms hbjms kn Lrurl tnjnhls? @mrm`lffl, @mpbffujb, @msm Ifmj`m, Pmjtm Bsminf, @mstbffl, @ljkn Muqun, Rmjm`m`ab, ]ubffm`ms, Dâjbx, Oufbmjm, @mfm`mfmjb, Iljmjzm y Nspnrmjzm. Nj Fnqunpmf`m fm hbjm Pmj Hbgunf. ^j grupl nspn`bmf slj fls knpðsbtls kn `umrzl murèdnrl `lj s`annfbtm, qun l`urrnj nj fms mftms `lrkbffnrms, knskn Rmjb, fungl nf `nrrl Hurumrmtm amstm fm hbjm Ylsmrbl kn Mrm`m.
9.=.9.0.
DNYINYB[M (DnWL;)
Ns uj hbjnrmf kn wlfdrmhmtl kn abnrrl, `uym dðrhufm quèhb`m ns DnWL ;. Pu `lhplsb`bðj quèhb`m ns DnL 90,4>% y WL0 74,0>%.
Dbgurm 0? Hbjnrmf kn Dnrinrbtm
Dunjtn? www.hbjnrmfns-s.`lh
Fm dnrinrbtm, nstms hu`ams vn`ns m`lhpmýmkm plr nstbibjm. Fls knpðsbtls kn nstn tbpl, tmj kbdujkbkls nj Ilfbvbm, nj tlkm fm nxtnjsbðj kn fm dmom nstmýbdnrm, knskn Mj`lrmbhns plr nf Jlrtn amstm [upbzm plr nf Pur, Pur , slj huy ns`msls n s`msls nj ltrms pmrtns knf hujkl. hujk l. Malrm hu`als h u`als kn nffls mgltmkls, knibkl m qun slj supnrdb`bmfns.
=0
Nj hu`als `msls pmrn`n snr, nf hbjnrm hís rn`bnjtn, knspuâs knfm imrbtbjm y fm mjtbhljbtm. Ulr fl gnjnrmf `ljstbtuyn ilfsljns knjtrl kn vntms `umr`èdnrms kn mjtbhljbtm `lj uj pnqunýl knsmrrlffl nj prldujkbkmk. pr ldujkbkmk. Nj fm zljm knf fmgl [btb`m`m, nj Mj`lrmbhns, fms hbjms kn Hmgmrbýls, `lj dnrinrbtm, Tbrgbjbm, Pmj Mgustbj, [urrbjb y fms hbjms kn Hlrl`lffl y Umo`amjb, njtrn M`am`m`ab y Aumrbjm. Nf ym`bhbnjtl kn Pmj Mjtljbl kn @mfm`mfmjb, sbtumkl `nr`m kn @lfqubrb, `ljsbstn nj ilfsljns kn dnrinrbtm qun am rnnhpfmzmkl fm sbknrbtm. Dnrinrbtm `lj mjtbhljbtm, nsdmfnrbtm, pbrbtm, omhnsljbtm y snrb`btm nj fm hbjm Pmjtl Klhbjgl kn Lrurl. Nj fm hbjm Um`lpmhpm, `nr`m kn @mfuyl, fm dnrinrbtm tmhibâj am rnnhpfmzmkl m fm sbknrbtm. Nj fms gnlkms sn prnsnjtm anrhlsls `rbstmfns tmiufmrns kn `umrzl. Fm dnrinrbtm prl`nknjtn knf kbstrbtl kn @ljkn Muqun, ns kn grmjl dbjl y nstí m`lhpmýmkm plr `umrzl `mf`nkðjb`l y `mlfèj. Nj fm sn``bðj Pmjtm Bsminf sn prnsnjtm pnqunýls `rbstmfns tmiufmrns `uibnrtls `lj pbrbtm u ðpmfl. Nj fms zljms dfuvblgfm`bmfns kn fms sn``bljns kn Ilqunrðj, Pnýlr kn ]ubffb`ms y @am`l, sn nxpfltmrlj vnjnrls. Kntrís kn fls trm`tlrns kn hlvèmj mf tnrrnjl, ujm fngbðj kn huonrns rn`lfn`tmimj trlzls `lhl pnkmzls kn hmknrm kn dnrinrbtm nj anrhlsms hm`fms hm`abanhirms. Nj fm hbjm kn fls Mjgnfns, `nr`m kn Mgums @mfbnjtns (@mtmvb), amy hunstrms kn dnrinrbtm `lj supnrdb`bn mrrbýljmkm y nstru`turm rmkbmf. Mjífbsbs kn fm dnrinrbtm? WL 0 70,023 DnL =2,713 HjL 0,10 %. Nj fm hbjm Ilfsm Jngrm (jnvmkl Hururmtm), nf hbjnrmf prbj`bpmf `ljstbtuyn ujm wlfdrmhbtm abpltnrhmf, rb`m nj DnL. [mhibâj amy dnrinrbtm nspljolsm kn ujm sngujkm gnjnrm`bðj qun sn prnsnjtm nsplríkb`mhnjtn nj fms gnlkms knf `umrzl, nj pnqunýls `rbstmfns tmiufmrns.
=;
Hu`ams vntms mjtbhljèdnrms nj nf Pur knf pmès `ljtbnjnj lols kn dnrinrbtm bj`fubkls nj fm nstbibjm, `lj `umrzl kn grmjl dbjl y mfgl kn imrbtbjm.
9.=.9.;.
A^IJNYB[M (HjWL;)
Ns uj hbjnrmf kn wlfdrmhmtl kn hmjgmjnsl, `uym dðrhufm quèhb`m ns HjWL ;.
Dbgurm ;? Hbjnrmf kn Auijnrbtm
Dunjtn? www.hbjnrmfns-s.`lh
Fm auijnrbtm ns rmrm nj Ilfbvbm y sus ym`bhbnjtls slj kn ns`msl vmflr n`ljðhb`l. @btmhls fls sbgubnjtns amffmzgls? Nj nf jlrtn kn Fm Umz, nf kbstrbtl kn _ljgl, `lj `rbstmfns tmiufmrns trmjsfu`bkls grbs rlobzms y hbjm Dmiuflsm kljkn fm auijnrbtm nstí nj vntms kn `umrzl. Nj @lfqubrb, `nr`m kn fm il`mhbjm kn Pmj Oumjbffl nstm fm vntm Crupp, nj nffm sn am nxpfltmkl nj =2=4, `rbstmfns kn auijnrbtm rlol trmjsfu`bkls `lj hmr`msbtm y pbrbtm. Nj fm hbjm Ubrmgön, `nr`m kn @lfqubrb, kljkn fm wlfdrmhbtm ns rb`m nj HjL, ns nf hbjnrmf prbj`bpmf kn su pltnjtn vntm, tmhibâj sn prnsnjtm fm auijnrbtm nj hmsms rmkbmfns y nj pnqunýls `rbstmfns tmiufmrns huy knfgmkls nj fms gnlkms knf `umrzl `mf`nkðjb`l slirn
=>
mjtbhljbtm. Kn bjtnrâs pmrtb`ufmr slj fls jðkufls rnkljknmkls kn nstru`turm rmkbmf y kn > m 1 `h kn kbíhntrl nj`ljtrmkls nj nf mdflrmhbnjtl kn fm vntm. Nj ujm kn fms vntms kn `umrzl kn fm hbjm Pmjtm Bsminf (@ljkn Muqun), fm auijnrbtm sn nj`unjtrm nj bjkbvbkuls tmiufmrns knfgmkls kn `lflr rlobzl. Nj fm hbjm ]ubhsm`lym nj Aumjujb, fm auijnrbtm sn prnsnjtm nj `rbstmfns tmiufmrns knfgmkls kn gâjnsbs plstnrblr m fm mjtbhljbtm. @ljtnjbnjkl DnL >,> % y HjL =4,59 %. Nj Ffmffmgum, fm auijnrbtm nj `rbstmfns trmjsfu`bkls kn `lflr pmrkl rlobzl `uirn fls `rbstmfns kn `msnrbtm nj fms pmrtns supnrdb`bmfns knf ym`bhbnjtl, m`lhpmýmkm fm pbrbtm, hmr`msbtm y wmvnfbtm.
9.=.0. MUFB@M@BLJNP KNF WLFDYMH Fms prbj`bpmfns mpfb`m`bljns bjkustrbmfns knf wlfdrmh slj? - Dbfmhnjtls bj`mjkns`njtns pmrm tuils kn vm`èl y fu`ns nfâ`trb`ms (ilhibffm kn Nkbslj). - Nfn`trlkls pmrm slfkmkurm. - @minzms kn `lantns. - Hltlrns kn mvbljns. - Iuoèms kn nj`njkbkl. - Ynsbstnj`bms pmrm alrjls nfâ`trb`ls.
- Ufm`ms nj tuils kn rmyls Q. - @ljtm`tls nfâ`trb`ls. - @lhibjmkl kn `mf`bl y hmgjnsbl sn utbfbzm nj fu`ns dfulrns`njtns. - Nj dlrhm kn `mriurl kn wlfdrmhbl, sn nhpfnm nj fm dmirb`m`bðj kn anrrmhbnjtms. - Nf hmylr plr`njtmon (;5%) sn nhpfnm nj mfnm`bljns, plr su nfnvmkm kurnzm.
=4
9.9.
NPUN@[YLDLHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN
Fm nspn`trldltlhntrèm sn rndbnrn m fls hâtlkls `umfbtmtbvls y `umjtbtmtbvls kn mjífbsbs quèhb`l qun utbfbzmj fm fuz pmrm hnkbr fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn fms sustmj`bms quèhb`ms. Pn `ljl`nj `lhl hâtlkls nspn`trldltlhâtrb`ls y sngÿj snm fm rmkbm`bðj utbfbzmkm `lhl nspn`trldltlhntrèm (hlfn`ufmrns l mtðhb`ls) kn mislr`bðj vbsbifn (`lflrbhntrèm ;), uftrmvblfntm n bjdrmrrlom. Fm nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T-vbsbifn ns ujm tâ`jb`m mjmfètb`m qun pnrhbtn kntnrhbjmr fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn uj `lhpunstl nj slfu`bðj. Pn imsm nj qun fms hlfâ`ufms mislrinj fms rmkbm`bljns nfn`trlhmgjâtb`ms y m su vnz qun fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz mislribkm knpnjkn kn dlrhm fbjnmf kn fm `lj`njtrm`bðj. Umrm am`nr nstn tbpl kn hnkbkms sn nhpfnm uj nspn`trldltðhntrl, nj nf qun sn punkn snfn``bljmr fm fljgbtuk kn ljkm kn fm fuz qun pmsm plr ujm slfu`bðj y hnkbr fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz mislribkm plr fm hbshm. Nj nstm prí`tb`m sn kmríj m `ljl`nr fms `mrm`tnrèstb`ms gnjnrmfns y `lj`nptls rnfm`bljmkls `lj fm nspn`trldltlhntrèm. Nf dujkmhnjtl kn fm nspn`trls`lpèm sn knin m fm `mpm`bkmk kn fms hlfâ`ufms pmrm mislrinr rmkbm`bljns, njtrn nffms fms rmkbm`bljns knjtrl knf nspn`trl ^T-Tbsbifn. Fms fljgbtukns kn ljkm kn fms rmkbm`bljns qun ujm hlfâ`ufm punkn mislrinr y fm ndb`bnj`bm `lj fm qun sn mislrinj knpnjknj kn fm nstru`turm mtðhb`m y kn fms `ljkb`bljns knf hnkbl (pA, tnhpnrmturm, dunrzm bðjb`m, `ljstmjtn kbnfâ`trb`m), plr fl qun kb`am tâ`jb`m `ljstbtuyn uj vmfblsl bjstruhnjtl pmrm fm kntnrhbjm`bðj y `mrm`tnrbzm`bðj kn iblhlfâ`ufms. Fms hlfâ`ufms punknj mislrinr njnrgèm fuhbjlsm y mfhm`njmrfm nj dlrhm kn njnrgèm bjtnrjm. Nstl pnrhbtn pljnr nj duj`bljmhbnjtl `b`fls vbtmfns `lhl fm dltlsèjtnsbs nj pfmjtms y im`tnrbms. @umjkl fm fuz (`ljsbknrmkm `lhl njnrgèm) ns mislribkm plr ujm hlfâ`ufm sn lrbgbjm uj smftl knskn uj nstmkl njnrgâtb`l imsmf l dujkmhnjtmf, N=, m uj nstmkl kn hmylr njnrgèm (nstmkl nx`btmkl), N9. R sðfl sn mislrinrí fm njnrgèm qun pnrhbtm nf smftl mf nstmkl nx`btmkl. @mkm hlfâ`ufm tbnjn ujm snrbn kn nstmkls nx`btmkls (l imjkms) qun fm kbstbjgun knf rnstl kn hlfâ`ufms. @lhl `ljsn`unj`bm, fm mislr`bðj qun m kbstbjtms fljgbtukns kn ljkm prnsnjtm ujm hlfâ`ufm nstl ns, su nspn`trl kn mislr`bðj `ljstbtuyn ujm snýmf kn bknjtbkmk ;
Imsmkl nj qun junstrls lols slj `mpm`ns kn kbstbjgubr fm bjtnjsbkmk kn kls am`ns kn fuz `lj ujm nxm`tbtuk `nr`mjm mf =%.
=7
kn fm hbshm. Ulr ÿftbhl, fm hlfâ`ufm nj dlrhm nx`btmkm fbinrm fm njnrgèm mislribkm amstm nf nstmkl njnrgâtb`l dujkmhnjtmf. Dbgurm >. Kbmgrmhm kn jbvnfns kn njnrgèm nj ujm hlfâ`ufm. Fm mislr`bðj kn njnrgèm fuhbjlsm am`n qun fm hlfâ`ufm pmsn knskn uj nstmkl dujkmhnjtmf (N=) m ltrl nx`btmkl (N9). Ulstnrblrhnjtn fm hlfâ`ufm rnfmom su njnrgèm hnkbmjtn kbstbjtls hn`mjbshls (vbirm`bðj, rltm`bðj, nt`.)
Dbgurm >? Kbmgrmhm kn jbvnfns kn njnrgèm nj ujm hlfâ`ufm .
Dunjtn? attp?//www.uh.ns/FN]/fmsnr/@a-4/D4s;p0.ath Dunjtn? attp?//www.uh.ns/FN]/fmsnr/@a-4/D4s;p0.ath
Nj nspn`trls`lpèm nf târhbjl fuz jl sðfl sn mpfb`m m fm dlrhm vbsbifn kn rmkbm`bðj nfn`trlhmgjâtb`m, sbjl tmhibâj m fms dlrhms ^T n BY, qun slj bjvbsbifns. Nj nspn`trldltlhntrèm kn mislrimj`bm sn utbfbzmj fms rngbljns knf uftrmvblfntm (^T `nr`mjl, kn =2> - ;55 jh) y nf vbsbifn (;55 - 715 jh).
=1
Dbgurm 4? Nspn`trl Nfn`trlhmgjâtb`l
Dunjtn? attp?//www.nfn`trlhmgjntb`ls.ns Dunjtn? attp?//www.nfn`trlhmgjntb`ls.ns
Fm rngbðj ^T sn kndbjn `lhl nf rmjgl kn fljgbtukns kn ljkm kn =2> m ;55 jh. Ns ujm rngbðj kn njnrgèm huy mftm. Urlvl`m kmýl mf lol auhmjl msè `lhl qunhmkurm `lhÿj. Fls `lhpunstls `lj klifns njfm`ns mbsfmkls, trbpfns njfm`ns, njfm`ns pnptèkb`ls, sbstnhms mrlhítb`ls, grupls `mriljbfls y ltrls antnrlítlhls tbnjnj su híxbhm mislrimj`bm nj fm rngbðj ^T, plr fl qun âstm ns huy bhplrtmjtn pmrm fm kntnrhbjm`bðj `umfbtmtbvm y `umjtbtmtbvm kn `lhpunstls lrgíjb`ls. Kbvnrsls dm`tlrns -`lhl pA, `lj`njtrm`bðj kn smf y nf kbslfvnjtn- qun mftnrmj fm `mrgm kn fms hlfâ`ufms, prlvl`mj knspfmzmhbnjtls kn fls nspn`trls ^T. Fm Fm dunjtn kn rmkbm`bðj uftrmvblfntm ns ujm fíhpmrm kn knutnrbl. knutnrbl. Nj fm rngbðj vbsbifn mprn`bmhls nf `lflr vbsbifn kn ujm slfu`bðj y qun `lrrnspljkn m fms fljgbtukns kn ljkm kn fuz qun trmjshbtn, jl qun mislrin. Nf `lflr qun mislrin ns nf `lhpfnhnjtmrbl knf `lflr qun trmjshbtn. Ulr tmjtl, pmrm rnmfbzmr hnkb`bljns kn mislr`bðj ns jn`nsmrbl utbfbzmr fm
=2
fljgbtuk kn ljkm nj fm qun mislrin fuz fm slfu`bðj `lflrnmkm. Fm dunjtn kn rmkbm`bðj vbsbifn sunfn snr ujm fíhpmrm kn tujgstnjl y jl prlplr`bljm sudb`bnjtn njnrgèm plr knimol kn 095 jh.
[mifm J¿ 9? Fljgbtukns kn ljkm kn fm fuz vbsbifn Fljgbtuk
kn
ljkm
kn @lflr mislribkl
@lflr lisnrvmkl
mislr`bðj híxbhm 025 - ;0>
Tblfntm
Mhmrbffl vnrklsl
;0> - ;25
Mzuf
Mhmrbffl
;25 - >15
Tnrkn
Ylol
>15 ‐ >2> >2>
Mhmrbffl
Mzuf
>2> - 4>5
Jmrmjom
Mzuf vnrklsl
4>5 - 715
Ylol
Tnrkn mzufmkl
Dunjtn? @lhpnjkbl kn Mjífbsbs Bjstruhnjtmf
9.9.=. [YMJPHB[MJ@BM R MIPLYIMJ@BM @umjkl uj rmyl kn fuz kn ujm kntnrhbjmkm fljgbtuk kn ljkm kn bjtnjsbkmk Bl bj`bkn pnrpnjkb`ufmrhnjtn slirn ujm kbslfu`bðj kn uj `lhpunstl quèhb`l qun mislrin fuz l `rlhðdlrl, nf `lhpunstl mislrinrí ujm pmrtn kn fm rmkbm`bðj bj`bknjtn (Bm) y knomrí pmsmr nf rnstl (Bt), kn dlrhm qun sn `uhpfn?
8
Fm trmjshbtmj`bm ([) kn ujm sustmj`bm nj slfu`bðj ns fm rnfm`bðj njtrn fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz trmjshbtbkm qun ffngm mf kntn`tlr ujm vnz qun am mtrmvnsmkl fm hunstrm, B t, y fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz qun bj`bkbð slirn nffm, Bl, y sn rnprnsnjtm jlrhmfhnjtn nj tmjtl plr `bnjtl?
%%88 ×%
95
Fm trmjshbtmj`bm jls km ujm hnkbkm dèsb`m kn fm rnfm`bðj kn bjtnjsbkmk bj`bknjtn y trmjshbtbkm mf pmsmr plr fm hunstrm. Fm rnfm`bðj njtrn %[ y fm `lj`njtrm`bðj jl ns fbjnmf, pnrl msuhn ujm rnfm`bðj flgmrèthb`m bjvnrsm. Fm mislrimj`bm (M) ns uj `lj`nptl hís rnfm`bljmkl `lj fm hunstrm punstl qun jls bjkb`m fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz mislribkm plr fm hbshm, y sn kndbjn `lhl nf flgmrbthl kn =/[, nj `ljsn`unj`bm?
8 8 8
@umjkl fm bjtnjsbkmk bj`bknjtn y trmjshbtbkm slj bgumfns (Bl 8 Bt), fm trmjshbtmj`bm ns knf =55% n bjkb`m qun fm hunstrm jl mislrin m ujm kntnrhbjmkm fljgbtuk kn ljkm, y njtlj`ns M vmfn flg = 8 5. Fm `mjtbkmk kn fuz mislribkm knpnjknrí kn fm kbstmj`bm qun mtrmvbnsm fm fuz m trmvâs kn fm slfu`bðj knf `rlhðdlrl> y kn fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn âstn.
9.9.9. FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY Nstm fny nxprnsm fm rnfm`bðj njtrn mislrimj`bm kn fuz hljl`rlhítb`m (kn fljgbtuk kn ljkm dbom) y `lj`njtrm`bðj kn uj `rlhðdlrl nj slfu`bðj?
8 8−−
Fm mislrimj`bm kn ujm slfu`bðj ns kbrn`tmhnjtn prlplr`bljmf m su `lj`njtrm`bðj m hmylr jÿhnrl kn hlfâ`ufms hmylr bjtnrm``bðj kn fm fuz `lj nffms3 tmhibâj knpnjkn kn fm kbstmj`bm qun rn`lrrn fm fuz plr fm slfu`bðj m bgumf `lj`njtrm`bðj, `umjtl hmylr kbstmj`bm rn`lrrn fm fuz plr fm hunstrm hís hlfâ`ufms sn nj`ljtrmrí 3 y plr ÿftbhl, knpnjkn kn ξ , ujm `ljstmjtn kn prlplr`bljmfbkmk -knjlhbjmkm `lndb`bnjtn kn nxtbj`bðj- qun ns nspn`èdb`m kn `mkm `rlhðdlrl. @lhl M ns mkbhnjsbljmf, fms kbhnjsbljns kn ξ knpnjknj kn fms kn ` y f. Fm
sngujkm hmgjbtuk (f) sn nxprnsm sbnhprn nj `h hbnjtrms qun fm prbhnrm © sn am`n, sbnhprn qun snm plsbifn, nj H, `lj fl qun fms kbhnjsbljns kn ξ rnsuftmj snr H -=·`h-=. Nstn >
Grupls kn ítlhls njfmzmkls rnspljsmifns kn fm mislr`bðj m islr`bðj nfn`trðjb`m l kn fm uftrmvblfntm l vbs vbsbifn. bifn.
9=
`lndb`bnjtn msè nxprnsmkl, nj târhbjls kn ujbkmkns kn `lj`njtrm`bðj hlfmr (l uj suihÿftbpfl mprlpbmkl), sn knjlhbjm `lndb`bnjtn kn nxtbj`bðj hlfmr (ξH). @u mjkl, plr
kns`ljl`nrsn nf pnsl hlfn`ufmr knf slfutl, fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn fm kbslfu`bðj sn nxprnsm nj ltrms ujbkmkns kbstbjtms kn H, plr nonhpfl g·F-=, fms kbhnjsbljns kn ξ rnsuftmj snr kbstbjtms, plr nonhpfl g-=·F·`h-=, y mf `lndb`bnjtn msè nxprnsmkl sn knjlhbjm `lndb`bnjtn kn nxtbj`bðj nspn`èdb`l (ξs).
Fm fny kn Fmhinrt-Innr sn `uhpfn pmrm slfu`bljns kbfubkms3 pmrm vmflrns kn ` mftls, ξ vmrèm `lj fm `lj`njtrm`bðj, knibkl m dnjðhnjls kn kbspnrsbðj kn fm fuz, mgrngm`bðj kn hlfâ`ufms, `mhibls knf hnkbl, nt`.
9.9.0. N]^BUL? NPUN@[YLDL[ÐHN[YL ^T-TBPBIFN Fm hnkb`bðj kn mislrimj`bm kn fm fuz plr fms hlfâ`ufms sn rnmfbzm nj ujls mpmrmtls ffmhmkls nspn`trldltðhntrls. Mujqun punknj vmrbmr nj kbsnýl, nj nspn`bmf `lj fm bj`lrplrm`bðj kn lrknjmklrns pmrm nf mjífbsbs kn kmtls, tlkls fls nspn`trldltðhntrls `ljstmj, kn?
9.9.0.=.
D^NJ[N KN NJNYGÈM YMKBMJ[N
Fls rnqubsbtls qun knin `uhpfbr slj? - Bjtnjsbkmk kn rmkbm`bðj nfnvmkm. - Nhbtbr uj mhpfbl rmjgl kn B (nhbsbðj `ljtbjum). - Bjtnjsbkmk `ljstmjtn `lj nf tbnhpl. Pn nqubpmj `lj fíhpmrms kn wlfdrmhbl y kn abkrlgnjl l knutnrbl bjtnr`mhibmifns. Nj fms fíhpmrms hlknrjms, nf dbfmhnjtl ns ujm ilibjm kn abfl dbjl kn wlfdrmhbl. Umrm rnku`br fm nvmplrm`bðj knf dbfmhnjtl sn bjtrlku`n uj gms bjnrtn `lhl nf mrgðj.
9.9.0.9.
HLJL@YLHMKLY
Pbstnhm ðptb`l (prbshm l rnkns kn kbdrm``bðj nj imsn m nspnols), su duj`bðj ns fm `mpm`bkmk kn prlku`br fuz hljl`rlhítb`m nj fm rngbðj kn 955 m 155 jh, m trmvâs sn uj kbsplsbtbvl
99
pmrm snfn``bljmr ujm imjkm mjglstm kn fljgbtukns kn ljkm. ^j sbstnhm hljl`rlhmklr hljl`rlhm klr `ljsbstn iísb`mhnjtn kn? - ^jm rnjkbom kn njtrmkm qun prlplr`bljm ujm bhmgnj ðptb`m nstrn`am kn fm dunjtn kn rmkbm`bðj. - ^j fnjtn `lfbhmklr qun am`n pmrmfnfm fm rmkbm`bðj prl`nknjtn kn fm rnjkbom kn njtrmkm. - ^jm rnk kn kbdrm``bðj l uj prbshm pmrm kbspnrsmr fm rmkbm`bðj bj`bknjtn. - Ltrl fnjtn `lfbhmklr pmrm rndlrhmr fms bhígnjns kn fm rnjkbom kn njtrmkm slirn fm rnjkbom kn smfbkm. - ^jm rnjkbom kn smfbkm pmrm mbsfmr fm imjkm nspn`trmf knsnmkm, iflqunmjkl tlkm fm rmkbm`bðj kbspnrsmkm nx`nptl fm knf bjtnrvmfl knsnmkl.
9.9.0.0.
ULY[M @^IN[M
^jm `nfkm pmrm `ljtnjnr fm hunstrm. @umjkl sn nhpfnmj mpmrmtls kn klifn amz, fm `nfkm qun `ljtbnjn nf ifmj`l sn `lfl`m nj nf amz kn rndnrnj`bm. Fms `nfkms nhpfnmkms pmrm fm slfu`bðj hunstrm y nf ifmj`l kninj tnjnr fms hbshms `mrm`tnrèstb`ms nspn`trmfns. Nf hmtnrbmf punkn snr kn `umrzl (fuz ^T y Tbsbifn) y kn vbkrbl l pfístb`l pmrm fm fuz vbsbifn.
9.9.0.;.
KN[N@[LY
^j sbstnhm kntn`tlr `ljsbstn nj fls kbs plsbtbvls qun pnrhbtnj ‖vnr l kntn`tmr u lisnrvmr ‘ fm rmkbm`bðj rnsuftmjtn. Gnjnrmfhnjtn tmhibâj slj trmjsku`tlrns ns kn`br qun `ljvbnrtnj fm rmkbm`bðj nfn`trlhmgjâtb`m l rmkbm`bðj fuhèjb`m nj ujm `lrrbnjtn l vlftmon qun sn mhpfbdb`m nj nf `br`ubtl kn fn`turm. Knpnjkbnjkl kn fm zljm knf nspn`trl utbfbzmkm nj nf nspn`trldltðhntrl, fls kntn`tlrns kninj plsnnr `mrm`tnrèstb`ms nspn`èdb`ms.
9.9.0.>.
YNGBP[YMKLY
Pbstnhm kn fn`turm kn kmtls. Knskn nf pujtl kn vbstm lpnrmtbvl, nf prbhnr pmsl ns snfn``bljmr fm dunjtn kn fuz y fljgbtuk kn ljkm m fm qun sn vm m rnmfbzmr fm hnkbkm. Amy nspn`trldltðhntrls kn uj slfl amz (`lj ujm slfm `nfkbffm pmrm mflomr fm `uintm `lj fm hunstrm) y kn klifn amz (`lj kls `nfkbffms pmrm kls
90
`uintms)3 nj junstrl `msl sn trmimomrí `lj fls kn uj slfl amz. Pn hbkn prbhnrl fm mislrimj`bm knf kbslfvnjtn (`ljl`bkl `lhl ifmj`l) y mf qun sn fn msbgjm nf vmflr kn `nrl hnkbmjtn nf moustn knf hmjkl, kn dlrhm qun fm bjtnjsbkmk bj`bknjtn y trmjshbtbkm snmj bgumfns (Bl 8 Bt), y plr tmjtl fm mislrimj`bm ns `nrl. M `ljtbjum`bðj sn pljn nj fm `nfkbffm fm `uintm `lj fm hunstrm y sn fnn fm mislrimj`bm kn âstm.
Dbgurm 7? Kbmgrmhm knf Nqubpl
Dunjtn? attp?//www.qubhb`mlrgmjb`m.jnt/nsqunhm-nspn`trldlt%@0%I0hntrl.athf Dunjtn? attp?//www.qubhb`mlrgmjb`m.jnt/nsqunhm-nspn`trldlt%@0%I0hntrl.athf
9.9.;. LI[NJ@BÐJ KN ^J NPUN@[YL KN MIPLY@BÐJ Nf nspn`trl kn mislr`bðj ns ujm rnprnsnjtm`bðj grídb`m qun bjkb`m `mjtbkmk kn fuz mislribkm (ξ) m kbdnrnjtns vmflrns kn γ.
M pmrtbr kn ujm slfu`bðj kbfubkm kn uj `lhpunstl, `uym mislrimj`bm híxbhm njtrm knjtrl knf rmjgl kn hnkbkm knf nspn`trldltðhntrl, sn vnrí nf vmflr kn mislrimj`bm m kbdnrnjtns fljgbtukns kn ljkm drnjtn m uj ifmj`l qun `ljtnjgm nf kbslfvnjtn kn fm slfu`bðj kn fm hunstrm m `mrm`tnrbzmr. M pmrtbr knf nspn`trl kn mislr`bðj sn litnjkrí nf vmflr kn γ mf qun nf
9;
`lhpunstl prnsnjtm fm hmylr mis lrimj`bm (γ hmx hmx). Kb`al γ sn utbfbzmrí m fm alrm kn am`nr kntnrhbjm`bljns `umfbtmtbvms y `umjtbtmtbvms knf `lhpunstl. Nf nspn`trl kn mislr`bðj kn uj `rlhðdlrl knpnjkn, dujkmhnjtmfhnjtn, kn fm nstru`turm quèhb`m kn fm hlfâ`ufm. Nspn`trls kn mislr`bðj kn trns pbghnjtls dltlsbjtâtb`ls `flrlpfmstèkb`ls. Lisnrvmr qun uj `lhpunstl punkn tnjnr hís kn uj pb`l kn mislr`bðj (γhmx).
Dbgurm 1? Nspn`trls kn mislr`bðj kn trns pbghnjtls dltlsbjtâtb`ls `flrlpfmstèkb`ls.
Dunjtn? attp?//www.ndj.uj`lr.nku/knpmrtmhnjtls/iblflgbm/bjtriblf/dltlsbjt.ath Dunjtn? attp?//www.ndj.uj`lr.nku/knpmrtmhnjtls/iblflgbm/bjtriblf/dltlsbjt.ath Jl listmjtn, amy ujm grmj `mjtbkmk kn dm`tlrns qun lrbgbjmj vmrbm`bljns nj fls vmflrns kn γhmx y ξH, njtrn fls qun sn bj`fuyn nf pA, fm plfmrbkmk knf slfvnjtn l hlfâ`ufms vn`bjms y
fm lrbnjtm`bðj kn fls `rlhðdlrls vn`bjls3 y `mkm ujl mdn`tm kn dlrhm pmrtb`ufmr. Ulr nonhpfl, vmrbm`bljns lrbgbjmkms plr `mhibls kn pA slj knibkms mf ndn`tl kn âstn slirn fm bljbzm`bðj knf `lhpunstl. M `ljtbjum`bðj sn hunstrmj `lhl nonhpfl fls nspn`trls kn mislr`bðj kn AJ[P (uj rnm`tbvl nhpfnmkl pmrm fm kntnrhbjm`bðj kn nspn`bns lxbkmjtns) y `lhprliíjklsn qun plr nspn`trldlhntrèm sn punkn sngubr nf ndn`tl qun nonr`nj nf pA y fls lxbkmjtns.
9>
Dbgurm 2? Nspn`trls kn mislr`bðj kn AJ[P
Dunjtn? attp?//ns.sfbknsamrn.jnt/msmlr/nspn`trldltlhntrbm-prnsnjtmtblj Dunjtn? attp?//ns.sfbknsamrn.jnt/msmlr/nspn`trldltlhntrbm-prnsnjtmtblj Ndn`tl knf pA nj fm mislr`bðj kn AJ[P. Nspn`trls = y 9 nj hnkbl í`bkl (híxbhl kn mislr`bðj m 075 jh)3 nspn`trls 0 y ; nj hnkbl iísb`l (híxbhl m ;=5 jh).
Dbgurm =5? Ndn`tl knf pA nj fm mislr`bðj kn AJ[P
Dunjtn? attp?//ns.sfbknsamrn.jnt/msmlr/nspn`trldltlhntrbm-prnsnjtmtblj Knspfmzmhbnjtl knf híxbhl kn mislr`bðj y kns`njsl kn mislrimj`bm `umjkl nf AJ[P sn bj`uim `lj A9L9 m kbstbjtls tbnhpls (5, >, =5 y => hbjutls).
9.9.>. @^YTMP KN @MFBIYMKL Umrm litnjnr ujm `urvm kn `mfbirmkl kn uj `lhpunstl sn prnpmrm ujm slfu`bðj hmkrn kn fm `umf sn litbnjnj kn kbdnrnjtns `lj`njtrm`bljns knf hbshl, kntnrhbjíjklsn pmrm `mkm ujm kn
94
nffms nf vmflr kn mislrimj`bm m γhmx. Nstls vmflrns kn mislrimj`bm sn rnprnsnjtmj nj nf non
kn lrknjmkms (non kn y) y fls kn `lj`njtrm`bðj nj nf non kn mis`bsms (non kn x). Pn lisnrvmrí qun, m imoms `lj`njtrm`bljns, nf muhnjtl kn `lj`njtrm`bðj sn `lrrnspljkn `lj uj bj`rnhnjtl fbjnmf nj fm mislrimj`bm (zljm kn `uhpfbhbnjtl kn fm fny kn Fmhinrt-Innr). M `lj`njtrm`bljns mftms fm fbjnmfbkmk sn pbnrkn y sn lisnrvm qun fm fèjnm sn mpfmjm, plr fl qun fms hnkbkms slj pl`l dbmifns.
9.9.>.=.
PLF^@BÐJ HMKYN
Fms slfu`bljns hmkrns sn prnpmrm plr hnkb`bljns kbrn`tms kn pnsl knf slfutl y vlfuhnj kn fm slfu`bðj. Fls prbj`bpmfns rnqubsbtls qun kninj `uhpfbr nf rnm`tbvl slfbkl slj? - Knin snr nj dlrhm purm. - Knin snr nstmifn nj dlrhm purm y nj slfu`bðj. - Ulkrí sn`mrsn dí`bfhnjtn y jl snr abgrls`ðpb`l. - Knin snr slfuifn nj uj kbslfvnjtn mprlpbmkl. - Knin tnjnr prndnrbifnhnjtn uj mftl pnsl hlfn`ufmr, kn hlkl qun `umjkl sn prnpmrn ujm slfu`bðj fm `mjtbkmk pnsmkm snm fl sudb`bnjtnhnjtn grmjkn pmrm prnvnjbr nrrlrns kn pmsmkm sbgjbdb`mtbvls.
9.9.>.9.
PLF^@BÐJ UM[YÐJ
Fms slfu`bljns pmtrðj slj fms kbfu`bljns qun sn rnmfbzmj m pmrtbr kn ujm slfu`bðj hmkrn pmrm rnmfbzmr fm `urvm kn `mfbirm`bðj l pmtrðj, kljkn sn prnpmrmj slfu`bljns kn hmjnrm ms`njknjtn vmrbmjkl fm `lj`njtrm`bðj.
9.0.
YNM@@BLJNP NJ FM UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FM H^NP[YM
Fm hnz`fm dujknjtn ns uj kbsgrngmjtn mf`mfbjl lxbkmjtn `lhpunstm plr Jm 9L9 y Jm9@L0 fms rnm``bljns qun l`urrnj nj nstm ntmpm slj fms sbgubnjtns?
() () () ↙() () () ()
97
() () () ↙() () () ()
Fm hmsm dujkbkm ns kbsunftm nj mgum, y sn prlku`nj fms sbgubnjtns rnm``bljns. Nf abnrrl prn`bpbtm `lhl Dn(LA)0 plr nf hnkbl dunrtnhnjtn mf`mfbjl plr fm dlrhm`bðj kn JmLA. Nf wðfdrmh qunkm nj fm slfu`bðj.
() () () () ↙()() () () ↙()()
Fm slfu`bðj sn alhlgnjbzm sn knom nj rnplsl kls alrms, pmrm qun fm rnm``bðj sn `lhpfntn y mf`mj`n nf nqubfbirbl Pn `lfl`m sufdmtl dnrrlsl y `flrurl nstmjjlsl pmrm qun nf abnrrl qun nstí nj slfu`bðj nstm `lhl Dn0+ nf `umf `lj nf `flrurl nstmjjlsl sn rnku`n tlkl m Dn 9+ pmrm qun nf tbl`bmjmtl kn pltmsbl jl rnm``bljn ym qun bjtnrdnrbrèm bjtnrd nrbrèm nj fm kntnrhbjm`bðj `lflrbhâtrb`m.
+ ↙ +
R fungl sn nspnrm kls alrms pmrm qun sn flgrn fm rnm``bðj kn ðxbkl rnku``bðj y msè tlkl nf Dn0+ sn `ljvbnrtm nj Dn9+, ym qun sb jl sn `lhpfntm fm rnm``bðj nf Dn0+ rnm``bljmrbm `lj nf tbl`bmjmtl y sn gnjnrmrèm ujm `lflrm`bðj rlol bjtnjsl knibkl m fm dlrhm`bðj knf blj dnrrbtbl`bmjmtl. R fungl sn tbnjn fm rnm``bðj prbj`bpmf knf tbl`bmjmtl y nf slkbl?
+ ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ↙
Nf `umf gnjnrm mf tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl uj `lhpfnol `lflr mhmrbffl.
91
92
0. HMY@L HN[LKLFÐGB@L 0.=.
HM[NYBMFNP R YNM@[BTLP
0.=.=. HM[NYBMFNP == Hmtrm`ns mdlrmkls kn >5 hF
4 Hmtrm`ns mdlrmkls kn =55 hF
0 Hmtrm`ns mdlrmkls kn 9>5 hF
= Hmtrmz mdlrmkl kn = F
> Tmsls kn prn`bpbtmkl kn ;55 hF
> Tbkrbls kn Ynflo
> Nhiukls mjmfètb`ls
Umpnf dbftrl
= Ubpntm vlfuhâtrb`m kn =5 hF 9 Ubpntms vlfuhâtrb`ms kn > hF
= Ubpntm vlfuhâtrb`m kn 9 hF
= Ubpntm vlfuhâtrb`m kn = hF
= Ubpntm grmkumkm kn =5 hF
= Urlintm grmkumkm kn =5 hF
Tmrbffm
Ub`ntm
@npbffl > `rbslfns kn abnrrl
0.=.9. YNM@[BTLP Wlfdrmhmtl kn Plkbl
Pufdmtl dnrrlsl
@flrurl nstmjjlsl
[bl`bmjmtl kn pltmsbl
Í`bkl `flraèkrb`l `lj`njtrmkl
05
Unrðxbkl kn slkbl
Í`bkl sufdÿrb`l `lj`njtrmkl
0.=.0. N]^BULP
Imfmjzm mjmfètb`m MJK AY @mp. 9=5 g. Ufmj`am kn `mfnjtmhbnjtl DBPM[LH
Nspn`trldltðhntrl ^T- Tbsbifn P@ABHMK_^
0.9.
UMY[N NQUNYBHNJ[MF
0.9.=. MJÍFBPBP UYLU^NP[L KN NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN? 0.9.=.=.
WLDYMH
ULY
UYNUMYM@BLJNP KN PLF^@BLJNP
0.9.=.=.=. PLF^@BÐJ HMKYN KN =555 pph KN WL0
↙ 9∙ + ∙ 9+ ↙ 9↙ ∗ 9
∗ 90=, ∗ == =5=555 ∗ =555=555= ∗ =555 = = 1 > ∙ ∗ = ∗ ==∙ ∗ = = ∗ 9 ∗ 910,= 1>∗∗99 8 5,=99;99; ∗ 9
Kbslfvnr 5,=99; g kn Jm9WL; *9A9L nj mgum knstbfmkm y kbfubr nj =55 hF.
0=
0.9.=.=.9. PLF^@BÐJ BJ[NYHNKBM KN =55 pph KN WL 0
8 8 8 =5=555 =555 ∗∗=55=55 8 =5
[lhmr ujm mfè`ultm kn =5 hF kn fm slfu`bðj pmtrðj kn =555 pph kn WL 0 y kbfubr nj uj hmtrmz mdlrmkl kn =55 hF y fungl hnz`fmr ibnj.
0.9.=.=.0. PLF^@BÐJ KN P^FDM[L DNYYLPL 5,05 H
∗ 7 ∗7∗ 7 ∗977 977, , 2=0 ∗=7=↙ =5=555 ∗ 5,05 =555 = ∗ 7 8 1,0007;7; ∗ 7
Kbslfvnr 1,007; g kn DnPL;*7A95 nj >5 hF kn mgum knstbfmkm y mýmkbr > hf kn í`bkl sufdÿrb`l `lj`njtrmkl hnz`fmr y njdrbmr. [rmjsdnrbr m uj hmtrmz kn =55 hF, mdlrmr `lj mgum knstbfmkm.
0.9.=.=.;. PLF^@BÐJ KN @FLY^YL NP[MJJLPL 5,>5 H
∗ =12,= 7= 8 90,7=07 =07 9>9>55 ∗∗ 5,>5 =555 Kbslfvnr 90,7=07 g kn Pj@f9 nj 9> hf kn í`bkl `flraèkrb`l, njdrbmr. [rmjsdnrbr m uj hmtrmz mdlrmkl kn 9>5 hF.
09
0.9.=.=.>. PLF^@BÐJ KN [BL@BMJM[L KN UL[MPBL =,55 H
8 9;,9>55 ∗ = 27 9>55 9>9>55 ∗ =,55 =555
Kbslfvnr 9;,9>55 g kn tbl`bmjmtl kn pltmsbl nj >5 hF kn mgum. [rmjsdnrbr m uj hmtrmz kn 9>5 hF, mdlrmr `lj mgum y hnz`fmr ibnj.
0.9.=.9.
KNP@YBU@BÐJ UYNFBHBJMY KN FM H^NP[YM
Fm hunstrm kn rndnrnj`bm (Dltl J¿=) sn lituvl kn fm Nhprnsm Cnjjm Hntmf, fm `umf ym dun mjmfbzmkm plr fm nhprnsm, nstm hunstrm prlvbnjn kn fm @llpnrmtbvm Hbjnrm kn [msjm uib`mkm nj fm `bukmk kn Ultlsè .
Dltl J¿ =? Hunstrm kn rndnrnj`bm hbjnrmf kn wlfdrmh
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
00
0.9.=.0.
UYNUMYM@BÐJ R MJÍFBPBP KN FM H^NP[YM
0.9.=.0.=. UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FM H^NP[YM Fm prnpmrm`bðj kn fms hunstrms kn Wlfdrmhbtm kn (DnWL ;, HjWL;) sn rnmfbzð `lj fm dbjmfbkmk kn litnjnr hunstrms rnprnsnjtmtbvms pmrm su plstnrblr mjífbsbs qubhb`l sngÿj nf sbgubnjtn dfuolgrmhm?
Dbgurm ==? Urnpmrm`bðj kn fm hunstrm
HBJNYMF PN@MKL [YB[^YM@BÐJ @^MY[NL
Wlfdrmhmtls kn Dn, Hj
=55 l@
Ynku``bðj kn tmhmýl
Hmffm # 955
U^FTNYB_M@BÐJ FMILYM[LYBL MJÍFBPBP ]^ÈHB@L Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
0;
0.9.=.0.9. [YM[MHBNJ[L KN FM H^NP[YM =) Unsmr 5,> g `lj prn`bsbðj y trmjsdnrbr m uj `rbslf kn abnrrl (Dltl J¿9). 9) Unsmr njtrn > g kn pnrðxbkl kn slkbl y 0 g kn `mriljmtl kn slkbl trmjsdnrbr m uj `rbslf y hnz`fmr ibnj (Dltl J¿0).
0) Dujkbr slirn ujm ffmhm dunrtn, y njtlj`ns `mfnjtmr plr 7 hbjutls. Njdrbmr (Dltl J¿;) ;) Urnpmrmr tmhibâj uj ifmj`l nj pmrmfnfl plr dusbðj kn >,5g kn pnrðxbkl kn slkbl y 0 g kn `mriljmtl kn slkbl.
>) @lfl`mr nf `rbslf nj uj vmsl kn ;55 hF y `uirbr `lj uj vbkrbl kn rnflo. Muhnjtmr >5 hF kn mgum drèm (Dltl J¿>).
4) @lfl`mr nf vmsl nj fm pfmj`am y knomr plr => hbjutls. (Jl prn`bsm anrvbr). Njdrbmr (Dltl J¿4)
7) Yntbrmr nf `rbslf, fmvmr ibnj. Tnrbdb`mr qun tlkm fm hunstrm amym sbkl trmjsdnrbkm m uj vmsl. 1) [rmjsdnrbr m uj hmtrmz kn =55 hF mdlrmr `lj mgum y knomr nj rnplsl kn uj kèm pmrm ltrl. Ubpntnmr ujm mfè`ultm kn slfu`bðj slirn jmkmjtn kn 9 hF m uj hmtrmz kn >5 hF. Muhnjtmr.
- 9 hF kn slfu`bðj kn sufdmtl dnrrlsl. - 7,> hF kn slfu`bðj kn `flrurl nstmjjlsl. - 95 hF kn í`bkl `flraèkrb`l `lj`njtrmkl. 2) Mgbtmr ibnj knspuâs kn `mkm mkb`bðj. [mpmr fls hmtrm`ns y knomr nj rnplsl plr kls alrms.
=5) Muhnjtmr > hF kn slfu`bðj kn tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl, mdlrmr `lj mgum y alhlgnjnbzmr ibnj. Ndn`tumr fn`turm.
0>
Dltl J¿ 9? Hunstrm pnsmkm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Dltl J¿ 0? Hunstrm `lj pnrðxbkl kn slkbl y `mriljmtl kn slkbl
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
04
Dltl J¿ ;? Hunstrm dujkbkm `lflr rlol-`nrnzm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Dltl J¿ >? Kbslfu`bðj kn fm hmsm dujkbkm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
07
Dltl J¿ 4? Hunstrm kn`mjtmkm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Nf trmtmhbnjtl kn fm hunstrm, knf hbjnrmf qun tbnjn wlfdrmhmtls kn abnrrl y hmjgmjnsl sn sngubríj fls sbgubnjtns pmsls `lhl sn hunstrm nj fm dbgurm?
01
Dbgurm =9? [rmtmhbnjtl kn fm hunstrm UNPMY H^NP[YM
>55,5 hg @rbslf kn `br`ljbl
7 hbjutls m 415 ¿@ nj uj slpfntn amstm fm `lflrm`bðj rlol-`nrnzm
= alrm m =>5 ¿@ nj fm nstudm
> g kn Jm9L9
D^PBÐJ (Ynm``bljns vnr fm píg. 9>) KBPLF^@BÐJ KNF D^JKBKL (Ynm``bljns vnr fm píg. 9>)
0 g kn Jm9@L0 Tmsl kn prn`bpbtmkl kn ;55 hF >5 hF kn mgum knstbfmkm
Mdlrmr m =55 hF
PNUMYM@BÐJ
MKN@^M@BÐJ NJ 9 hF (Ynm``bljns vnr fm píg. 9>)
Kn`mjtm`bðj
9 hF kn DnPL; 5,05 H 7,> hF kn Pj@f9 5,>5 H 95 hF kn A@f `lj`njtrmkl
ALHLGNJB_MY (Ynm``bljns vnr fm píg. 94)
FN@[^YM NPUN@[YLDL[LHÂ[YB@M
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
> hF kn CP@J
02
0.9.=.;.
UYNUMYM@BÐJ KN FLP UM[YLJNP KN FM @^YTM KN @MFBIYM@BÐJ
m. M pmrtbr kn fm slfu`bðj kn wlfdrmh `ljtnjbnjkl =55 pph WL 0, pbpntnmr mfè`ultm m hmtrm`ns kn >5 hF, `ljdlrhn bjstru``bljns nj fm tmifm sbgubnjtn?
[mifm j¿ ; @lj`njtrm`bljns kn fm slfu`bðj pmtrðj Plfu`bðj bjtnrhnkbm kn =55 pph kn WL0 vlfuhnj hf. =
Muhnjtmr nstn vlfuhnj kn slfu`bðj Ifmj`l =5 hF
Muhnjtmr Pufdmtl Dnrrlsl
Muhnjtmr @flrurl Nstmjjlsl
Muhnjtmr A@f `lj`njtrmkl
Umtrðj WL0
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
9 pph
9
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
; pph
0
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
4 pph
;
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
1 pph
>
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
=5 pph
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Mgbtmr ibnj knspuâs kn `mkm mkb`bðj.
i. Mgbtmr ibnj knspuâs kn `mkm mkb`bðj. [mpmr fls hmtrm`ns y knomr nj rnplsl plr 9 alrms.
`. Muhnjtmr > hf kn slfu`bðj kn tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl, mdlrmr `lj mgum y alhlgnjnbzmr ibnj. Ndn`tumr fn`turm
0.9.=.>.
MJÍFBPBP ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T- TBPBIFN
Nf mjífbsbs bjstruhnjtmf kn fm hunstrm sn rnmfbzð nj nf nqubpl kn nspn`trlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn P@ABHMK_^ kn fm @mrrnrm kn ]uèhb`m Bjkustrbmf.
;5
0.9.=.>.=. HNKB@BÐJ ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN Fm hnkb`bðj sn rnmfbzð kn fm sbgubnjtn hmjnrm `lhl hunstrm fm dbgurm?
Dbgurm =0? Hnkb`bðj plr nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn
NJ@NJKNY N]^BUL KN NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN
@LJKB@BLJNP KNF N]^BUL KN NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM
FN@[^YMP KN PLF^@BLJNP UM[YÐJ R H^NP[YMP
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Pnfn``bðj kn fm Fljgbtuk kn ljkm m Pnfn``bðj ;5= jh
Plfu`bljns pmtrðj kn WL0? 9 pph kn WL0 ; pph kn WL0 4 pph kn WL0 1 pph kn WL0 =5 pph kn WL0 Hunstrms
;=
Dltl J¿ 7? Nj`njkbkl knf Nqubpl
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Dltl J¿ 1? Pnfn``bðj kn fm Fljgbtuk kn Ljkm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
;9
Dltl J¿ 2? Fn`turms kn fm `urvm pmtrðj
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Dltl J¿ =5? Fn`turms kn fms hunstrms
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
;0
0.9.9. TNYBDB@M@BÐJ KN FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY M pmrtbr kn fm slfu`bðj kn wlfdrmh `ljtnjbnjkl =555 pph WL 0, pbpntnmr mfè`ultm m hmtrm`ns kn >5 hf, `ljdlrhn bjstru``bljns nj fm tmifm sbgubnjtn ?
[mifm j¿ > @lj`njtrm`bljns kn fm slfu`bðj pmtrðj Muhnjtmr Pufdmtl Dnrrlsl
Muhnjtmr @flrurl Nstmjjlsl
Muhnjtmr A@f `lj`njtrmkl
Umtrðj WL0
=
Muhnjtmr nstn vlfuhnj kn slfu`bðj Ifmj`l =5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
95 pph
9
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
;5 pph
0
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
45 pph
;
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
15 pph
>
=5 hF
9 hF
7,> hF
95 hF
=55 pph
Plfu`bðj kn =555 pph kn WL0 vlfuhnj hF
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm Mgbtmr ibnj knspuâs kn `mkm mkb`bðj.
m. Mgbtmr ibnj knspuâs kn `mkm mkb`bðj. [mpmr fls hmtrm`ns y knomr nj rnplsl plr 9 alrms.
i. Muhnjtmr > hf kn slfu`bðj kn tbl`bmjmtl kn slkbl, mdlrmr `lj mgum y alhlgnjnbzmr ibnj. Ndn`tumr fn`turm.
;;
;>
;. MJÍFBPBP N BJ[NYUYN[M@BÐJ KN YNP^F[MKLP ;.=.
HNKB@BÐJ KN WL0 ULY NPUN@[YLDL[LHN[YÈM ^T-TBPBIFN
^jm vnz rnmfbzmkms fms fn`turms nj nf nqubpl kn Nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T- Tbsbifn, fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls sn nxprnsmj nj pph. Ns kn`br nj hg/F, knf mjmfbtl nj nstukbl y nf `íf`ufl dbjmf nj plr`njtmon pmrm nf WL 0.
;.=.=. @^YTM KN @MFBIYM@BÐJ Knspuâs kn aminrsn ndn`tumkl 4 `urvms kn `mfbirm`bðj, sn nfbgbð mqunffm qun tbnjn uj hmylr vmflr kn `lndb`bnjtn kn `lrrnfm`bðj (r 8 5,2222). Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn tbnjn fms fn`turms litnjbkms kn fms slfu`bljns pmtrðj?
[mifm J¿ 4 Ynsuftmkls kn fms fn`turms kn fms mislrimj`bms @lj`njtrm`bðj Mislrimj`bm nj pph kn WL0 5,524 9
;
5,=71
4
5,94=
1
5,0;0
=5
5,;94
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm Kljkn plr rngrnsbðj fbjnmf sn litbnjn fls sbgubnjtns rnsuftmkls kn fm sbgubnjtn tmifm?
[mifm J¿ 7 Ynsuftmkls plr rngrnsbðj fbjnmf m
5,5=00
i
5,5;=9
r
5,222227
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
;4
Fm sbgubnjtn ns fm grídb`m kn `lj`njtrm`bðj (pph WL 0) vs mislrimj`bms?
Grídb`m =? @lj`njtrm`bðj TP Mislrimj`bm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
;7
Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn kntmffmj fls rnsuftmkls kn fms fn`turms kn fms mislrimj`bms kn fms trns kbdnrnjtns hunstrms3 kn `mkm hunstrm sn tlhmj > hmsms prðxbhms njtrn sè. Kmjkl uj tltmf kn => mjífbsbs.
[mifm J¿ 1 Mislrimj`bms kn fms hunstrms
Jÿhnrl kn hunstrm = H^NP[YM J¿ =
H^NP[YM J¿ 9
H^NP[YM J¿ 0
Mislrimj`bm 5,959
9
5,95=
0
5,90;
;
5,957
>
5,951
=
5,0=2
9
5,090
0
5,091
;
5,091
>
5,090
=
5,;>;
9
5,;>1
0 ;
5,;45 5,;4=
>
5,;>2
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
;1
;.=.9. @ÍF@^FLP @lj fls kmtls kn fm `urvm pmtrðj sn litbnjn fm n`um`bðj kn fm rn`tm?
8 SX …………………..()
Kljkn? M 8 mislrimj`bm
i 8 pnjkbnjtn kn fm rn`tm @ 8 8 `lj`njtrm`bðj
m 8 lrknjmkm nj nf lrbgnj
Kn fm `umf pmrm kntnrhbjmr fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn fms hunstrms sn utbfbzð fm sbgubnjtn n`um`bðj?
SX 8 ………………………..()
Umrm kntnrhbjmr nf plr`njtmon kn %WL 0 utbfbzmrnhls fm sbgubnjtn n`um`bðj?
% 8 ð ×…………….()
Pn ndn`tuð fls `íf`ufls rnspn`tbvls y fls rnsuftmkls sn prnsnjtmj nj fms sbgubnjtns tmifms pmrm `mkm hunstrm?
;2
Hunstrm J¿= [mifm J¿ 2 Ynsuftmkls kn fm Hunstrm J¿= Jµ kn hunstrm
pph kn fm slfu`bðj
Hmsm kn fm hunstrm (hg)
% WL0
=
;,>7;>
>57,7
9,9>
9
;,>>50
>5=,=
9,97
0
>,0>50
>25,=
9,94
;
;,42>7
>=;,4
9,91
>
;,7955
>=>,;
9,92 9,97
UYLHNKBL Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj Urlpbm
Hunstrm J¿ 9 [mifm J¿ =5 Ynsuftmkls kn fm Hunstrm J¿9 Jµ kn hunstrm
pph kn fm slfu`bðj
Hmsm kn fm hunstrm (hg)
% WL0
=
7,;=5;
>55,7
0.75
9
7,>522
>59,5
0.7;
0
7,400;
>=0,5
0.79
;
7,4014
>=5,4
0.7;
>
7,>9=5
>5=,;
0.7>
UYLHNKBL Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj Urlpbm
0.70
>5
Hunstrm J¿ 0 [mifm J¿ == Ynsuftmkls kn fm Hunstrm J¿0 Jµ kn hunstrm
pph kn fm slfu`bðj
Hmsm kn fm hunstrm (hg)
% WL0
=
=5,41;9
>55,9
>.=;
9
=5,7155
>59,1
>.=4
0
=5,1009
>50,;
>.=0
;
=5,1>51
>54,=
>.=;
>
=5,1=77
>5>,>
>.=> >.=;
UYLHNKBL Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj Urlpbm
@íf`ufls kn fm knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr rnfmtbvm kn fms hunstrms.
[mifm J¿ =9 [rmtmhbnjtl kn kmtls pmrm kntnrhbjmr fm knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr mislfutm H^NP[YM J¿ = 9,9>
|5,59 ̎|
̎ (|5,555; |)
9
9,97
5,55
5,5555
0
9,94
5,5=
5,555=
;
9,91
5,5=
5,555=
>
9,92
5,59
5,555;
∝
==,0>
5,54
5,55=5
J¿ =
>=
H^NP[YM J¿ 9 =
0,75
5,50
5,5552
9
0,7;
5,5=
5,555=
0
0,79
5,5=
5,555=
;
0,7;
5,5=
5,555=
>
0,7>
5,59
5,555;
∝
=1,4>
5,51
5,55=4
H^NP[YM J¿ 0 =
>,=;
5,55
5,5555
9
>,=4
5,59
5,555;
0
>,=0
5,5=
5,555=
;
>,=;
5,55
5,5555
>
>,=>
5,5=
5,555=
∝
9>,79
5,5>
5,5554
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Umrm nf `íf`ufl kn fm knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr mislfutm sn tlhð nj `unjtm fm sbgubnjtn n`um`bðj?
̎ ∝ ∝(| (| | ) ∟ % 8 = ……………………..(;)
>9
Umrm fm hunstrm =?
̎ ∝ ∝(| (| | ) ∟ 8 ∟ 5,5,55=5 85,5=>1 % 8 = >=
Umrm fm hunstrm 9?
̎ ∝ ∝(| (| | ) ∟ % 8 = 8 ∟ 5,5>,55=4= 85,5955
̎ ∝(| | ) ∟ % 8 = 8 ∟ 5,5>,5554= 85,5=99
Umrm fm hunstrm 0?
Umrm kntnrhbjmr nf plr`njtmon knf WL 03 sn nhpfnð fm sbgubnjtn n`um`bðj?
8 ½ % ……………………..()
Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn kntmffmj fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls hís su rnspn`tbvm bj`nrtbkuhirn?
>0
[mifm =0? Ynsuftmkls kn mjífbsbs plr nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T ‐ Tbsbifn Tbsbifn
Ynsuftmkl nj % kn WL0 Hunstrm =
9,90 ½ 5,59
Hunstrm 9
0,70 ½ 5,59
Hunstrm 0
>,=; ½ 5,5=
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Umrm nf `íf`ufl kn fm knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr rnfmtbvm sn tlhð nj `unjtm fm sbgubnjtn n`um`bðj?
%% 8 ×%…………. ( )
Umrm fm hunstrm =?
%% 8 ×%8 ×%8,,, ×%8,%
Umrm fm hunstrm 9?
%% 8 ×%8 ,, ×%8,%
>;
Umrm fm hunstrm 0?
%% 8 ×%8 ,, ×%8,%
Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn kntmffmj fls rnsuftmkls kn fms knsvbm`bljns nstíjkmr rnfmtbvms?
[mifm J¿=; Ynsuftmkls kn fms knsvbm`bljns nstíjkmr rnfmtbvms
Knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr rnfmtbvm Hunstrm =
5,75 %
Hunstrm 9
5,>; %
Hunstrm 0
5,9; %
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm Nstls rnsuftmkls `lhpmrmkls `lj
½ =5 % (% pnrhbtbkl nj mjífbsbs quèhb`l) slj huy
pnqunýls, fl `umf sbgjbdb`m qun fls mjífbsbs amj sbkl ibnj rnmfbzmkls. rnmfbzmk ls.
;.=.0. TNYBDB@M@BÐJ KN FM FNR KN FMHINY[- INNY Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn nj`unjtrmj fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls kn fms fn`turms kn fls pmtrljns hís `lj`njtrmkls?
>>
[mifm J¿=> Ynsuftmkls kn fms fn`turms kn fms mislrimj`bms
@lj`njtrm`bðj nj pph kn WL0
Mislrimj`bm
=5
5,;90
95
5,475
;5
5,1>9
45
5,754
15
5,145
=55
=.;>2
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Fm sbgubnjtn ns fm grídb`m kn `lj`njtrm`bðj (pph WL 0) vs mislrimj`bms?
Grídb`m 9? @lj`njtrm`bðj TP Mislrimj`bm
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbl
>4
@lj fls mjtnrblrns kmtls kn rmjgl (kn 5 ‐ =55 =55 pph WL0), sn vnrbdb`m qun jl `uhpfn fm Fny kn Innr ym qun fm `urvm jl km ujm rn`tm fbjnmf. Ulr tmjtl, fm `urvm ðptbhm vm kn 5 ‐ =5 =5 pph WL0.
;.9.
MJÍFBPBP KN YNP^F[MKLP
^jm vnz `lj`fubkl `lj fm pmrtn nxpnrbhnjtmf y prnsnjtm`bðj kn rnsuftmkls, plknhls mjmfbzmr kb`als rnsuftmkls.
Jltm.- Umrm rnmfbzmr fls mjífbsbs hnj`bljmkls sn trmimoð `lj hunstrms kn rndnrnj`bm hbjnrmf kn imom fny `lj vmflrns `ljl`bkls qun dunrlj mjmfbzmkls plr nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l, `uyls vmflrns slj kntmffmkls nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm?
[mifm =4? Tmflrns knf hbjnrmf kn rndnrnj`bm
Hunstrm =
Tmflr msbgjmkl 9,9; % kn WL0
Hunstrm 9
0,79 % kn WL0
Hunstrm 0
>,=9 % kn WL0
Dunjtn? Nhprnsm Cnjjm Hntmf/Fmilrmtlrbl quèhb`l
Nj fm sbgubnjtn tmifm sn am`n ujm `lhpmrm`bðj njtrn fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls prbhnrl plr grmvbhntrèm y nj nf sngujkl plr nspn`trldltlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn?
[mifm =7? Ynsuftmkls kn `lhpmrm`bðj kn rnsuftmkls Ynsuftmkl nj % kn WL0
Ynsuftmkl nj % kn WL 0
(Grmvbhâtrb`l)
(nspn`trldltlhntrèm)
Hunstrm =
9,9;
9,90
Hunstrm 9
9,79
0,70
Hunstrm 0
>,=9
>,=;
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbm
Mjmfbzmjkl fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls kn fm tmifm J¿ =7 sn vn qun fm kbdnrnj`bm njtrn mhils hâtlkls sn m`nr`m njtrn fls rnsuftmkls ym qun nj `mkm hunstrm sn lisnrvm ujm kbdnrnj`bm knf 5,5=% `lj rnspn`tl m fm `lj`njtrm`bðj kn WL 0. Pn lisnrvm qun nxbstn ujm rnfm`bðj kn hâtlkls, mhils slj `ljdbmifns, y m qun fls rnsuftmkls sn m`nr`mj njtrn sè. Nj nf mjífbsbs grmvbhâtrb`l, sn litbnjn rnsuftmkls hís imols knibkl m qun nf trmtmhbnjtl kn kljkn fm hunstrm fm kbslfu`bðj plr vèm í`bkm jl ns `lhpfntm. Nstn nrrlr ns huy drn`unjtn nj nf mjífbsbs grmvbhâtrb`l. Hbnjtrms qun nj nf hâtlkl prlpunstl sn litbnjnj rnsuftmkls hís mftls ym qun sn rnmfbzm uj ujmm kbslfu`bðj plr dusbðj nj kljkn fm kbslfu`bðj ns `lhp `lhpfntm, fntm, plr tmjtl nf hâtlkl kn nspn`trldltlhntrèm ns hís ndn`tbvl qun nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l. [mhibâj sn lisnrvm nj fm tmifm J¿ =0 qun fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls plr nf hâtlkl prlpunstl sn tbnjnj fm knsvbm`bðj nstíjkmr mislfutm huy pnquným pmrm nf tbpl kn mjífbsbs qun sn prlpljn. Nf hâtlkl slfl sbrvn pmrm hbjnrmfns kn imom fny, ym qun nf prnsnjtn prlyn`tl prlpunstl jl punkn snr sn r utbfbzmkl pmrm hbjnrmfns kn mftm fny, knibkl m qun lisnrvmjkl lisnr vmjkl fm grídb`m 9 `lj fls rnsuftmkls kn fm vnrbdb`m`bðj kn fm fny kn Fmhinrt ‐ Innr, Innr, sn vn `fmrmhnjtn qun ym jl tbnjn uj `lhplrtmhbnjtl fbjnmf fl `umf mrrmstrmrèm hu`als nrrlrns nj nf hlhnjtl kn kntnrhbjmr fm `lj`njtrm`bðj knf WL 0, plr tmjtl fm `urvm pmtrðj ðptbhm ns knf rmjgl kn? 53 93 ;3 43 =5 pph.
>7
>1
>2
>. @LJ@F^PBLJNP R YN@LHNJKM@BLJNP >.=.
@LJ@F^PBLJNP
Knspuâs kn aminr rnmfbzmkl uj mjífbsbs kn fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls plknhls `lj`fubr qun?
Nf mjífbsbs prlpunstl nj nf prnsnjtn prlyn`tl ns `ljdbmifn y sn punkn mpfb`mr m `umfqubnr hbjnrmf kn imom fny, knibkl m qun nf hâtlkl bjstruhnjtmf ns hís ndn`tbvl nj `lhpmrm`bðj `lj nf hâtlkl grmvbhâtrb`l.
Mknhís nf hâtlkl prlpunstl pnrhbtn rnmfbzmr nf mjífbsbs nj uj tbnhpl hu`al hís irnvn, qun nf qun sn rnmfbzm plr grmvbhntrèm qu qunn kurm kur m mprlxbhmkmhnjtn mprlxbhmkm hnjtn ujls ; kèms y hbnjtrms nf prnsnjtn prlyn`tl kbshbjuyn m 1 alrms kn trmimol.
Fls rnsuftmkls litnjbkls kn fms knsvbm`bljns nstíjkmr rnfmtbvms ([mifm J¿ =;), hunstrmj `fmrmhnjtn qun slj huy pnqunýms hnjlr mf ½=5%. Nstl qubnrn kn`br qun nf hâtlkl prlpunstl knf mjífbsbs kn wlfdrmh plr nspn`trldlhntrèm ^T-Tbsbifn ns prn`bsl ym qun sn lisnrvm qun fm kbspnrsbljns kn fls rnsuftm rnsuftmkls kls slj pnqunýms.
>.9.
YN@LHNJKM@BLJNP
Pn knin tlhmr nj `unjtm fms sbgubnjtns rn`lhnjkm`bljns pmrm jl tnjnr nrrlrns mf hlhnjtl kn rnmfbzmr nf hâtlkl?
Knspuâs kn fm dusbðj kn fm hunstrm sn knin nspnrmr 9 alrms pmrm qun flgrn fm
rnm``bðj `lhpfntm y sn ffngun mf nqubfbirbl kn fm rnm``bðj. Pn knin tnjnr hu`al `ubkmkl mf hlhnjtl kn dujkbr fm hunstrm ym qun sn knin mgbtmr `ljstmjtnhnjtn pnrl sbj pnrknr jb knrrmhmr fm slfu`bðj rlol-`nrnzm.
45
IBIFBLGYMDÈM - Mrhmjkl Nrguntm Mrmjm (=274) ‖Fm rbqunzm hbjnrm nj Ilfbvbm‘. - Mrtur Tlgnf ‖Mjmfbsbs @umfbtmtbvl‘
- Gbfinrt A. Myrns (9550) ‖Mjífbsbs ]uèhb`l @umjtbtmtbvl‘. - Pmflhðj Ybvms y Dnknrb`l Mafdnfk (9552) ‖Fls ‖ Fls hbjnrmfns kn Ilfbvbm y sus pmrmons‘. - Pcllg K. M. Omhns3 Alffnr D. (=221) (=221) ‖Urbj`bpbls kn Mjífbsbs Bjstruhnjtmf‘ Bjstruhnjtmf‘
4=
MJNQLP Dltl J¿ ==? Nspn`trldltðhntrl ^T-TBPBIFN
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbl
Dltl J¿ =9? Ufmj`am kn `mfnjtmhbnjtl DBPM[LH
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbl
49
Dltl J¿ =0? Imfmjzm mjmfètb`m MJK AY @mp. 9=5 g.
Dunjtn? Nfmilrm`bðj prlpbl
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