Effet de La Corrosion Sur Le Transport Et Le

April 4, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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PA^Q@FCZQA JFLAPCAEEA DAOGHPJTCZQA AT ^G^QFJCPA OCECXTAPA DA F–AEXACLEAOAET XQÂPCAQP AT DA FJ PAHBAPHBA XHCAETCICZQA

QECYAPXCTA OGBJOAD @GQDCJI - O–XCFJ IJHQFTA DAX XHCAEHAX DA^JPTAOAET DA ^BSXCZQA

DGOJCEA = Xhcaehas da fj ojtcâra

E¾ /^b AEP AEP >3/0>:3 >3/0>:3

ICFCAPA = ^byscqua G^TCGE = ^byscqua Aearlãtcqua

at Aearlcas Paeguvafj`fas

Oãogcra prãsaetã pgur f–g`taetcge Du dcpfôoa da Ojstar Jhjdãocqua

Pãjfcsã pjr= KBJPKBJHBA KBJPKBJHB A @cfjf

@GQKBJTJFJB \cssjoa

Cetctufã

Aiiat da fj hgrrgscge sur fa trjespgrt at fa stghkjla das bydrghjrùras= Hjs fj stjtcge X^8 î O–scfj ae Jflãrca

Xgutaeu fa >0/>< /0>:3 davjet fa mury hgopgsã da= @JJ]C] Bjkco

XJFOC Ogbjoad TJBPGQP Ijrguk IPCDMJ Dmjojf

Qecvarsctã Ogbjoad @gudcji- O–scfj Qecvarsctã Ogbjoad @gudcji- O–scfj Qecvarsctã Ogbjoad @gudcji- O–scfj Qecvarsctã Ogbjoad @gudcji- O–scfj

Jeeãa uecvarsctjcra = 0>:2/0>:3

^rãscdaet Pjppgrtaur Axjocejtaur Axjocejtaur

Paoarhcaoaets Fgujela î egtra sacleaur at hrãjtaur JFFJB quc egus j dgtã da fj oarvacffausa ijhuftã da rjcsgeeaoaet at da egus jvgcr cehctã î jhquãrcr fa sjvgcr. H–ast î fuc qua m–jdrassa oj lrjtctuda ae

praocar fcau. Ma tcaes î raoarhcar raoarhcar vcvaoaet vcvaoaet = Ogescaur Ogbjoad XJFOC  ; ; Dghtaur ju dãpjrtaoaet dãpjrtaoaet da ^byscqua Aearlãtcqua Aearlãtcqua at Aearlcas Paeguvafj`fas Paeguvafj` fas î f'Qecvarsctã da Ogbjoad @GQDCJI OXCFJ pgur o'jvgcr grcaetã djes oge trjvjcf, d'jvgcr jhhaptã d'ítra oge aehjdraur qu'ae pfus da sj dcspgec`cfctã, sas grcaetjtcges at sas hgesacfs jvcsãs j su `cae o'aehjdrar at oa sgutaecr tgut ju fgel da ha trjvjcf. Tguta fj dcrahtcge at fa parsgeeaffas da fj ^X8 (Haetra da pgopjla Oscfj) XGEJTPJHB, at surtgut Fa dcrahtaur ogescaur at fas trjvjcffaurs da fj stjtcge aoarhcar tgus fas oao`ras da mury pgur jvgcr jhhaptã da prãscdar at d–axjocear ha trjvjcf = Ma tcaes î r aoarhcar

Ogescaur @JJ]C] Bjkco prãscdaet da mury , da f–Qecvarsctã f–Qecvarsctã da Ogbjoad Ogbjoad @GQDCJI OXCFJ, pgur pgur Oasscaurs TJBPGQP Ijrguk   at IPCDMJ Dmjojf f–ãxjocejtcge du oãogcra.

Tgus oas raoarhcaoaets prgigeds vget ãljfaoaet î tgus fas aesaclejets da ^byscqua at tgutas fas parsgeeas quc get hgetrcùã da prâs gu da fgce.

Dãdchjha Ma dãdca ha ogdasta trjvjcf î= Jvjet tgus î oas hbars pjraets. Oas dãdchjhas s–jdrassaet ãljfaoaet î oas hbars irâras. irâras. Î tgutas oas sgaurs. At î tgus fas oao`ras da oj ijocffa i jocffa at tguta parsgeea quc pgrta fa ego KBJPKBJHBA. Jussc, ma dãdca ha trjvjcf î tgus oas hbars jocs. J tgus fas aesaclejets at tgutas fas aesac lejetas lejetas d–bydrghjrùras @guoardas at da ^byscqua ^byscqua î Qecvarsctã Oscfj. J fj ice ma dãdca trâs hbjfaurausaoaet ha oãogcra î oge `ceôoa @GQKBJTJFJB @GQKBJTJFJB \cssjoa

KBJPKBJHBA @cfjf

Dãdchjha Ma dãdca ha ogdasta trjvjcf î= Jvjet tgus î oas hbars pjraets. Oas dãdchjhas s–jdrassaet ãljfaoaet î oas hbars irâras. irâras. Î tgutas oas sŘurs. sŘurs. At î tgus fas oao`ras da oj ijocffa i jocffa at tguta parsgeea quc pgrta fa ego @GQKBJTJFJB Jussc, ma dãdca ha trjvjcf î tgus oas hbars jocs. J tgus fas aesaclejets at tgutas fas aesaclejetas da da ^byscqua Aearlãtcqua î Qecvarsctã Oscfj. J fj ice ma dãdca trâs hbjfaurausaoaet ha oãogcra î oge `ceôoa KBJPKBJHBA KBJPKBJHBA @cfjf

@GQKBJTJFJB \cssjoa

XGOOJCPA Cetrgduhtcge

Hbjpctra : = F–AETPA^PCXA XGEJTPJHB

0

:.:. ^rãsaetjtcge

4

:.:.:. XGEJTPJHB

4

:.:.0. Oãtcars da XGEJTPJHB

4

:.:.8. Ocsscges da XGEJTPJHB

9

:.:.4. Ycscge da XGEJTPJHB

<

:.:.1. Grljecsjtcge da fj XGEJTPJHB

<

:.:.9. Xarvchas at jhtcvctãs da XGEJTPJHB

<

:.:.

:.8- Hjrjhtãrcstcquas das prgducts pgopãs

:>

:.8.:- ^ãtrgfa `rut

:>

:.8.0. Hgedaesjt

::

:.4- Xtjtcges da pgopjla

::

:.4.:. Dashrcptcge at igehtcgeeaoaet

::

:.4.0- Xtghkjla du prgduct

:0

:.4.8- Axpfgctjtcge da f–cetarhgeeaxcge das guvrjlas GK:/ G@:/ EK:

:0

HBJ^CTPA 0= FJ XTJTCGE DA ^GO^JLA X^8

0.:- Dashrcptcge

:1

0.0- Afãoaets hgestctujet fj stjtcge X^8

:1

0.0.:- ^gopas haetrciulas bgrczgetjfa (LA^ 8>: J/@/H/D/A)

:1

0.0.0- Afahtrgpgopas `ggstars (^8>0 J/@/H)

:9

0.0.8 ‘  ^gopas juxcfcjcras

:9

0.0.4 -Pãsaju da purla lrjvctjcra

:9

0.0.1- Xystâoa ajux bucfausas 0.0.9. @jhs da stghkjla

:< :2

0.0.< -@àtcoaet d–ãearlca

:3

0.0. 2- Lrgupa ãfahtrglâea (LA) 0.0.3. Haetrjfa jetc-cehaedca 0.8.Xarvchas prcehcpjfas da fj X^8 0.8.:. Xarvcha ojcetaejeha 0.8.0 . Xarvcha BXA 0.8.8 . Xarvcha axpfgctjtcge 0.4.8. Oguvaoaet das prgducts at icftrjla

0> 0> 0: 0: 00 00 00

0.4.:. Xystâoa da ljra rjhfaur 0.4.0. Jrrcvãa das prgducts at icftrjla 0.4.8. Fas icftras aetrãa stjtcge 0.4.4. Dãpjrt das prgducts 0.4.1. Aqucpaoaet da hcrhuct bydrjufcqua da fj stjtcge 0.4.9. Fas vjrcj`fas da fj stjtcge 0.4. 8> 8: 8: 8: 8: 8: 80 80 84 84 81 81 89 8< 83 83

8.3.:. Cebc`ctaurs grljecquas 8.3.0. Cebc`ctaurs oceãrjux 8.:>. Oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge

8.:0. Cehgevãecaet d–ue cebc`ctaur

83 4> 4> 4> 4: 4: 4:

Hgehfuscge

48

8.:>.:. Oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge ãfahtrghbcocqua 8.:>.0. Oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge cetar  ijhcjfa 8.::. Jvjetjlas d–ue cebc`ctaur

@c`fcglrjpbca

Cetrgduhtcge

Cetrgduhtcge

Da egs mgurs, cf ast `cae dciichcfa da vcvra sjes pãtrgfa at ljz ejturaf, fj hgesgoojtcge ãearlãtcqua ãearlãtcqua rapgsa jumgurd–buc assaetcaffaoaet sur fas hgoùstc` fas igsscfas at raprãsaetaet pfus da 2>% da f–ãearlca prcojcra hgesgooãa sur fj pfjeâta. Fa pãtrgfa at fa ljz ejturaf raprãsaetaet 19% da fj igurectura d–ãearlca prcojcra at fa hbjr`ge 01% (safge JCA) [:_.

Has prgducts sget fas iructs das dãlrjdjtcges at ojturjtcges suhhasscvas suhhasscvas das ojtcâras grljecquas at oceãrjfas ae trâs fgel prghassus da igrojtcge sur das ocffcges d'jeeãas, cfs sget î fj f j `jsa da egtra ãhgegoca ogedcjfa at ejtcgejfa. Djes f–cedustrca pãtrgfcâra, fas cestjffjtcges da surijha at pcpa fceas sget das gutcfs assaetcafs pgur fa trjespgrt d–copgrtjets dã`cts d–bydrghjrùras sur da lrjedas dcstjehas. Cfs sget fa ogda da trjespgrt fa

pfus sûr at fa pfus pfus ãhgegocqua [0-8_. Qe rãsaju da pcpafceas sur pfuscaurs kcfgoâtras j ãtã hgestruct î trjvars fa ogeda. Ae Jflãrca ge astcoa ha rãsaju î pfus da :2>>>Kos. Hapaedjet, fa trjespgrt du pãtrgfa `rut `r ut at du ljz ejturaf ea pjssa pjs pjs tgumgurs sjes prg`fâoas oío oíoaa sc das sgfutcges sget tgumgurs trgu trguvãas, vãas, has has prg`fâoas rastaet rastaet hgopfaxas at ego`raux. ^jroc haux-hc, cf ast ju ogces ue quc raehgetraet fas pãtrgfcars at quc rasta jssaz ojf hgeeu at pfus coprãvcsc`fa = cf s–jlct

da fj hgrrgscge, affa prgvgqua fas jrríts da prgduhtcge

coprãvus at das jhhcdaets. Djes egtra oãogcra ge j aetjoã ha pbãegoâea ejturaf at faurs aiiats eucsc`fas sur f–cedustrca da pãtrgfa ae lãeãrjfa at sur s ur fas ãqucpaoaets da surijha at pcpafcea ae

pjrtchufcar sucta î das vcsctas sur scta scta da fj stjtcge ddaa pgopjla X^8 at da pcpafcea pcpafcea î Bjssc Oassagud; Oassagud; ge paut pgsar egtra prg`fãojtcqua da rahbarhba, quaffas sget fas ogyaes at fas typas da prgtahtcge jppfcquãa djes djes has struhturas cedustrcaffas 7 Ha oãogcra hgop hgopgrta grta trgcs hbjpctras = Fa praocar hbjpctra prãsaeta F–aetraprcsa XGEJTPJHB, faur jhtcvctãs lfg`jfas, at dashrcptcge da fj fclea G@: 04/00" dastceã axhfuscvaoaet pgur fa trjespgrt du `rut da BAB vars fa tarocejf jrrcvãa da @amjçj. Djes fa dauxcâoa hbjpctra egus prãsaetges fj stjtcge da pgopjla X^8, faurs ãfãoaets hgestctujet at faurs dciiãraets sarvchas assaetcafs. Fa darecar hbjpctra vcsa fa pbãegoâea da hgrrgscge, dãicectcge, dciiãraetas typas, fj hgrrgscge djes fas hcrhucts bydrjufcquas djes fj stjtcge da pgopjla ^X8, at ae ice hgooaet futtar hgetra ha pbãegoâea.. pbãegoâea Aeice, egus tarocearges ha oãogcra pjr uea hgehfuscge quc rãsuoa egtra ãtuda at egtra pgcet da vu jcesc qua fas prcehcpjux rãsuftjts sget oaetcgeeãs. 0

F–AETPA^PCXA XGEJTPJHB HB J ^ ^CC T P A :

:.:. ^rãsaetjtcge :.:.:. XGEJTPJHB

« Xghcãtã Ejtcgejf cetarvaejet djes fj Pahbarhba, fj ^rgduhtcge, fa Trjespgrt, fj Trjesigrojtcge at fj Hgooarhcjfcsjtcge das bydrghjrùras », Eãa fa 8: dãhao`ra :398, XGEJTPJHB ast uea hgopjleca ãtjtcqua jflãrcaeea at ue jhtaur cetarejtcgejf ojmaur djes f–cedustrca das bydrghjrùras.

Fa lrgupa pãtrgfcar at ljzcar iut hfjssã :âr ae Jircqua at :0âoa djes fa ogeda ae 0>:8.Affa ast 4ãoa axpgrtjtaur djes f–axpfgrjtcge, fj prgduhtcge, fa trjespgrt pjr hjejfcsjtcges, fj trjesigrojtcge at fj

hgooarhcjfcsjtcge ogedcjfa da LEF, 8ãoa axpgrtjtaur ogedcjf da L^F at 1ãoa axpgrtjtaur da Ljz Ejturaf [4_. :.:.0- Oãtcars da XGEJTPJHB

Fas oãtcars da `jsa da XGEJTPJHB pgrtaet sur tguta fj hbjåea das bydrghjrùras, ae hgooaeìjet hgooaeìj et pjr ffjj rahbarhba at f'axpfgrjtcge, musqu'î faur trjesigrojtcge at faur hgooarhcjfcsjtcge jux hgesgoojtaurs. hgesgoojtau rs. Cf ast pgssc`fa da hfjssar has oãtcars ae qujtra jhtcvctãs lfg`jfas [4_ = Axpfgrjtcge -^rgduhtcge (A&^) ;



Fcquãijhtcge, rjiicejla at pãtrghbcoca (FP^) ;



Fa trjespgrt pjr hjejfcsjtcge (TPH) ;



Fj hgooarhcjfcsjtcge das bydrghjrùras bydrghjrùras at das prgducts pãtrgfcars (Hgo).



Egus jffges fas fas prãsaetar `rcâv `rcâvaoaet aoaet = j-Axpfgrjtcge -^rgduhtcge (A&^)

Jehcaeeaoaet Jehcaeeao aet Joge Joget,t, ast uea jhtcvctã jhtcvctã da rahb rahbarhba arhba at d'axpfgrj d'axpfgrjtcge tcge jcesc jcesc qua fj prgduhtcge prgduhtcge das das bydrghjrùras, jssurãa pjr f–aetraprcsa oâra, XGJETPJHB at/gu jvah das

pjrtaejcras ejtcgejux at

ãtrjelars. F–jhtcvctã A&^ ae Jflãrca î rãjfcsã :9 dãhguvartas ae 0>>3 at 03 dãhguvartas d–bydrghjrùras ae 0>:> = 89 ae aiigrt prgpra at >3 ae pjrtaejrcjt. f–cetarejtcgejf, fj hgopjleca j aiiahtuãa das dãhg uvartas da pãtrgfa jvah sj

^gur fas dãhguvartas î icfcjfa Xcpax, djes fj vcffa

da Trcpgfc ae Fc`ya ju `jssce da Lbjdjoâs [0_. Fas rãsarvas ae Jflãrca î ha mgur sa sctuaet djes f–Ast du Xjbjrj jflãrcae ; Guad Oyj at Bjssc- Oassjgud raeiarojet 9 4.31> 4.::0 0.89 -10 / -9:.9 6 0>

hXt hXt hXt hXt hXt khjf/kl ¾H ¾H

Taescge da Yjpaur, Pacd î 8,4 Trjhas Trjhas

^sc % %

Xguira tgtjf Taeaur ae haedra

>.:8 6 >.>>1

% pgcds % pgcds

Xjfcectã sgfu`fa tgtjfa

>.>>.>>:

% pgcds

^jrjiiceas

0.4

% pgcds

Jspbjftâeas

>.>9

% pgcds

Hjr`gea rãscduaf, Hgerjdsge

>.28

% pgcds

Tj`faju (:.:) = Hjrjhtãrcstcquas du pãtrgfa `rut

:>

Qectãs

:.8.0. Hgedaesjt,

raprãsaeta fa tj`faju hc-dassgus, fas hjrjhtãrcstcquas hjrjhtãrcstcquas da hgedaesàt jrrcvã î fj stjtcge

da pgopjla X^8. Hgedaesjt

Yjfaur

Daesctã î :1¾H

Qectãs

>.¾H (92¾I)

>.31

hXt

5::>>>

khjf/kl

^gcet da hgelãfjtcge

6 -1>

¾H

^gcet d'ãhfjcr, Jàf

6 -2

¾H

3

> > 0>

^sc % % % pgcds

6 >.>>1 > >>o 8 hbjhue dget trgcs `jhs dastceãs ju stghkjla du hgedaesjt at qujtra `jhs ju stghkjla du pãtrgfa `rut jcesc qua d–ue `jh da 03>> o8  pgur pgur fas hcrhucts da purla at d–jfcoaetjtcge ae hjrùrjet. F–axpãdctcge du `rut at du hg edaesjt vars fa tarocejf pgrtujcra da @amjçj ast jssurã pjr uea sãrca da stjtcges da pgopjla copfjetãas fa fgel da f–gfãgduh. Fj stjtcge da dãpjrt X^:dcspgsa d–ue aesao`fa da hcrhucts at d–cestjffjtcges da igehtcges at d–copgrtjehas dciiãraetas jssurjet ue sarvcha hgetceu at

icj`fa durjet fj pãrcgda da igehtcgeeaoaet [::-2_. ::

`- Xtjtcge X^: `cs ‘ Dmjojj, Dmjojj, h- Xtjtcge X^0-@cskrj, d- Xtjtcge X^8-O–scfj, a- Xtjtcge X@O-@gucrj. :.4.0- Xtghkjla du prgduct

Fas ogyaes da stghkjla das bydrghjrùras (^ãtrgfa at hgedaesàt) djes fa trjespgrt sget fas pjrhs da stghkjla quc sa trguvaet djes fas stjtcges da pgopjla at fas tarocejux da dãpjrt at d–jrrcvãa. Fj hjpjhctã da stghkjla d–G@:ast axpr coãa coãa djes fa tj`faju hc-jprâs [0

0> >>>

^@

X^8

Ifgttjet

>0

:0 >>>

^@

X@O

Ifgttjet

:0

81 >>>

^@ gu H

TOE

Ifgttjet

>4

1> >>>

^@ gu H

TOX

Ifgttjet

(o8)

Xtghkã

>2

81 >>>

>0

Tj`faju (:.8) = Fj hjpjhctã da stghkjla d–G@: d–G@:

:.4.8- Axpfgctjtcge Axpfgctjtcge da f–cetarhgeeaxcge das guvrjlas GK:/ G@:/ EK:

Ae vua da ojcetaecr f–jfcoaetjtcge sãhurcsãa da fj rjiicearca d–Jflar ae pãtrgfa `rut at paroattra fj rãbj`cfctjtcge da fj pjrtca Xud da f–guvrjla G@: aetra fj stjtcge stj tcge X^: -BAB at

X^0-@cskrj,

uea cetarhgeeaxcge î ãtã rãjfcsãa aetra fas guvrjlas GK:/EK: ju ^K 83:,1 da f–guvrjla G@:, hgrraspgedjet hgrraspgedj et raspahtcvaoaet jux ^k 830,2 at 838,1 das guvrjlas GK: at EK:. Hatta cetarhgeeaxcge paroattrj jussc f–jhbaoceaoaet da fj prgduhtcge du hgedaesjt vars fa pgr t

da

@amjçj ae hjs da stghk bjut ju tarocejf da Xkckdj sucta î ue jrrít prgfgelã du hgopfaxa PJ0K jssghcã î fj hgesclejtcge pgrtujcra gu ue prg`fâoa da hbjrlaoaet ju ecvaju du pgrt da Xkckdj. :0

J hat aiiat, uea prghãdura d–axpfgctjtcge î ãtã ãfj`grãa pgur dã icecr

fas ogdjfctãs gpãrjtcgeeaffas

d–axpfgctjtcge das guvrjlas GK: at G@: fgrs da fj ocsa ae sarvcha da hatta

cetarhgeeaxcge [:0_. Fj

iclura.:.3, cedcqua f–cetarhgeeaxcge rãjfcsãa aetra fas guvrjlas GK: at EK:.

Iclura (:.9) = Xhbãoj d–cetarhgeeaxcge aetra fas fcleas f cleas GK:/84" EK:/8>"at G@:/04".

:8

HBJ^C T PA 0 F J XTJTC X TJTC GE DA ^GO^JL ^GO^JL A X ^8

:4

0.:- Dashrcptcge

Fj stjtcge da ^gopjla X^8 ast sctuãa î fj sgrtca da fj zgea cedustrcaffa du hbai fcau da fj wcfjyj da O–scfj, ju ^K 431.98>

î uea dcstjeha da 1ko ju sud da fj vcffa at j uea jftctuda da491o, sa sctua î

042 ko da fj hjpctjfa Jflar, Affa ijct pjrtc da fj Pãlcge Trjespgrt Haetra da @amjcj (PTH), quc ast hbjrlãa du trjespgrt pjr hjejfcsjtcge, jcesc qua fa stghkjla das bydrghjrùras fcqucdas. 0.0- Afaoaets hgestctujet fj stjtcge X^8

Fj stjtcge X^8 sa hgopgsa ae pfuscaurs ãqucpaoaets assaetcafs oaetcgeeãs hgooa sucta = 0.0.:- Hceq pgopas haetrciulas bgrczgetjfa (LA^ 8>: J/@/H/D/A) ogetãas ae pjrjffâfa at

pgssâdaett fas hjrjhtãrcstcqua pgssâdae hjrjhtãrcstcquass sucvjetas = * Hbjhuea pgopa ast ae pjrjffâfa jvah ue ogtaur ãfahtrcqua, î trjvars ue vjrcjtaur da vctassa irãquaet YYI ; * Hgffahtaur d,–jspcrjtcge :>" ;

* Hgffahtaur da raigufaoaet :0".

Iclura (0.:) = ^gopas haetrciulas bgrczgetjfa

:1

0.0.0- Trgcs ãfahtrgpgopas `ggstars (^8>0 J/@/H)

= pgopas haetrciulas î trgcs ãtjlas cooarlãas

aetrjceãas pjr das ogtaurs ãfahtrcquas quc pgssâdaet fas hjrjhtãrcstcquas sucvjetas = * Hgffahtaur d–jspcrjtcge :0" ;

* Hgffahtaur da raigufaoaet :9".

Iclura (0.0) = ãfahtrgpgopas `ggstars 0.0.8 ‘ 0.0.8 ‘  ^gopas ^gopas juxcfcjras

* ^gopa da trjesiart ^8>8 ; * ^gopa da raprcsa purla ^8>4 ; * ^gopa da hjcssa da purla ^8>1 ; * ^gopa vcdjela `jh 8S: ^8>9 ; * ^gopa dãpgtjla ^8>< ; 8) * ^gopa da trjesiart ^8>8 ; * ^gopa da raprcsa purla ^8>4 ; * ^gopa da hjcssa da purla ^8>1 ; * ^gopa vcdjela `jh 8S: ^8>9 ; * ^gopa dãpgtjla ^8>< ; 0.0.4 -Pãsaju da purla lrjvctjcra

Fas purlas lrjvctjcras lrjvctjcras da fj stjtcge da pgopjla sget rãhupãrãas pjr fa rãsarvgcr da purla (@ 8>:), :9

quc ast uea hctarea cestruoaetãa at cestjffãa djes uea igssa jvah ue vgfuoa tgtjf da :> o8. Fas purlas sget rãcemahtãs djes fa rãsarvgcr da dãhjetjtcge pgur ítra aesucta aevgyãas aevgyãas djes fas rãsarvgcrs da stghkjla tjopges 8J:-8J0.

Iclura (0.8) = @jffge da purla jvah fj pgopa ^8>1

0.0.1- Xystâoa ajux bucfausas

Fas ajux bucfausas sget axpãdcãas ju systâoa da trjctaoaet \-8>1 ; Ha systâoa ast du typa (sãpjrjtaur H^C), gó s–aiiahtua fj sãpjrjtcge sãpjrjtc ge bucfa/aju lràha î faur dciiãraeha da daesctã.

Iclura (0.4) = Xystâoa ajux bucfausas

:<

0.0.9. @jhs da stghkjla j- Daux `jhs da stghkjla î tgct ifgttjet 8J:-8J0 da 0> >>> o 8 hbjhue,

has daux `jhs tjopges

mguaet ue rôfa trâs copgrtjet pgur fa `ge igehtcgeeaoaet da fj stjtcge jcesc qua da fj fclea, hgooa cedcquã djes fj iclura hc-dassgus.

Iclura (0.1) = Fas `jhs da stghkjla 8J: at 8J0. `- Qe rãsarvgcr da dãtaeta 8S: î tgct icxa da 03>> o8, (vgcr icl.0.9 ) ha `jh sart î rãhupãrar tgut fa

fcqucda sgct î trjvars tr jvars hgf da sclea ae hjs da dãhfjehbaoa dãhfjehbaoaet et das sgupjpas da dãhbjrla, sgct î trjvars fa hcrhuct da purla pjr fj pgopa ^-8>4 gu fa hjs da vcdjela das hgffahtaurs at ãqucpaoaets pjr fj pgopa ^-8>1, sgct fj rãhaptcge das dã`rcs copgrtãs pjr ue rjhfaur. Fa fcqucda da ha rãsarvgcr paut ítra aevgyã jux rãsarvgcrs da stghkjla 8J: at 8J0 pjr fj ^gopa da Trjesiart ^-8>8 gu paut ítra hbjrlã sur hjocges pjr fj ^gopa da Ycdjela ^-8>9.

Iclura (0.9) = @jh da dãtaeta 8S:.

:2

0.0.< -@àtcoaet -@àtcoaet d–ãearlca = ue `àtcoaet d–ãearlca d–ãearlca jfcoaetã pjr uea fclea ãfahtrcqua î bjuta taescge

da 9> Kv hgopgsã da = * Daux trjesigrojtaurs BT ‘ BT ‘ OT OT (9> KY/1,1 KY ) f–ue ae sarvcha, f–jutra sahgurs ae rãsarva ; * Hceq trjesigrojtaurs OT (1,1KY/0 R :,8KY) pgur fas vjrcjtaurs da vctassa YYI das ogtaurs ãfahtrcquas ; * Hceq jrogcras da vjrcjtaurs da vctassa pjr irãquaeha (YYI Yjrcjtcge

ãfah ãfahrgecqua rgecqua da vctassa pjr

irãquaeha (aetra > at 9> Brz)) ; * Daux trjesigrojtaurs ãfahtrcquas (OT/@T 1,1 KY / 08>-4>> Y) quc jfcoaetaet fas

pgopas

juxcfcjcras = - Pãsajux jetc-cehaedca ; - ^gopa da trjesiart O^ 8>8 ; - ^gopa da raprcsa purla O^ 8>4 ; - ^gopa O^ 8>1 hjcssa da purla ; - ^gopa O^ 8>9 vcdjela `jh 8S: ; - ^gopa O^ 8>< dãpgtjla ; - Ahfjcrjla stjtcge ; - Padrassaurs ãfahtrcquas Q^X 8>: J/@ at QJHH 8>:-J/@ .Hgooa cffustrãa sur fj iclura sucvjeta

Iclura (0. Kvj.

* Yctassa = :1>> tr/oce ;

Taescge = 4>> Y ;

Fj iclura hc-dassgus prãsaeta Lrgupa ãfahtrglâea (LA)

Iclura (0.3) = Lrgupa ãfahtrglâea

0.0.3. Haetrjfa jetc-cehaedca

* >0- pgopas mghkays da 01 o8/b jvah uea vctassa 038> tr/oce ; * >0- pgopas prcehcpjfas da :1> o8/b jvah uea vctassa 039> tr/oce ; * >:- ogtgpgopa HQOOCEX da 8>> o 8/b jvah uea vctassa 0:>>tr/oce ; * >0- pgopas dgsausas icra-dgs ; * >:- hctarea da stghkjla d–ãoufsaur :> o8 ; * >:- `jh î tgct icxa d–uea hjpjhctã da 03>> o8 ; * >4-Fjehas ogectgr î aju :>>> f/oce

;

* >8- Fjehas ogectgr î ogussa :1>> f/oce

0>

Iclura (0.::) = @jh @ 8>0 î tgct icxa.

Iclura (0.:>) = Haetrjf jetc-cehaedca. 0.8. Xarvchas prcehcpjfas da fj X^8

0.8.:. Xarvcha ojcetaejeha= Fa sarvcha ojcetaejeha jssura fj ojcetaejeha prãvaetcva at hurjtcva das

ãqucpaoaets at jssura tgutas fas gpãrjtcges da ojcetaejeha djes fa dgojcea ãfahtrcqua, oãhjecqua, cestruoaetjtcge at hfcojtcsjtcge. Cf hgopgrta trgcs sahtcges = j - Oãhjecqua = fj sahtcge oãhjecqua rãjfcsa fas tjhbas sucvjetas =

ãqucpaoaets. ts. Ycsctas prglrjooãas das ãqucpaoae



Aetratcae lãeãrjf.



ãqucpaoaets Hgetrôfa systãojtcqua das ãqucpaoaets



Dcjlegstch.



Fas pjeeas ege prglrjooãas.



Lrjcssjla das ãqucpaoaets (pgopas, vjeeas,… Aht) _::[ .



`-Cestruoaetjtcge = Fj sahtcge cestruoaetjtcge rãjfcsa fas tjhbas sucvjetas =

Hgetrôfa vcsuaf das cestruoaets das dciiãraetas cestjffjtcges.



Yãrcichjtcge at eattgyjla das cestruoaets.



Ojcetcae fa `ge igehtcgeeaoaet das cestruoaets (dã`guhbjla, hjfc`rjla Atjfgeejla …aht)



Pgeda at cespahtcge das dciiãraets pjrjoâtras (vc`rjtcge, taopãrjtura, prasscge, dã`ct at



trjesocsscge das dgeeãas) [::_ . h - Afahtrchctã at Hfcojtcsjtcge =

Fj sahtcge ãfahtrchctã rãjfcsa fas tjhbas sucvjetas =

hgetrôfa vcsuaf das ãqucpaoaets ãfahtrcqua.



hgetrôfa at fahtura das dciiãraets pjrjoâtras ãfahtrcquas.



vcsctas prglrjooãas das ãqucpaoaets ãfahtrcquas.



c oprãvuas. cetarvaetcge sur fas pjeeas coprãvuas.



vãrcichjtcge das cestjffjtcges da hfcojtcsjtcge.



eattgyjla at aetratcae da systâoa da hfcojtcsjtcge.



Jssurar fa `ge igehtcgeeaoaet das cestjffjtcges da hfcojtcsjtcge.



0:

0.8.0. Xarvcha BXA= Fj igehtcge du sarvcha sãhurctã ju ecvaju da fj

stjtcge X^8 ast da ljrjetcr ae

praocar fcau fj sãhurctã sãhurctã du parsgeeaf, parsgeeaf, ae sucta dduu ojtãrcaf dget dcsp dcspgsa gsa fj stjtcge. ^gur ^gur `cae grljecs grljecsar ar fj sãhurctã ju sace da hatta stjtcge, ha sarvcha ast hbjrlã da = Dãicecr uea pgfctcqua da sãhurctã cedustrcaffa.



Ãtudcar fas egroas, fas hgescleas, at fas prghãduras da sãhurctã spãhcicquas î fj stjtcge.



Grljecsar das hgopjleas d'ceigrojtcge î trjvars f'aesao`fa das trjvjcffaurs.



Yacffar ju raspaht da f'jppfchjtcge da tgutas fas hgescleas dgeeãa dgeeãass pjr ha sarvcha.



Yacffar î fj egrojfcsjtcge at fj stjedjrdcsjtcge du ojtãrcaf da sãhurctã ju sace fj stjtcge.



ãtj`fcr fas parocs da trjvjcf at fj hggrdcejtcge aetra fas sarvchas.



Xurvacffjeha das trjvjux das dciiãraets sarvchas.



i gehtcgeeaoaett das ãqucpaoaets jetc-cehaedca (fj haetrjfa, systâoa rcoa jssurar fa `ge igehtcgeeaoae



sjcf, systâoa HG0, rãsajux aju ogussa. aiiahtuar das rgedas da survacffjeha das dcvars pgcets da fj stjtcge.



0.8.8. Xarvcha axpfgctjtcge=

Fa sarvcha axpfgctjtcge jssura fa `ge at fj hgrrahta axpfgctjtcge das ãqucpaoaets pgur



ãvctar fas pjeeas at fas dãlàts da fj stjtcge sp8 at igurecr fas àsgces da fj fclea G@:. Hgetrôfa fas ãqucpaoaets at fas vjfaurs das pjrjoâtras.



Igurecr fas àsgces da fj fclea fc lea pjr fas dciiãraets ogdas da fj stjtcge.



G`sarvã fas pjeeas at pjssa fas hgesclea at fas raojrqua pgur fas jutras sarvchas.



Ijct f–axpfgctjtcge da fj stjtcge (trjesiart da `ruta pgur fas `jhs, raprcsa purla das hcrhucts,



at ojecpufar sur fas vjeea ‒guvrcr gu guvartura). 0.4. Oguvaoaet das prgducts at icftrjla 0.4.:. Xystâoa da ljra rjhfaur= Ju dãpjrt da f'gfãgduh, ge j

fj Ljra Pjhfaur da Dãpjrt LPD8>:, quc

ast utcfcsãa pgur cetrgducra fa rjhfaur djes fj hjejfcsjtcge at f'aevgyar vars fj stjtcge sucvjeta TO@. Fa systâoa das ljras rjhfaurs cehfut daux ljras, uea pgur f'jrrcvãa LPJ at f–jutra pgur dãpjrt LPD.

Fas daux ljras get fj igehtcge raspahtcva da rahavgcr at d–aevgyar fas rjhfaurs. rjhfaurs. Fas icluras hc-dassgus raprãsaetaet Ljra rjhfaur dãpjrt (LPD8>:) at Ljra rjhfaur jrrcvãa (LPJ8>:).

00

Iclura (0.:0) = Ljra rjhfaur dãpjrt

(LPD8>:).

Iclura (0.:8) = Ljra rjhfaur jrrcvãa (LPJ8>:).

0.4.0. Jrrcvãa das prgducts at icftrjla Fa pãtrgfa `rut gu fa hgedaesjt jrrcva î fj stjtcge stjtc ge da pgopjla pjr f'gfãgduh B>8 J da 04˟.

F'aetrãa stjtcge ast oueca da Ljra d'Jrrcvãa da Pjhfaur LPJ8>:. Fj prasscge î f–jrrcvãa paut hbjelar aetra > at < kl/ho 0

affa ast egrojfaoaet da 8,1 kl/ho0 at fj

taopãrjtura ast haffa jo`cjeta. Fj prasscge î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge ast hgetrôfãa pjr fa ^CH -8>8, quc

râlfa fj vjeea da hgetrôfa ogtgrcsãa ^HY- 8>: sur fj fclea d–cetarhgeeaxcge aetra f'aetrãa stjtcge at fas rãsarvgcrs da stghkjla tjopges 8-J: at 8-J0. Xc fj prasscge î f'aetrãa stjtcge ast supãrcaura î haffa dãiceca hgooa «saucf d–axpãdctcge» at ãtj`fca pjr fas dciiãraets hjs da igehtcgeeaoaet, fj vjeea ^HY8>: aevgca f–axhâs da dã`ct quc hjusa fj s urprasscge vars fas rãsarvgcrs. Ae hjs gó f–axhâs da dã`ct ast trâs copgrtjet (jvah uea prasscge hgrraspgedjeta î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge st jtcge supãrcaura î < kl/ho 0), fa systâoa s–guvrcrj pjr fj fglcqua - scege fa tahbechcae t ahbechcae axpfgctjtcge pgurrj gu guvrcrvrcr- fj OGY-803 (`y-pjss

da fj ^HY-8>:) da dcjoâtra 0>" pgur aevgyar fa dã`ct ae axhâs vars fas rãsarvgcrs-tjopges. Fa tahbechcae axpfgctjtcge iaroarj fj vjeea da `y-pjss qujed fj prasscge egrojfa ast rastjurãa. Fas sgupjpas da sûratã ^XY8>:/8>0/8>8/8>4 (0 ae sarvcha at 0 ae rãsarva), jvah ue pgcet da hgesclea da :0.0 kl/ho0, sget cestjffãas î f'jrrcvãa da f'gfãgduh pgur fcoctar fj prasscge d'aetrãa stjtcge. Fa dã`ct da pãtrgfa ast oasurã oasurã pjr f'cedchjtaur IC-8 IC-8>: >: at aevgy aevgyãã vars fas icftras I-8>: J J/@/H /@/H (8 icftras ae pjrjffâfa, pjrjffâfa, 0 ae igehtcgeeaoaet, : da rãsarva) fj dciiãraeha da prasscge jvah icftra `guhbã ast da >,4 kl/ ho0

08

0.4.8. Fas icftras aetrãa stjtcge

Trgcs icftras (I-8>:J/@/H) hgeeahtãs ae pjrjffâfas jssuraet fj prgtahtcge das pgopas hgetra fas pjrtchufas sgfcdas sgfcdas = daux ae sa sarvcha rvcha at ue aaee rãsarva, quc ppgssâdaet gssâdaet fas hjrjhtãrcstcquas su sucvjetas cvjetas = * ^rasscge ojxcouo da sarvcha :1 `jr ;

* Taopãrjtura ojxcouo da sarvcha ¾H ;

* ^rasscge ojxcouo da Tast 00,1 `jr ;

* Fa pgcds du icftra 31> Kl ;

* Fj hjpjhctã du icftra 21> F ;

* Hgffahtaur d–aetrãa :9" ;

* Hgffahtaur da sgrtca :9" ; * Hgffahtaur da purla 0". Fas icftras sget pfus sguvaet cestjffãs ae joget das pgopas at das purlaurs pgur fas prgtãlar hgetra fas hgrps ãtrjelars quc pgurrjcaet fas dãtãrcgrar.

Iclura (0.:4) = Icftras aetrãa stjtcge. 0.4.4. Dãpjrt das prgducts

^goparca = J fj sgrtca das icftras fa pãtrgfa paut = `y-pjssar fas rãsarvgcrs at fas pgopas `ggstars `ggstars at jffar dcrahtaoaet î f–jspcrjtcge das pgopas

•

stjtc ge supãrcaura î 4 kl/ho0 prcehcpjfas ^-8>: J/@/H/D/A, ae hjs da prasscge, î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge

(saufaoaet jprâs jrrít das pgopas `ggstars); pjssar fas rãsarvgcrs vaejet dcrahtaoaet î f–jspcrjtcge das pgopas `ggstars, pãeãtrar djes `y- pjssar

•

fas rãsarvgcrs tjopges 8-J: at 8-J0. Xc fj prasscge î f–aetrãa stjtcge st jtcge ast trgp `jssa (p 6 ? 4kl/ho 0) fa ^XFF-8>4 (ae joget das

icftras

I8>:J/@/H) ijct dãojrrar fas pgopas `ggstars ^-8>0 J/@/H (8 pgopas ae pjrjffâfa, 0 ae igehtcgeeaoaet,t, : ae rãsarva). Ju hgetrjcra, sc fj prasscge d–aetrãa ast supãrcaura d–uea ijìge hgetceua igehtcgeeaoae î 4 kl/ho0, fa tahbechcae axpfgctjtcge paut jrrítar ojeuaffaoaet fas pgopas `ggstars. Fa dã`ct ocecojf jux pgopas `ggstars ast ljrjetc pjr fj vjeea da hgetrôfa ^HY-8>0, cestjffãa sur fj fclea fc lea da rahyhfjla jux rãsarvgcrs î pjrtcr du raigufaoaet das oíoas pgopas. Fa rãlfjla da hatta vjeea ast sguocs ju hgetrôfaur da prasscge ^CH-8:2, î f'jspcrjtcge das pgopas prcehcpjfas. Du raigufaoaet das pgopas `ggstar ^-8>0 J/@/H J/@/H fa pãtrgfa jrrcva jux jux pgopas prcehcpjfas prcehcpjfas ^-8>:J/@ ^-8>:J/@/H/D/A /H/D/A (1 pgopas aaee sa rvcha cetaesci. Hbjqua pjrjffâfa). Fas pgopas d–axpãdctcge sget du typa haetrciula, hgeìuas pgur ue sarvcha pgopa d–axpãdctcge ast jhtcgeeãa pjr ue ogtaur ãfahtrcqua î vctassa vjrcj`fa.

04

Fj prasscge da

raigufaoaet das pgopas prcehcpjfas ast hgetrôfãa at fcoctãa pjr fa hgetrôfaur da prasscge ^CH-8:1 quc jlct sur fj vctassa ddas as pgopas prce prcehcpjfas. hcpjfas. Fa hcrhuct da ra raigufaoaet igufaoaet das pgo pgopas pas prcehcpjfas prcehcpjfas ast ouec d–ue hgetrôfaur da dã`ct ICH -8>8 quc, safge fa ogda d–gpãrjtcge stjtcge hbgcsc paut ítra utcfcsã pgur

rãlfar fj vctassa das pgopas.

0.4.1. Fa hcrhuct bydrjufcqua da fj stjtcge ast ãqucpã pjr = J. Fas hfjpats jetc-ratgur ; @. Fas vjeeas = Yjeea ojeuaffa, vjeeas ogtgrcsãas ãfahtrcquas OGY, H. Xgupjpas da dãhbjrla = ^gur fj

vjeeas da rãlufjtcge ^HY.

stjtcge da pgopjla X^8 cf axcsta :0 sgupjpas sgupjpas quc igehtcgeeaet sur

fa hcrhuct d–cestjffjtcge jssurjet fj prgtahtcge hgetra fj surprasscge at d–ãfcocear fas pjrtchufas sgfcdas ae suspaescge

Iclura (0.:1) = Fas 0.4.9. Fas vjrcj`fas da fj stjtcge

Dã`ct [o¸/b_

sgupjpas da dãhbjrla.

^rasscge aetrãa stjtcge

Ego`ra da pgopas

Ego`ra da pgopas

[kl/ho0_

prcehcpjfas

`ggstars

2>>

42

:

:

:4>>

18

0

:

:2>>

13

8

0

00>>

,31

4

0

Tj`faju (0.:) = Dã`ct ae igehtcge da fj

01

prasscge.

0.4.:; Fj vjfaur rãlfãa ju ^CH-8>8 sarj da > kl/ho0. Ae hjs da bjuta prasscge î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge (dã`ct sup ãrcaur ju dã`ct î fj sgrtca), fj ^HY-8>:

aevgca fa dã`ct ae axhâs jux rãsarvgcrs, djes fa hjs hgetrjcra (dã`ct î fj sgrtca supãrcaur ju dã`ct î f–aetrãa) fj stjtcge prãfâva fa dã`ct eãhassjcra das rãsarvgcrs `- Pafjcs dcraht surprassa (PDX) = ha ogda j fcau qujed cf

y j pjssjla du hgeda hgedaesjt esjt pjr fj stjtcge.

0.1.8-. Pafjcs dcraht surprassa hgopaesa (PDXH) = Ha ogda ast utcfcsã fgrsqua fj prasscge î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge ast trâs `jssa `jss a (`js dã`ct î f–aetrãa da fj stjtcge), tjedcs qua fa rjhhgrdaoaet ae jvj f axcla

fa ojcetcae d–ue dã`ct bjut î fj sgrtca. h- Pafjcs dcraht surprassa dãfasta (PDXD)= ju hjs gó, pgur hgetrjcetas axtãrcauras, ge dgct

ojcetaecr

ue dã`ct î fj sgrtca stjtcge, ceiãrcaur î hafuc d–aetrãa. d- Pafjcs tjopge egrojf (PTE) (PTE) =

hatta ogdjfctã ast aopfgyãa ju hjs gó fj stjtcge ast ae jrrít

(pgopas prcehcpjfas ^ 8>: J -A ae jrrít) ojcs fj stjtcge ae joget hgetceua d–aevgyar fa pãtrgfa. a-. Pafjcs dcraht egrojf (PDE) = fj stjtcge

igehtcgeea sjes `ggstars.

09

HBJ^C T PA 8 HGPP HG PP GX C GE DA X H HCC PHQ PHQCC T B SDP JQ JQFC FC ZQA DJEX FJ XTJT TJTCC GE X X^8 ^8 A T FA X OA T B GDA X DA FJ ^ ^PG PGT T A HT HTCC GE

0<

8.:- Fj hgrrgscge 8.:.:.Dãicectcge= du fjtce ‒–hgrrgscg/-cgs––, sclecica rgelar ; h–ast fa pbãegoâea da dãlrjdjtcge das

oãtjux. Xafge fj egroa CXG 2>44 ge dãicect fj hgrrgscge hg hgooa ooa suct = Fj hgrrgscge ast uea rãjhtcge pbyschg-hbcocqua aetra ue oãtjf at sge aevcrgeeaoaet aetrjåejet aetrjåejet das ogdcichjtcges djes fas prgprcãtãs du oãtjf at sguvaet uea dãlrjdjtcge igehtcgeeaffa du oãtjf fucfuc oíoa, da sge aevcrgeeaoaet. 8.:.0.Jspaht ãhgegocqua ^rjtcquaoaet tgus fas ocfcaux sget hgrrgscis. Ge pjrfa da hgrrgscge pjr f–jcr, f–aju da oar, oa r, f–gxylâea, f–jtogspbâra gu fas sgfs, pjr fas jhcdas, fas f as `jsas gu fas safs, pjr fa fass `jhtãrcas gu fas ogcscssuras. Fas

dãlàts hjusãs pjr fj hgrrgscge sao`faet dgeh ceãvctj`fas at sget axtríoaoaet ãfavãs = ârta ogedcjfa da ojtãrcjux da hceq tgeeas pjr sahgeda dua saufaoaet î fj hgrrgscge buocda ;



ha s partas sget= Fj hgrrgscge raprãsaeta fj parta da :>> ocffcges da tgeea d–jhcar pjr je, has



j-ârtas dcrahtas = hgût da f–aetratcae at du hgetrôfa (ocsa ae pacetura, prgtahtcge)... prgtahtcge)... `-ârtas cedcrahtas = hgetjocejtcge du prgduct pjr das prgducts da

hgrrgscge, jrrít da prgduhtcge …

8.0. Ijhtaurs da hgrrgscge 8.0.:.Fas ijhtaurs ceifuaeìjet fj hgrrgscge pãtrgfcâra Fj hgrrgscge da f–jhcar djes fa sgf sa rjoâea î ue pbãegoâea ãfahtrghbcocqua, affa dãpaed d–uea pjrt da f–jlrasscvctã prgpra du sgf djes faquaf fj hjejfcsjtcge ast pgsãa, d–jutra pjrt f–axcstaeha das pbãegoâeas d–ãfahtrgfysa fcãs j fj ejtura da pr gduct gduct trjespgrtã.

Fas prg`fâoas fas pfus copgrtjets pgsãs pjr fj hgrrgscge djes fas pucts at hgeductas ae jhcar sget hjusãs pjr das su`stjehas hbcocquas hgeducsjet î uea jhcdcichjtcge da f–aju hgetaeua djes fa `rut gu fa ljz ejturaf.

Fas prcehcpjux ijhtaurs hgeiãrjet î f–aju uea jlrasscvctã sget = jj-F–gxylâea F–gxylâea = =

Fj taeaur ae gxylâea ast ue pjrjoâtra prcogrdcjf djes fas f as prghassus da hgrrgscge das jhcars. Gr hgopta taeu da fj hgopfaxctã du pbãegoâea da hgrrgscge, fas prghassus sget igrtaoaet hgedctcgeeãs pjr f–aevcrgeeaoaet djes faquaf cfs sãmgureaet. Fj hgrrgscge ãfahtrghbcocqua das jhcars ae prãsaeha da f–gxylâea s–aiiahtua safge fas rãjhtcges

sucvjetas [:4_

← Ia+0 + 0 a- rãjhtcge jegdcqua

¿ G0 + B0G + 0 ã ← 0GB- rãjhtcge hjtbgdcqua F–gxylâea ast cetrgduct djes fas hjejfcsjtcges fgrs das gpãrjtcges d–jrrít, da vcdjelas das ãqucpaoaets

gu pjr fas pgopas.

02

`- Fj sjfcectã = Fj sjfcectã da f–aju hgetaeua djes fas lcsaoaets da pãtrgfa ast trâs ãfavãa (p fus da 8 î 4 igcs haffa da f–aju da oar). Fj prãsaeha das safs paut hjusar d'ãegroas dãlàts jux cestjffjtcges pãtrgfcâras. ^gur hafj

ge prghâda dãs f'axtrjhtcge du pãtrgfa î uea praocâra gpãrjtcge da dassjfjla vcsjet î ãfcocear fa ojxcouo da saf ojcs ojfbaurausaoaet pjs fj tgtjfctã. h- Fas ochrg-grljecsoas =

Fj hgrrgscge `jhtãrcaeea, gu fj `cghgrrgscge j ãtã dãiceca pgur fj praocâra igcs ae Irjeha pjr Hbjetaraju ae :32>. ^gur dãicecr hatta jftãrjtcge pjrtchufcâra das ojtãrcjux, cf j prgpgsã fj dãicectcge sucvjeta= « fj hgrrgscge `jhtãrcaeea rjssao`fa tgus fas pbãegoâeas da hgrrgscge gó fas `jhtãrcas jlcssaet dcrahtaoaet gu pjr f–cetaroãdcjcra da faur oãtj`gfcsoa ae hrãjet fas hgedctcges ijvgrj`fas î

sge ãtj`fcssaoaet ». Fj `cghgrrgscge hgrraspged dgeh î fj d ãtãrcgrjtcge jhhãfãrãa d–ue ojtãrcju pjr fj prãsaeha d–ue `cgicfo î sj surijha, hgestctuã d–uea gu pfuscaurs aspâhas `jhtãrcaeeas gu aehgra da

hbjopcleges, hbjopcleg es, jfluas, prgtgzgjcras. d- F–jhcdctã F–jhcdctã = =

Fj prãsaeha das jhcdas djes fa ocfcau juloaeta f'jlrasscvctã das jttjquas da ha darecar aevars fa oãtjf. Djes fa pãtrgfa `rut at sas dãrcvãs, ge paut trguvar uea lrjeda qujetctã at vjrcãtã d'jhcdas, pjroc fas pfus rãpjedus, rãpjedus, ge j = F–jhcda hbfgrbydrcqua



F–jhcda sufiurcqua



Fas jhcdas ejpbtãecquas



a- Fas pjrjoâtras pbyschg-hbcocquas =

Qe ocfcau hgrrgsci ast hjrjhtãrcsã pjr ue hartjce ego`ra da pjrjoâtras pbyschg-hbcocquas. ^jroc fas prcehcpjux pjrjoâtras pjrjoâtras hgetrôfj`fa hgetrôfj`fass ge paut hctar hctar== 

Aiiat du pB =

Fa rôfa du pB djes fas pbãegoâeas da hgrrgscge ast rafjtcvaoaet `cae hgeeu î ha mgur, fj sushaptc`cfctã du ojtãrcju î fj hgrrgscge ast igehtcge du pB da ff'ãfahtrgfyta, 'ãfahtrgfyta, uea igrta hgehaetrjtcge ae prgtges djes fj sgfutcge juloaeta f'jlrasscvctã du ocfcau, ha quc ogdcica fas ãqucfc`ras das rãjhtcges hbcocquas at ãfahtrghbcocquas. 

Aiiat da fj Taopãrjtura =

Fj hgrrgscge ijct cetarvaecr dciiãraetas rãjhtcges hbcocquas at surtgut ãfahtrghbcocquas, faurs vctassas dãpaedaett da fj taopãrjtura pucsqua fas prghassus ãfãoaetjcras sget jhtcvãs tbarocquaoaet. Djes fj dãpaedae prjtcqua cedustrcaffa, cedustrcaffa, ge hgescdâra sguvaet qua fj vctassa da hgrrgscge ast dgu`fãa dgu`fãa fgrsqua fj

03

taopãrjtura s–ãfâva da :> î 0>¾H. Djes tgut fas hjs, lfg`jfaoaet pfus fj taopãrjtura ast ãfavãa pfus fj fj

vctassa da hgrrgscge ast copgrtjeta.

8.0.0. Ijhtaurs dãicecssjet fa ogda d–aopfgc = d–aopfgc = ãtjt

da surijha, igroas das pcâhas...

8.0.8. Ijhtaurs dãpaedjets du taops = dãlrjdjtcge das ravítaoaets r avítaoaets prgtahtaurs. prgtahtaurs..... 8.8. Typa da hgrrgscge 8.8.:. Fj hgrrgscge buocda = Affa sa trjduct pjr fj dcssgfutcge du oãtjf djes fa ocfcau jquaux sgus igroa d–cges. Ge dcstcelua daux typas t ypas da hgrrgscge = lãeãrjfcsãa at fghjfcsãa. j- Fj hgrrgscge lãeãrjfcsãa = Affa ast dua î

uea rãjhtcge hbcocqua (gxydjtcge du oãtjf) gu

ãfahtrghbcocqua (gxydjtcge-rãduhtcge) (gxydjtcge-rãduhtcge) quc sa prgduct uecigroãoaet sur tguta fj surijha hgescdãrãa ; Ge dcstcelua pfuscaurs typas da hgrrgscge lãeãrjfcsãa pjroc aux = hgrrgscge jtogspbãrcqua, jtogspbãrcqua, hgrrgscge hbcocqua, hgrrgscge ãfahtrghbcocqua... `- Fj hgrrgscge fghjfcsãa = pfus djelarausa djelarausa hjr dciichcfaoae dciichcfaoaett prãvcsc`fa (jttjqua fghjfcsãa), ge dcstcelua pfuscaurs typas da hgrrgscge fghjfcsãa pjroc aux = hgrrgscge icssurjeta, hgrrgscge sgus hgetrjceta, hgrrgscge `jhtãrcaeea...

8.8.0. Fj hgrrgscge sâhba = sa prgduct jvah das ljz gxydjets surtgut f–G0 î bjuta taopãrjtura (5:>>¾H musqu–î fj vjpgrcsjtcge da f–buocdctã d–jcr).

Iclura (8.:) = Ijhtaurs ceifuaeìjet ceifuaeìjet fas igroas

8>

da hgrrgscge

8.4 . Jspahts ãfahtrghbcocquas da fj hgrrgscge 8.4.:. Pãjhtcges da fj hgrrgscge

Fa prghassus da hgrrgscge ast fcã î daux daoc-rãjhtcges d'gxydg-rãduhtcge. Qea daoc-rãjhtcge d'gxydjtcge jegdcqua pgur fjquaffa fa oãtjf pard ue gu pfuscaurs ãfahtrges jvah igrojtcge d'cges pgsctcis. Djes fa hjs da f'gxy f'gxydjtcge djtcge du iar, ge j fj rãjhtcge = Ia

Ia0+ + 0a-

Affa ast jssghcãa î uea daoc-rãjhtcge da rãduhtcge r ãduhtcge hjtbgdcqua = Ae ocfcau jhcda = 0B+ + 0a-

B0 (dãljlaoaet d'bydrglâea)

Ae ocfcau jãrã = :/0 G0 + 0a- + B0G

0 GB-

Fj vctassa da has daux daoc-rãjhtcges dãpaed da fj ejtura du oãtjf at da fj hgopgsctcge du ocfcau. 8.4.0. Fj pcfa ãfahtrghbcocqua da hgrrgscge =

Fj hgrrgscge d'ue oãtjf gu d'ue jffcjla oãtjffcqua djes ue ocfcau hgrrgsci s'aiiahtua sucvjet ue prghassus jsscocfj`fa ju igehtcgeeaoaet d'uea pcfa ljfvjecqua, ljfvjecqua, hgopgsãa da daux ãfahtrgdas at d'uea sgfutcge d'ãfahtrgfytas djes fjquaffa affas pfgelaet. Hatta pcfa, fgrsqua fas ãfahtrgdas sget ae hgurthcrhuct gu rafcãas ãfahtrcquaoaet pjr ue hcrhuct da ijc`fa rãscstjeha, ast fa scâla d'uea rãjhtcge r ãjhtcge Afahtrghbcocqua. Xafge fas typas da hgrrgscge, f'jejfglca ast pfus gu ogces ãvcdaeta. Djes fa hjs da fj hgrrgscge ljfvjecqua quc sa prgduct fgrsqua daux oãtjux sget ae hgetjht, affa ast ãvcdaeta ; pjr hgetra, affa jppjrjåt ogces eattaoaet djes fj hgrrgscge uecigroa d'ue oãtjf pur pfgelã djes ue ocfcau jlrassci. 8.1. Jutras Hgrrgscge 8.1.:. Hgrrgscge djes f–cedustrca pãtrgfcâra pãtrgfcâra

fas partas da oãtjux at fa f a hgût das hgesãquaehas da fj hgrrgscge sget trâs copgrtjets pgur tgus fas pjys cedustrcjfcsãs [:1_. Fas hgûts da fj hgrrgscge raprãsaetae raprãsaetaett trgcs î qujtra pgurhaet du prgduct ejtcgejf `rut. Has hbciiras praeeaet ae hgopta = fa raopfjhaoaet das ojtãrcjux hgrrgdãs, fas ãqucpaoaets,, fas rãpjrjtcges at fas partas da prgduhtcge [:9_. ãqucpaoaets fj hgrrgscge pãtrgfcâra s–jvâra sjes dguta aehgra pfus spãhcicqua qu–jcffaurs [:-0:_. 8.1.0. Hgrrgscge das pcpafceas Djes f–cedustrca pãtrgfcâra, fas pcpafceas sget das gutcfs assaetcafs da trjespgrt ojssci das

bydrghjrùras, sur da lrjedas dcstjehas, cfs jffcaet das dã`cts copgrtjets at hgeicroaet jeeãa jprâs jeeãa qu–cfs sget fa ogda fa pfus sûr at fa pfus ãhgegocqua da trjespgrt das bydrghjrùras Hapaedjet,

faur aeigucssaoaet hgeduct î uea sãrca da partas systãojtcquas at fas jutras sget jhhcdaetaffas. jhhcdaetaffas. Fas partas pjr hgrrgscge, raprãsaetaet uea hgopgsjeta copgrtjeta du pgurhaetjla das partas tahbegfglcquas ju hgurs du prghassus da trjespgrt pjr pcpafceas, jcesc qu'uea hgescdãrj`fa sgurha da pgffutcge [00_. Ae Jflãrca, Qea ãtuda j ãtã aiiahtuãa, sur fj `jsa das dgeeãas rãaffas prgpras ju Hbjop da Bjssc Oassjgud. Hatta ãtuda j dgeeã fas rãsuftjts raprãsaetãs sur fj iclura :.0 at quc ogetraet qua fa ego`ra da iuctas, quc pgurrjct ítra aeralcstrã ae f–jeeãa 0>>1,

jvgcscearjct :2>>.

Fj iclura (8.0) raprãsaeta fa lrjpbcqua ogetrjet f'ãvgfutcge f 'ãvgfutcge das iuctas ae hgur das jeeãas

Iclura (8.0) = Avgfutcge das iuctas ae hgur das

jeeãas.

^jr jcffaurs, safge fas hbarhbaurs, fj ojmgrctã das iuctas aeralcstrãas sur fas pcpafceas sget assaetcaffaoaet fj hgesãquaeha da hgrrgscge cetarea, jhhaetuãa pjr fj hgrrgscge axtarea. Has iuctas pauvaet prgvgquar das jhhcdaets lrjvas, hgooa f–cehaedca survaeu fa f a 0: saptao`ra 0>>4, ju ecvaju

du ljzgduh L] 0, rafcjet Bjssc-P–oaf î Jrzaw ju ecvaju da fj fghjfctã d–Af -Lbgorc. 8.1.8. Hgrrgscge du rãsaju jetc-cehaedca Hjs E¾>: = Iucta ju ecvaju da fj hgeducta da rahyhfjla da f–ãfahtrgpgopa prcehcpjfa 8>>: J

parhaoaet dû î fj hgrrgscge, ddcjoâtra cjoâtra da fj hhgeducta geducta da rahy rahyhfjla hfjla 2" 80

Hjs E¾>0 = Iucta ju ecvaju da fj

hgeducta da raigufaoaet 8>>8@, dcjoâtra da fj hgeducta da

raigufaoaet 0" ; Hjs E¾>: = (Iclura (8.8)) Hjrjhtãrcstcquas da fj iucta = dcjoâtra = 8 oo, pgsctcge = :< B ; Xgfutcge = Paopfjhaoaet d–uea ojehbatta da rjhhgrdaoaet ae jhcar at ha, sucta î f–ãtjt da hgrrgscge

jvjehãa ju vgcscejla da fj iucta. Hjs E¾>0 = (Iclura (8.4)) Hjrjhtãrcstcquas da fj iucta = Dcjoâtra = 8oo, pgsctcge = :2

B;

Xgfutcge = Paopfjhaoaet d–ue hgffcar oãhjecqua.

Fas icluras hc-dassgus ogetraet quafquas axaopfas da iuctas djes fa hgeducta duas î fj hgrrgscge

Iclura (8.8) = Fj ojehbatta da fj pgopa .

Iclura (8.4) = ^gopa

Iclura (8.1) = Fjeha ogectgr icxa î aju (`jh 8J:).

88

mghkay 8>>8@.

Iclura (8.9) = Fjeha ogectgr î ogussa `jh 8S:.

8.9. Dcshusscge 8.9.:.Pãsuftjt : Ha typa da hgrrgscge lãeãrjfcsãa ‒cetarea– parscsta ojflrã fas ego`rausas cetarvaetcges tahbecquas pjr

fa raopfjhaoaet das ojehbges da rjhhgrdaoaet ae jhcar at prghãdar î das sguduras `gut î `gut ; Hat ãtjt da ijct î pgur hjusa F–jlrasscvctã da f–aju. J. Aju jlrasscva = Qea aju jlrasscva ast uea aju quc paut prgvgquar uea jhtcge hgrrgscva sur fas ojtãrcjux hjr, h–ast uea aju ejturaffaoaet jhcda. J.:. Xafge fa ùffatce d–jejfysa at da hgetrôfa hgetrôfa da fj qujfctã pbyschg-hbcocqua d–aju da igrjla pjr fa fj`grjtgcra AF DMJGQDJ fa >:9, egus hgestjtges qua fj hgeduhtcvctã d–aju ast trâs ãfavãa (83GG ζs/ho) jcesc qua fj duratã (:8> ¾I) ;

Affas dãpjssaet fas egroas.

J.0. Xafge fa rãsuftjt das jejfysas pbyschg-hbcocquas d–aju da igrjla pjr fa fj`grjtgcra FJ^JFO ‒fa 0>/>8/0>:>–, egus raojrquges

qua fj qujfctã pbyschg-hbcocqua d–aju ast hgeigroa jux egroas ae

vcluaur ae ha quc hgeharea fas pjrjoâtras î f–axhaptcge du sufijta (XG 4-0)

quc ast trâs ãfavãa hjr cf

dãpjssa fj egroa. Zuafquas axaopfas sget cffustrãs djes icl (8..:. Oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge ãfahtrghbcocqua ãfahtrghbcocqua Djes fj hfjsscichjtcge rafjtcva ju oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge ãfahtrghbcocqua, ge dciiãraehca fas cebc`ctaurs

safge faur ceifuaeha sur fj vctassa vct assa das rãjhtcges ãfahtrghbcocquas ãfahtrghbcocquas pjrtcaffas, ge paut dcstceluar [[vgcr vgcr iclura (8.:8)_ = 

Fas cebc`ctaurs jegdcquas dcoceujet fj daesctã da hgurjet pjrtcaf jegdcqua at dãpfjìjet fa

pgtaetcaf da hgrrgscge hgrrgscge djes fa saes pgsctci.



Fas cebc`ctaurs hjtbgdcquas dcoceujet fj daesctã da hgurjet pjrtcaf hjtbgdcqua at dãpfjìjet fa pgtaetcaf da hgrrgscge hgrrgscge djes fa saes eãl eãljtci. jtci.



Fas cebc`ctaurs ocxtas dcoceuaet fj vctassa das daux rãjhtcges pjrtcaffas, ojcs ogdcicaet pau fa pgtaetcaf da hgrrgscge. hgrrgscge.

Iclura (8.:8) = ^gsta da sgutcrjla da hgurjet at jegda

4>

8.:>.0. Oãhjecsoa Oãhjecsoa d–jhtcge cetar ijhcjfa H–ast fa trgcscâoa ogda da hfjssaoaet das cebc`ctaurs, quc dciiãraehca haux -hc î pjrtcr da faur ogda da

icxjtcge sur fj surijha oãtjffcqua. Fas cebc`ctaurs d–jdsgrptcge, h'ast-î-dcra haux quc jlcssaet ae igrojet das icfos da ogfãhufas jdsgr`ãas î fj surijha du oãtjf, sget pfutôt utcfcsãs ae ocfcau jhcda, jfgrs qua fas cebc`ctaurs igrojet das icfos icf os trcdcoaescgeeafs da prgducts da rãjhtcge sget spãhcicquas das ocfcaux eautras gu jfhjfces. Cf axcsta hapaedje hapaedjett das axhaptcges î has râlfas da hgopgrtaoaet at pjr axaopfas, hartjceas ogfãhufas grljecquas grljecquas jlcssaet pjr scopfa jdsgrptcge î fj f j surijha du oãtjf (joceas icfojetas pgur fj prgtahtcge da f–jhcar) ae ocfcau jquaux da pB eautra [8>_. 8.::. Jvjetjlas Jvjetjlas d–ue cebc`ctaur 

Dcoceuar at ratjrdar fj vctassa da hgrrgscge sjes hbjelar fas hjrjhtãrcstcquas da pbyschghbcocqua da oãtjf.



Igrojtcge d–uea `jrrcâra aetra f–cebc`ctaur at uea gu pfuscaurs aspâhas da oãtjf.

8.:0. Cehgevãecaet d–ue cebc`ctaur cebc`ctaur Cf e–axcsta pjs ue cebc`ctaur uecvarsaf quc pucssa prgtãlar tguts fas ojtãrcjux djes ue oíoa ocfcau cf paut y jvgcr das cebc`ctaurs quc prgtâlaet prgtâlaet pfuscaurs oãtjux d–jutras quc sget trâs spãhcicqua d–ue

ojtãrcju î ue jutra ha quc axpfcqua fj hgopfaxctã qu–cf vj jppjrjåtra djes hartjce igroufjtcge da fcqucdas cebc`ctaurs pgur taf gu taf oãtjf gu jffcjla 0>.

4:

Hgehfuscge

40

Hgehfuscge

Egtra trjvjcf hgescsta î f–ãtuda da hgrrgscge das ãqucpaoaets

da trjespgrt da  `rut î fj stjtcge da

pgopjla X^8 at pcpafcea ju ecvaju da BOD, gó fj hgrrgscge sa ojeciasta î f–cetãrcaur das cestjffjtcges c estjffjtcges

da surijha pjr   f–jttjqua hbcocqua da `rut fuc-oíoa sucta jux copuratãs at fas ajux hgetaeuas djes ha darecar, at î f–axtãrcaur das guvrjlas aetarrãs sgus f–aiiat da f–jlrasscvctã du sgf, ha quc prgvgqua das parhaoaets das cestjffjtcges hgeducsjet î das iuctas das aiifuaets dgeh fj hgrrgscge e–ast pjs saufa saufaoaet oaet

uea sgurha da ljspcffjla da ojtcâras praocâras, affa paut jussc aetrjåear das partas ãhgegocquas at buojceas ojmauras at das trjlãdcas tr jlãdcas ãhgfglcquas ãhgfglcquas crrãoãdcj`fas. Fj dãtahtcge du prg`fâoa da hgrrgscge ju ecvaju da stjtcge da pgopjla X^8 at sur fas pcpafceas sa ijct pjr   f–jppfchjtcge das tahbecquas d–ces pahtcge spãhcicquas raprãsaetãas assaetcaffaoaet assaetcaffaoaet djes fas jejfysas hbcocquas ju fj`grjtgcra at fa hgetrôfa ege dastruhtci pjr fj oasura das ãpjcssaurs da   pcpcels pcpcels ju ogyae d–ue uftrjsge, gu pjr f–g`sarvjtcge vcsuaffa pjr hgesãquaeha ìj egus paroat da dãhcda r

fj

oãtbgda da prgtahtcge prgtahtcge fj pfus pfus aiichjha aiichjha,, quc ha ssgct gct fj prgtahtcge hhjtbgdcqua jtbgdcqua das das hgeductas aetarrãas, sgct sgct f–cemahtcge das cebc`ctaur da hgrrgscge pgur fas cestjffjtcges da surijha . Fa dãic juquaf ast hgeirgetã f–Jflãrca ast

dgeh rãaf sucta î fj hgesgoojtcge d–ãearlca hrgct pfus

vcta qua sj prgduhtcge, at fas dãhguvartas da lcsaoaets sa rjrãicaet, jyjet das aiiats sur f–aevcrgeeaoaet at prgvgquaet das hbjelaoaets hfcojtcquas. Hafj î pgur aiiat da raedra hjduh fa

ogdâfa jhtuaf da prgduhtcge at da hgesgoojtcge d–ãearlca. ^jr hgesãquaet, egus davges jlcr at ijcra tgus fas aiigrts eãhassjcras pgur rãusscr fj trjesctcge da f–ãearlca ege raeguvafj`fa jux ãearlcas

raeguvafj`fas. F–Jflãrca raprãsaetã pjrs XGETPJHB s–aeljlaet jvah dãtarocejtcge sur

fj vgca das ãearlcas

raeguvafj`fas jice d–jppgrtar das sgfutcges lfg`jfas at durj`fas jux dãics aevcrgeeaoaetjux at jux prg`fãojtcquas da prãsarvjtcges das rassgurhas ãearlãtcquas d–grclcea igssc igsscfa. fa. Ha hbgcx sstrjtãlcqua trjtãlcqua ast ogtcvã pjr f–cooaesa pgtaetcaf ae ãearlca sgfjcra. Hatta ãearlca hgestctua f–jxa ojmaur du prglrjooa

quc hgesjhra ju sgfjcra uea pjrt assaetcaffa. 48

@c`fcglrjpbca = *:+ JCA, *:+ JCA. Jlaeha Cetarejtcgejfa da f–Aearlca. ârspahtcvas ãearlãtcquas ogedcjfas, \grfd Aearly, Pãsuoã ce ^LJ e¾302 du :9 egvao`ra 0>>3)

[:>_ Ojeuaf Gpãrjtgcra @ACETCEC X^8. [::_ Jrhbcvas da fj stjtcge X^8 (0>:9). [:0_ Ojeuaf Gpãrjtgcra @ACETCEC X^0. *:8+^rghãdura d–axpfgctjtcge da f–cetarhgeeaxcge das guvrjlas G@:, GK:, EK:.

[:[email protected], E.^ã`ãra, H.Pchbjrd, O.\ary, prãvaetcge at futta hgetra fj Hgrrgscge, uea jpprghba shcaetcicqua at tahbecqua, ãdctcge prassas pgfytahbecquas At uecvarsctjcras rgojedas, Ctjfca (0>>4). [:1_ Hgrrgscge djes f –cedustrca pãtrgfcâra, 0>>1, CI^ Trjcecel. AEXÔ Igrojtcge cedustrca. [:9_ D.XC-XJFJB. Hgrrgscge at prgtahtcge das guvrjlas. Cestctut ejtcgejf das bydrghjrùras, @guoardãs. [:+ www.jqujpgrjtcge.hgo *0:+ . gestjetce. Atuda da fachjhctã d cecctaurs da hgrrgscge utcfcsãa djes fas fcqucdas da rairgcdcssaoaet.

41

[00_ A. O. Cgeashu, O, ^jtjrfjlajeu, X.Xudctu, ârtas das bydrghjrùras fcqucdas jssghcãas ju trjespgrt pjr pcpafceas, Irjeha (0>>2) *08+ T .Fjseguec, Aopfgc d–jhcdas joceãs joceãs djes fj futta hgetra fj hgrrgscge d–ue jhcarju hjr hjrgea gea ae ocfcaux jquaux da Ejf 8% at d–jhcda B0G4 :ogf.F -:, Tbâsa da

Dghtgrjt, Qecvarsctã da Tczc-Guzgu (0>>3). [04_ M.Tjf`gt, Oãtjffurlca lãeãrjfa, Adctcge Ojssge, ^jrcs (:393). [01_ M. Ycehaet Laegd, fa trjespgrt trjespgrt das bydrghjrùras fcqucdas at ljzaux pjr hjejfcsjtcge, Adctcges Tahbecqua, ^jrcs (:32>). *09+  .Ljstjud, .Ljstjud, cefuaeha da f–ãtjt du ravítaoaet bydrghjr`geã sur fa rcsqua da

hgrrgscge das hjejfcsjtcges aetarrãas da trjespgrt dj ljz, Ahgfa dghtgrjfa Ojtãrcjux da Fyge, (0>>0). [0>0). [03_ ^.@gooars `jhb. "Avgfutcge das prgprcãtãs d'ue icfo cebc`ctaur sgus f'ceifuaeha da fj taopãrjtura at das d as hgedctcges bydrgdyejocquas " tbâsa da dghtgrjt, Ahgfa Dghtgrjfa da f'CEXJ da Fyge (0>>1). [8>_ I.@aetcss " bãtãrghyhfas paetj jtgocquas= syetbâsa grljecqua, ãtuda da ^rgprcãtãs cebc`ctrchas da fj hgrrgscge at das prgprcãtãs hgopfaxjetas " tbâsa da Dghtgrjt, Qecvarsctã das shcaehas at Tahbegfglcas da Fcffa (0>>9).

49

Pãsuoã

Ha trjvjcf da hgescsta î f–ãtuda da pbãegoâea da fj hgrrgscge at has aiiats sur fas oãtjux ae lãeãrjfa, fas ãqucpaoaets da trjespgrt dapãtrgfa at î fj stjtcge da pgopjla X^8 at pcpafcea ae pjrtchufcar, gó fj hgrrgscge sa ojeciasta î f–cetãrcaur das cestjffjtcges da surijha, at î f–axtãrcaur das guvrjlas aetarrãs sgus f–aiiat daf–jlrasscvctã du sgf, ha quc prgvgqua das iuctas sur fas cestjffjtcges at aetrjåear das partas ãhgegocquas at buojceas ojmauras. Fj dãtahtcge at fa hgetrôfa du prg`fâoa da hgrrgscge ju ecvaju da stjtcge da pgopjla X^8 at sur fas pcpafceas pjrf–jppfchjtcge das tahbecquas d–cespahtcge trâs copgrtjet at sart j ãvctã tguts typas das dãlàts,ìj egus paroat da dãhcdar fj oãtbgda daprgtahtcge fj pfus aiichjha, quc ha sgct fj prgtahtcge hjtbgdcqua das hgeductas aetarrãas, sgctf–cemahtcge sgc tf–cemahtcge das cebc`ctaur da hgrrgscge pgur fas cestjffjtcges da surijha. surijha.

J`strjht

Tbcs wgrk hgescsts gi studdcel hgrrgscge aiiahts ge oatjfs oat jfs ce laearjf, gcf trjespgrt aqucpoaets jed puopcel stjtcge X^8 jed j pcpafcea ce pjrtchufjr, wbara hgrrgscge cs vcsc`fa cescda tba surijha ijhcfctcas, jed ge tba gutscda gi tba struhturas tbjt bjva hgoa uedar tba ceifuaeha gi tba jllrasscvaeass gi tba sgcf, wbchb hjusas hgesaquaehas ge tba cestjffjtcges jed tba ojmgr ahgegoch jed buoje fgssas. Tba datahtcge jed hgetrgf gi tba hgrrgscge prg`fao jt tba X^8 puopcel stjtcge jed ge tba pcpafceas `y tba jppfchjtcge cespahtcge tahbecquas cs gi vary copgrtjet jedaiichcaet, wbchb cs actbar tba Hjtbgdch prgtahtcge gi ùrcad pcpafceas, gr tba cemahtcge gi tba hgrrgscge cebc`ctgr igr surijha cestjffjtcges.

‫ر‬

‫ؼ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ؼ‬‫ل جج‬ ‫اجح‬ ‫ف‬‫شول س‬ ‫ ى‬ ‫ك جج‬‫ س‬‫غ ج‬ ‫بب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ؠول‬‫غ جج‬‫بب‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬‫ؾج جج‬ ‫وقى‬ ‫ظؼد‬‫ك ج‬‫ظؼد ق س‬‫شؠح ج‬ ‫ل‬‫ اج‬‫ة‬‫غ‬ ‫ؠول‬‫وقى جج‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫شول‬ ‫آ‬  ‫ؼ‬ ‫ق‬ X^8 ‫عإ‬ ‫ةغ‬‫ظ‬ ‫شؠح‬‫ك جج‬‫آ ءع جغغ س‬‫ظ‬ ‫ج‬‫ق‬ ‫غغ‬ ‫ج‬‫ج‬  ‫جج‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫غ‬‫بب‬ ‫ح‬‫ع‬‫غ‬  ‫ول جج‬ ‫ئ‬‫غ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ؼ‬‫ق‬‫ؼ‬ ‫ق‬ X^8 ‫ عإ‬‫ؼ‬    ‫ف‬‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬‫ق‬ ‫ؠول‬‫ جج‬‫شوو‬ ‫وشي سى‬‫أ ج‬‫غ‬ ‫وو‬ ‫غغ‬‫ش‬ ‫ق‬  ‫اا‬ ‫جج‬ ‫ ءء‬ ‫ج‬‫ق‬  ‫ جج‬ ‫غغ‬‫ؼ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬  ‫ؽؽ‬  ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ـ‬‫ؼؼ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫آ‬‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ظؼؼ‬‫ح ج‬ ‫وو‬‫غ‬  ‫ةة‬‫ظ‬‫ؠول ج‬‫ح جج‬‫ؼ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬  ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬‫ج‬ ‫آ‬‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ؼ‬‫ق‬‫ؼ‬   ‫اا‬‫ق‬ ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ج‬  ‫جج‬

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