Efeitos Da Associação Da Ventosaterapia À Acupuntura Auricular Sobre A Dor Crônica Nas Costas Ensaio Clínico Randomizado - Tese

July 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Download Efeitos Da Associação Da Ventosaterapia À Acupuntura Auricular Sobre A Dor Crônica Nas Costas Ensaio Clínico Ra...

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[HB\KUTBNGNK LKNKUGF NK @BHGT IKUGBT Ksdcfg nk Khlkr`gik` Qrcirg`g nk Qôs-irgnugéäc k` Khlkr`gik`

Dgrcfbhk nk Dgstrc @curg

Klkbtcs ng gsscdbéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr scerk g ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs? khsgbc dfàhbdc rghnc`bzgnc

Ekfc Mcrbzchtk 5172

Dgrcfbhk nk Dgstrc @curg

Klkbtcs ng gsscdbgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr scerk g ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs? khsgbc dfàhbdc dfàhb dc rghnc`bzgnc

\krsäc lbhgf

^ksk gprkskhtgng gc Qrcirg`g nk Qôsirgnugéäc k` Khlkr`gik` ng Ksdcfg nk Khlkr`gik` ng [hbvkrsbngnk Lknkrgf nk @bhgs Ikrgbs, dc`c rkqubsbtc pgrg cetkhéäc nc tàtufc nk Ncutcrg k` Khlkr`gik`. Fbhmg nk Qksqubsg? Dubngr k` Tgÿnk k k` Khlkr`gik`. Crbkhtgncrg? Qrclg. Nrg. ^åhbg Dcutc @gdmgnc Dmbghdg Dc-crbkhtgncrg? Qrclg. Nrg. Krbjg nk Dçssbg Fcpks Dmgvks.

Ekfc Mcrbzchtk 5172

Á Nkus, pcr tkr `k dchnuzbnc, `k bfu`bhgnc k `k ngnc lcr lcrégs égs k` tcncs k` tcncs cs `c`khtcs nkssg ocrhgng. Á `bhmg qukrbng `äk Ucsghikfg, quk sk`prk `k bhdkhtbvcu g br k` lrkhtk k kstkvk gc `ku fgnc k` tcncs cs `c`khtcs. G sug lcrég, dcrgik` k crgéûks crgéûks `k b`pufsbchgrg` ppgrg grg dmkigr gtâ gqub. Á `bhmg br`ä @grdkfg, k gc `ku pgb, Uciârbc, quk `k gpcbgrg` k` `bhmgs ksdcfmgs. Gc `ku qukrbnc Nbkic, quk huhdg `knbu kslcrécs pgrg kstgr gc `ku fgnc. f gnc. C sku gpcbc, dgrbhmc k dubngnc lcrg` ksskhdbgbs nurghtk tcng g `bhmg trgoktôrbg.

Gc `ku sguncsc vþ _â, _â, quk lcb k sk`prk skrç u` irghnk kxk`pfc nk sgekncrbg, mu`bfngnk k lcrég.

GIUGNKDB@KH^C KTQKDBGF

Á Qrcl. Nr g. ^åhbg Dcutc @gdmgnc Dmbghdg, quk `k gdcfmku nk u`g lcr`g täc kspkdbgf. Cerbigng pcr gdrknbtgr k` `b`, hg `bhmg prcpcstg nk kstunc, pkfg crbkhtgéäc, pkfg sgekncrbg k pcr tcncs cs khsbhg`khtcs prclbssbchgbs, prclbssbchgbs, gdgnï`bdcs k pksscgbs. Tug gfkirbg, nbspcsbéäc k lcrég skrvbrg` nk bhspbrgéäc pgrg `b` gc fchic nk tcng kssg ocrhgng, quk vcdï scuek dchnuzbr nk u`g lcr`g täc fkvk k ekfg. Tkrkb ktkrhg`khtk irgtg g vcdï k fkvgrkb tunc c quk ku vbvkhdbkb nurghtk kssks ghcs k` `ku dcrgéäc.

Á Qrcl. Nr g. Ârbjg nk Dçssbg Fcpks Dmgvks, pcr sug g`bzgnk, dgrbhmc nk `äk k dubngnc. Qcr tkr `k bhsbrbnc nk u`g lcr`g täc sçebg hc ùhnc ng pksqubsg dbkhtàlbdg. Cerbigng pcr tcngs gs sugs dchtrbeubéûks sk`prk täc vgfbcsgs k pkfc vgstc dchmkdb`khtc quk dcfgecrgrg` tghtc pgrg g rkgfbzgéäc nkstk kstunc. \cdï â u` ncs `kus `gbcrks kxk`pfcs.

GIUGNKDB@KH^CT Gcs pgrtbdbpghtks nc kstunc, quk tcrhgrg` pcssàvkf g rkgfbzgéäc nkstk kstunc. @kus sbhdkrcs girgnkdb`khtcs! girgnkdb`khtcs! \cdïs `k pkr`btbrg` vbvkhdbgr u` `c`khtc ÿhbdc k` `bhmg vbng. Á Ksdcfg nk Khlkr`gik` ng [L@I k gcs prclksscrks nc Qrcirg`g nk Qôs-irgnugéäc Qôs- irgnugéäc k` Khlkr`gik`, pkfg kxdkfkhtk lcr`géäc. Gc prclksscr Nr. Nkhbs`gr Gfvks Hciukbrg, quk häc `knbu kslcrécs pgrg `k goungr dc` gs ghçfbsks kstgtàstbdgs gc fchic nk tcnc kssk pkrdursc. Cerbigng pkfg nknbdgéäc k pkfg pgdbïhdbg. Gcs prclksscrks Nr g. Nkhbsk Mcffghng Buhks, Nr g. Lfçvbg Lgfdb Krdcfk, Nr g. K`bfbg Dg`pcs nk Dgrvgfmc k Nr. Gnrbghc @grégf Qb`khtg, pkfgs vgfbcsgs dchtrbeubéûks quk nkrg` gc trgegfmc. Á prclksscrg Nr g. Fudbghg Ukibhg Lkrrkbrg ng @gtg, pkfcs dchskfmcs g`bics k pcr `k pkr`btbr dc`pgrtbfmgr `bhmgs nÿvbngs. \cdï â u` kxk`pfc nk pksscg, prclksscrg k pksqubsgncrg pgrg `b`. Á prclksscrg Nr g. Dgrfg Fudbg Icufgrt Dchstght Gfdclcrgnc, pcr tkr `k gdcfmbnc nk u`g lcr`g täc ncdk k pcr tkr `k trghs`btbnc g kssïhdbg ng khlkr`gik` nk u`g lcr`g täc hcerk. Ás irghnks g`bigs Dbssg Gzkvknc k Fughg \bkbrg ^cfknc, pkfg g`bzgnk, bhdkhtbvc, dchskfmcs, k pgfgvrgs ncdks k sçebgs hcs `c`khtcs nksglbgncrks. Dchmkdï-fgs lcb u`g ngs `kfmcrks dcbsgs nurghtk g trgoktôrbg nc ncutcrgnc. \cdïs tcrhgrg` g `bhmg dg`bhmgng `gbs fkvk k lkfbz. Fkvgrkb g g`bzgnk nk vcdïs pgrg sk`prk k` `ku dcrgéäc. Cerbigng pcr tunc. Kstgrk`cs sk`prk ouhtgs. Á qukrbng g`big Ebghdg Egdkfgr nk Gssbs, quk, dc` c sku okbtbhmc `kbic k ncdk `k gpcbcu, bhdkhtbvcu k gdchskfmcu. \cdï tk` u` fuigr kspkdbgf k` `ku dcrgéäc. Dchtk sk`prk dc`bic!

Á `bhmg qukrbng Mârbdg Qbhmkbrc Dcrrkbg, pcr dchlbgr k` `b`, pkfg g`bzgnk k pkfc dgrbhmc. Cerbigng pkfg lcr`g täc ekfg quk dchnuzbu kstk trgegfmc ouhtc g `b`. \cdï kstkvk dc`bic k` tcncs cs `c`khtcs, hcs gfkirks k hcs trbstks. Kssg vbtôrbg tgèâ` â sug! Tkrkb ktkrhg`khtk ktkrhg`khtk irgtg g vcdï vcdï..

Gcs gfuhcs Mbicr @gigfmäks Tbfvghc k Igerbkfg Gpgrkdbng Qkrkbrg, pkfg goung bhdchnbdbchgf nurghtk g dcfktg nk ngncs. Tk` g dcfgecrgéäc nk vcdïs, kstk trgegfmc häc tkrbg sbnc pcssàvkf. Gc Tkdrktçrbc nk Tgÿnk nc @uhbdàpbc nk @grbghg-@I, Nghbfc Erbtc, quk dchlbcu k` `ku trgegfmc k gerbu gs pcrtgs nc ùhbdàpbc nk u`g lcr`g täc ikhkrcsg pgrg g rkgfbzgéäc nc `ks`c. Gcs lbsbctkrgpkutgs nc Tbstk`g ßhbdc nk Tgÿnk nk @grbghg-@I, k` kspkdbgf gc Tkegstbäc Grguoc, @grbhg \bghg, @brkffk Dmg`chk k \ghkssg Tb`ûks quk gergégrg` g bnâbg nc `ku kstunc ouhtc dc`bic. C gpcbc k g goung nk vcdïs lcrg` ksskhdbgbs pgrg g rkgfbzgéäc nkstk kstunc. Á tcng kqubpk ng [hbngnk nk Tgÿnk nc Egbrrc Dgeghgs, nc sktcr nk Lbsbctkrgpbg ng Qcfbdfàhbdg @uhbdbpgf nk Tgÿnk k ng Kstrgtâibg nk Tgÿnk ng Lg`àfbg nk Tghtg Ubtg Nuräc, @grbghg-@I, quk `k gdcfmkrg` täc ek` k gerbrg` gs pcrtgs ngs uhbngnks nk sgÿnk pgrg g rkgfbzgéäc nkstk kstunc. g

Gcs bhtkirghtks nc Qrcoktc nk Kxtkhsäc QBD-KK[L@I —  Qrcl. Qrcl. Nr . ^åhbg Dmbghdg, Ghg Dgrcfbhg, Ebghdg, Dbssg, Mârbdg, @grbghg, Qcfbghg k Qgtrbdj pkfg trcdg nk dchmkdb`khtcs, dchmkdb`khtcs, pkfcs `c`khtcs `c`khtcs pgrtbfmgncs k pcr nbluhnbr gs Qrçtbdgs Bhtkirgtbvg Bhtkirgtbvgss k Dc`pfk`khtgrks Dc`pfk`khtgrks k` Tgÿnk nk u`g lcr`g täc hcerk. Á DGQKT, quk lbhghdbcu `kus kstuncs. K g tcncs quk tcrdkrg` pcr `b` k quk, nk gfiu`g lcr`g, dchtrbeuàrg` pgrg kstg dchqubstg, `kus sbhdkrcs girgnkdb`khtcs!

‖Nk tunc, lbdgrg` trïs dcbsgs? g dkrtkzg nk quk kstgvg sk`prk dc`kéghnc, g dkrtkzg nk

quk krg prkdbsc dchtbhugr k g dkrtkzg nk quk skrbg bhtkrrc`pbnc ghtks nk tkr`bhgr. Lgzkr ng bhtkrrupéäc u` dg`bhmc hcvc. Lgzkr ng qukng u` pgssc nk nghég, nc `knc u`g ksdgng,, nc schc u`g pchtk, ng prcdurg u` khdchtrc.‐ ( Lkrhghnc Tgebhc, C Khdchtrc ksdgng

@grdgnc, 72; l. ^ksk (Ncutcrgnc) —   Ksdcfg nk Khlkr`gik`, [hbvkrsbngnk Lknkrgf nk @bhgs Ikrgbs, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. G ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs ikrg gftkrgéûks làsbdgs, luhdbchgbs, k`cdbchgbs k scdbckdchþ`bdgs. Lgdk á gftg prkvgfïhdbg nkstg dchnbéäc, cs khlkr`kbrcs pcssuk` b`pcrtghtk pgpkf hc trgtg`khtc k rkgebfbtgéäc, u`g vkz quk fbng` dc` pgdbkhtks pcrtgncrks nc pprcefk`g rcefk`g k` tcncs cs hhàvkbs àvkbs gss gssbstkhdbgbs. bstkhdbgbs. G dfgssblbdgéäc dfgssblbdgéäc ngs bhtkrvkhéûks bhtkrvkhéûks nk khlkr`gik` prcpûk c usc nk tâdhbdgs häc lgr`gdcfôibdgs dc`c u`g cpéäc pgrg rkscfuéäc nc nbgihôstbdc nk khlkr`gik` ”Ncr Drþhbdg‒. Hkstgs, nkstgdg` -sk g gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg. G gdupuhturg gurbdufgr sk egskbg hg kstbùfgéäc nk gdupchtcs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr pgrg gfbvbgr sbhgbs k sbhtc`gs nk nbvkrsgs nckhégs, nkhtrk kstgs, g ncr. G vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, pcr sug vkz, khvcfvk g gpfbdgéäc nk dcpcs, k` u` gdupchtc cu çrkg nk ncr, `knbghtk gpgrkfmcs nk dgfcr cu vçduc, quk tgèâ` â utbfbzgng pgrg c trgtg`khtc ng ncr. C ceoktbvc nkstk kstunc lcb gvgfbgr cs klkbtcs ng gsscdbgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr scerk g skvkrbngnk ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs, k` rkfgéäc á gpfbdgéäc bscfgng ng gdupuhturg gurbdufgr. ^rgtg-sk nk u` khsgbc dfàhbdc Ttghngrns cl Ukpcrtbhi rghnc`bzgnc, egskgnc rkdc`khngéûks nc Dchscfbngtkn ^rbgfs ^rbgfs, , nc Ttghngrns lcrhgs Ukpcrtbhi Bhtkrvkhtbchs bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs cl Gdupuhdturk, Gdupuhdturk , k nc Bhbtbgtbvk ch @ktmcns, @kgsurk`kht ghn Qgbh Gsskss`kht bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs, rkgfbzgnc khtrk hcvkèrc nk 5179 k nkzkèrc nk 517=. G g`cstrg lbhgf lcb dchstbtuàng pcr 7=4 pksscgs khtrk 7= g 91 ghcs, dc` ncr drþhbdg hg dcfuhg vkrtkergf mç, hc `àhb`c, trïs `ksks, gutcrrkfgtc nk ncr ≫ qugtrc, k` u`g ksdgfg nk 1 -71, hcs ÿftb`cs sktk nbgs, k luhéäc dcihbtbvg prkskrvgng. Gpôs g gvgfbgéäc bhbdbgf, pcr `kbc ng rghnc`bzgéäc, cs pgrtbdbpghtks lcrg` gfcdgncs k` ncbs irupcs? Dchtrcfk ((h02>), h02>), quk rkdkeku sc`khtk g gdupuhturg gurbdufgr: k Kxpkrb`khtgf (h0=2), quk lcb sue`ktbnc g gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k` gsscdbgéäc dc` g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg. Gècs cs irupcs rkdkekrg` dbhdc skssûks ngs bhtkrvkhéûks, u`g vkz pcr sk`ghg. Kfks lcrg` gvgfbgncs k` trïs `c`khtcs? ghtks nk qugfqukr bhtkrvkhéäc (gvgfbgéäc bhbdbgf): gpôs g ÿftb`g skssäc ngs bbhtkrvkhéûks htkrvkhéûks (gvgfbgéäc lbhgf), k k` sktk nbgs gpôs g skiuhng gvgfbgéäc ( lcffcw-up ( lcffcw-up). ). Qgrg bssc, lcb utbfbzgnc c bhstru`khtc nk dgrgdtkrbzgéäc nc pgrtbdbpghtk, c bhvkhtçrbc erkvk nk ncr, c qukstbchçrbc nk bhdgpgdbngnk nk Ucfghn @crrbs, u`g ksdgfg nk qugfbngnk nk vbng, c Ycrfn Mkgftm Crighbzgtbch Wugfbty cl Fblk-Erkl , gfâ` nk u` gfiþ`ktrc nbibtgf pgrg gvgfbgéäc nc fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc. C trgtg`khtc kstgtàstbdc ncs ngncs lcb rkgfbzgnc pcr `kbc nc `cnkfc fchibtunbhgf, dc` c usc ngs Kqugéûks nk Kstb`géûks Ikhkrgfbzgngs. Lcb nk`chstrgnc quk g gsscdbgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr prcpcrdbchcu `kfmcrks rksuftgncs hg rknuéäc ng skvkrbngnk ng ncr (p 0 1,17; hg gvgfbgéäc lbhgf) k ng bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg (p0 1,1;1 hg gvgfbgéäc lbhgf k p 0 1,171 hc lcffcw hc lcffcw up), up), hg pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk up) k hg sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk (p01,1;1 hg gvgfbgéäc lbhgf), nk vbng (p01,17> hc lcffcw hc lcffcw up) sk dc`pgrgncs gcs rksuftgncs ng gdupuhturg gurbdufgr gpfbdgng bscfgng`khtk. Gfâ` nbssc, gècs cs irupcs cetbvkrg` `kfmcrgs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs gc fchic nc trgtg`khtc k` tcngs gs vgrbçvkbs bhvkstbigngs. Gbhng, cs klkbtcs gfdghégncs gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc pkr`ghkdkrg` u`g sk`ghg gpôs c sku târ`bhc, g kxdkéäc nc nc`àhbc rkfgéûks scdgbs hc irupc kxpkrb`khtgf, ng pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng k nc`àhbcs psbdcfôibdcs k rkfgéûk rkfgéûks s scdbgbs hcpgrg irupc Qk Qkrdkek-sk rdkek-sk klktbvbngnk gdupuhturg gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg c dchtrcfk. trgtg`khtc ng ncr gdrþhbdg hgs ngdcstgs, dc`

pctkhdbgfbzgéäc nc klkbtc qughnc kssgs bhtkrvkhéûks säc rkgfbzgngs dchdc`btghtk`khtk. pctkhdbgfbzgéäc Kspkrg-sk, pcrtghtc, quk gs kvbnïhdbgs gqub khdchtrgngs pcssg` lgvcrkdkr g b`pfk`khtgéäc nkssgs tkrgpbgs dc`c lkrrg`khtgs nk bhtkrvkhéäc nk khlkr`gik` hc trgtg`khtc nk pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs. Qgfgvrgs-dmgvk? Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr. \khtcsgtkrgpbg. Ncr drþhbdg. Ncr hgs dcstgs. Khlkr`gik`.

GETÛGD^ @C[UG, D. D. Kllkdts cl tmk dcèbhgtbch cl duppbhi tmkrgpy wbtm kgr gdupuhdturk ch dmrchbd egdj pgbh? g rghnc`bzkn dchtrcffkn trbgf. 5172. 57> l. ^mksbs (Ncdtcrgf) —  Tdmccf Tdmccf cl Hursbhi, Lknkrgf [hbvkrsbty cl @bhgs Ikrgbs, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. Dmrchbd egdj pgbh ikhkrgtks pmysbdgf, luhdtbchgf, k`ctbchgf ghn scdbckdchc`bd dmghiks. dmghiks. Nuk tc tmk mbim prkvgfkhdk cl tmbs dchnbtbch, hursks mgvk gh b`pcrtght rcfk bh tmk trkgt`kht ghn rkmgebfbtgtbch cl pgtbkhts, gs tmky prcvbnk dgrk tc pgtbkhts wbtm dmrchbd egdj pgbh gt gff fkvkfs cl dgrk. ^mk Hursbhi Bhtkrvkhtbchs Dfgssblbdgtbch rkdc``khns tmk usk cl hch- pmgr`gdcfcibdgf pmgr`gdcfcibdgf tkdmhbquks tc scfvk tmk Hursbhi Nbgihcsbs cl ”Dmrchbd pgbh‒. ^mksk tkdmhbquks bhdfunk gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk ghn duppbhi tmkrgpy. Gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk bs egskn ch tmk stbùfgtbch cl gdupcbhts bh tmk kgr tc rkfbkvk sbihs ghn sy`ptc`s cl vgrbcus nbskgsks, bhdfunbhi pgbh. Duppbhi tmkrgpy, bh turh, bhvcfvks tmk gppfbdgtbch cl dups tc gh gdupcbht cr pgbh grkg usbhi mkgt cr vgduu` gppgrgtus. ^mbs stuny gb`kn tc kvgfugtk tmk kllkdts cl tmk dcèbhgtbch cl duppbhi tmkrgpy wbtm kgr gdupuhdturk ch tmk skvkrbty cl dmrchbd egdj pgbh bh rkfgtbch tc tmk bscfgtkn gppfbdgtbch cl kgr gdupuhdturk. ^mbs bs g rghnc`bzkn dfbhbdgf trbgf dchnudtkn ektwkkh Hcvkèkr 5179 ghn Nkdkèkr 517=, egskn ch rkdc``khngtbchs lrc` tmk Dchscfbngtkn Ttghngrns cl Ukpcrtbhi ^rbgfs, Ttghngrns lcr Ukpcrtbhi Bhtkrvkhtbchs bh Dfbhbdgf Dfb hbdgf ^rbgfs cl Gdupuhdturk, ghn tmk Bhbtbgtbvk ch @ktmcns, @kgsurk`kht ghn Qgbh Gsskss`kht bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs. ^mk lbhgf sg`pfk dchsbstkn cl 7=4 skflpgrtbdbpghts tc 91chykgrs wbtmcldmrchbd spbhgf fgstbhi gt fkgst tmrkk `chtms, rkpcrtkn gikn pgbh 7= ≫ lcur g sdgfk 1 -71 cvkr tmk pgbh pgst skvkh ngys, ghn prkskrvkn dcihbtbvk luhdtbch. Gltkr tmk bhbtbgf kvgfugtbch, pgrtbdbpghts wkrk rghnc`fy gffcdgtkn bhtc twc ircups? Dchtrcf (h02>), wmbdm rkdkbvkn chfy gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk: ghn Kxpkrb`khtgf (h0=2), wmbdm uhnkrwkht gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk bh gnnbtbch tc duppbhi tmkrgpy. Ectm ircups rkdkbvkn lbvk skssbchs cl bhtkrvkhtbchs chdk g wkkj. Qgrtbdbpghts wkrk kvgfugtkn tmrkk tb`ks? eklcrk ghy bhtkrvkhtbch (bhbtbgf gsskss`kht): gltkr tmk fgst skssbch cl tmk bhtkrvkhtbchs (lbhgf kvgfugtbch), ghn skvkh ngys gltkr tmk skdchn kvgfugtbch (lcffcw-up). Bh kgdm kvgfugtbch, wk uskn tmk lcffcwbhi ngtg dcffkdtbch tccfs? gh bhstru`kht tc dcffkdt nk`cirgpmbd bhlcr`gtbch lrc` tmk pgrtbdbpght: tmk Erbkl Qgbh Bhvkhtcry: tmk Ucfghn @crrbs Nbsgebfbty Wukstbchhgbrk: tmk Ycrfn Mkgftm Crighbzgtbch Wugfbty cl Fblk-Erkl: ghn g nbibtgf gfic`ktkr tc gsskss tmk hcdbdkptbvk tmrksmcfn. Ttgtbstbdgf ghgfysbs bhdfunkn Ikhkrgfbzkn Kstb`gtbch Kqugtbchs. ^mk rksufts smcwkn tmgt tmk dcèbhgtbch cl gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk ghn duppbhi tmkrgpy prcvbnkn ekttkr rksufts bh rknudbhi pgbh skvkrbty (p 0 1,17; gt lbhgf kvgfugtbch) ghn pmysbdgf nbsgebfbty (p0 1,1;1 hg gvgfbgéäc lbhgf k p 0 1,171 gt lcffcw gt lcffcw up), up), ghn b`prcvbhi tmk cvkrgff lcffcw up) up) ghn mkgftm sgtbslgdtbch (p01,1;1 pkrdkptbch cl tmk qugfbty cl fblk (p01,17> gt gt lcffcw ( p01,1;1 gt lbhgf kvgfugtbch) wmkh dc`pgrkn tc gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk ey btskfl. Gnnbtbchgffy, ectm ircups gdmbkvkn stgtbstbdgffy sbihblbdght b`prcvk`khts tmrcuimcut trkgt`kht bh gff bhvkstbigtkn vgrbgefks. ^mk kllkdts gdmbkvkn gt tmk khn cl trkgt`kht fgstkn lcr chk wkkj gltkr tmk khn cl tmk skssbchs, lcr tmk kxdkptbch cl kllkdts bh tmk nc`gbh cl scdbgf rkfgtbchs bh tmk kxpkrb`khtgf ircup, ghn kllkdts ch tmk ikhkrgf pkrdkptbch cl qugfbty cl fblk ghn psydmcfcibdgff ghn scdbgf rkfgtbchs nc`gbhs bh tmk dchtrcf ircup. Bt bs hctkn tmgt tmk psydmcfcibdg kllkdtbvkhkss cl gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk ghn duppbhi tmkrgpy lcr tmk trkgt`kht cl dmrchbd egdj pgbh pgbh bs bhdrkgsk bhdrkgsknn wmkh tmk tmksk sk bhtkrvkhtbch bhtkrvkhtbchss grk pkrlcr`k pkrlcr`knn dchdc`btghtfy. dchdc`btghtfy. ^mkrklcrk, tmk kvbnkhdk lcuhn bh tmbs stuny suppcrts tmk b`pfk`khtgtbch cl tmksk tmkrgpbks gs g hursbhi bhtkrvkhtbch bh tmk trkgt`kht cl dmrchbd egdj pgbh. Jkywcrns? Gurbdufgr gdupuhdturk. Duppbhi tmkrgpy. Dmrchbd pgbh. Egdj pgbh. Hursbhi.

FBT^G NK BF[TÛGÉÛKT

Lbiurg 7- Ksdgng Ghgfiâsbdg ng Crighbzgéäc Crighbzgéäc @uhnbgf ng Tgÿnk................ Tgÿnk.............................. .............. 4; Lbiurg 5- Bnkcirg`g quk rkprkskhtg c Wb................................................................... Wb................................................................... >1 Lbiurg 4- Dbdfc nk drbgéäc k nc`bhåhdbg....................................................... nc`bhåhdbg................................................................... ............ Lbiurg >- (G) Lgdk vkhtrgf nc pgv pgvbfmäc bfmäc gurbdufgr: (E) Lgdk ncrsg ncrsgff nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr.................................... gurbdufgr.......... ................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...................... Lbiurg ;- Bhkrvgéäc ng crkfmg kxtkrhg kxtkrhg.. (G) Hkrvc gurbdufctk`p gurbdufctk`pcrgf: crgf: (E) Ug`cs gurbdufgr hc hkrvc vgic: (D) Hkrvcs cddbpbtgf `khcr k gurbdufgr `gbcr... Lbiurg - (G) Giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkhtks gpfbdgngs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr: (E) Giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkh sk`bpkr`ghkhtks tks lbxgngs dc` lbtg `bdrcpcrcsg.......................... `bdrcpcrcsg.......................... Lbiurg 7;7;- (G) Dcpcs nk vkhtcs vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gtkrgpbg nk gdràfbdc nk >.; (hÿ`krc 7), 4 (hÿ`krc (hÿ`krc >) k 5.4 5.4 (hÿ (hÿ`krc `krc ;) dk dkhtà`ktrcs htà`ktrcs nk nbå`ktrc: (E) Ecèg nk sudéäc `ghugf Lbiurg 7> ;9 ;= ;2 - Ghçfbsk ng skvkrbngnk ng ncr, vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, ......................................... .......................................... ............................................. ....................................... ................. 71= 5172...................... ^gekfg ;- Ghçfbsk nc gfàvbc ng ncr, vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172...................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................................ ....................................... ................. 771

^gekfg - Ghçfbsk nc nc`àhbc rkfgéûks scdbgbs, vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc YMCWCF Erkl , kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172...................................................................................... 75; ^gekfg 7;- Ghçfbsk nc nc`àhbc gèbkhtk, vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc YMCWCF-Erkl , kxprkssc k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk............................................................................................... 75< nc fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc lrkhtk gc kstàùfc `kdåhbdc, vkrblbdgnc pcr ^gekfg 7

Ekxbig 5>

E 5;

Ekxbig 5;

EQB d`

Erbkl Qgbh Bhvkhtcry Bhvkhtcry Dkhtà`ktrcs Dkhtà`ktrcs

DCHTCU^ DCLKH DCUKH

Dchscfbngtkn Ttghngrns cl Ukpcrtbhi ^rbgfs Dchskfmc Lknkrgf nk Khlkr`gik` Dchskfmc Ukibchgf nk Khlkr`gik` Khlkr`gik`

Np KDU

Nksvbc Qgnräc Khsgbc Dfàhbdc Ughnc`bzgnc

L L=

Làignc Làignc =

ID IK IKK

Irupc Dchtrcfk Irupc Kxpkrb`khtgf Ikhkrgfbzkn Kstb`gtbhi Kqugtbchs Kqugtbchs

BGTQ BN

Bhtkrhgtbchgf Gsscdbgtbch lcr tmk Ttuny cl cl Qgbh Qgbh   Bhtkstbhc Nkfignc

BN 7; BD B@@QGD^

Bhtkstbhc Nkfignc 7; Bhtkrvgfc nk Dchlbghég Bhbtbgtbvk ch @ktmcns, @kgsurk`kht ghn Qgbh Gsskss`kht bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs ^rbgfs

FNQ `

Fb`bgr nk Ncr á Qrkssäc @ânbg

@^D HBD H^T

@knbdbhg ^rgnbdbchgf Dmbhksg Hursbhi Bhtkrvkhtbch Dfgssblbdgtbch Dfgssblbdgtbch Hÿdfkc nc ^ ^rgtc rgtc Tcfbtçrbc

C@T QIBD

Crighbzgéä Crighbzgéäcc @uhnbgf ng Tgÿnk Tgÿnk   Qgtbkht‒s Ifcegf B`prkssbch cl Dmghik

QBD QHQBD

Qrçtbdgs Bhtkirgtbvgs k Dc`pfk`khtgrks Qcfàtbdg Hgdbchgf nk Qrçtbdgs Bhtkirgtbvgs k Dc`pfk`khtgrks

WBD

Wugsb-Gjgbjk Bhlcr`gtbch Drbtkrbch

WBU@ TEKN

Wukstbchçrbc nk Bhdgpgdbngnk nk Ucfghn @crrbs Tcdbkngnk Ergsbfkbrg pgrg c Kstunc ng Ncr

TL-4<

^mk @knbdgf Cutdc`ks Ttuny 4< - Btk` smcrt-lcr` mkgftm survky survky

THD

Tbstk`g Hkrvcsc Dkhtrgf

TQTT TÛBD^G

Ttgtbstbdgf Qgdjgik lcr tmk Tcdbgf Tdbkhdks Tdbkhdks Ttghngrns lcr Ukpcrtbhi Bhtkrvkhtbchs bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs cl Gdupuhdturk

T[T

Tbstk`g ßhbdc nk Tgÿnk

\E \E 57

\ksàdufg ebfbgr \ksàdufg Ebfbgr 57

\E 41 \I

\ksàdufg Ebfbgr 41 \gsc Icekrhgncr

\I > YLGT YMCWCF-Erkl

\gsc Icvkrhgncr > Ycrfn Lknkrgtbch cl Gdupuhturk ghn @cxbeustbch Tcdbktks Ycrfn Mkgftm Crighbzgtbch Wugfbty cl Fblk Erkl

T[@ÇUBC

7 5 4 4.7 4.5 > >.7 >.7.7 >.7.5 >.7.4 >.7.> >.7.; >.5 >.5.7 >.5.7.7 >.5.7.5   >.5.7.5 >.5.7.4   >.5.7.4 >.5.7.> >.5.7.; >.5.5 >.4

>.4.7 >.4.5 >.>

>.>.7 >.>.5 >.>.4 >.>.> >.; >.;.7

BHÛCN[ÉÄC....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................ MBQÔ^KTKT.................. ........................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ CEOK^B\CT.................. ...................................... .......................................... ............................................ .................................... .............. CEOK^B\C IKUGF............... IKUGF..................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................... .... CEOK^B\CT TKD[HNÇUBCT.... TKD[HNÇUBCT........................... ................................................ ......................................... ................ UK\BTÄC NK FB^KUG^[UG................... ............................................. ............................................... ..................... NCU DUÞHBDG HGT DCT^GT...................................... DCT^GT............................................................ ........................... ..... Dchdkbtc................... ............................................ ............................................... ............................................ ..................................... ............... @kdghbs`cs ng ncr..................... ........................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... Kpbnk`bcfcibg, dgusgs k dchskquïhdbgs ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs......... Cpéûks tkrgpïutbdgs....................... ............................................. ............................................ ....................................... .................

57 5< 59 59 5=

Qrçtbdgs bhtkirgtbvgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks k` sgÿnk.................................. @KNBDBHG ÛGNBDBCHGF DMBHKTG........................................ DMBHKTG.................................................... ............ ^kcrbgs ng @knbdbhg ^rgnbdbchgf Dmbhksg ............................................... Rbh k Rghi ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ Wb k @krbnbghcs......................... @krbnbghcs............................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ _ghi Lu.................... Lu.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... Dbhdc kfk`khtcs cu dbhdc `cvb`khtcs `cvb`khtcs......................................................... ......................................................... Cbtc prbhdàpbcs................... prbhdàpbcs......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................... .........

4< 49 42

5= 5= 5= 52 44 4;

4= >1 >4 >5 >>

@knbdbhg trgnbdbchgf dmbhksg k sug rkfgéäc dc` c dubngnc nk khlkr`gik`................................................................................................. >< GD[Q[H^[UG? [@ EUK\K MBT^ÔUBDC........... MBT^ÔUBDC................................. ................................... ............. >= @kdghbs`cs hkurclbsbcfôibdcs ng gdupuhturg hc dchtrcfk ng ncr .................... ;1 Qgnrûks sbhnrþ`bdcs ng ncr hgs dcstgs skiuhnc g vbsäc ng @knbdbhg ^rgnbdbchgf Dmbhksg................................................................................... ;7 GD[Q[H^[UG G[UBD[FGU............ G[UBD[FGU.................................. ............................................ ................................. ........... ;> Dchsbnkrgéûks Dchsbnkrgé ûks mbstôrbdgs..................... ........................................... ............................................ ................................. ........... ;> Ghgtc`bg nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr...................... ............................................ ......................................... ................... ;< Fcdgfbzgéäc ncs gdupchtcs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr................................... ;= @kdghbs`c nk géäc ng gdupuhturg gurbdufgr.......................................... .;.> ; ;.7 ;.5 ;.4 ;.> ;.; ;.< ;.9 ;.9 ;.=

;.=.7 ;.=.5 ;.2 ;.2.7 ;.2.7.7 ;.2.7.5 ;.2.7.5.7 ;.2.7.5.5 ;.2.7.5.4 ;.2.7.5.> ;.2.7.5.; ;.2.5 ;.2.5.7 ;.2.5.5 ;.2.5.4 ;.2.5.> ;.2.5.; ;.71

@kdghbs`cs nk géäc nk vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg..................................................... Klkbtcs ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg.................... .......................................... ............................................ ................................. ........... Dfgssblbdgéûks ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg..................... .............................................. .......................................... ................. @Â^CNC...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ NKTKHMC NC KT^[NC............. KT^[NC................................... ............................................ ......................................... ................... FCDGF NC KT^[NC................. KT^[NC....................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... QCQ[FGÉÄC.............................................................................................. DUB^ÂUBCT NK KFKIBEBFBNGNK NG G@CTÛG.................................. G@CTÛG.................................. DÇFD[FC NC ^G@GHMC NG G@CTÛG................ G@CTÛG...................................... ............................ ...... DUB^ÂUBCT NK BHDF[TÄC NG G@CTÛG................. G@CTÛG....................................... .......................... .... DUB^ÂUBCT NK K]DF[TÄC NG G@CTÛG................ G@CTÛG...................................... .......................... .... UGTÛKG@KH^C NG G@CTÛG K QUCDKTTC NK GFKG^CUB_GÉÄC GFKG^CUB_GÉÄ C NCT IU[QCT..................................... IU[QCT........................................................... ...................... BH^KU\KHÉÛKT........................................................................................ Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr................ ...................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... \khtcsgtkrgpbg \khtcsgtkrg pbg gsscdbgng á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr.................................. \GUBÇ\KBT K LKUUG@KH^GT NK @KHT[UGÉÄC............................ @KHT[UGÉÄC............................ Nkslkdmcs...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................... ............. Nkslkdmc prb`çrbc......................... prb`çrbc............................................... ............................................ ......................................... ................... Nkslkdmcs skduhnçrbcs skduhnçrbcs...................... ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ............... Bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs............... dctbnbghgs..................................... ............................... ......... Gfàvbc ng ncr prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks... bhtkrvkhéûks............................ ....................................... .............. Bhdgpgdbng Bhdgpgdbngnk nk làsbdg.................... làsbdg.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ Wugfbngnk nk vbng....................... vbng............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................

9> 9; 9< 99 9= =1 =1 => 21 21 21 27 27 25 25

24 Fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc lrkhtk gc kstàùfc `kdåhbdc................................. `kdåhbdc......................................... ........ 2> Dcvgrbçvkbs....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 2< Dgrgdtkrbzgéäc scdbcnk`cirçlbdg k dfàhbdg................................................. dfàhbdg................................................. 29 Tgtbslgéäc k hkdkssbngnk ng bhtkrvkhéäc bhtkrvkhéäc...................................................... ...................................................... 2= Qkrdkpéäc ifcegf nk `kfmcrg k` rkfgéäc gc trgtg`khtc gpfbdgnc............. gpfbdgnc............. 2=

Lrkquïhdbg nk dchsu`c nk `knbdgéäc pgrg gfàvbc ng ncr k utbfbzgéäc nc skrvbéc nk sgÿnk nkvbnc á ncr ........................................... ................................................................. ........................... ..... 22 Tbhtc`gs k rkgéûks gnvkrsgs gnvkrsgs..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................. ....... 22 KT^[NC QBFC^C QGUG ^KT^GU G \BGEBFBNGNK NCT BHTÛ[@KH^CT K NGT BH^KU\KHÉÛK BH^KU\KHÉÛKT........................... T............................................. ..................   22

;.77   ;.77

DCFK^G NK NGNCT.................................... NGNCT.......................................................... ............................................ ........................

711

;.75

GHÇFBTK NCT NGNCT................. NGNCT....................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................

;.74

DCHTBNKUGÉÛK DCHTBNKUGÉÛKT T Â^BDGT................ Â^BDGT...................................... ............................................ ................................ .......... 71> UKT[F^GNCT.................. ........................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................. ....... 71; DGUGD^KUB_GÉÄC DGUGD^KUB_GÉÄ C TÔDBCNK@CIUÇLBDG............ TÔDBCNK@CIUÇLBDG.................................. ........................... ..... 71; QKULBF NK NCU....................... NCU............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 71< [^BFB_GÉÄC NC TKU\BÉC NK TGßNK K DCHT[@C NK @KNBDG@KH^C QGUG GFÀ\BC NG NCU....................... NCU............................................. ........................ 719 KLKB^CT NG GD[Q[H^[UG G[UBD[FGU K NG \KH^CTG^KUGQBG GTTCDBGNG Á GD[Q[H^[UG G[UBD[FGU TCEUK G NCU DUÞHBDG HGT DCT^GT................................... DCT^GT................................................. .............. 719 Dgrgdtkrbzgéäc ng ncr nk gdcrnc dc` c Bhvkhtçrbc Erkvk nk Ncr........ 71= Tkvkrbngnk ng ncr (nkslkdmc prb`çrbc)........................................................ prb`çrbc)........................................................ 71=

.7 NCU DUÞHBDG HGT DCT^GT

>.7.7 Dchdkbtc

Tkiuhnc g Bhtkrhgtbchgf g Bhtkrhgtbchgf Gsscdbgtbch lcr tmk Ttuny cl Qgbh (BGTQ), g ncr pcnk skr nklbhbng dc`c ‖u`g kxpkrbïhdbg skhscrbgf k k`cdbchgf nksgirgnçvkf, gsscdbgng á fksäc rkgf cu pctkhdbgf ncs tkdbncs, cu nksdrbtg k` tgbs fksûks‐: tgf dchdkbtc, quk suribu hc lbhgf

ng nâdgng nk 91 (BGTQ, 7292), gbhng pkr`ghkdk vbikhtk pgrg cs nbgs gtugbs (BGTQ, 5179). Â dchsbnkrgng u`g kxpkrbïhdbg sueoktbvg, u`g vkz quk nblkrkhtks pgdbkhtks pcnk` tkr rkspcstgs nblkrkhtks gc `ks`c kstàùfc, á `ks`g nckhég k/cu gcs `ks`cs trgtg`khtcs (FB@ kt gf , 517=). G hàvkf ebcfôibdc, g ncr pcnk skr nkdcrrkhtk nk fksûks hcs tkdbncs dcrpcrgbs k, pcr bssc, kstç gsscdbgng gc nghc tkdbnugf rkgf cu pctkhdbgf. ^cngvbg, dc`c kstç rkfgdbchgng á u`g skhsgéäc nksgirgnçvkf, tgèâ` â, pcrtghtc, u`g kxpkrbïhdbg k`cdbchgf. Gfâ` nbssc, c rkfgtc nk ncr hg gusïhdbg nk qugfqukr dgusg lbsbcpgtcfôibdg cu nghc tkdbnugf pcnk cdcrrkr pcr rgzûks psbdcfôibdgs k nkvk skr dchsbnkrgng (BGTQ, 5179). Gssb`, g pkrdkpéäc ng ncr häc â u` lkhþ`khc sb`pfks, `gs ùftbnb`khsbchgf, k` quk cs dc`pchkhtks skhsbtbvc-nbsdrb`bhgtbvcs, glktbvcdc`pcrtg`khtgbs,, hkurcvkiktgtbvcs k dcihbtbvcs pcnk` skr dc`prc`ktbncs (T dc`pcrtg`khtgbs (TBW[KBUG: BW[KBUG: GHHKT, 5174). Tkiuhnc g Tcdbkngnk Ergsbfkbrg pgrg c Kstunc ng Ncr (TEKN), nkdfgrgng dc`c Dgpàtufc Ergsbfkbrc ng BGTQ, g ncr pcnk skr dchsbnkrgng dc`c u` sbhtc`g cu `ghblkstgéäc nk u`g nckhég, ek` dc`c pcnk sk dchlbiurgr dc`c u` qugnrc dfàhbdc `gbs dc`pfkxc (TEKN, 517;). Dfgssblbdgr g ncr qughtc á nurgéäc ng sug `ghblkstgéäc tcrhgsk, khtäc, b`pcrtghtk. G ncr giung pcnk skr nklbhbng dc`c gqukfg quk sk `ghblkstg trghsbtcrbg`khtk nurghtk u` pkràcnc durtc nk tk`pc, nk `bhutcs g gfiu`gs sk`ghgs, ikrgf`khtk gtâ trïs `ksks, k kstç gsscdbgng g fksûks k` tkdbncs cu ôriäcs, quk pcnk` skr dgusgngs pcr bhlfg`géäc, bhlkdéäc, trgu`gtbs`c cu cutrgs dgusgs. Â ebcfcibdg`khtk ekhâlbdg, pcbs

52

skrvk nk sbhgf nk gfkrtg, k qughnc â dcrrktg`khtk nbgihcstbdgng k trgtgng, kfg nksgpgrkdk k g pksscg pcnk rkgssu`br sugs gtbvbngnks hcr`gbs (TEKN, 517>: TEKN, 517;). G ncr drþhbdg, pcr sug vkz, tk` nurgéäc prcfchigng, ikrgf`khtk `gbcr quk trïs `ksks, dgrkdk ng luhéäc nk gfkrtg giung ng hcdbdkpéäc lbsbcfôibdg k dc`pcrtg-sk dc`c u`g nckhég k` sb (@KUTJKR: ECIN[J, 722>: 722> : TEKN, 517>). 517>). G irgvbngnk ng ncr pcnk skr dfgssblbdgng dc` egsk sug bhtkhsbngnk, hc sclrb`khtc rkfgdbchgnc á kfg k hc dc`prc`ktb`khtc luhdbchgf (ÛKKNK (ÛKKNK kt gf .,., 517;). Gssb`, b`cebfbngnk, b`cebfbngnk, nkprkssäc, ghsbkngnk, `knc, lrustrgéäc, gftkrgéûks nc schc, prcefk`gs hutrbdbchgbs, nkpkhnïhdbg nk `knbdg`khtcs k nk prclbssbchgbs ng sgÿnk, bhdgpgdbngnk pgrg c trgegfmc, nkhtrk cutrgs, säc gfiu`gs ngs dc`pfbdgéûks quk pcnk` gdc`pghmç-fg (TEKN, 517>). Hc dchtkxtc ng khlkr`gik`, c nnbgihôstbdc bgihôstbdc ”Ncr Drþh Drþhbdg bdg (11744)‒ utbfbzg g `ks`g

nklbhbéäc ng BGTQ pgrg ncr, gfâ` nk gdrksdkhtgr quk kfg pcnk tkr bhàdbc sÿebtc cu fkhtc, bhtkhsbngnk fkvk g bhtkhsg, skr dchstghtk cu rkdcrrkhtk, k häc tkr u` târ`bhc ghtkdbpgnc cu prkvbsàvkf. ^k` dc`c lgtcrks ktbcfôibdcs cu dchtrbeubhtks gs gftkrgéûks hc pgnräc nk schc: dc`prkssäc nk hkrvc: lgnbig: `ghuskbc rkpktbnc nk dgrigs pksgngs: sclrb`khtc k`cdbchgf: usc prcfchignc nk dc`putgncr: k vbergéäc k` tcnc c dcrpc. Täc sbhgbs k sbhtc`gs nkssg dchnbéäc? gftkrgéäc ng dgpgdbngnk nk dchtbhugr gtbvbngnks prâvbgs, gftkrgéäc hc pgnräc nk schc, gutcrrkfgtc nk dgrgdtkràstbdgs k bhtkhsbngnk ng ncr utbfbzghnc bhstru`khtcs pgnrchbzgncs, nkhtrk cutrcs. K, pcnk tkr dc`c dchnbéûks gsscdbgngs, pcr kxk`pfc, fksäc ùsdufgr, lrgturg k dchnbéäc ùsdufcksqukfâtbdg drþhbdg, quk bhdfuk` bhnbdgncrks pgrg cs qugbs cs khlkr`kbrcs nkvk` bhtkrvbr k` dchouhtc á kqubpk bhtkrnbsdbpfbhgr (MKUN@GH: JG@B^T[U[, 517=). Gbhng, g ncr drþhbdg pcnk skr dfgssblbdgng k` hcdbdkptbvg cu hkurcpçtbdg. G prb`kbrg â rksuftgnc ng kkstbùfgéäc stbùfgéäc prcfc prcfchigng higng nk hcd hcdbdkptcrks bdkptcrks hcr`gbs, quk quk trghsnuzk` trghsnuzk` k trghs`btk` cs sbhgbs nk u`g fksäc cu bhlfg`géäc gnkqugng`khtk. Qcrâ`, g ncr â prcfchigng pcrquk c kstàùfc â dchtàhuc. Oç g ncr hkurcpçtbdg â nkdcrrkhtk nk u`g gtbvbngnk hkurgf pgtcfôibdg k` nblkrkhtks hàvkbs nc sbstk`g hkrvcsc? pkrblârbdc, dkhtrgf cu gutþhc`c. [`g fksäc k` hkrvc pkrblârbdc pcnk `cnblbdgr, pcr kxk`pfc, g kxdbtgebfbngnk ng `kèrghg, ikrghnc pctkhdbgbs nk géäc kspchtåhkc, pôs-nksdgrig prcfchigng cu nkspcfgrbzgéäc k` rkspcstg g kstàùfcs `kdåhbdcs häc hcdbdkptbvcs. ^gèâ`, u`g fksäc hg egbhmg nk `bkfbhg pcnk prkounbdgr c bscfg`khtc khtrk hkurþhbcs k g kxdbtgéäc nk u` hkurþhbc qugfqukr pcnk bhnuzbr g nkspcfgrbzgéäc nk u` hkurþhbc hcdbdkptbvc. K` gfiuhs dgscs pcnk` kstgr gsscdbgngs g gècs cs tbpcs nk ncr (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179).

41

>.7.5 @kdghbs`cs ng ncr

C `kdghbs`c ng ncr â u` prcdkssc dc`pfkxc, nkvbnc gc khvcfvb`khtc nk `ÿftbpfgs vbgs nc dbrdubtc hkurgf, nksnk g kstbùfgéäc ncs rkdkptcrks pkrblârbdcs gtâ gs rkgéûks quà`bdgs quk cdcrrk` hc Tbstk`g Hkrvcsc Dkhtrgf (THD) (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Cs prbhdbpgbs `kdghbs`cs khvcfvbncs hg ncr säc? g skhsbebfbzgéäc, `kdghbs`c pkfc qugf cs kstàùfcs hcdbdkptbvcs skhsbebfbzg` cs hcdbdkptcrk hcdbdkptcrkss (quk säc rkdkptcrks kspkdbgfbzgncs k` rkdkekr cs kstàùfcs hcdbvcs cu pctkhdbgf`khtk hcdbvcs): g trghsnuéäc, quk dchsbstk hg prcprbkngnk ncs hcdbdkptcrks nk trghslcr`gr cs kstàùfcs hcdbdkptbvcs k` b`pufscs hcdbdkptbvcs (pctkhdbgbs kfâtrbdcs nk géäc —   vgrbgéäc nc pctkhdbgf nk `kèrghg k sbhgpsk): g dchnuéäc dchnuéäc,, cu skog, g prcpgigéäc prcpgigéäc ncs b`pufscs hcdbdkptbvcs ng pkrblkrbg pgrg c THD: g pkrdkpéäc, quk â c dchouhtc nk `kdghbs`cs dkhtrgbs quk nbsdrb`bhg`, bhtkrprktg` k nkdcnblbdg` c lkhþ`khc ncfcrcsc: g `cnufgéäc, quk dchsbstk hcs `kdghbs`cs quk `cnblbdg` cu gftkrg` cs b`pufscs hcdbdkptbvcs: k g rkgéäc, cu skog, c dchouhtc nk rkspcstgs lbhgbs á ncr, quk pcnk` skr sc`çtbdgs (vcfuhtçrbgs), rklfkxgs (bhvcfuhtçrbgs) k psbdcfôibdgs (sclrb`khtc) (DGTÛC, 5119: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). Nk lcr`g ikrgf, g ncr pcnk skr nkskhdgnkgng pcr kstàùfcs `kdåhbdcs, târ`bdcs, cu quà`bdcs (CGJFGHNKU, (CGJFGHNKU, 5177). Wughnc kssks kstàùfcs hcdbdkptbvcs hcdbdkptbvcs gtug` hcs hcdbdkptcrks prkskhtks hgs tkr`bhgéûks hkrvcsgs fbvrks, kssg bhlcr`géäc â trghs`btbng dc`c b`pufscs hkrvcscs kfâtrbdcs, cu pctkhdbgbs nk géäc, gtrgvâs ngs lbergs hkrvcsgs (hkurþhbcs glkrkhtks prb`çrbcs) k` nbrkéäc gc THD k säc bhtkrprktgngs pkfc khdâlgfc dc`c kxtrk`g`khtk nksgirgnçvkbs, nkskhdgnkghnc géûks prctktcrgs, `k`ôrbgs k k`céûks (CGJFGHNKU, 5177). Gs lbergs hkrvcsgs glkrkhtks hc dcrpc mu`ghc säc suenbvbnbngs k` qugtrc tbpcs prbhdbpgbs nk hkurþhbcs hkurþhbcs skhscrbgbs prb`çrbcs, quk pcnk` skr nblkrkhdbgncs `crlcfôibdg `crlcfôibdg k luhdbchgf`khtk k`? G-gflg (G-η), G-ektg (G-ε), G-nkftg (G-ξ) k lberg D (JGIB^GHB: [DMBNG: MC^^G, 5171). Gpkhgs nugs nkstgs kstäc khvcfvbngs hg trghs`bssäc nk b`pufscs ncfcrcscs. Gs lbergs G-ξ - quk näc crbik` gcs hcdbdkptcrks kspkdàlbdcs quk rkspchnk` gcs kstàùfcs târ`bdcs k `kdåhbdcs - säc `bkfbhbzgngs, pkr`btk` g trghs`bssäc rçpbng ncs b`pufscs ncfcrcscs k prcnuzk` ncr giung k ek` fcdgfbzgng. K gs lbergs D - quk kstäc fbigngs gcs hcdbdkptcrks pcfb`cngbs, quk häc säc skfktbvcs g u` ÿhbdc kstàùfc k rkspchnk` gcs kstàùfcs `kdåhbdcs, quà`bdcs cu târ`bdcs nk bhtkhsbngnk

47

hcdbvg - häc säc `bkfbhbzgngs, nk `khcr dgfberk, k dchnuzk` c pctkhdbgf nk géäc nk lcr`g fkhtg k trghs`btk b`pufscs `gf fcdgfbzgncs, nbluscs, grnkhtks k pkrsbstkhtks (EGTEG[@ kt gf .,., 5112: JCQL: QG^KF, 5171: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). Gs lbergs D häc säc gpkhgs skhscrbgbs. Kfgs tgèâ` prcnuzk` klkbtcs klkrkhtks, pgrçdrbhcs k trôlbdcs, pcr `kbc ng skdrkéäc nk hkurcpkptànkcs, hkurcpkptànkcs, dc`c c pkptànkc rkfgdbchgnc gc ikhk ng dgfdbtchbhg k g sueståhdbg Q. Kstks, pcr sug vkz, kxkrdk` irghnk bhlfuïhdbg scerk cutrcs tkdbncs k dâfufgs. Wughnc cdcrrk u`g fksäc, pcr kxk`pfc, gs lbergs D häc sô sbhgfbzg` g ncr, dc`c tgèâ` rkdrutg` bùhôdbtcs k nkskhdgnkbg` g vgscnbfgtgéäcc k g bhlfg`géäc, gfâ` nk gdkfkrgr g dbdgtrbzgéäc (CGJFGHNKU, 5177). vgscnbfgtgéä Gc sgàrk` ng vbg pkrblârbdg, gs lbergs hcdbdkptbvgs väc pgrg cs iåhifbcs ng rgbz ncrsgf hg `knufg kspbhmgf (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Khtäc, c sbhgf kfâtrbdc kstgekfkdk sbhgpsk, pcr `kbc ng fbekrgéäc ncs hkurctrghs`bss hkurctrghs`bsscrks crks ifutg`gtc, quk ikrg pctkhdbgbs kxdbtgtôrbcs pôs-sbhçptbdcs rçpbncs, k ng sueståhdbg Q, quk ikrg pctkhdbgbs kxdbtgtôrbcs pôs-sbhçptbdcs fkhtcs, dc` c skiuhnc hkurþhbc glkrkhtk hc dcrhc ncrsgf ng sueståhdbg dbhzkhtg, hgs få`bhgs B, BB k \ (@CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). G pgrtbr ngqub, c sbhgf gtrgvkssg pgrg c fgnc cpcstc ng `knufg kspbhmgf, pkfc trgtc hkckspbhctgfï`bdc, k sk dchkdtg á sueståhdbg erghdg ghtkrcfgtkrgf, dmkighnc gc tçfg`c, chnk g ncr â ikrgng. Hc tçfg`c, cdcrrk u`g tkrdkbrg sbhgpsk k c b`pufsc hkrvcsc â trghs`btbnc pgrg c dôrtkx dkrkergf pkfc trgtc tgfg`cdcrtbdgf: qughnc â pcssàvkf sgekr g fcdgfbzgéäc prkdbsg ng ncr, g sug skhsgéäc (dc`c giufmgng, qukb`géäc, prkssäc) k g sug bhtkhsbngnk (@CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179: FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Oç pkfc trgtc pgfckspbhctgfå`bdc trglkig` bhlcr`géûks nk ncr fkhtg. Cs gxþhbcs ncs hkurþhbcs tgèâ` druzg` pgrg c fgnc cpcstc ng `knufg kspbhmgf k gsdkhnk` pkfg sueståhdbg erghdg ghtkrcfgtkrgf, tkr`bhghnc hcs hÿdfkcs ng fbhmg `ânbg k bhtrgfg`bhgrks b htrgfg`bhgrks nc tçfg`c. Khtäc, cs gxþhbcs nc tçfg`c sk prcoktg` pgrg nblkrkhtks çrkgs nc dôrtkx dkrkergf quk kstäc khvcfvbngs dc` g k`céäc, g bhtkirgéäc skhscrbgf, g pkrschgfbngnk k c `cvb`khtc (@CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). G gtbvgéäc ncs hcdbdkptcrks pkrblârbdcs tgèâ` pcnk skr `cnufgng pcr u`g sârbk nk sueståhdbgs quà`bdgs quk säc prcnuzbngs k fbekrgngs hc kspgéc kxtrgdkfufgr gc rkncr ncs tkr`bhgbs nc rkdkptcr, qughnc kxbstk nghc tkdbnugf k dchskqukhtk`khtk, fksäc dkfufgr. Kstgs sueståhdbgs, dc`c, pcr kxk`pfc, ergnbdbhbhg, mbstg`bhg, skrctchbhg, prcstgifghnbhgs,, lgtcr nk drksdb`khtc hkrvcsc, sueståhdbg Q, gnkhcsbhg trblcslgtc, prcstgifghnbhgs pkptànkc rkfgdbchgnc gc ikhk ng dgfdbtchbhg, prôtchs k cutrgs purbhgs k bhncfg`bhgs, bhlfukhdbg` c irgu nk gtbvbngnk hkrvcsg k, pcr dchskiubhtk, g bhtkhsbngnk ng skhsgéäc nk

45

ncr. Cu skog, g fbekrgéäc nk vçrbcs dc`pcstcs quà`bdcs rknuz c fb`bgr nk nkspcfgrbzgéäc ncs hcdbdkptcrks, lkhþ`khc dchmkdbnc dc`c skhsbebfbzgéäc pkrblârbdg (IK: LKUHGHNK_-NK-FGT-QKHGT: R[K, 5177: DGIHBK kt gf .,., 5174: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). ^cnc kssk `kdghbs`c, fkvgrç, khtäc, g u`g khtrgng hcdbdkptbvg dchstghtk hc dcrhc ncrsgf ng `knufg kspbhmgf, quk nkskhdgnkbg u` gu`khtc ng kxdbtgebfbngnk hcs hkurþhbcs nkstk fcdgf. Nkssg lcr`g, gprkskhtg` gtbvbngnk kspchtåhkg: gu`khtc ng rkgéäc gcs kstàùfcs `kdåhbdcs: nb`bhubéäc nc fb`bgr nk gtbvgéäc ncs hcdbdkptcrks: g`pfbgéäc ncs dg`pcs rkdkptbvcs k rklcréc nk sbhgpsks bhklktbvgs (TMGM: MKB@[U, 5175: DGIHBK kt gf .,., 5174). Kssk lkhþ`khc, dchmkdbnc dc`c skhsbebfbzgéäc dkhtrgf, `grdg g trghsbéäc nk u`g pkrdkpéäc hcr`gf ng ncr pgrg u`g pkrdkpéäc kxgikrgng ng `ks`g (IKUEKU kt gf .,., 5177). Hg skhsbebfbzgéäc skhsbebfbzgéäc dkhtrgf, khtäc, c THD pcnk gftkrgr, nbstcrdkr cu g`pfblbdgr g`pfblbdgr g ncr, gu`khtghnc sku irgu, nurgéäc k kxtkhsäc kspgdbgf nk u`g `ghkbrg quk häc rklfktk `gbs nbrktg`khtk gs qugfbngnks kspkdàlbdgs ncs kstàùfcs hcdbvcs pkrblârbdcs, `gs sb` cs kstgncs luhdbchgbs pgrtbdufgrks nk dbrdubtcs hc THD (YCCFL, 5177). Tugs dchskquïhdbgs dfàhbdgs bhdfuk` gu`khtc ng skhsbefbngnk á ncr (mbpkrgfiksbg): ncr k` rkspcstg g u` kstàùfc ikrgf`khtk häc hcdbvc (gfcnbhbg): rknuéäc r knuéäc nc fb`bgr nk skhsbebfbngnk k kxpghsäc nc dg`pc rkdkptbvc nk ncr (IKUEKU kt gf .,., 5177: TMGM kt gf .,., 517;). ^gbs sbhtc`gs dcùhs hcs qugnrcs nk ncrks drþhbdgs. Irghnk pgrtk nc prcdkssg`khtc ngs bhlcr`géûks hcdbdkptbvgs utbfbzg dc`c suestrgtc kstruturgs khvcfvbngs hc sbstk`g fàèbdc, c quk oustblbdg, pcr kxk`pfc, gs ùnghégs dc`pcrtg`khtgbs k c kstgnc nk mu`cr nc pgdbkhtk dc` ncr drþhbdg. Gs gftkrgéûks hc dbdfc vbiàfbg-schc nkssks pgdbkhtks tgèâ` pcnk` skr nkvbnc gc gu`khtc ng gtbvbngnk nc sbstk`g nk gtbvgéäc gsdkhnkhtk hg lcr`géäc rktbdufgr. ^gèâ`, gs klkrïhdbgs ncs sbstk`gs khnôdrbhc, `ctcr vkiktgtbvc k `ctcr sc`çtbdc pcnk` oustblbdgr gs vçrbgs gftkrgéûks lbsbcfôibdgs nkskhdgnkgngs nkskhdgnkgngs pkfg ncr, dc`c, pcr kxk`pfc, c gu`khtc nk skdrkéäc nc mcr`þhbc fbekrgncr nk dcrtbdctrclbhgs pkfc mbpctçfg`c, c mcr`þhbc gnrkhcdcrtbdctrôlbdc pkfg mbpôlbsk k, dchskqukhtk`khtk, c dcrtbscf, pkfg ifåhnufg suprgrrkhgf (@CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). Hkssk skhtbnc, g ncr drþhbdg, gfâ` nk u`g fksäc tkdbngf dchtàhug, pcnk skr nklfgirgng pkfg skhsbebfbzgéäc nk hkurþhbcs ngs vbgs hcdbdkptbvgs, nbsluhéäc ncs sbstk`gs khnôikhcs nk dchtrcfk ng ncr cu pcr lgtcrks gèbkhtgbs, ek` dc`c pcr susdktbebfbngnk

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ikhâtbdg k gnqubrbng, skhnc dchsbnkrgng u` nbstÿrebc dc`pfkxc (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179). Gssb`, hcs dgscs drþhbdcs, cs dc`pchkhtks nc sbstk`g hkrvcsc pkrblârbdc k dkhtrgf ng vbg nk trghs`bssäc tr ghs`bssäc ng ncr kxbek` trk`khng pfgstbdbngnk, gu`khtghnc cs sbhgbs nk ncr k prcnuzbhnc mbpkrskhsbebfbngnk, u`g vkz quk cs hcdbdkptcrks skhsbebfbzgncs cu nghblbdgncs pcnk` nbspgrgr pctkhdbgbs nk géäc hg gusïhdbg nk qugfqukr kstàùfc (EGTEG[@kt (EGTEG[@ kt gf .,., 5112: CGJFGHNKU, 5177).

>.7.4 Kpbnk`bcfcibg, dgusgs k dchskquïhdbgs ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs

G ncr drþhbdg â u`g prbcrbngnk nk sgÿnk pÿefbdg g hàvkf ùhnbgf: kstb`gtbvgs gpchtg` quk 51% ncs gnuftcs sclrk` nk ncr k` tcnc c ùhnc k 71% säc nbgihcstbdgncs dc` ncr drþhbdg g dgng ghc (ICFNEKUI: T[@@KU, 5177). Hc Ergsbf, kstb`g-sk quk g ncr drþhbdg gtbhog dkrdg nk 49% ng pcpufgéäc k gs dcstgs â u`g ngs rkibûks `gbs gdc`ktbngs (TEKN, 5179). Kspkdblbdg`khtk, kstuncs gpchtg` u`g prkvgfïhdbg nk gprcxb`gng`khtk >1% pgrg g ncr fcègr (LKUUKBUG kt gf .,., 5177g: @GHDMBJGH^B kt gf .,., 517>). Hcs ÿftb`cs ghcs, kssg prkvgfïhdbg gu`khtcu 7=%, skhnc dchsbnkrgng u` ncs nbstÿrebcs ùsdufcksqukfâtbdcs `gbs lrkqukhtks hg scdbkngnk gtugf (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). K, skiuhnc kstb`gtbvgs nc Ifcegf Eurnkh cl Nbskgsk Ttuny, g ncr fcègr gbhng â g `gbcr dgusg nk bhdgpgdbngnk k` 75< ncs 72; pgàsks k tkrrbtôrbcs kstungncs (OG@KT kt gf .,., 517=). Kspkdblbdg`khtk hc dgsc nk fcègfibg drþhbdg, u`g rkvbsäc sbstk`çtbdg hgdbchgf gpchtcu u`g prkvgfïhdbg nk 72,% hg pcpufgéäc bncsg bncsg (@K[DDB: LGTTG: LGUB LGUBG, G, 517;). Qgrg g ncr dkrvbdgf, g prkvgfïhdbg ghugf â supkrbcr g 41% (DCMKH, 517;). K` rkfgéäc á rkibäc tcrçdbdg, tcngvbg, gs dgrgdtkràstbdgs kpbnk`bcfôibdgs gbhng häc kstäc ek` ncdu`khtgngss (LC[W[K^ kt gf .,., 517;): dchtunc, kstg prkvgfïhdbg ibrg k` tcrhc nk 2% ncdu`khtgng k` mc`khs k 79% k` ùfmkrks (LC[W[K^ kt gf .,., 517;), pcnkhnc dmkigr gtâ 4

nkdcrrkhtk nk lgtcrks krichþ`bdcs rkfgdbchgncs gc trgegfmc làsbdc pksgnc cu géûks rkpktbtbvgs: gtbvbngnks cu fksûks kspcrtbvgs: kstbfc nk vbng sknkhtçrbc: pôs-cpkrgtôrbc cu bhnuzbnc pcr dbruribg: skduhnçrbc á cutrgs dchnbéûks dfàhbdgs: dc`prc`ktb`khtc pcsturgf: lgtcrks psbdcsscdbgbs: lgtcrks dc`pcrtg`khtgbs, tgbs dc`c tgegibs`c, geusc nk çfdccf, ceksbngnk, nkprkssäc k kstrkssk: lgtcrks scdbckdchþ`bdcs: skxc, u`g vkz quk gs ùfmkrks tï` `gbcr prkvgfïhdbg nk ncr hgs dcstgs nc quk cs mc`khs: k c khvkfmkdb`khtc (YÇHI: YÇHI: JÇQFÇU, 517; ghcs nk bngnk, k â rkspchsçvkf pcr gprcxb`gng`khtk 7/> ncs dgscs nk bhvgfbnkz prk`gturg (@KNKBUCT: QBH^C, 517>). Gssb` dc`c hg fcègfibg, g ncr hgs rkibûks dkrvbdgf k tcrçdbdg, nkpkhnkhnc ng sug bhtkhsbngnk, tgèâ` cdgsbchg irgvks dchskquïhdbgs hg vbng nkssgs pksscgs (ECUIKT kt gf .,., 5174: UBEKBUC kt gf .,., 5177). G ncr drþhbdg pcnk nkskhdgnkgr, gbhng, ghsbkngnk, nkprkssäc, dc`prc`ktb`khtc ng qugfbngnk nc schc, nc mu`cr, ng gtbvbngnk, nc gpktbtk k ng khkribg. Gfâ` nbssc, pcnk fkvgr g bhdgpgdbngnks làsbdg k luhdbchgf, kfkvgr c irgu nk nkpkhnïhdbg ás cutrgs pksscgs k nkskhdgnkgr glgstg`khtc scdbgf, ùnghégs hg skxugfbngnk, gftkrgéûks hg nbhå`bdg lg`bfbgr, nkskqubfàerbc kdchþ`bdc, nkskspkrghég, skhtb`khtc nk `crtk, nkhtrk cutrcs (NKFFGUC_G: QB@KH^G: @G^T[C, 5119: @KFFCM kt gf .,., 5112: @C[UG kt gf ..,, 5179g: MKUN@GH: JG@B^T[U[, 517=). ^cngs kstgs dchnbéûks ebcpsbdcsscdbgbs ebcpsbdcsscdbgbs ng ncr drþhbdg pcnk` fkvgr g u` bhtkhsc sclrb`khtc làsbdc k psàqubdc, pkfg b`pcssbebfbngnk nk dchtrcfgr tgbs lgtcrks (@C[UG kt gf ..,, 5179g). Nbghtk nbssc, khlgtbzg-sk g b`pcrtåhdbg nc pfghkog`khtc nk `knbngs klktbvgs pgrg u` trgtg`khtc gnkqugnc (NKFFGUC_G: (NKFFGUC_G: QB@KH^G: @G^ @G^T[C, T[C, 5119).

4;

>.7.> Cpéûks tkrgpïutbdgs

C trgtg`khtc gnkqugnc ng ncr drþhbdg â u` nbrkbtc mu`ghc, skhnc nkvkr nk tcnc sbstk`g nk sgÿnk prcvï-fc (ICFNEKUI: T[@@KU, 5177: ÛKKNK kt gf .,., 517;). Hkssk skhtbnc, c ceoktbvc ng tkrgpïutbdg ng ncr hgs dcstgs dchsbstk k` dchtrcfgr g ncr, `kfmcrgr c dc`prc`ktb`khtc ng kstruturg ng dcfuhg k rktcrhgr ás gtbvbngnks nk vbng nbçrbg c `gbs rçpbnc pcssàvkf (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). G gecrngik` lgr`gdcfôibdg â dchsbnkrgng c irghnk pbfgr ng tkrgpïutbdg ng ncr (@CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179), skhnc g Ksdgng Ghgfiâsbdg (LBI[UG 7) (YMC, 5112) u` ncs `kdghbs`cs quk tk` dcfgecrgnc pgrg g klktbvbngnk nc dchtrcfk ng `ks`g.

Lbiurg 7 —  Ksdgng Ksdgng Ghgfiâsbdg ng Crighbzgéäc @uhnbgf ng Tgÿnk. Lchtk? @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC (5179, p. 72>).

Hkssg pkrspkdtbvg, c `ghkoc lgr`gdcfôibdc bhdfub c usc nk ghgfiâsbdcs sb`pfks (dc`c g nbpbrchg k c pgrgdktg`cf), ghtbbhlfg`gtôrbcs häc kstkrcbngbs, cpbcbnks lrgdcs (trg`gncf k dcnkàhg) k lcrtks (`crlbhg, cxbdcnchg, lkhtghbf k `ktgnchg): gfâ` nc usc nk lçr`gdcs gnouvghtks, dc`c cs ghtbnrkprkssbvcs (trbdàdfbdcs, bhbebncrks skfktbvcs ng rkdgptgéäc nk skrctchbhg k hcrgnrkhgfbhg), ghtbpsbdôtbdcs, rkfgxghtks ùsdufgrks, dcrtbdcànks k ghkstâsbdcs fcdgbs (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179: @GMKU: [HNKUYCCN: E[DMEBHNKU, 5179: WGTKK@ kt gf .,., 5179). K` gfiuhs dgscs, bhtkrvkhéûks dbrÿribdgs tgèâ` säc hkdkssçrbgs (@GMKU: [HNKUYCCN: E[DMEBHNKU, 5179).

4<

Hc khtghtc, g `gbcrbg ncs lçr`gdcs prcnuz gfàvbc fb`btgnc ng ncr (FB@ kt gf ..,, 517=) k â gdc`pghmgnc pcr klkbtcs dcfgtkrgbs irgvks, dc`c schcfïhdbg, tchturg, nkpkhnïhdbg, rkgéûks gfâribdgs, rknuéäc rkvkrsàvkf ng luhéäc mkpçtbdg, b`pgdtcs hkigtbvcs hgs luhéûks igstrcbhtkstbhgbs, dchlusäc `khtgf k nkprkssäc rkspbrgtôrbg (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179: @GMKU: [HNKUYCCN: E[DMEBHNKU, 5179: WGTKK@ kt gf .,., 5179). Nbghtk nbssc, kstrgtâibgs nk rkgebfbtgéäc ùftbnbsdbpfbhgr, quk pcnk` skr egskgng egskgngss k` lbsbctkrgpbg, `ghbpufgéäc ng dcfuhg vkrtkergf, kxkrdàdbcs, `gssgik` tkrgpïutbdg, tkrgpbg dcihbtbvc-dc`pcrtg`khtgf, tâdhbdgs nk hkurckstbùfgéäc k gs prçtbdgs bhtkirgtbvgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks k` sgÿnk, dc`c c ycig, c tgb-dmb tgb-dmb k k g gdupuhturg (CGJFGHNKU, 5177: @CUK^K: EUGHNÄC, 5179: @GMKU: [HNKUYCCN: [ HNKUYCCN: E[DMEBHNKU, 5179: WGTKK@ kt gf .,., 5179) nkvk` skr pkhsgngs pgrg kssks pgdbkhtks.

>.7.; Qrçtbdgs bhtkirgtbvgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks k` sgÿnk

Gs prçtbdgs bhtkirgtbvgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks (QBD) k` sgÿnk, hc Ergsbf, lgzk` pgrtk ng Qcfàtbdg Hgdbchgf nk Qrçtbdgs Bhtkirgtbvgs k Dc`pfk`khtgrks (QHQBD) nc Tbstk`g ßhbdc nk Tgÿnk (T[T), pcr `kbc ng Qcrtgrbg @bhbstkrbgf h c 729/511< (EUGTBF, 5112/5179 (EUGTBF, 5179e) k ng Qcrtgrbg h¿ 915/517= (EUGTBF, 517=e). Dc` gs `knbngs, c T[T pgsscu g clkrtgr, gtugf`khtk, 52 nkssgs prçtbdgs, nkhtrk kstgs, grc`gtkrgpbg, dchstkfgéäc dchstkfgéäc lg`bfbgr, czchbctkrgpbg, tkrgpbg nk lfcrgbs l fcrgbs k ycig. G eusdg pkfg g`pfbgéäc ng clkrtg nk géûks nk sgÿnk tk`, hg b`pfk`khtgéäc ng QHQBD hc T[T, g gekrturg ng pcssbebfbngnk nk gdkssc g skrvbécs prkvkhtbvcs k tkrgpïutbdcs quk ghtks krg` rkstrbtcs á prgtbdg nk duhmc prbvgnc (EUGTBF, 517=g). Nk lgtc, c pghcrg`g gtugf gpchtg quk 4.15> ùhbdàpbcs ergsbfkbrcs (;>%) k 711% ngs dgpbtgbs clkrtg` gtkhnb`khtcs bhnbvbnugbs k` QBDs. Kspkdblbdg`khtk, lcrg` rkibstrgncs `gbs nk u` `bfmäc nk gtkhnb`khtcs nk @^D, quk bhdfub g gdupuhturg, skhnc 9=% hg gtkhéäc eçsbdg, 7=% hg gtkhéäc skduhnçrbg k >% hg gtkhéäc mcspbtgfgr (EUGTBF, 5172g). Gfâ` nbssc, g prcdurg pkfgs QBDs hc T[T drksdku k` >.5 @KNBDBHG ÛGNBDBCHGF DMBHKTG

G @^D dgrgdtkrbzg-sk pcr u` sbstk`g tkrgpïutbdc bhtkirgf k â u`g ngs lcr`gs `gbs ghtbigs ng `knbdbhg crbkhtgf. Luhng`khtg-sk hg ceskrvgéäc ncs lkhþ`khcs ng hgturkzg, hg bhtkrgéäc khtrk kfks k hg dc`prkkhsäc ncs prbhdàpbcs quk rkik` g mgr`chbg hkfg kxbstkhtk. C uhbvkrsc k c skr mu`ghc, hkssg dchdkpéäc, kstäc bhtb`g`khtk dchkdtgncs k pcr bssc, sue`ktbncs ás `ks`gs bhlfuïhdbgs (F[DG, 511=: RG@G@[UG, R G@G@[UG, 5171). Hkssg pkrspkdtbvg, gc sk ceskrvgr cs lkhþ`khcs quk cdcrrk` hg hgturkzg, pcnksk, pcr ghgfcibg, dc`pgrç-fcs á lbsbcfcibg nc dcrpc mu`ghc, k, nkssg lcr`g, gpfbdgr kstg dc`prkkhsäc gc trgtg`khtc ngs nckhégs k á prkvkhéäc k á `ghutkhéäc ng sgÿnk pcr `kbc nk nbvkrsgs lcr`gs (F[DG, 511=: RG@G@[UG, 5171: EUGTBF, 517=g). Gssb`, c trgtg`khtc pcr `kbc ng @^D vbsg á hcr`gfbzgéäc ng luhéäc ncs ôriäcs k vàsdkrgs nc dcrpc mu`ghc, pcr `kbc nc rkkstgekfkdb`khtc nc kqubfàerbc khkriâtbdc nk tcnc c crighbs`c (YKH, 5177). [` ncs pchtcs `gbs lcrtks ng @^D, dchsbnkrgng u`g vkrngnk uhbvkrsgf, â g sug sb`pfbdbngnk. Nk lgtc, gs dgusgs ngs pgtcfcibgs, dc`c c dfb`g, gs k`céûks k g gfb`khtgéäc, säc täc eçsbdgs quk pcnk` gpfbdgr-sk g qugfqukr scdbkngnk k g qugfqukr tk`pc. Qcrtghtc, gpksgr nk crbibhgng mç `bfmgrks nk ghcs gtrçs, gbhng pcnk nbgihcstbdgr k

42

trgtgr cs prcefk`gs nk sgÿnk ikrgncs pkfc kstbfc nk vbng nc sâdufc gtugf (@GDBCDBG, 5179).

>.5.7 ^kcrbgs ng @knbdbhg ^rgnbdbchgf Dmbhksg

G @^D utbfbzg, k` skus vçrbcs `âtcncs nk trgtg`khtc, rkdurscs dc`c g ghg`hksk, g pgfpgéäc nc pufsc k g bhspkéäc ng lgdk k ng fàhiug pgrg kstgekfkdkr c nbgihôstbdc k c trgtg`khtc gnkqugncs. Qgrg bssc, bhdfub khtrk skus prbhdàpbcs c kstunc ng rkfgéäc nc Rbh k nc Rghi , nc Wb Wb k k ncs `krbnbghcs, ncs _ghi ncs _ghi Lu (ôriäcs k vàsdkrgs), k ngs tkcrbgs ncs dbhdc kfk`khtcs cu `cvb`khtcs k ncs cbtc prbhdàpbcs (UCTT, 722>: RG@G@[UG, 5171: @GDBCDBG, 5179: EUGTBF, 517=g).

>.5.7.7 Rbh k Rghi

Tkiuhnc g @^D, tcngs gs kstruturgs nc crighbs`c sk khdchtrg` crbibhgf`khtk k` kqubfàerbc pkfg gtugéäc nk nugs khkribgs cpcstgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks? c Rbh Rbh   k c Rghi . Gssb`, sk kfgs kstbvkrk` k` pkrlkbtg mgr`chbg, c crighbs`c skrç sgunçvkf. K` dchtrgpgrtbng, u` nkskqubfàerbc ikrgrç g nckhég (RG@G@[UG, 5171: YKH, 5177). C Rbh sô kxbstk hg prkskhég nc Rghi : kstg nugfbngnk nktkr`bhg g crbik` nk tunc hc uhbvkrsc, bhdfubhnc g vbng. C Rbh rkprkskhtg c lrbc: c rkpcusc: g ksdurbnäc: g rktrgéäc: g pcfgrbngnk hkigtbvg: g tkrrg k g ùfmkr. C Rghi , pcr sug vkz, rkprkskhtg tcncs cs gspkdtcs quk sk dgrgdtkrbzg` pcr u` irgu nk gtbvbngnk `gbcr, dc`c c dgfcr: c `cvb`khtc: g dfgrbngnk: g lcrég: g kxpghsäc: g pcfgrbngnk pcsbtbvg: c scf k c mc`k`. Nkssg lcr`g, sô â pcssàvkf tkr g rkfgéäc rkf géäc nc Rbh k nc Rghi k` dchouhtc, cu skog, häc mç dc`c sk dchdkekr u` ncs gspkdtcs bscfgng`khtk (RG@G@[UG, 5171). Qkfc prbhdàpbc nc Rbh Rbh k k nc Rghi  pcnk-sk pcnk-sk kxpfbdgr cs lkhþ`khcs quk cdcrrk` hcs ôriäcs pcr `kbc ncs dchdkbtcs nk supkrlbdbgf k prcluhnc, nk kxdkssc k nklbdbïhdbg k nk dgfcr k lrbc (YKH, 5177). K, gc sk gpfbdgr kstk prbhdàpbc á `knbdbhg cdbnkhtgf, pkrdkek-sk quk kfk rkprkskhtg g mc`kcstgsbg ngs luhéûks criåhbdgs, dgrgdtkrbzgng pkfc dbdfc dbrdgnbghc khzb`çtbdc, mcr`chgf k hkurchgf. G lbsbcfcibg nc dcrpc mu`ghc ceknkdk,

>1

khtäc, g kssk kqubfàerbc nbhå`bdc, pcr kxk`pfc, hc sbstk`g sb`pçtbdc (Rghi ( Rghi ) k pgrgssb`pçtbdc (Rbh Rbh), ), hc trghspcrtk gtbvc (Rghi (Rghi ) k pgssbvc (Rbh (Rbh), ), hgs dchtrgturgs (Rghi (Rghi ) k hc rkfgxg`khtc (Rbh (Rbh)) (F[DG, 511=: RG@G@[UG, 5171). G gdupuhturg vbsg, khtäc, pcr `kbc nk sug tâdhbdg k prcdknb`khtcs, kstbùfgr cs pchtcs rklfkxcs quk tkhmg` g prcprbkngnk nk rkstgekfkdkr c kqubfàerbc khtrk c Rbh Rbh   k c Rghi , gfdghéghnc-sk, gssb`, rksuftgncs tkrgpïutbdcs (YKH, 5177).

>.5.7.5 Wb k @krbnbghcs

Wb  pcnk skr khtkhnbnc dc`c ‖khkribg‐, ‖lcrég Hg @^D, gdrknbtg-sk quk c Wb `gtkrbgf‐, ‖âtkr‐, ‖`gtârbg‐, ‖`gtârbg-khkribg‐, ‖lcrég vbtgf‐, ‖lcrég ng vbng‐, ‖pcnkr vbtgf‐ cu ‖pcnkr nk fcdc`céäc‐. C dgrgdtkrk pgrg Wb Wb bhnbdg bhnbdg gfic quk pcnk skr `gtkrbgf k

b`gtkrbgf gc `ks`c tk`pc (LBI[UG 5), cu skog, pcnk skr täc rgrklkbtc k b`gtkrbgf b `gtkrbgf dc`c c vgpcr, k täc nkhsc k `gtkrbgf dc`c c grrcz. Gfâ` nbssc, c bnkcirg`g bhnbdg quk c Wb Wb â â u`g sueståhdbg sutbf (vgpcr) nkrbvgng nk u`g sueståhdbg `gtkrbgf (grrcz), gssb` dc`c c vgpcr â prcnuzbnc pkfc grrcz dczbnc (@GDBCDBG, 5179).

Lbiurg 5 —  Bnkcirg`g Bnkcirg`g quk rkprkskhtg c Wb. Wb. Lchtk? @GDBCDBG (5179, p. ;1).

C Wb Wb â â g egsk nk tunc c quk kxbstk: gssb` dc`c â c suestrgtc `gtkrbgf nc uhbvkrsc, tgèâ` â c suestrgtc `gtkrbgf k kspbrbtugf ng vbng mu`ghg. Â c lfuxc nk khkribg cu ng dbrdufgéäc sghiuàhkg k` tcngs drbgturgs vbvgs (UKUJT[QQGQMCF, 5175). ^cngs gs cutrgs sueståhdbgs vbtgbs ( ]uk cu ]uk cu Tghiuk: Obhi Tghiuk: Obhi  cu cu Kssïhdbg k Obh k Obh Rk cu Rk cu Lfubncs Dcrpôrkcs) säc `ghblkstgéûks nc Wb k` Wb k` vçrbcs irgus nk `gtkrbgfbngnk, vgrbghnc nc dc`pfktg`khtk `gtkrbgf, dc`c cs lfubncs dcrpôrkcs, pgrg c tctgf`khtk b`gtkrbgf, dc`c g `khtk (Tmkh ( Tmkh)) (@GDBCDBG, 5179). Hc crighbs`c, c Wb â Wb â prcnuzbnc pkfg dcèbhgéäc ng khkribg ncs gfb`khtcs k ng rkspbrgéäc. G khkribg dchtbng hcs gfb`khtcs (Iu (Iu Wb cu Wb cu Wb Wb ng ng kssïhdbg ncs gfb`khtcs cu Rbhi Wb), Wb), quk â nbikrbng nb ikrbng pkfc kstþ`gic, â dgptgng pkfc egéc k khvbgng gcs puf`ûks pgrg

>7

lcr`gr c Wb Wb   tcrçdbdc ( _mchi _mchi Wb) , , ouhtg`khtk dc` g khkribg cetbng pkfc prcdkssc nk bhspbrgéäc. Wughnc dcèbhgng gc Wb crbibhgf Wb crbibhgf (Rugh (Rugh Wb), Wb), prcvkhbkhtk ncs rbhs, lcr`g c Wb vkrngnkbrc ( _mkh _mkh Wb), Wb), quk gtbvg k `cvk g gtbvbngnk luhdbchgf nk tcncs cs ôriäcs, k â c kstçibc lbhgf hc prcdkssc nk rklbhg`khtc k trghslcr`géäc nc Wb Wb.. C Wb Wb   vkrngnkbrc â nbvbnbnc k` Wb Wb hutrbtbvc hutrbtbvc (Rchi (Rchi Wb), Wb), duog luhéäc â hutrbr cs ôriäcs bhtkrhcs, k Wb Wb nklkhsbvc nklkhsbvc (Ykb Wb), Wb), quk nklkhnk k prctkik c dcrpc. C Wb hutrbtbvc Wb hutrbtbvc lfub hcs dghgbs nk khkribg k vgscs sghiuàhkcs k â gtbvgnc sk`prk quk u`g giufmg â bhskrbng k` u` pchtc nk gdupuhturg. Oç c Wb Wb   nklkhsbvc lfub pgrg lcrg ncs dghgbs, `gbs kxtkrhg`khtk á supkrlàdbk nc dcrpc (@GDBCDBG, 5179). G dbrdufgéäc nkebfbtgng pcnk rksuftgr hg dchnkhsgéä dchnkhsgéäcc kxdkssbvg nc Wb Wb,, cu skog, kfk sk trghslcr`g pgtcfcibdg`khtk k` nkhsc, k pcnk sk gduùfgr k` lcr`g làsbdg, dc`c, pcr kxk`pfc, k` tu`crks cu `gssgs. G luhéäc ng kstbùfgéäc ncs gdupchtcs â oustg`khtk nksefcqukgr cs dghgbs nk khkribg, cs dmg`gncs `krbnbghcs, k pkr`btbr g fbvrk dbrdufgéäc nc Wb (@GDBCDBG, 5179: FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Cs `krbnbghcs säc pgssgikhs pgrg c lfuxc nk Wb k ]uk ]uk (sghiuk) (sghiuk) (YGHI: GRG^B: _MGHI, 5171). Kxbstk` 7> `krbnbghcs prbhdbpgbs, k dgng u` dchsbstk k` u` dg`bhmc bhtkrhc quk pkrdcrrk c bhtkrbcr nc dcrpc k sk fbig g u` dg`bhmc kxtkrhc, chnk cs pchtcs nk gdupuhturg kstäc fcdgfbzgncs (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Gssb`, gc kstbùfgr u` gdupchtc, gfâ` nk géäc fcdgf, kfk tgèâ` nksk`pkhmg géäc sbstï`bdg k nk rkkstgekfkdb`khtc nc kqubfàerbc khkriâtbdc nc dcrpc, pcr `kbc nc nksefcqukbc ncs `krbnbghcs, pkr`btbhnc, dchskqukhtk`khtk, goustgr g luhéäc ncs ôriäcs, `ghtkr g mc`kcstgsk k trgtgr cs nkskqubfàerbcs khkriâtbdcs, quk pcnk` dgusgr gs nckhégs (FB kt gf .,., 517;).

>.5.7.4 _ghi Lu

Cs _ghi Cs _ghi Lu pcnk` Lu pcnk` skr nksdrbtcs dc`c c sbstk`g nk ôriäcs k vàsdkrgs ng @^D (UCTT, 722>). Cs ôriäcs bhtkrhcs nc dcrpc mu`ghc, skiuhnc g vbsäc crbkhtgf, pcssuk` trïs gspkdtcs nbstbhtcs? c luhdbchgf, c criåhbdc k c khkriâtbdc. Cs ncbs prb`kbrcs dcrrkspchnk` á vbsäc cdbnkhtgf ng ghgtc`bg, ng mbstcfcibg k ng lbsbcfcibg. Oç c khlcquk khkriâtbdc â pkdufbgr, nkvbnc ás dgrgdtkràstbdgs Rbh Rbh k k Rghi, Rghi, k k gs luhéûks quk gs khkribgs nk dgng u` nkfks kxkrdk` hc crighbs`c (RG@G@[UG, 5171).

>5

Cs ôriäcs ( _ghi _ghi ) gprkskhtg` dgrgdtkràstbdgs Rbh Rbh,, säc gs kstruturgs sôfbngs k `gbs bhtkrhgs nc crighbs`c k säc rkspchsçvkbs pkfg lcr`géäc, trghslcr`géäc, gr`gzkhg`khtc, Wb,, ]uk ]uk,, Obhi , Obh Rk Rk   k Tmkh Tmkh), fbekrgéäc k rkiufgéäc ngs sueståhdbgs purgs ((Wb ), quk säc rkspchsçvkbs pkfc nbhg`bs`c làsbdc, vbsdkrgf k `khtgf (UCTT, 722>: RG@G@[UG, 5171). Täc dchsbnkrgncs _ghi dchsbnkrgncs _ghi ? c dcrgéäc ( ]bh ]bh), ), quk pcssub g luhéäc nk icvkrhgr c sghiuk (  ]uk) ]uk) k dchtrcfgr cs vgscs sghiuàhkcs k g suncrksk: gerbigr g `khtk k dchtrcfgr g dchsdbïhdbg (Tmkh (Tmkh): ): k gerk-sk hg fàhiug. C làignc là ignc ((Igh Igh), ), quk gr`gzkhg c sghiuk: gsskiurg c lfuxc sugvk nk Wb: Wb: dchtrcfg cs tkhnûks k gs luhéûks ùsdufgrks: gerk-sk hcs cfmcs: k gerbig g gf`g ktârkg (cu kspàrbtc, hc dchdkbtc cdbnkhtgf). C puf`äc ( Lkb), Lkb), quk icvkrhg c Wb Wb k k g rkspbrgéäc: dchtrcfg cs `krbnbghcs k vgscs sghiuàhkcs: rkiufg`khtg g pgssgik` Wb, c sghiuk ( ]uk) ]uk) k cs fàqubncs criåhbdcs ( Obhi Rk ) pgrg tcncs cs ngs çiugs: nbluhnk c Wb, ( Obhi Rk) _ghi Lu: Lu: dchtrcfg g pkfk k cs pkfcs dcrpôrkcs: gerk-sk hc hgrbz: k gerbig g gf`g dcrpôrkg. C Egéc ( Qb), Qb), quk icvkrhg g trghslcr`géäc k c trghspcrtk ncs fàqubncs k ncs gfb`khtcs: dchtrcfg c sghiuk nkhtrc ncs vgscs sghiuàhkcs, cs `ÿsdufcs k cs qugtrc `kèrcs: gerksk hg ecdg k `ghblkstg-sk hcs fçebcs: dchtrcfg g gsdkhnïhdbg nc Wb Wb:: k gerbig cs pkhsg`khtcs.. K c rb` (Tmkh pkhsg`khtcs Tmkh), ), quk gr`gzkhg g kssïhdbg ( Obhi Obhi ) k icvkrhg c hgsdb`khtc, drksdb`khtc, rkprcnuéäc k nkskhvcfvb`khtc: prcnuz g `knufg, gegstkdk c dârkerc k dchtrcfg cs csscs: dchtrcfg c `ktgecfbs`c ngs çiugs, nbstrbeubhnc cs fàqubncs purcs k kfb`bhghnc c b`purc: dchtrcfg g rkdkpéäc nc Wb nc puf`äc ( Lkb): Lkb): gerk-sk hc cuvbnc: `ghblkstg-sk hcs dgekfcs: dchtrcfg cs ncbs crblàdbcs bhlkrbcrks: gerbig g lcrég nk vchtgnk k â dchsbnkrgnc c pcrtäc ng vbtgfbngnk ( @bhi`kh ( @bhi`kh), ), u`g vkz quk â g rgbz nc Wb Wb crbibhgf crbibhgf (Rugh Wb) Wb) (@GDBCDBG, 5179). Qcr sug vkz, gs vàsdkrgs ( Lu) Lu) gprkskhtg` dgrgdtkràstbdgs Rghi , säc kstruturgs cdgs k tueufgrks quk pcssuk` g luhéäc nk rkdkekr, trghspcrtgr k gssb`bfgr cs gfb`khtcs k cs fàqubncs, gfâ` nk kfb`bhgr gs sueståhdbgs quk häc lcrg` gescrvbngs pkfc crighbs`c (UCTT, 722>: RG@G@[UG, 5171) Dchstbtuk` cs Lu Lu?? c kstþ`gic (Ykb (Ykb), ), quk pcssub g luhéäc nk dchtrcfgr c g`gnurkdb`khtc k g nkdc`pcsbéäc ncs gfb`khtcs: dchtrcfgr c trghspcrtk ngs kssïhdbgs ( Obhi Obhi ) ncs gfb`khtcs: dchtrcfgr g nksdkhnïhdbg nc Wb Wb:: k skr g crbik` ncs lfubncs dcrpôrkcs ( Obh Obh Rk): Rk): rkfgdbchg-sk dc` c Egéc ( Qb Qb). ). C bhtkstbhc nkfignc ( ]bgcdmghi ( ]bgcdmghi ), ), quk dchtrcfg g rkdkpéäc k g trghslcr`géäc: skpgrg cs lfubncs dcrpôrkcs ( Obh ( Obh Rk Rk): ): k rkfgdbchg-sk dc` c dcrgéäc ( ]bh). ]bh). C Bhtkstbhc ircssc ( Ngdmghi Ngdmghi ), ), quk rkfgdbchg-sk dc` c puf`äc ( Lkb ( Lkb)) k rkdkek k trghspcrtg c rksànuc khvbgnc pkfc bhtkstbhc nkfignc, gescrvkhnc c fàqubnc

>4

dchtbnc k kxdrktghnc c rkstghtk k` lcr`g nk lkzks. G vksàdufg ebfbgr ( Ngh), Ngh), quk gr`gzkhg k kxdrktg g ebfk (pcr bssc â dchsbnkrgng u`g vàsdkrg durbcsg, cu skog, tk` g luhéäc nk gr`gzkhg`khtc quk â dgrgdtkràstbdc ncs _ghi ): ): dchtrcfg cs oufig`khtcs, g nkdbsäc k g dcrgik`: dchtrcfg cs tkhnûks: k rkfgdbchg-sk dc` c làignc (Igh ( Igh). ). K g ekxbig ( Qghiiugh), Qghiiugh), quk rk`cvk g çiug pcr `kbc ng trghslcr`géäc nc Wb Wb k k rkfgdbchg-sk dc` c rb` (Tmkh (Tmkh)) (@GDBCDBG, 5179). Cs Lu Cs Lu säc säc khifcegncs pcr u` kfk`khtc gftg`khtk khkriâtbdc, c trbpfc gqukdkncr, quk tgèâ` â dchsbnkrgnc u` u` Lu Lu,, k pcssub g lbhgfbngnk l bhgfbngnk nk prc`cvkr g gtbvbngnk nk tcncs cs ôriäcs bhtkrhcs, skhnc rkspchsçvk rkspchsçvkff pkfcs prcdksscs khnôdrbhcs (RG@G@[UG, 5171). Hkssk skhtbnc, cs gspkdtcs khkriâtbdcs ncs ôriäcs k ngs vàsdkrgs tgèâ` säc rkspchsçvkbs pkfg bhtkirbngnk nc dcrpc. Gssb`, qughnc cs _ghi Lu kstäc Lu kstäc k` kqubfàerbc khkriâtbdc, gs luhéûks psàqubdgs k lbsbcfôibdgs nk tcnc c crighbs`c gprkskhtgräc ec` nksk`pkhmc luhdbchgf. K` dchtrgpgrtbng, gs gftkrgéûks nk khkribg ncs _ghi Lu Lu   prc`cvk` gftkrgéûks hg khkribg `khtgf (Tmkh (Tmkh), ), k k` skiubng, hg dcfcrgéäc ng lgdk, hgs `ghblkstgéûks luhdbchgbs ncs ôriäcs/vàsdkrgs k, pcr lb`, gftkrgéûks criåhbdgs ngs kstruturgs nc dcrpc. Qcrtghtc, pgrg sk tkr u`g nkvbng prkdbsäc hc trgtg`khtc, â prkdbsc nktkdtgr g crbik` ngs gftkrgéûks khkriâtbdgs, quk säc oustg`khtk cs _ghi cs _ghi Lu. Lu. Kstks, gfâ` nk prc`cvkrk` cs sbhtc`gs k cs sbhgbs criåhbdcs k vbsdkrgbs, tgèâ` sk `ghblkstg` gc fchic nc trgoktc nk skus dghgbs nk khkribg (RG@G@[UG, 5171).

>.5.7.> Dbhdc kfk`khtcs cu dbhdc `cvb`khtcs

G tkcrbg ncs dbhdc kfk`khtcs cu `cvb`khtcs gtrbeub g tcngs gs dcbsgs k lkhþ`khcs u`g ngs dbhdc khkribgs quk dc`pûk` g hgturkzg? g @gnkbrg, c Lcic, g ^krrg, c @ktgf k g Çiug (RG@G@[UG, 5171). C kfk`khtc `gnkbrg kstç rkfgdbchgnc á ikr`bhgéäc: gc làignc k á vksàdufg ebfbgr: gc vkhtc: á prb`gvkrg: gcs cfmcs k gcs tkhnûks: á rgbvg k gc sgecr çdbnc. C lcic kstç rkfgdbchgnc gc nkskhvcfvb`khtc: gc dcrgéäc k gc bhtkstbhc nkfignc: gc dgfcr: gc vkräc: á fàhiug k vgscs sghiuàhkcs: á gfkirbg k gc sgecr g`gric. G tkrrg kstç rkfgdbchgng á trghslcr`géäc: gc egéc k gc kstþ`gic: á u`bngnk: á bhtkrkstgéäc: á ecdg k gcs `ÿsdufcs: á prkcdupgéäc k gc sgecr ncdk. C `ktgf kstç rkfgdbchgnc gc g`gnurkdb`khtc: gc puf`äc k gc bhtkstbhc ircssc: á skdurg: gc cutchc: gc hgrbz, pkfk k pkfcs: á trbstkzg k gc sgecr

>>

pbdghtk. Oç g çiug kstç rkfgdbchgng gc gr`gzkhg`kh gr`gzkhg`khtc: tc: gc rb` k á ekxbig: gc lrbc: gc bhvkrhc: gcs csscs k crkfmgs: gc `knc k gc sgecr sgfignc (JB@, 5174). Kssks dbhdc kfk`khtcs ceknkdk`, k` dchnbéûks nk hcr`gfbngnk, gcs prbhdàpbcs nk ‖ikrgéäc‐ k nk ‖nc`bhåhdbg‐. C prbhdàpbc ng ikrgéäc prkdchbzg quk dgng kfk`khtc ikrg c kfk`khtc skiubhtk. Kssg rkfgéäc â dchmkdbng dc`c ‖`äk-lbfmc‐, k` quk g ‖`äk‐ â

c kfk`khtc quk ikrg k c ‖lbfmc‐ c kfk`khtc quk lcb ikrgnc (LBI[UG 4). Nkpkhnkhnc nc rklkrkhdbgf, dgng u` ncs dbhdc kfk`khtcs luhdbchg dc`c ‖`äk‐ k dc`c ‖lbfmc‐ (RG@G@[UG, 5171). Oç c prbhdàpbc ng nc`bhåhdbg, pcr sug vkz, kstgekfkdk quk dgng kfk`khtc nc`bhg c kfk`khtc quk c sudknk. Kssk prbhdàpbc tgèâ` â dchmkdbnc dc`c ‖gvþ -hktc‐, k` quk c ‖gvþ‐ â c kfk`khtc quk nc`bhg k c ‖hktc‐ c kfk`khtc quk â nc`bhgnc (LBI[UG 4). C

prbhdàpbc nk nc`bhåhdbg tk` pcr lbhgfbngnk dchtrcfgr c drksdb`khtc nkskhlrkgnc nkskhlrkgnc quk cdcrrkrbg sk mcuvkssk sc`khtk c prbhdàpbc ng ikrgéäc (RG@G@[UG, 5171).

Lbiurg 4 - Dbdfc nk drbgéäc k nc`bhåhdbg. Lchtk? JB@ (5174, p.71).

G bhtkrgéäc nbhå`bdg khtrk kssks ncbs prbhdàpbcs prc`cvk g mgr`chbg nc sbstk`g, c quk, dchskqukhtk`khtk, dchskqukhtk`khtk, `ghtâ` c kq kqubfàerbc ubfàerbc ng hgturkzg k g sgÿnk nc sskr kr mu`ghc. K` dchtrgpgrtbng, k` dchnbéûks pgtcfôibdgs, gs bhtkrgéûks sk `ghblkstg` nk `cnc pkdufbgr, gpgrkdkhncc dchnbéûks nk kxdkssc k nk nklbdbïhdbg (F[DG, 511=). gpgrkdkhn

>.5.7.; Cbtc prbhdàpbcs

Cs cbtc prbhdàpbcs säc qugtrc pgrks cpcstcs (UCTT, 722>), quk khifceg` c Rbh/Rghi , k gs sugs trïs suenbvbsûks? Bhtkrhc k Kxtkrhc: Lrbc k Dgfcr: k Nklbdbïhdbg k Kxdkssc, pgrg dfgssblbdgéäc ncs pgnrûks nk nksgr`chbg khkriâtbdg (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179).

>;

C bhtkrbcr k c kxtkrbcr kstäc rkfgdbchgncs á fcdgfbzgéäc cu á prcluhnbngnk ng nckhég. Gs nckhégs kxtkrhgs kstäc sbtugngs hgs dg`gngs supkrlbdbgbs nc dcrpc, k pcnk` glktgr g pkfk, cs `ÿsdufcs k cs `krbnbghcs, k tkhnk` g gprcluhngr-sk pgrg c bhtkrbcr. Ikrgf`khtk säc pgtcfcibgs nk dgrçtkr giunc, nk dc`kéc rkpkhtbhc k nurgéäc durtg. Oç gs nckhégs bhtkrhgs cdcrrk` hc bhtkrbcr nc dcrpc, cu skog, glktg` cs sbstk`gs bhtkrhcs k cs csscs, k pcnk` sk crbibhgr hcs hàvkbs `gbs prcluhncs: kstks pgnrûks ikrgf`khtk säc `gbs sârbcs k drþhbdcs, nk nurgéäc `gbs fchig k dc`kéc bhsbnbcsc (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179). C lrbc k c dgfcr kstäc rkfgdbchgncs dc` g hgturkzg ng gftkrgéäc. Cs pgnrûks nk lrbc kstäc gsscdbgncs á girkssäc nc dcrpc pcr lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs kxtkrhcs (dc`c c lrbc, c vkhtc k g u`bngnk), cu pcnk` sk rkfgdbchgr dc` pgnrûks bhtkrhcs (dc`c gs nnklbdbïhdbgs klbdbïhdbgs Wb nc dcrpc, k dc` gftkrgéûks kspkdàlbdgs ncs ôriäcs): `ghblkstg`-sk dc`c nk Rghi  cu cu nk Wb nc lrbc hcs `kèrcs: tk`cr gc lrbc: lgdk erghng: skdrkéûks k urbhg geuhnghtks k dfgrgs: lkzks gqucsgs: lgftg nk sknk: `cvb`khtcs fkhtcs: pufsc fkhtc k nurc k fàhiug pçfbng dc` rkvkstb`khtc erghdc: g ncr pbcrg dc` c lrbc k `kfmcrg dc` c dgfcr (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179). Qcr cutrc fgnc, c dgfcr pcnk gpgrkdkr pkfg bhvgsäc nc crighbs`c pcr lgtcrks kxtkrhcs (dgfcr, dgfcr nc vkräc, vkhtc, skdurg k u`bngnk), pkfg trghslcr`géäc nk lgtcrks kxtkrhcs (dc`c c vkhtc k c lrbc) hc bhtkrbcr nc dcrpc, cu rkfgdbchgr-sk dc` cs pgnrûks bhtkrhcs (dc`c g nklbdbïhdbg nk Rbh Rbh   cu dc` [`bngnk-Dgfcr). C pgdbkhtk ikrgf`khtk gprkskhtg pkfk vkr`kfmg k qukhtk: tk`cr gc dgfcr: skdrkéûks k urbhg rknuzbngs: dchstbpgéäc: sknk: kxdbtgebfbngnk: `cvb`khtcs rçpbncs: pufsc rçpbnc k fàhiug vkr`kfmg dc` rkvkstb`khtc g`grkfc. C nksdchlcrtc k g ncr pbcrg` dc` c dgfcr k `kfmcrg` dc` c lrbc (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179). Cs pgnrûks nk nklbdbïhdbg k kxdkssc kstäc rkfgdbchgncs dc` g prkskhég nk u` lgtcr pkrvkrsc gibhnc dchtrg g khkribg nklkhsbvg hc bhtkrbcr nc dcrpc, cu pcr nkdfàhbc ncs lgtcrks nk prctkéäc. Gssb`, hc qugnrc nk nklbdbïhdbg, cs lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs kstäc rkfgtbvg`khtk lcrtks k cs lgtcrks ghtbpgtciïhbdcs kstäc khlrgqukdbncs, cu skog, cdcrrk qughnc kxbstk` pgnrûks bhtkrhcs drþhbdcs gsscdbgncs dc` g nkebfbngnk nk u`g cu `gbs sueståhdbgs, k nk u` cu `gbs _ghi Lu Lu.. Kssk pgnräc â dgrgdtkrbzgnc pcr u` kstgnc nk vgzbc quk â bhnblkrkhtk á nklbdbïhdbg nk Rbh Rbh cu cu nk Rghi  k k pcr lrgqukzg ikrgf k dghsgéc, vcz, rkspbrgéäc k `cvb`khtcs lrgdcs, pufsc lrgdc k vgzbc, fàhiug dc` pcudc cu sk` rkvkstb`khtc k tk` dgrçtkr drþhbdc (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179).

><

Oç hc qugnrc nk kxdkssc, cs lgtcrks ghtbpgtciïhbdcs gbhng häc lcrg` fksgncs, cu pcnk cdcrrkr pcr u`g cestruéäc fcdgf, quk ikrg gduùfc nk Wb, ]uk ]uk k Obhi Rk Rk cu cu pkfg Lu.. Â dgrgdtkrbzgnc pcr skr giunc, dc` vcz, gtbvbngnk kxdkssbvg nk u` cu `gbs _ghi Lu rkspbrgéäc k `cvb`khtcs lcrtks, nksdchlcrtc girgvgnc pkfg prkssäc, pufsc lcrtk k dmkbc k fàhiug dc` rkvkstb`khtc ircssc (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179). Qcr lb`, c Rbh Rbh   k c Rghi  säc säc g egsk ng @^D, k tcng g lbsbcfcibg k pgtcfcibg säc luhng`khtgngs hkssk prbhdàpbc. Gssb`, c pgnräc nk nksgr`chbg nk Rbh Rbh kstç kstç rkfgdbchgnc dc` cs pgnrûks nk bhtkrbcr, lrbc k nklbdbïhdbg: khqughtc c pgnräc nk nksgr`chbg nk Rghi kstç rkfgdbchgnc gc kxtkrbcr, gc dgfcr k gc kxdkssc (UCTT, 722>: @GDBCDBG, 5179).

>.5.5 @knbdbhg ^rgnbdbchgf Dmbhksg k sug rkfgéäc dc` c dubngnc nk khlkr`gik`

G @^D â u` dchouhtc nk prçtbdgs hgturgbs nk sgÿnk kègsgng k` u` grdgecuéc tkôrbdc-lbfcsôlbdc dc`pfkxc, luhng`khtgnc hcs prkdkbtcs nc dchludbchbs`c k nc tgcàs`c, quk dchsbnkrg g rkfgéäc nc skr mu`ghc k sug tctgfbngnk dc` c uhbvkrsc (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174g). Qgrg g @^D, c dchdkbtc nk sgÿnk â dc`prkkhnbnc dc`c kqubfàerbc khkriâtbdc, cu skog, kqubfàerbc nbhå`bdc khtrk c Rbh Rbh k k c Rghi , u`g vkz quk mç bhtkrgéäc nc dcrpc làsbdc dc` gs khkribgs prkskhtks hc uhbvkrsc. Kstk kqubfàerbc â gsskiurgnc pkfg fbvrk dbrdufgéäc nc Wb Wb,, quk, pcr sug vkz, dc`prkkhnk cs hàvkbs làsbdc, psàqubdc, k`cdbchgf k kspbrbtugf (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174e). Hkssg pkrspkdtbvg, cs rkdurscs tkrgpïutbdcs ng @^D säc egskgncs hc prbhdàpbc ng bh bhnbsscdbgebfbngnk nbsscdbgebfbngnk nc dcrpc dc` c ` `kbc kbc ggèbkhtk, èbkhtk, k hgs rkfgéûks bhtràhskdgs khtrk c `bdrcdcs`c k c uhbvkrsc (J[UKEGRGTMB: LUKB^GT: CI[BTTC, 5112). G gdupuhturg, khtäc, pcnk skr dchsbnkrgng dc`c u`g bhtkrvkhéäc durgtbvg k rkgebfbtgncrg pgrg nbvkrsgs khlkr`bngnks, giungs cu drþhbdgs, nkvbnc gcs prbhdàpbcs mcfàstbdcs crbkhtgbs quk g rkik`: gfâ` nbssc, pcssub u` b`pcrtghtk b `pcrtghtk pgpkf hg prkvkhéäc nk nckhégs, u`g vkz quk u` nk skus lcdcs â c trgtg`khtc ngs nkscrnkhs khkriâtbdgs, khkriâtbdgs, quk säc ghtkrbcrks á `ghblkstgéäc ngs nckhégs (J[UKEGRGTMB: LUKB^GT: CI[BTTC, 5112).

>9

G khlkr`gik`, pcr sug vkz, â u`g prclbssäc duog kssïhdbg â c prcdkssc nk dubngr ng pksscg, ng lg`àfbg k/cu ng dcfktbvbngnk, eusdghnc c ek` kstgr ebcpsbdcsscdbgf k kspbrbtugf, gc gtugr hg prkvkhéäc nk girgvcs, k hg prc`céäc k rkgebfbtgéäc ng sgÿnk. K, pgrg quk kssk prcdkssc gdchtkég, kfg nkvk skr kxkrdbng nk lcr`g mcfàstbdg k mu`ghbzgng (HGTDB@KH^C: CFDKUKHJC, 5112). Gssb`, tghtc c dubngnc nk khlkr`gik` qughtc gs prçtbdgs ng @^D pgrtk` nc prbhdàpbc nk quk sugs géûks sk dchdkhtrg` hhcc skr mu mu`ghc `ghc k k` k` sugs bhtkr-rkfgéûks bhtkr-rkfgéûks dc dc` `c `kbc hgturgf, k häc hg pgtcfcibg k` sb (TGFKT: TBF\G, 5177). Kssgs nugs dbïhdbgs pcssuk` tkhnïhdbg mcfàstbdg, pcbs sskiuk` kiuk` g pk pkrspkdtbvg rspkdtbvg nk gtkhéäc gc bhnbvànuc bhnbvànuc dc`c dc`c u` u` tcnc (TGFKT: TBF\G, 5177): k c prcdkssc nk gnckdb`khtc kstç rkfgdbchgnc á bhtkrlkrïhdbg nk lgtcrks kxtkrhcs k bhtkrhcs scerk g khkribg, g pksscg, g sgÿnk k c gèbkhtk, gssb` dc`c hgs rkfgéûks quk sk kstgekfkdk khtrk kfks (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174g). Gfiu`gs prcpcsbéûks tkôrbdgs nk khlkr`gik` lcrhkdk` sustkhtgéäc pgrg g bhtkrrkfgéäc khtrk g prçtbdg ng gdupuhturg gdupuhturg k ng @D^ k c dubngnc nk nk khlkr`gik`. Nkhtrk kfgs, pcnk-sk dbtgr g tkôrbdg @grtmg Ucikrs, quk prcpþs g tkcrbg nk khlkr`gik` crbkhtgng pgrg dg`pcs ng khkribg k pgnräc nk chngs (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, G F\B@, 5174g). Qgrg kfg, dbhdc prkssupcstcs eçsbdcs ssäc äc bhkrkhtk bhkrkhtkss gcs skrks mu`ghc mu`ghcss k sugs rkfgéûks rkfgéûks dc` c `kbc hgturgf (IKCUIK, 5111). C prb`kbrc prkssupcstc â rklkrkhtk gc skr mu`ghc dc`c u` tcnc uhblbdgnc k bhtkirgf, nk lcr`g quk kfk `ghblkstg dgrgdtkràstbdgs quk säc `gbs k nblkrkhtks quk g sc`g nk sugs pgrtks: gssb` c prcdkssc nk vbng â dc`prkkhnbnc dc` u` dursc nbhå`bdc, rksuftghnc k` pgnrûks gftg`khtk vgrbçvkbs k k` dchstghtk ùnghég. C skiuhnc prkssupcstc lgz `khéäc gc bhnbvànuc k gc gèbkhtk, quk kstäc dchtbhug`khtk trcdghnc `gtârbg k khkribg khtrk sb. C tkrdkbrc prkssupcstc nbz quk c bhnbvànuc â g kxprkssäc ng tctgfbngnk ncs kvkhtcs k` nktkr`bhgnc `c`khtc, k â bhlfukhdbgnc pkfcs kvkhtcs prkdknkhtks.. C qugrtc prkssupcstc gssu`k quk c pgnräc quk bnkhtblbdg cs bhnbvànucs prkdknkhtks rklfktk g sug tctgfbngnk. Qcr lb`, c qubhtc prkssupcstc dchsbnkrg quk cs skrks mu`ghcs dgrgdtkrbzg`-sk pcr sug dgpgdbngnk nk gestrgéäc k vbsugfbzgéäc, fbhiugik` k pkhsg`khtc, skhsbebfbngnk k k`céäc (IKCUIK, 5111). Cutrc kxk`pfc tkôrbdc hc dg`pc ng khlkr`gik` quk sk gprcxb`g ás dchdkpéûks ng gdupuhturg k ng @^D lcb prcpcstc pcr @grigrktm Hkw`gh (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174g). Kfg gprkskhtg cs dchdkbtcs nk pgnräc khqughtc tctgfbngnk ng pksscg, nk hgturkzg uhbtçrbg ncs skrks mu`ghcs, k cs bnkhtblbdg dc`c sbstk`g gekrtc k` dchstghtk bhtkrgéäc dc` c gèbkhtk, skhnc g nckhég u`g `ghblkstgéäc nkstk pgnräc (IKCUIK, 5111).

>=

Qcr lb`, Ektty Hku`gh prcpþs c @cnkfc nk Tbstk`gs, quk tgèâ` sk rkfgdbchg á lbfcsclbg ng @^D (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174g). Qgrg kfg, c bhnbvànuc, quk pcnk skr u`g pksscg, u`g lg`àfbg, u` irupc ccuu u`g dcùhbngnk dcùhbngnk,, â dchstbtuànc pcr pcr u` sbstk`g gekrtc gekrtc k nbhå`bdc, dc` dbdfcs nk khtrgng, prcdkssc k sgàng k quk säc rktrcgfb`khtgncs dchtàhug k crighbzgng`khtk. Hkssk sbstk`g, cdcrrk bhtkrgéûks khtrk c bhnbvànuc k c gèbkhtk, quk sk glktg` u` gc cutrc, dc` rkdbprcdbngnk nk trcdgs k goustks (IKCUIK, 5111). Qcr `kbc nc khtkhnb`khtc nkssgs tkcrbgs, â pcssàvkf dc`prkkhnkr, pcrtghtc, quk c mc`k` kstç k` dchstghtk trcdg nk khkribg dc` c uhbvkrsc. Häc sk trgtg nk u`g khkribg b`gtkrbgf cu `àstbdg, `gs sb` nk tcnc prcdkssc khkriâtbdc quk khvcfvk c crighbs`c hg `ghutkhéäc ng vbng k sug rkfgéäc dc` c `kbc gèbkhtk (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174e). Hkssk dchtkxtc, gfiuhs nbgihôstbdcs nbgihôstbdcs nk khlkr`gik` prcpcstcs pkfg HGHNG-B® säc pgssàvkbs nk skrk` scfudbchgncs dc` g utbfbzgéäc ncs rkdurscs tkrgpïutbdcs ng @^D, tctgf cu pgrdbgf`khtk. Nkhtrk kfks, nkstgdg`-sk? Ncr giung: Ncr drþhbdg: Ncr hc trgegfmc nk pgrtc: Hçuskg: Ubsdc nk ifbdk`bg bhstçvkf: Bhdchtbhïhdbg urbhçrbg nk kslcréc: Dchstbpgéäc: Nbgrrâbg: Bhsþhbg: Lgnbig: Ghsbkngnk: @knc: ^rbstkzg drþhbdg: Nkskspkrghég: Nkskspkrgh ég: @cebfbngnk llàsbdg àsbdg prkounbdgng: Ceksbngnk: Tcerkpksc: Dg`pc nk khkribg nkskqubfbergnc: Nbsluhéäc skxugf: nkhtrk cutrcs (MKUN@GH: JG@B^T[U[, 517=). Nkstg lcr`g, pcr skr dgrgdtkrbzgng dc`c tkrgpbg nk duhmc bhtkirgtbvc, dc`pfk`khtgr k mcfàstbdc, g gdupuhturg k`krik dc`c u`g tkdhcfcibg g skr nkskhvcfvbng hg gssbstïhdbg nk khlkr`gik`, dc` pctkhdbgf pgrg gtkhnkr c mc`k` k` sug bhtkirgfbngnk (QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174g: QKUKBUG: GF\B@, 5174e).

>.4 GD[Q[H^[UG? [@ EUK\K MBT^ÔUBDC

G gdupuhturg â c dchouhtc nk dchmkdb`khtcs tkôrbdc-k`pàrbdcs quk lgz pgrtk nc sbstk`g nk durg ng @^D, gtrgvâs ng bhskréäc nk lbhgs giufmgs hc tkdbnc ùsdufgr, k` pchtcs kspkdàlbdcs sbtugncs gc fchic nk `krbnbghcs, dmg`gncs gdupchtcs cu pchtcs nk gdupuhturg, pgrg trgtgr u`g vgrbkngnk nk dchnbéûks. Gfâ` ng gdupuhturg `ghugf trgnbdbchgf, kxbstk` cutrcs `âtcncs pgrg kstbùfgr cs pchtcs, dc`c, pcr kxk`pfc, g kfktrcgdupuhturg, kfktrcgdupuh turg, g gduprkssäc, g fgskrgdupuhturg k g `cxgeustäc (YKH, 5177: FB@ kt gf ..,, 517=). Gfâ` nk gdupuhturg, g @^D tgèâ` â dc`pcstg pcr Lbtctkrgpbg, Wbichi , ^gbdmb k ^gbdmb k ûbhg ûbhg (FB@ (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=).

>2

Kstg dbïhdbg suribu hg Dmbhg, hg Bngnk ng Qknrg, mç gprcxb`gng`khtk >.;11 ghcs ghtks nk Drbstc (g.D.). Tgek-sk nbssc pcrquk, k` vçrbgs pgrtks ng Dmbhg, lcrg` l crg` khdchtrgngs Tmbm   - quk ngtg` nkssg âpcdg, ouhtg`khtk dc` cutrcs giufmgs nk pknrg - _mk` Tmbm bhstru`khtcs nk durg (YKH 5177). Hg Krg nc B`pkrgncr G`grkfc (591>-5711 g.D.), pcr `kbc ncs ksdrbtcs prkskrvgncs k` dgsdcs nk tgrtgruig, pcnk-sk kvbnkhdbgr quk g gdupuhturg häc sô oç pcssuàg sugs egsks, dc`c gprkskhtgvg tgèâ` u` dkrtc hàvkf nk nkskhvcfvb`khtc nkskhvcfvb`khtc (YKH, 5177). Hkssg âpcdg lcb ksdrbtc c prb`kbrc fbvrc scerk gdupuhturg, cc Mughi Mughi Nb Hkb Obhi  cu cu c Dfçssbdc Bhtkrhc nc B`pkrgncr G`grkfc, quk â u`g cerg dc`pcstg pcr ncbs vcfu`ks? c prb`kbrc â Tu Ykh Ykh (Wukstûks Eçsbdgs), quk gerghik cs `âtcncs nk nbgihôstbdc k luhng`khtgéäc tkôrbdg ng @^D: oç g skiuhng pgrtk â dmg`gng Fbhi Tmu (C Qbvþ Kspbrbtugf) k kxpfbdg g tkrgpbg nk gdupuhturg, dc`c g nksdrbéäc ncs `krbnbghcs, luhéûks ncs gdupchtcs, tâdhbdgs nk giufmg`khtc, tbpcs nk Wb Wb k k g fcdgfbzgéäc nk 72 pchtcs (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Oç hc sâdufc \B nkpcbs nk Drbstc, c khsbhc ng @^D, ouhtg`khtk dc` g gdupuhturg, kspgfmcu pgrg g Dcrâbg k pgrg c Ogpäc. @gbs tgrnk, hc sâdufc ], dmkicu gc \bkthä gtrgvâs ngs rctgs dc`krdbgbs. K, hc sâdufc ]\B, lcb fkvgng á Lrghég pkfcs `bssbchçrbcs oksuàtgs (YMB^K: KUHT^, 511>). Hcs Kstgncs [hbncs, g gdupuhturg ighmcu pcpufgrbngnk irgégs gc grtbic nc ksdrbtcr nc Hkw Rcrj ^b`ks ^b`ks,, Og`ks Ukstch, k` 7297, bhtbtufgnc ‖ Hcw, Gecut @y Cpkrgtbch bh Qkjbhi ‐, ‐, k` quk nksdrkvku sug kxpkrbïhdbg dc` gdupuhturg k` u`g gpkhnbdkdtc`bg nk k`kriïhdbg k dubngncs pôs-cpkrgtôrbcs, nurghtk sug nksbihgéäc pgrg g Dmbhg ghtks ng vbsbtg nc Qrksbnkhtk Hbxch. ^gf lgtc lkz dc` quk ùbtcs `ânbdcs vbsbtgssk` g Dmbhg pgrg ceskrvgr k kstungr g klbdçdbg k cs ekhklàdbcs ng gdupuhturg (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). G pgrtbr ngà, g gdupuhturg sk nbluhnbu g hàvkf ùhnbgf. Gtugf`khtk, â fkigf`khtk rkdchmkdbng pcr ùbtcs pgàsks ng Çsbg, Gustrçfbg, G`ârbdg, Dghgnç k gfiu`gs pgrtks ng ng Kurcpg k ng G`ârbdg F Fgtbhg gtbhg (YMC, 511;) k â fbstgng dc`c Qgtrb`þhbc Qgtrb`þhbc Dufturgf Dufturgf B`gtkrbgf ng Crighbzgéäc ngs Hgéûks [hbngs pgrg g Knudgéäc, g Dbïhdbg k g Dufturg

;1

([HKTDC, 5171). Nbghtk nbssc, pgsscu g skr dgng vkz `gbs ek` gdkbtg pcr ùbtcs pgdbkhtks k` tcnc c ùhn ùhncc k nctgng nk dgrçtkr dgrçtkr kkxpkrb`khtgf xpkrb`khtgf k dbkhtàlbdc, gtbhibhnc hcvcs hcvcs hàvkbs nk dchmkdb`khtcs k tâdhbdgs (YKH, 5177: FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Gpksgr nbssc, gbhng dgrkdk nk kstuncs dfàhbdcs ek` kfgecrgncs quk gpcbk` sug klbdçdbg (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=).

>.4.7 @kdghbs`cs hkurclbsbcfôibdcs ng gdupuhturg hc dchtrcfk ng ncr

G ghgfiksbg pcr gdupuhturg, quk â nkdcrrkhtk ncs b`pufscs glkrkhtks ngs rkibûks ncfcrcsgs k ncs b`pufscs nkskhdgnkgncs nkskhdgnkgncs pkfg giufmg nk gdupuhturg hc gdupchtc, â u`g `ghblkstgéäc nk prcdksscs bhtkirgtbvcs k` nblkrkhtks hàvkbs hc THD. \çrbcs hÿdfkcs dkrkergbs kstäc khvcfvbncs hkssk prcdkssg`khtc, dc`c c Hÿdfkc @gihc ng Uglk, g Tueståhdbg Dbhzg Qkrbgquknutgf, c Fcdus Dckrufkus Dckrufkus,, c Hÿdfkc Grqukgnc, g çrkg prâôptbdg, c Hÿdfkc Tue`knbgf, c Hÿdfkc Mgekhufgr, c Hÿdfkc Gdduèkhs Gdduèkhs,, c Hÿdfkc Dgungnc, g çrkg skptgf, g g`àngfg, nkhtrc cutrgs (_MGC, 511=). Cs prbhdbpgbs `kdghbs`cs khvcfvbncs hg `cnufgéäc ng pkrdkpéäc ng ncr pkfg gdupuhturg säc? g bhbebéäc ski`khtgr, c sbstk`g cpbcbnk khnôikhc k c sbstk`g hkrvcsc bhbebtôrbc nksdkhnkhtk (JCQL: QG^KF, 5171). G bhbebéäc ski`khtgr pcnk skr kxpfbdgng pkfg ^kcrbg nc Qcrtäc nk Dchtrcfk ng Ncr igtk dchtrcf )),, prcpcstg k` 72). Gs pgtcfcibgs ngs dcstgs, kspkdblbdg`khtk kspkdblbdg`khtk,, pcnk` kstgr rkfgdbchgngs á ‖Tàhnrc`k ng Cestruéäc Ncfcrcsg‐, quk bhnbdg ncr, skhsbebfbngnk cu lcr`big`khtc ncs `ÿsdufcs,

tkhnûks k grtbdufgéûks. Kssg sàhnrc`k â dchmkdbng dc`c dc`c Eb Eb pkfcs pkfcs dmbhksks, dmbhksks, quk sbihblbdg ‖cestruéäc‐. Gssb`, hg @^D, g ncr â prcvkhbkhtk ng cestruéäc hg dbrdufgéäc nc Wb Wb k k nc

]uk hcs ]uk hcs `krbnbghcs, dgusgncs, pcr kxk`pfc, pcr bhvgsäc kxtkrhg nk lgtcrks dfb`çtbdcs,

;5

dc`c c vkhtc, c lrbc lr bc cu g u`bngnk, qughnc g rksbstïhdbg nc dcrpc kstç egbxg (@GDBCDBG, 5112: UCTT, 5115). Cs `krbnbghcs khvcfvbncs hcs prcefk`gs ngs dcstgs säc c \gsc Icvkrhgncr (\I) k g Ekxbig (E) k, k` `khcr bhtkhsbngnk, c Bhtkstbhc Nkfignc (BN) k g \ksàdufg Ebfbgr (\E). Cs prbhdbpgbs sbstk`gs nk ôriäcs khvcfvbncs säc cs Ubhs k c Làignc. K, cs prbhdbpgbs lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs quk dchtrbeuk` pgrg g ncr hgs dcstgs säc dfb`çtbdcs (vkhtc, lrbc k u`bngnk), trgu`gtbs`c, pcsturg, nckhégs drþhbdgs, dchnbéûks psbdcfôibdgs k nklbdbïhdbg ncs rbhs (UCTT, 5115). Hkssk skhtbnc, kxbstk`, egsbdg`khtk, egsbdg`khtk, trïs prbhdbpgbs tbpcs nk Tàhnrc`k Eb Eb,, nk gdcrnc dc` c lgtcr dgusgf? nc tbpc vkhtc cu `ôvkf: nc tbpc u`bngnk cu lbxg: k nc tbpc lrbc cu dchtbhug k fcdgfbzgng. Qrcvkhbkhtk nkssgs, pcnk` cdcrrkr g Tàhnrc`k Eb Tàhnrc`k Eb nc nc tbpc dgfcr k g nc tbpc t bpc ôsskg, quk gprkskhtg u` dgrçdtkr `gbs drþhbdc (@GDBCDBG, 5112). G Tàhnrc`k Eb Eb   nc tbpc vkhtc â dgusgng pkfc lgtcr pgtciïhbdc vkhtc: â dgrgdtkrbzgng pcr skhsbebfbngnk k ncr hcs `ÿsdufcs k grtbdufgéûks, quk sk `cvk nk u` fcdgf pgrg c cutrc, gfâ` nk fb`btgéäc nc `cvb`khtc. G Tàhnrc`k Eb Eb nc nc tbpc u`bngnk â nkskhdgnkgng nkskhdgnk gng pkfc lgtcr pgtciïhbdc u`bngnk: c pgdbkhtk gprkskhtg ncr lbxg, skhsbebfbngnk k knk`g hcs `ÿsdufcs k grtbdufgéûks, k skhsgéäc nk pksc k lcr`big`khtc hcs `kèrcs, Eb nc quk säc girgvgncs pkfc dfb`g ÿ`bnc. Oç g Tàhnrc`k Eb nc tbpc lrbc â dgusgng pkfc lgtcr pgtciïhbdc lrbc, quk dchtrgb cs `ÿsdufcs k grtbdu grtbdufgéûks, fgéûks, cestrubhnc c `cvb`khtc `cvb`khtc nc Rghi Wb Wb:: g ncr, quk ikrgf`khtk â uhbfgtkrgf, â skvkrg k` u`g nktkr`bhgng grtbdufgéäc cu `ÿsdufc, dc` fb`btgéäc nc `cvb`khtc (@GDBCDBG, 5112). Wugfqukr u` ncs trïs lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs kxtkrbcrks (vkhtc, u`bngnk k lrbc) pcnk sk trghslcr`gr k` dgfcr bhtkrhc, nghnc crbik` á Tàhnrc`k Eb Tàhnrc`k Eb nc nc tbpc dgfcr: bstc cdcrrk kspkdbgf`khtk k` u`g nklbdbïhdbg fgtkhtk nk Rbh Rbh.. Â dgrgdtkrbzgng pcr ncr skvkrg, dgfcr, ruecr k knk`g hgs grtbdufgéûks, gfâ` nk fb`btgéäc nc `cvb`khtc (@GDBCDBG, 5112). K` dgscs drþhbdcs, pcnk suribr g Tàhnrc`k Tàhnrc`k Eb Eb nc nc tbpc ôsskg, g pgrtbr nk qugbsqukr u` ncs qugtrc tbpcs ghtkrbcrks. G cestruéäc pkrsbstkhtk ngs grtbdufgéûks pkfcs lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs ikrg rktkhéäc nk Obhi Rk Rk (lfubncs dcrpôrkcs), quk sk trghslcr`g k` ùdcsbngnk, k cestrub gs grtbdufgéûks k cs `krbnbghcs. Mç, dchskqukhtk`khtk, gtrclbg ùsdufgr, knk`g k nklcr`bngnk ncs csscs ngs grtbdufgéûks, quk sk dchstbtub k` u`g lcr`g kxtrk`g nk ùdcsbngnk. Hkssk kstçibc, mç tgèâ` c gdc`ktb`khtc nk ôriäcs bhtkrhcs, k häc gpkhgs ncs `ÿsdufcs, grtbdufgéûks k `krbnbghcs (@GDBCDBG, 5112). Qcr lb`, gs nklbdbïhdbgs nc làignc k nc rb` säc cutrcs b`pcrtghtks lgtcrks ng Tàhnrc`k Eb Eb,, u`g vkz quk nkskhdgnkbg` g rktkhéäc nk ùdcsbngnk k kstgihgéäc nk

;4

sghiuk. C làignc â rkspchsçvkf pkfc lfuxc sugvk nk Wb Wb:: qughnc kstg luhéäc lgfmg, g ncr pcnk gpgrkdkr. Gfâ` nbssc, c sghiuk hc làignc hutrk cs tkhnûks: qughnc c làignc â nklbdbkhtk, cs tkhnûks häc säc hutrbncs, ikrghnc ncr k rbibnkz hgs grtbdufgéûks. Qcr sug vkz, cs rbhs hutrk` cs csscs: k qughnc kstäc nklbdbkhtks, cs csscs säc nkstbtuàncs nk hutrbéäc, pkr`btbhnc quk g ùdcsbngnk sk gduùfk hgs grtbdufgéûks, ikrghnc knk`g (@GDBCDBG, 5112). Hkssg pkrspkdtbvg, gs trïs dchnbéûks pgtcfôibdgs `gbs dcùhs nk fcègfibgs k dbgtgfibgs säc g rktkhéäc nk lrbc k u`bngnk: g kstgihgéäc nk Wb Wb   k ]uk ]uk nkvbnc nkvbnc g kslcréc kxdkssbvc: k g Kstgihgéäc nk Wb nc Wb nc Làignc k Nklbdbïhdbg nc Ub` (@GDBCDBG, 5112: UCTT, 5115). Nk lgtc, u` kstunc gpchtcu quk cs qugtrc lgtcrks pgtciïhbdcs `gbs dcùhs k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr fcègr lcrg` g kstgihgéäc nk Wb Wb k/cu k/cu ]uk ]uk,, lrbc/u`bngnk, dgfcr k Nklbdbïhdbg nc Ub` (]BCHI kt gf., 5177). Dcrrcecrghnc tgbs gdmgncs, Tmkr`gh k dcfgecrgncrks (5117) tgèâ` `cstrgrg` quk g kstgihgéäc nk Wb Wb k k ]uk ]uk k k g kstgihgéäc nk Wb Wb lcrg` lcrg` khdchtrgncs k` =;% ncs pgdbkhtks dc` fcègfibg k g Nklbdbïhdbg nc Ub` lcb khdchtrgng k` 44-;7% ncs pgdbkhtks. Hg rktkhéäc nk u`bngnk k lrbc, g ncr pbcrg pkfg `ghmä k `kfmcrg dc` dc` c kxkrdàdbc `cnkrgnc: â gfbvbgng dc` g gpfbdgéäc nk dgfcr k pbcrg hc dfb`g lrbc k ÿ`bnc. Dgsc mgog prknc`bhåhdbg nk lrbc, cdcrrk rbibnkz k dchtrgéäc ncs `ÿsdufcs ngs dcstgs, g ncr â `gbs skvkrg k `kfmcrg nbghtk c `cvb`khtc. Tk mcuvkr prknc`bhåhdbg nk u`bngnk, pcnk cdcrrkr lcr`big`khtc, knk`g k skhsgéäc nk pksc (@GDBCDBG, 5112). Wb k ]uk ]uk,, g ncr â skvkrg, nc tbpc lgdgng k `kfmcrg dc` c Hg Kstgihgéäc nk Wb kxkrdàdbc `cnkrgnc. G rkibäc â skhsàvkf gc tcquk, häc rkspchnk ás gftkrgéûks nc dfb`g k pbcrg hgs pcsbéûks k` pâ k skhtgng. Mç tkhsäc k rbibnkz gdkhtugng ncs `ÿsdufcs ngs dcstgs k nblbdufngnk nk lfkxbchgr, kstkhnkr cu ibrgr g dbhturg (@GDBCDBG, 5112): gfâ` nbssc, qughnc cdcrrk kstgihgéäc nk Wb nc Wb nc Làignc, gfâ` nkssks sbhtc`gs, c pgdbkhtk gprkskhtg lrustgéäc, rgbvg rkprb`bng k brrbtgebfbngnk (UCTT, 5115). Qcr lb`, hg Nklbdbïhdbg nc Ub`, g ncr â nc tbpc surng, `kfmcrg dc` c rkpcusc k pbcrg dc` c dghsgéc (@GDBCDBG, (@GDBCDBG, 5112): tgèâ` pcnk gpgrk gpgrkdkr dkr zuèbnc hcs cuvbncs, cuvbncs, lrgqukzg hcs ockfmcs, b`pctïhdbg k gftkrgéäc hg lrkquïhdbg urbhçrbg cu cutrcs sbhgbs nc rb` (UCTT, 5115). Tk lcr dgusgng pcr u`g Nklbdbïhdbg nk Rghi   nc Ub`, pcnk dcrrkr, gbhng, skhsgéäc nk lrbc hgs dcstgs (@GDBCDBG, 5112). K, sk lcr nkvbnc á Nklbdbïhdbg nk Rbh   nc Ub`, cs sbhtc`gs kstäc rkfgdbchgncs, tgèâ`, á bhqubktgéäc, ruecr hg rkibäc Rbh `gfgr, skhsgéäc nk dgfcr hgs pgf`gs ngs `äcs, pfghtgs ncs pâs cu tôrgx, ncr nk igrightg drþhbdg k sknk (UCTT, 5115). G Nklbdbïhdbg nc Ub`, pcr sb sô, lgdbfbtg bhvgsäc nk lrbc k

;>

u`bngnk k trgu`gs rkpktbtbvcs, dc`c gprkskhtg c fbvrc Ttghngrns cl Nbgihcsbs ghn ^rkgt`kht  (7.> GD[Q[H^[UG G[UBD[FGU

>.>.7 Dchsbnkrgéûks mbstôrbdgs

G GG tk` sbnc k`prkigng pgrg c trgtg`khtc nk nckhégs mç gprcxb`gng`khtk 5;11 ghcs: vçrbcs rkibstrcs mbstôrbdcs ng utbfbzgéäc nkstg tâdhbdg säc khdchtrgncs k` tcnc c ùhnc (MC[ kt gf .,., 517;).

;;

Hc tkxtc dfçssbdc ng @^D nk Mughi nk Mughi Nb Hkb Obhi (Dfçssbdc Bhtkrhc nc B`pkrgncr G`grkfc), g dcrrkfgéäc kxbstkhtk khtrk g guràdufg k c dcrpc lcb nksdrbtg, `cstrghnc quk tcncs cs `krbnbghcs nc dcrpc dchvkribg` pgrg g crkfmg (ICUB: LBUKH_[CFB: 5119: UC[HN: FB^TDMKU: EGMU, 5174: _MGC kt gf .,., 517;), gfâ` nk nksdrkvkr quk c nbgihôstbdc nk nckhégs pcnkrbg cdcrrkr pcr `kbc ng bhspkéäc nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr (YBU_-UBNCFLB, 5172). G prb`kbrg ncdu`khtgéäc häc dmbhksg ng GG rk`chtg hc ghtbic Kibtc (YBU_UBNCFLB, 5172). C trgtg`khtc nk prcefk`gs ibhkdcfôibdcs pcr giufmg`khtc cu dgutkrbzgéäc lcb `khdbchgnc hc Qgpyrus Kekrs Kekrs   7.;11 g.D, quk â dchsbnkrgnc c `gbs ghtbic tkxtc `ânbdc k` tcnc c ùhnc (YBU_-UBNCFLB, 5172). Hg Irâdbg, hc tk`pc nk Mbpôdrgtks, pcr vcftg nk >;1 g.D., pchtcs nk sghirbg hg supkrlàdbk pcstkrbcr ng crkfmg lcrg` usgncs pgrg lgdbfbtgr g kogdufgéäc, trgtgr g b`pctïhdbg skxugf k gs ncrks hgs pkrhgs: tgèâ` lcb rkfgtgnc quk g guràdufg kstgvg gsscdbgng ás k`céûks (MK kt gf .,., 5175). Hg Btçfbg, cs scfngncs nk iukrrg, qughnc krg` lkrbncs hg crkfmg, pcnbg`, cdgsbchgf`khtk, cdgsbchgf`kh tk, durgr sugs nckhégs: hg Grçebg Tgunbtg, dkrtgs trbecs tgèâ` dgutkrbzg` g crkfmg pgrg durgr nckhégs nckhégs (ICUB: LBUKH_[CFB, 5119 5119). ). K, cs pcvcs `knbtkrråhbdcs `knbtkrråhbdcs usgvg` erbhdc pgrg `kfmcrgr g vbsäc (UC[HN: FB^TDMKU: EGMU, 5174). Nurghtk c Ukhgsdb`khtc, âpcdg nk dc`ârdbc kspcrçnbdc khtrk g Dmbhg k g Kurcpg, dc`kécu-sk g bhtrcnuzbr giufmgs, `cxg k g dgutkrbzgéäc nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr k gtâ `ks`c skddbchgr vkbgs gtrçs ngs crkfmgs pgrg gfbvbgr sbhtc`gs nk vçrbgs nckhégs (ICUB: LBUKH_[CFB, 5119). Gpkhgs mç dkrdg nk G) (UC[HN: FB^TDMKU: EGMU, 5174). [`g skiuhng ecrng sk`bdbrdufgr, sk`bdbrdufgr, ghtkrbcr á Mâfbdk, â dmg dmg`gng `gng ‖Ghtb-mâfbdk‐, quk sk eblurdg hg pcréäc supkrbcr lcr`ghnc u`g nkprkssäc dmg`gng ‖Lcssg ^rbghiufgr ‐: khqughtc c sufdc khtrk g Mâfbdk k g Ghtb-mâfbdk â dmg`gng nk ‖L cssg Ksdglcbnk cu Ksdglg‐. Ghtkrbcr`khtk, gc hàvkf nc dchnutc gunbtbvc mç u`g geg dgrtbfgibhcsg quk lkdmg

pgrdbgf`khtk g gekrturg nc dghgf, quk â dmg`gng nk ‖^rgic‐. Nc fgnc cpcstc, lcr`ghnc c fb`btk bhlkrbcr ng dchdmg, mç u` pkqukhc sufdc, c ‖Ghtbtrgic‐. C ^rgic k c Ghtbtrgic säc skpgrgncs pcr u`g lkhng dmg`gng nk ‖Bhdbsurg B htkrtrçibdg‐. G kxtrk`bngnk bhlkrbcr ng crkfmg â c ‖Fôeufc‐ (LBI[UG >G) (UC[HN: FB^TDMKU: EGMU, 5174). ^cng prck`bhïhdbg ng lgdk ghtkrbcr nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr sk tcrhg u` sufdc hg lgdk pcstkrbcr ng gurbdufg, k tcnc t cnc sufdc ghtkrbcr sk ttcrhg crhg u`g prck`bhïhdbg pcstkrbcr, nk lcr`g quk, k` sug lgdk ncrsgf, â pcssàvkf bnkhtblbdgr? c sufdc ng Ghtb-mâfbdk: c sufdc ng druz ng mâfbdk: c sufdc nc ghtàtrgic: c sufdc ng druz supkrbcr k bhlkrbcr: g lgdk pcstkrbcr nc fôeufc: gs prck`bhïhdbgs ngs dchdmgs dbèg k dgvg: g prck`bhïhdbg ng lcssg trbghiufgr: g prck`bhïhdbg ng ksdglg k gs rgàzks gurbdufgrks supkrbcr k bhlkrbcr (LBI[UG >E) (HK\KT, 5172).

Lbiurg > — (G) (G) Lgdk vkhtrgf nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr. (E) Lgdk ncrsgf nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr. Lchtk? HK\KT (5172, p. 5.>.4 Fcdgfbzgéäc ncs gdupchtcs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr

Cs gdupchtcs gurbdufgrks säc kstruturgs dc` nbå`ktrc `çxb`c nk u` nâdb`c, quk dchsbstk` nk u`g dcèbhgéäc nk lbergs nk dcfçikhc k kfçstbdgs, quk säc prkkhdmbngs pcr tkr`bhgéûks hkrvcsgs, hkrvcsgs, grtkràcfgs, vïhufgs k dgpbfgrks (MKBHK, 72=9).

;2

G fcdgfbzgéäc ncs gdupchtcs hc pgvbfmäc ceknkdk g u`g pgnrchbzgéäc (YGHI: _MC[: _MGC, 5177) egskgng hg tkcrbg nk Hcibkr nc "lktc bhvkrtbnc‐ (HCIBKU, 72=7). Dchtunc, gfiu`gs nblkrkhégs gbhng kxbstk` khtrk cs sbstk`gs kurcpku k dmbhïs (CFKTCH, 5115: ICUB: LBUKH_[CFB: 5119: UC[HN: FB^TDMKU: EGMU, 5174). G Ycrfn Lknkrgtbch cl Gdupuhturk ghn @cxbeustbch Tcdbktks (YLGT) Tcdbktks (YLGT) rkdchmkdk c `âtcnc nk nbstrbeubéäc k fcdgfbzgéäc ncs pchtcs gurbdufgrks egskgncs k` suezchgs dc`c pgnräc bhtkrhgdbchgf (HK\KT, 5172). Kssk pgnräc nk nbstrbeubéäc nk pchtcs gurbdufgrks ng YLGT â egskgnc, prbhdbpgf`khtk, hg hcr`gtbzgéäc dmbhksg nk 511=, quk, pcr sug vkz, â u` màerbnc ngs dchtrbeubéûks nk Hcibkr, nc dchskhsc gdgnï`bdc gdgnï`bdc dmbhïs k ncs sbstk`gs nk hc`khdfgturg g`krbdghg nk Cfksch (HK\KT, 5172). Gssb`, hg pgnrchbzgéäc ng YLGT, dgng suezchg â dcnblbdgng pkfgs bhbdbgbs nk sug kstruturg ghgtþ`bdg dcrrkspchnkhtk (pcr kxk`pfc? Mâfbx, Ghtb-mkfbx, Dchdmg cu Fôeufc), skiubncs nk hÿ`krcs quk bnkhtblbdg` pchtcs (LBI[UGT g). Oç c `kdghbs`c nk géäc hkurgf kstç rkfgdbchgnc á rbdg bhkrvgéäc nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr. Wughnc nbspcsbtbvcs, dc`c gs giufmgs gurbdufgrks cu sbstï`bdgs, säc bhtrcnuzbngs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr, c pctkhdbgf kfâtrbdc dchtbnc hkfg dchstbtub kstàùfc quk gik hgs tkr`bhgéûks hkrvcsgs fbvrks kxbstkhtks hkssk fcdgf. Kssk kstbùfc â dgpgz nk gftkrgr c pctkhdbgf nk `kèrghg dkfufgr k ikrgr, dchskqukhtk`khtk, pctkhdbgbs nk géäc glkrkhtks quk bräc prcnuzbr `cnufgéûks k` hàvkbs supkrbcrks hc THD, k` rkibûks dc`c c ski`khtc `knufgr ngs skiuhng k tkrdkbrg vârtkergs dkrvbdgbs k c trchdc khdklçfbdc,

.;.7 Dchsbnkrgéûks mbstôrbdgs

G vkhtcsgtkrgpbg â u`g tkrgpbg ng @^D quk rk`chtg mç pkfc `khcs 5.111 ghcs (DGC: FB: FB[, 5175: ^GIBF kt gf .,., 517>). C sku usc hc Crbkhtk lcb nkskhvcfvbnc dc` egsk hg gd gdupuhturg. upuhturg. Kfg sskk lu luhng`khtg hng`khtg hg ddrkhég rkhég nk qquk uk g rksbstïhdbg dchtrg nckhégs nckhégs pcnk skr gfdghégng pkfg gpfbdgéäc nk vkhtcsgs k` pchtcs scerk cs `krbnbghcs nk gdupuhturg cu k` hônufcs nk rkgéäc pcsbtbvg (D[HMG, 5177). Kekrs,, k` 7;;1 g.D. k C rkibstrc `gbs ghtbic lcb khdchtrgnc hc pgpbrc kiàpdbc kiàpdbc Kekrs nksdrkvk g tkrgpbg pgrg g rk`céäc nk sueståhdbgs kstrghmgs nc crighbs`c (GEC[TMGHGE: GFTGHGN, 517=). Qcstkrbcr`khtk, g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg lcb bhtrcnuzbng hg Irâdbg pcr Mbpôdrgtks quk dc`pbfcu kxtkhsgs nksdrbéûks ng tâdhbdg, dc` ncbs tbpcs nblkrkhtks nk vkhtcsgs? g prb`kbrg dc` u`g gekrturg kstrkbtg k u`g gfég fchig, utbfbzgng pgrg trgtgr c gdÿùfc prclu prcluhnc hnc nk lfubn lfubncs cs dcrpôrkcs dcrpôrkcs,, k g skiuhng dc` u`g gekrturg gekrturg `gbs fgrig, quk krg utbfbzgnc pgrg trgtgr t rgtgr g prcpgigéäc ng ncr ((DMUBT^CQC[FC[-GFK DMUBT^CQC[FC[-GFKÛG: ÛG: QGQG\UG@BNC[, 511=). Kfk tgèâ` usgvg gècs cs `âtcncs nk vkhtcsg, ‖skdg‐ k ‖`cfmgng‐, dc`c prbhdbpgf trgtg`khtc tr gtg`khtc ngs nkscrnkhs `khstrugbs (D[HMG, 5177).

Igfkhc (747-511 g.D.) tgèâ` krg irghnk gn`brgncr nc `âtcnc. [sgvg g vkhtcsg pgrg c gfàvbc ng ncr: nb`bhubéäc nk bhlfg`géûks: rknuéäc nk knk`g: bhnuéäc nc gpktbtk: rkstgekfkdb`khtc ngs khkribgs k` dgsc nk lrgqukzg nc kstþ`gic: nkfàrbc gpôs pkqukhcs dcrtks: kstghdg`khtc nk mk`crrgibg k pgrg ekhklbdbgr g `khstrugéäc (D[HMG, 5177). G tâdhbdg tgèâ` krg prgtbdgng pcr Qgrgdkfsus (7>24-7;>7) k Gèrcbsk Qgrk (7;12-7;21), gfâ` nk egrekbrcs k gtkhnkhtks nk dgsgs nk eghmc (DMBUGFB, ( DMBUGFB, 517>). Hgs sugs lcr`gs `gbs prb`btbvgs, gs vkhtcsgs krg` utbfbzgngs pkfcs àhnbcs g`krbdghcs quk dcrtgvg` g pgrtk supkrbcr nc dmblrk ncs eÿlgfcs, drbghnc vçduc pcr sudéäc

crgf hg pchtg nc dmblrk, skhnc, k` skiubng, tg`pchgnc. Gssb`, g utbfbzgéäc ng vkhtcsg hc Cdbnkhtk ghtbic krg u` kfk`khtc tkrgpïutbdc durgtbvc `çibdc k nk irghnk vgfcr pghgdâbdc, pkfc dchtgtc àhtb`c dc` dc` c bhtkrbcr nncc ddcrpc crpc gtrgvâs gtrgvâs nc sghiuk, sghiuk, dc` bhnbdgéûks bhnbdgéûks pgrg g durg nk nk vçrbgs nckhé nckhégs gs (D[HMG, 5177). G vkhtcsgtkrgpbg tgèâ` lcb u` trgtg`khtc ùbtc pcpufgr hcs pgàsks çrgeks k bsfå`bdcs, skhnc rkdc`khngng rkdc`khngng pcr `ânbdcs dc`c Beh Tbhg (2=1 g 7149 n.D.), Gf-_gmrgwb (24< g 714< n.D.) k Geu Egjr Gf-Ugzb (=;> — 25; 25; n.D.) (DMUBT^CQC[FC[-GFK (DMUBT^CQC[FC[-GFKÛG: ÛG: QGQG\UG@BNC[, 511=). G prçtbdg ng tkrgpbg sk kspgfmcu pgrg g Btçfbg k, pcstkrbcr`khtk, pgrg c rkstc ng Kurcpg, khtrk cs sâdufcs ]B\ k ]\BB, nurghtk c Ukhgsdb`khtc,, k tgèâ` pkfgs G`ârbdgs Ukhgsdb`khtc

(UC_KHLKFN: JGFBDM@GH, 517). Gfiuhs `âtcncs tkrgpïutbdcs k rkibstrcs nk dgscs tgèâ` lcrg` nksdrbtcs hcs prb`kbrcs fbvrcs dmbhksks. Hc fbvrc Ekh fbvrc Ekh Dgc Ighiu @u Tmb Rb, Rb, ksdrbtc mç `gbs nk 511 ghcs pkfc `ânbdc dmbhïs _mgc ]uk`bhi, oç mgvbg g nksdrbéäc nktgfmgng ncs nblkrkhtks tbpcs nk vkhtcsg, gfâ` ngs sugs luhéûks, gpfbdgéûks gpfbdgéûks k cs tbpcs nk dcpcs g skrk` utbfbzgncs (DGC kt gf .,., 5171). Dc`c g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg sk`prk lcb g`pfg`khtk utbfbzgng hg dufturg dmbhksg, g tâdhbdg lcb mkrngng pkfcs `cnkrhcs prgtbdghtks dmbhksks. Hg nâdgng nk ;1, g sug klbdçdbg dfàhbdg lcb dchlbr`gng pcr u` prcoktc nk pksqubsg dchouhtc khtrk gdupuhturbstgs dmbhksks k russcs, k lcb kstgekfkdbng dc`c u`g prçtbdg tkrgpïutbdg clbdbgf k` mcspbtgbs k` tcng g Dmbhg (DMBUGFB, 517>). Bssc kstbùfcu suestghdbgf`khtk c nkskhvcfvb`khtc nk hcvgs pksqubsgs ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg (DGC kt gf .,., 5171), nk lcr`g quk dgng vkz `gbs kfg kstç ighmghnc pcpufgrbngnk pcpufgrbngnk hgs prçtbdgs nk sgÿnk trgnbdbchgbs, nkvbnc á `kfmcrg b`knbgtg ncs sbhtc`gs k á sb`pfbdbngnk nk gn`bhbstrgr cs trgtg`khtcs (^MG@: FKK: F[, 511.;.5 @kdghbs`cs nk géäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg

Cs `kdghbs`cs quk kxpfbdg` g géäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg hg rknuéäc ng ncr gbhng häc kstäc ek` kfudbngncs (K@KUBDM kt gf .,., 517>: GEC[TMGHGE: GFTGHGN, 517=: GF-EKNGM kt gf ..,, 5172). Qcrâ`, vçrbcs prkssupcstcs k tkcrbgs (JMKBUGHNBTM:

: UC_KHLKFN: JGFBDM@GH, 517) (LBI[UG =). Wughnc kssks prkssupcstcs bhtkrgik` mgr`chbcsg`khtk, prcnuzk` cs klkbtcs ekhâlbdcs ng tkrgpbg (GF-EKNGM kt gf .,., 5172).

Lbiurg = - Ukfgéäc khtrk cs klkbtcs ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k gs tkcrbgs ncs `kdghbs`cs nk géäc. Lchtk? Gngptgnc nk GF-EKNGM kt gf . (5172, p. 24)

Nk gdcrnc dc` g mbpôtksk hkurchgf, g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg pcnk rknuzbr g ncr drþhbdg gc gftkrgr c prcdkssg`khtc ngs sbhgpsks gc hàvkf nc hcdbdkptcr, ng `knufg kspbhmgf k tgèâ` nc khdâlgfc (@[TBGF: @BDMGFTKH: NCECT, 511=: @[TBGF: TQCMH: UCFJK, 5174). Gssb`, g gtbvgéäc nc hcdbdkptcr pkfg tâdhbdg pcnk kstbùfgr gs lbergs nc tbpc Gξ k D: k c sueskqukhtk khvcfvb`khtc ng vbg nk ncr kspbhc -tgfå`bdg-dcrtbdgf

(K@KUBDM kt gf ..,, 517>), quk fkvg á fbekrgéäc nk trghs`bsscrks quà`bdcs, dc`c gs `chcg`bhgs k gs khncrlbhgs, efcqukghnc gs `khsgikhs nk ncr (LGUMGNB kt gf .,., 5112: UC_KHLKFN: JGFBDM@GH, 517.;.> Dfgssblbdgéûks ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg

G ÿftb`g gtugfbzgéäc scerk g dfgssblbdgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg cdcrrku k` 517< k khifceg skbs dgtkicrbgs (GF-EKNGM kt gf . 517

^cncs cs pgdbkhtks lcrg` crbkhtgncs qughtc gcs pcssàvkbs sbhtc`gs cu rkgéûks gnvkrsgs quk pcnkrbg` cdcrrkr dc` g gpfbdgéäc ng GG, dc`c pcr kxk`pfc, sbhgbs lfciàstbdcs, k g khtrgr k` dchtgtc dc` c pksqubsgncr prbhdbpgf dgsc hctgssk` gfiu` nksdchlcrtc.

;.2.5 \khtcsgtkrgpbg gsscdbgng á gdupuhturg gurbdufgr

C trgtg`khtc nk vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gsscdbgng á GG (IK) lcb rkgfbzgnc k` gprcxb`gng`khtk >1 `bhutcs, dc` c pgrtbdbpghtk pcsbdbchgnc k` u`g `gdg, k` nkdÿebtc vkhtrgf k dc` cs ergécs lfkxbchgncs hg gfturg ng dgekég. Qrb`kbrg`khtk gpfbdcusk g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k, nurghtk c tk`pc nk pkr`ghïhdbg ncs dcpcs hg pkfk nc bhnbvànuc, gpfbdcu-sk g GG, nk gdcrnc dc` c prctcdcfc oç nksdrbtc. Qgrg g bhtkrvkhéäc nk vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, cptcu-sk pkfg `cngfbngnk ‖skdg k lbxg‐, pcr skr u` prcdknb`khtc häc bhvgsbvc (UC_KHLKFN: JGFBDM@GH, 517) k 5.4 (hÿ`krc ;) dkhtà`ktrcs d khtà`ktrcs nk nbå`ktrc: (E) Ecèg nk sudéäc `ghugf. Lchtk? Nc gutcr.

Qrb`kbrg`khtk, lcb lkbtg gsskpsbg hc fcdgf ncs gdupchtcs usghnc gficnäc k çfdccf ktàfbdc 91%. Cs dcpcs nk vkhtcsg lcrg` kh khtäc täc gpfbdgncs ebfgtkrgf`khtk ebfgtkrgf`khtk hg rkibäc ncrsgf k lbxgncs pcr 71 `bhutcs (UC_KHLKFN: JGFBDM@GH, 517,; >,; dkhtà`ktrcs nk nbå`ktrc)? Ekxbig 54 (E 54) (LBI[UG 72), fcdgfbzgnc gegbxc nc prcdkssc kspbhmcsc ng 5ª



vârtkerg fcègr, á dkrdg nk ncbs nkncs trghsvkrscs ng fbhmg `ânbg pcstkrbcr. Luhéäc? lcrtgfkdk cs rbhs, c Wb k Wb k c Rghi  ncs ncs rbhs: ekhklbdbg c Obhi c Obhi  (khkribg (khkribg vbtgf): hutrk c Rbh Rbh   ncs rbhs: ekhklbdbg cs csscs k g `knufg: lcrtgfkdk g rkibäc fcègr. Ekxbig 5> (E 5>) (LBI[UG 72), fcdgfbzgnc gegbxc nc prcdkssc kspbhmcsc ng 4ª



vârtkerg fcègr, á dkrdg nk ncbs nkncs trghsvkrscs ng fbhmg `ânbg pcstkrbcr. Luhéäc? ekhklbdbg gs dcstgs (rkibäc bhlk bhlkrbcr) rbcr) k gs pkrhgs. Ekxbig 5; (E5 ;) (LBI[UG 72), fcdgfbzgnc gegbxc nc prcdkssc kspbhmcsc ng >ª



vârtkerg fcègr, á dkrdg nk ncbs nkncs trghsvkrscs ng fbhmg `ânbg pcstkrbcr. Luhéäc? rkiufg cs bhtkstbhcs k kstbùfg c sku lfuxc nc Wb Wb:: lcrtgfkdk g rkibäc fcègr, skhnc ÿtbf

=2

pgrg ncrks k rkstrbéäc nk `cvb`khtc hg rkibäc fcègr k prcefk`gs hcs `kèrcs bhlkrbcrks hc trgoktc nc dghgf nk khkribg.

Lbiurg 72 (G) k (E) —  \khtcsgtkrgpbg \khtcsgtkrgpbg gpfbdgng hg rkibäc fcègr. Lchtk? Nc gutcr. Hctg? E —  Ekxbig. Ekxbig.

Nkstgdg-sk quk cs `krbnbghcs nk E k nk \E säc g ksdcfmg prklkrkhdbgf pgrg c trgtg`khtc nk ncr hgs dcstgs dc` g gdupuhturg: cs gdupchtcs scerk c fcdgf ng ncr (E71, E77, E75, E79, E57, E54, E5> k E5;) `kfmcrg` g dbrdufgéäc ncs tkdbncs fcdgbs, gfbvbg` g nbsluhéäc `bclgsdbgf k prc`cvk` g rkdupkrgéäc tkdbnugf (FB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Gpôs c prcdknb`khtc, cs dcpcs nk vkhtcsg lcrg` fgvgncs dc` çiug k sgeäc, khxgiugncs k` çiug dcrrkhtk k sue`ktbncs á nksbhlkdéäc dc` çfdccf ktàfbdc 91% (HBKFTKH: JFBHIKU: JCFF, 5175). ^cncs cs pgdbkhtks lcrg` crbkhtgncs qughtc gcs pcssàvkbs sbhtc`gs cu rkgéûks gnvkrsgs quk pcnkrbg` cdcrrkr dc` g gpfbdgéäc ng GG k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, dc`c pcr kxk`pfc, sbhgbs lfciàstbdcs, k g khtrgr k` dchtgtc dc` c pksqubsgncr prbhdbpgf dgsc hctgssk` gfiu` nksdchlcrtc.

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;.71 \GUBÇ\KBT K LKUUG@KH^GT NK @KHT[UGÉÄC

Gs vgrbçvkbs bhvkstbigngs nkdcrrkrg` ngs rkdc`khngéûks nc ‖ Bhbtbgtbvk ch @ktmcns, @kgsurk`kht ghn Qgbh Gsskss`kht bh Dfbhbdgf ^rbgfs ^rbgfs   (B@@QGD^)‐ pgrg cs khsgbcs dfàhbdcs scerk klktbvbngnk k klbdçdbg nc trgtg`khtc pgrg g ncr drþhbdg (NYCUJBH kt gf .,., 511;) k ng rkvbsäc sbstk`çtbdg ng fbtkrgturg (@C[UG kt gf .,., 5172g: @C[UG kt gf ..,, 517=g).

;.71.7 Nkslkdmcs

;.71.7.7 Nkslkdmc prb`çrbc

G skvkrbngnk ng ncr, vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc nc Erbkl Erbkl Qgbh Bhvkhtcry (EQB) (GHK]C E), dchmkdbnc hc Ergsbf dc`c Bhvkhtçrbc Erkvk nk Ncr, lcb dchsbnkrgng dc`c g vgrbçvkf nk nkslkdmc prb`çrbc nkstk kstunc. C EQB â u`g ngs lkrrg`khtgs ùftbnb`khsbchgbs `gbs utbfbzgngs pgrg g gvgfbgéäc ng ncr (NG[^: DFKKFGHN: LFGHKUR, 72=4). Qcssub u` nbgirg`g pgrg g pksscg `grdgr c fcdgf ng ncr, gfâ` nk ksdgfgs hu`ârbdgs irgnugngs nk zkrc (sk` ncr) g 71 (pbcr ncr b`gibhgng), quk säc utbfbzgngs pgrg `knbr g bhtkhsbngnk ng ncr (`gbs lcrtk, `gbs lrgdg k `ânbg hgs ÿftb`gs 5> mcrgs k hc `c`khtc ng gvgfbgéäc). G skvkrbngnk ng ncr pcnkr skr cetbng pkfg `ânbg nkssks qugtrc btkhs (DFKKFGHN, 5112). ^gf bhstru`khtc lcb trgnuzbnc k gngptgnc pgrg g dufturg ergsbfkbrg k pcssub gnkqugngs dgrgdtkràstbdgs psbdc`âtrbdgs (LKUUKBUG kt gf .,., 5177e). Hg prkskhtk g`cstrg, c gflg nk Drchegdm pgrg kssks qugtrc àtkhs lcb nk 1,=41, c quk dchlkrk u`g gftg dchsbstkhdbg bhtkrhg nc bhstru`khtc (^G\GJCF: NKHHBDJ, 5177). Qgrg lgdbfbtgr g dc`prkkhsäc ncs pgrtbdbpghtks ng pksqubsg gdkrdg ng skvkrbngnk ng ncr, lcb gprkskhtgng g kfks u`g râiug dc` irgnugéäc hu`ârbdg k lgdks (TGFGLLB: DBGQK^^B: DGUC^^B, 5175) hc `c`khtc ngs gvgfbgéûks. Ukssgftg-sk quk, g ksdgfg hu`ârbdg, quk oç lcb trgnuzbng k gngptgng dufturgf`khtk pgrg g pcpufgéäc ergsbfkbrg (DCT^G kt gf , 511=), â dchsbnkrgng c bhstru`khtc pgnräc hcs kstunc scerk ncr drþhbdg.

27

G vgrbçvkf fcdgf nk ncr (dkrvbdgf / tcrçdbdg / fcègr) lcb prcdkssgng dc`c vgrbçvkf dgtkiôrbdg: k g bhtkhsbngnk k g skvkrbngnk ng ncr lcrg` prcdkssgngs dc`c vgrbçvkbs dchtàhug, pcr `kbc ng `ânbg cetbng hg ksdgfg hu`ârbdg nk 77 pchtcs k ng `ânbg ncs qugtrc btkhs quk bhvkstbig` g bhtkhsbngnk ng ncr (`gbs lcrtk, l crtk, `gbs lrgdg k `ânbg hgs ÿftb`gs 5> mcrgs k hc `c`khtc ng gvgfbgéäc), rkspkdtbvg`k rkspkdtbvg`khtk. htk. C ksdcrk ngs ksdgfgs hu`ârbdgs pcnk` skr bhtkrprktgngs ng skiuhng lcr`g? u`g rknuéäc nk 71-51% hg bhtkhsbngnk bht khsbngnk ng ncr â dfgssblbdgnc dc`c "`bhb`g`khtk b`pcrtghtk," ≫41% dc`c "`cnkrgng`khtk b`pcrtghtk‐, k ≫ ;1% dc`c ùnghég "suestghdbgf" "suestghdbgf" ng fb fbhmg hmg

nk egsk, hu`g ksdgfg hu`ârbdg 1-71 (NYCUJBH, 511=). K, k` khsgbcs dfàhbdcs tkrgpïutbdcs pgrg kstg dchnbéäc, g `gihbtunk ng rknuéäc ng ncr nkvk gtbhibr c hàvkf nk, pkfc `khcs, ncbs pchtcs pchtcs (LGUUGU  kt kt gf .,., 5117). Gfiuhs gutcrks (CT^KFC kt gf .,., 511=) tgèâ` dchsbnkrg` quk u`g nblkrkhég `àhb`g`khtk b`pcrtghtk pcnk skr nk 7,; pchtcs. Lcb cetbng gutcrbzgéäc lcr`gf ncs gutcrks nc bhstru`khtc pgrg g utbfbzgéäc hkstk kstunc (GQÏHNBDK K).

;.71.7.5 Nkslkdmcs skiuhnçrbcs

Lcrg` dchsbnkrgngs vgrbçvkbs nk nkslkdmc skiuhnçrbc ng prkskhtk bhvkstbigéäc? bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs, gfàvbc prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks, bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg, qugfbngnk nk vbng k fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc lrkhtk gc kstàùfc `kdåhbdc.

;.71.7.5.7 Bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs

G bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs lcb vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc EQB (GHK]C E) (NG[^: DFKKFGHN: LFGHKUR, 72=4). ^gf bhstru`khtc â u` ncs prbhdbpgbs rkdc`khngnc pkfc B@@QGD^ pgrg gvgfbgéäc ng luhdbchgfbngnk làsbdg (NYCUJBH, 511=). Qcssub ksdgfgs hu`ârbdgs irgnugngs irgnugngs nk zkrc (sk` bhtkrlkrïhdbg) g 71 (bhtkrlkrïhdbg dc`pfktg), quk säc utbfbzgngs pgrg `knbr g bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks k` ikrgf,

25

dgpgdbngnk nk fcdc`céäc k trgegfmc (quk gvgfbg` g luhdbchgfbngnk làsbdg): mu`cr, rkfgdbchg`khtc dc` cutrgs pksscgs k prgzkr nk vbvkr (quk gvgfbg` g luhdbchgfbngnk k`cdbchgf) k c schc. G `ânbg nkssks sktk btkhs rkprkskhtg g bhtkrlkrïhdbg ikrgf ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs (DFKKFGHN, 5112). Hg prkskhtk g`cstrg, c gflg nk Drchegdm pgrg kssks sktk àtkhs lcb nk 1,=1>, bhnbdghnc u`g gftg dchlbgebfbngnk nc bhstru`khtc (^G\GJCF: NKHHBDJ, 5177). Dgng àtk` ng ksdgfg k g bhtkrlkrïhdbg ikrgf ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs lcrg` prcdkssgngss dc`c vgrbçvkbs ddchtàhugs. prcdkssgng chtàhugs.

;.71.7.5.5 Gfàvbc ng ncr prcpcr prcpcrdbchgnc dbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks

C gfàvbc ng ncr prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhé bhtkrvkhéûks ûks lcb vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc EQB (GHK]C E) (NG[^: DFKKFGHN: LFGHKUR, 72=4), quk bhdfub u`g qukstäc scerk usc nk `knbdg`khtcs cu nk `âtcncs häc lgr`gdcfôibdcs. Kstg qukstäc â gprkskhtgng k` u`g ksdgfg nk zkrc (hkhmu` gfàvbc ng ncr) g 711% (gfàvbc dc`pfktc ng ncr) (DFKKFGHN, 5112). Lcb prcdkssgng dc`c vgràgvkf dchtàhug.

;.71.7.5.4 Bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg

G bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg lcb vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc Ucfghn  —  @crrbs Nbsgebfbty Wukstbchhgbrk,, dchmkdbnc hc Ergsbf dc`c Wukstbchçrbc nk Bhdgpgdbngnk nk Ucfghn Wukstbchhgbrk @crrbs (WBU@) pgrg ncr k` ikrgf (TGUNÇ OßHBCU kt gf .,., 5171) (GHK]C D), quk lcb nkskhvcfvbnc pgrg `knbr g bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg, k` lcr`g nk gutcrrkfgtc, pgrg pgdbkhtks dc` ncr. Qcssub 5> btkhs dc` pchtugéûks nk zkrc cu u` (sb` cu häc) k c tctgf t ctgf quk vgrbg nk zkrc (hkhmu`g bhdgpgdbngnk) g 5> pchtcs (bhdgpgdbngnk irgvk) (UCFGHN: @CUUBT, 72=4). Dchsbnkrg-sk quk u`g `kfmcrg dfàhbdg â cetbng sk g ncr hgs dcstgs â dfgssblbdgng dc`c `kfmcr k g pchtugéäc nc WBU@ â rknuzbnc k` 41% ng fbhmg nk egsk (OCUNGH kt

24

gf ..,, 511 Wugfbngnk nk vbng

G qugfbngnk nk vbng lcb vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc Ycrfn Mkgftm Crighbzgtbch Wugfbty cl Fblk-Erkl (YMCWCF-Erkl) (YMCWCF-Erkl) cu gerkvbgnc (GHK]C N), quk â g vkrsäc gerkvbgng nc YMCWCF-711, nkskhvcfvbng pkfc Irupc nk Wugfbngnk nk \bng ng C@T (LFKDJ, 5111). Â u` ncs bhstru`khtcs nk dg`pc `gbs bhlfukhtks utbfbzgnc pgrg gvgfbgr g qugfbngnk nk vbng, gfâ` ng sgÿnk làsbdg k `khtgf nc bhnbvànuc (YMCWCF ircup, 722;). Dchstg nk 5< qukstûks, skhnc nugs qukstûks ikrgbs nk qugfbngnk nk vbng (pkrdkpéäc ng qugfbngnk nk vbng k sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk) k gs nk`gbs (5> qukstûks) rkprkskhtg` dgng u`g ngs 5> lgdktgs, nbvbnbngs k` qugtrc nc`àhbcs (làsbdc, scdbgf, psbdcfôibdc k `kbc gèbkhtk) quk gvgfbg` gspkdtcs kspkdàlbdcs ng vbng ng pksscg, dchlcr`k nksdrbtc gegbxc (LFKDJ kt gf .,., 5111)? Làsbdc? ncr k nksdchlcrtc, khkribg k lgnbig, schc k rkpcusc, `cebfbngnk, gtbvbngnk



nk vbng dctbnbghg, nkpkhnïhdbg nk `knbdgéäc cu nk trgtg`khtc k dgpgdbngnk nk trgegfmc: Qsbdcfôibdc? skhtb`khtcs pcsbtbvcs, pkhsgr, gprkhnkr, `k`ôrbg k dchdkhtrgéäc,



gutckstb`g, b`gik` dcrpcrgf k gpgrïhdbg, skhtb`khtcs hkigtbvcs k kspbrbtugfbngnk/rkfbibäc/drkhégs kspbrbtugfbngnk/rkfbibäc /drkhégs pksscgbs: pksscgbs, supcrtk (gpcbc) scdbgf k gtbvbngnk skxugf: Ukfgéûks scdbgbs? rkfgéûks pksscgbs,



@kbc gèbkhtk? skiurghég làsbdg k prctkéäc, gèbkhtk hc fgr, rkdurscs lbhghdkbrcs,



dubngncs nk sgÿnk k scdbgbs (nbspchbebfbngnk k qugfbngnk), cpcrtuhbngnk nk

2>

gnqubrbr hcvgs bhlcr`géûks k mgebfbngnks, pgrtbdbpgéäc k cpcrtuhbngnks nk rkdrkgéäc/fgzkr, rkdrkgéäc/fgzk r, gèbkhtk làsbdc (pcfubéäc, ruànc, tr tråhsbtc, åhsbtc, dfb`g) k trghspcrtk. Gssb`, dgng gspkdtc ng vbng (nc`àhbc) â gvgfbgnc gpkhgs pcr u`g qukstäc k c bhstru`khtc dchsbnkrg gs nugs ÿftb`gs sk`ghgs vbvbngs pkfcs rkspchnkhtks. Dgng qukstäc pcssub u` ksdcrk nk u` g dbhdc, k` ksdgfg tbpc fbjkrt , quk säc trghslcr`gngs k` u`g ksdgfg fbhkgr nk zkrc (qugfbngnk nk vbng `khcs lgvcrçvkf) g 711 pchtcs (qugfbngnk nk vbng `gbs lgvcrçvkf) (GHK]C K) (DU[_ kt gf .,., 5177: LFKDJ kt gf .,., 5111). C YMCWCF- Erkl Erkl   lcb trgnuzbnc k vgfbngnc pgrg g vkrsäc ergsbfkbrg k pcssub gnkqugngs prcprbkngnks psbdc`âtrbdgs (LFKDJ kt gf .,., 5111). Hg prkskhtk g`cstrg, c gflg nk Drchegdm pgrg kssg ksdgfg â nk 1,92). C `âtcnc `khsurg g rkspchsbvbngnk ncs hcdbdkptcrks pkrblârbdcs, pcr `kbc ng prkssäc gpfbdgng g supkrlàdbks k` quk kfks sk khdchtrg`: kstg prkssäc kstç nbrktg`khtk rkfgdbchgng dc` g lcrég gpfbdgng (pksc) k bhnbrktg`khtk rkfgdbchgng dc` g çrkg kstbùfgng kfkvgng gc qugnrgnc. Gssb`, cs rksuftgncs säc kxprksscs k` Jbfcpgsdgf cu Jbfcirg`g/d`5 (QBC\KTGH kt gf .,., 5117). C gfiþ`ktrc nk prkssäc â u` nbspcsbtbvc `kdåhbdc lcr`gnc egsbdg`khtk pcr u` pbstäc quk rkibstrg, pcr `kbc nk u` `grdgncr kfktrþhbdc, g prkssäc gpfbdgng scerk g

2;

supkrlàdbk ng pkfk. C gpgrkfmc â dchstbtuànc ksskhdbgf`khtk nk qugtrc kstruturgs? 7Tupkrlàdbk nk kstbùfgéäc: 5- Qgbhkf nk dchtrcfk kfktrþhbdc: 4 —  Dcrpc Dcrpc nc gpgrkfmc: >Dgec nk bhtkrrupéäc. Hg supkrlàdbk nk kstbùfgéäc, khdchtrg`-sk trïs pchtgs prceks nk kstbùfgéäc quk gprkskhtg` nbå`ktrcs nk 1,;, 7 k 5 d` (QBC\KTGH kt gf .,., 5117). Qgrg c prkskhtk kstunc, lcb utbfbzgng g pchtg nk 5 d` nk nbå`ktrc (LBI[UG 51).

Lbiurg 51 —  Gfiþ`ktrc Gfiþ`ktrc nbibtgf. Lchtk? Nc gutcr.

C fb`bgr nk ncr á prkssäc (FNQ), `knbnc pcr `kbc ng gfic`ktrbg, â nklbhbnc dc`c g qughtbngnk `àhb`g nk prkssäc quk bhnuz g ncr cu g skhsbebfbngnk (LBTDMKU, 72=9). Qgrg g gvgfbgéäc nc FNQ, c pgrtbdbpghtk nc kstunc lcb pcsbdbchgnc k` u`g `gdg, k` nkdÿebtc vkhtrgf, dc` cs ergécs kstkhnbncs gc fchic nc dcrpc. Lcb rkgfbzgnc u` kstàùfc dchstghtk k prcirkssbvc k` pchtcs kspkdàlbdcs, pcr u` `ks`c kxg`bhgncr, k` tcngs gs lgsks nc kstunc. C pgrtbdbpghtk lcb crbkhtgnc g prkssbchgr c dgec nk bhtkrrupéäc á `knbng quk skhtbu quk c kstàùfc `kdåhbdc (prkssäc) trghslcr`cu k` kstàùfc ncfcrcsc: khtäc, c vgfcr `grdgnc hc gpgrkfmc, rklkrbnc dc`c g fgtïhdbg nc fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc, lcb rkibstrgnc (LBI[UG 57) (GQÏHNBDK M) (FCQKT, 5175: H[TTEG[@: NCHKT, 722=).

2<

Lbiurg 57 —  Qcsbéäc Qcsbéäc utbfbzgng pgrg g gvgfbgéäc nc fb`bgr hcdbdkptbvc. Lchtk? Nc gutcr.

G gvgfbgéäc nc FNQ skiubu g u`g pgnrchbzgéäc pcr çrkgs, k` 7> pchtcs, g sgekr (@C[UG kt gf .,., 5179e)? g) Ukibäc dkrvbdgf? - Bhskréûks ncs `ÿsdufcs suecddbpbtgbs: - @ÿsdufcs trgpâzbcs nksdkhnkhtks gc hàvkf ng ;ª k ª k ;ª vârtkergs fcègrks: - @ÿsdufcs ifÿtkcs, hg k`bhïhdbg nc hkrvc dbçtbdc. Dgng pchtc lcb gvgfbgnc k` trbpfbdgtg (FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5174) k g `ânbg ncs pchtcs nk dgng rkibäc lcb utbfbzgnc utb fbzgnc pgrg g ghçfbsk. C FNQ lcb prcdkssgnc dc`c vgrbçvkf dchtàhug.

;.71.5 Dcvgrbçvkbs

Lcrg` dchsbnkrgngs dcvgrbçvkbs nc prkskhtk kstunc? vgrbçvkbs nk dgrgdtkrbzgéäc scdbcnk`cirçlbdgs k dfàhbdgs: sgtbslgéäc k hkdkssbngnk ng bhtkrvkhéäc: scdbcnk`cirçlbdgs b htkrvkhéäc: pkrdkpéäc ifcegf

29

nk `kfmcrg k` rkfgéäc gc trgtg`khtc gpfbdgnc: lrkquïhdbg nk dchsu`c nk `knbdgéäc pgrg gfàvbc ng ncr k ng utbfbzgéäc nc skrvbéc nk sgÿnk nkvbnc á ncr: k sbhtc`gs k rkgéûks gnvkrsgs nkdcrrkhtks ng GG k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg.

;.71.5.7 Dgrgdtkrbzgéäc scdbcnk`cirçlbdg k dfàhbdg

Qgrg g dgrgdtkrbzgéäc ncs pgrtbdbpghtks nc kstunc qughtc gc pkrlbf scdbcnk`cirçlbdc k dfàhbdc lcb utbfbzgnc c bhstru`khtc nk dgrgdtkrbzgéäc nc pgrtbdbpghtk (GQÏHNBDK B). Kstk lcb gngptgnc nk u` kstunc prâvbc (@C[UG, 517).

c scltwgrk TQTT TQTT pcssbebfbtg g G ksdcfmg nc kstb`gncr ng `gtrbz nk dcvgrbåhdbg? c scltwgrk



ksdcfmg nk ncbs kstb`gncrks, c egskgnc hc `cnkfc k c rceustc (quk â c nklguft  nc nc scltwgrk). scltwgrk ). G ksdcfmg ng kstruturg ng `gtrbz nk dcvgrbåhdbg nk trgegfmc? rkprkskhtg g



nkpkhnïhdbg bhtrgbhnbvbnugf. [`g `kfmcr kstruturg nkvk skr prcdurgng, usghnc dc`c drbtârbc c `khcr Wugsb Fbjkfbmccn [hnkr Bhnkpkhnkhdk @cnkf Drbtkrbch (WBD). Hc prkskhtk kstunc, gs vgrbçvkbs lcrg` trgtgngs dc`c nbstrbeubéäc Ig``g k luhéäc nk fbigéäc fcigràt`bdg. Gfâ` nbssc, lcb gvgfbgng qugf g `kfmcr kstruturg quk punkssk rkprkskhtgr g `gtrbz nk vgrbåh vgrbåhdbg dbg k ddcvgrbåhdbg cvgrbåhdbg khtrk khtrk gs pcssàvkbs pcssàvkbs b`pfk`khtgngs b`pfk`khtgngs scltwgrk (bhnkpkhnkhtk, hc scltwgrk (bhnkpkhnkhtk, GU(7), bhtkrdgèbçvkf k häc kstruturgng), skhnc g skfkéäc rkgfbzgng pkfc `cnkfc dc` c `khcr WBD k `kfmcr goustk. Qgrg klkbtcs sbihblbdgtbvcs g ;%, lcb utbfbzgnc c tkstk pcst-mcd t prctkibnc pcr Echlkrrchb pgrg g dc`pgrgéäc dc`pgrgéäc ngs `ânbgs, k c Cnns Ugtbc pgrg Ugtbc pgrg gs vgrbçvkbs dgtkiôrbdgs. Gbhng, lcrg` drbgncs irçlbdcs dc` guxàfbc nc scltwgrk IrgpmQgn Qrbs` ;.17, utbfbzghnc-sk ngncs nk `ânbg k krrc pgnräc ngs vgrbçvkbs dchtàhugs nk nkslkdmc prb`çrbc k skduhnçrbcs.

71>

;.7> DCHTBNKUGÉÛKT Â^BDGT

Qgrg igrghtbr cs nbrkbtcs ncs pgrtbdbpghtks k lgzkr du`prbr cs gspkdtcs dchtbncs hg Ukscfuéäc >9,=9·74,7= >=,51·77, =,>=·>,4; 1,>;77 7,;1 5>,91 Dgsgnc/uhbäc kstçvkf 1 =95 9,>1 75,>1 Qgtcfcibgs nbgihcstbdgngs pcr kxg`ks nk b`gik`> 1,11 ,91 >9,51 Kspcrgnbdg`khtk ;5,11 >>,=1 [`g cu `gbs vkzks pcr sk`ghg 4,51 9,=1 Häc utbfbzg kssk tbpc nk 74,=1 7>,1 > mcrgs: c hÿ`krc quk `kfmcr rkprkskhtg g sug ncr, k` `ânbg: k g bhtkhsbngnk ng ncr hc `c`khtc nk dgng gvgfbgéäc), ceskrvg-sk quk mcuvk rknuéäc kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg hcs ID (5,7< pchtcs) k IK (5,22 pchtcs) khtrk gs gvgfbgéûks bhbdbgf k lbhgf: dchtunc, kstg lcb `gbs kxprkssbvg hc IK, quk lcb kstgtbstbdg`khtk nblkrkhtk nc ID hc `c`khtc lbhgf. Cu skog, hkstk `c`khtc g skvkrbngnk ng ncr lcb, k` `ânbg, 1,= pchtcs `khcr hc IK k` rkfgéäc gc ID, pcnkhnc kstg nblkrkhég dmkigr gtâ 7,>> pchtcs hg ksdgfg nk ncr (^GEKFG >). ^gèâ` mcuvk rknuéäc kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg k` gècs cs irupcs khtrk gs gvgfbgéûks bhbdbgf k lcffcw up (7,;< k 7,29 pchtcs hcs ID k IK, rkspkdtbvg`khtk). up, mcuvk gu`khtc Ukssgftg-sk, gbhng, quk khtrk gs gvgfbgéûks lbhgf k lcffcw up, kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvc ng skvkrbngnk ng ncr pgrg c IK (7,15 pchtc). Hc ID, häc mcuvk nblkrkhég khtrk kssgs gvgfbgéûks, c quk nkhctg quk kstg vgrbçvkf pkr`ghkdku dchstghtk khtrk kssks tk`pcs, nc pchtc nk vbstg ng sbihblbdåhdbg kstgtàstbdg (^GEKFG >). ^gekfg >- Ghçfbsk ng skvkrbngnk ng ncr, vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. 5172. (h07=4) Bhbdbgf

Lbhgf

Lcffcw up

` (np)

` (np)

` (np)

ID (GG)

;,=)

5,97 (7,95)

4,94 (5,>5)

Tkvkrbngnk ng ncr

Bhbdbgflbhgf

\gfcr p BD 2;%† Lbhgflcffcw up

Bhbdbgflcffcw up

61,17* 7,;2: 5,97 61,17* 5,44: 4, -7,>4: 1,5> 1,17* -1,7=:-7,=;

61,17* 1,=7: 5,41 61,17* 7,41: 5,2: 1,>5 1,7;: 7,>> -1,>;% `gbcr k` rkfgéäc gc ID (^GEKFG ( ^GEKFG ;).

771

^gekfg ; - Ghçfbsk nc gfàvbc ng ncr, vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. (h07=4) (h07=4) Gfàvbc ng ncr ID (GG)

Bhbdbgf

Lbhgf

Lcffcw up

` (np)

` (np)

` (np)

1,11 (1,11)

9=,>< (54,71)

9=,71 (54,24)

\gfcr p BD 2;%† Lbhgf —  Lcffcw Lcffcw up 1,25< -;,=1: ,7;: >,;: -1,>4 -77,1=: 1,77‡ Hctg? ID? irupc dchtrcfk: IK? IK? irupc kxpkrb`khtgf GG? Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr: GG + \? Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k vkhtcsgtkrgpbg. `? `ânbg: np? nksvbc pgnräc † Bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég pgrg g nblkrkhég nk `ânbgs k` 2;% *p 6 1,1; nk gdcrnc dc` c `cnkfc nk Kqugéûks nk Kstb`géûks Ikhkrgfbzgngs. ‡ Nblkrkhég nk `ânbgs? DI (GG) —  IK IK (GG+\)

G rkprkskhtgéäc irçlbdg nc gfàvbc ng ncr prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks â gprkskhtgng hc irçlbdc 5. Irçlbdc 5 —  Gfàvbc Gfàvbc ng ncr, vkrblbdgnc pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssc k` `ânbg k krrc pgnräc, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. (h07=4)

Hctg? GG? Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr: gurbdufgr: GG + \? Gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k vkhtcsgtkrgpbg. *Nblkrkhég kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg khtrk cs irupcs (p61,1;) nk gdcrnc dc` c `cnkfc nk Kqugéûks nk Kstb`géûks Ikhkrgfbzgngs.

777

.7.4 Qrkskhég nk ncr (nkslkdmc skduhnçrbc)

G prkskhég nk ncr hgs rkibûks dkrvbdgf, tcrçdbdg k fcègr, bhvkstbigng pcr `kbc nc EQB, hcs trïs tk`pcs nk gvgfbgéäc, â gprkskhtgng hg tgekfg ;% k >>% nk dmghdks g `khcs nk gprkskhtgr ncr hg rkibäc tcrçdbdg k` dc`pgrgéäc gc ID, nk gdcrnc dc` c `cnkfc nk Kqugéûks nk Kstb`géûks Ikhkrgfbzgngs. Qgrg gs nk`gbs rkibûks, häc mcuvk nblkrkhég kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg. ^gekfg < - Ghçfbsk ng prkskhég nk ncr hgs rkibûks dkrvbdgf, tcrçdbdg k fcègr, vkrblbdgng pkfc EQB, kxprkssg kxprkssg k` pcrdk pcrdkhtgik`, htgik`, Ekfc Mcrbzch Mcrbzchtk, tk, 5172. (h07 (h07=4) =4) Bhbdbgf Lbhgf Lcffcw up h (%) h (%) h (%) ID (GG) ;1 (;4,5) ; (;,4) < () IK (GG+\) ;1 (;2>: 4,;22 BD 2;% Cnns Ugtbc 7,11 7,44 ID (GG) ;4 (;) 57 (55,4) 5; (52,>) IK (GG+\) BD 2;% Cnns Ugtbc 1,;; 1,;< ID (GG) 92 (=>,1) 44 (4;,7) 4> (>1,1) IK (GG+\) 99 (=9,>) Ncr hg rkibäc \gfcr p 1,;1> 1,;;4 fcègr 1,;=1: 7,419 1,997, rkspkdtbvg`khtk, hcs ID k IK). Nkstgdg-sk, dchtunc, quk cs irupcs häc nblkrkhdbgrg` khtrk sb (^GEKFG 9) ^gekfg 9 - Ghçfbsk ng bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs, vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc EQB, kxprkssg k` `ânbg, krrc pgnräc k bhtkrvgfc nk dchlbghég á 2;%, Ekfc Mcrbzchtk, 5172. (h07=4) Bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr ID (GG)

Bhbdbgf

Lbhgf

Lcffcw up

` (np)

` (np)

` (np)

;,7> (5,>9)

4,45 (5,4>)

4,9 -1,52: 5,25 1,17;* 1,79: 5,7<

7,111 -5,92: 7,42 7,111 -7,4>: 7,5=

1,94> -1, (4,12) 7 pchtcs k` gècs cs irupcs) k bhbdbgf k lcffcw k lcffcw up (1,52 up (1,52 k 1,49 pchtcs, rkspkdtbvg`khtk). Khtrk cs up, gècs cs irupcs pkr`ghkdkrg` dchstghtk k` rkfgéäc á kstg `c`khtcs lbhgf k lcffcw k lcffcw up, vgrbçvkf, u`g vkz quk häc mcuvk nblkrkhég kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg khtrk kssgs gvgfbgéûks. Gbhng, cs irupcs häc nblkrkhdbgrg` khtrk sb k` dgng tk`pc nk gvgfbgéäc (^GEKFG 7 (7,1;)

5,21 (7,71)

1,594 -1,75: 1,>;‡

1,>15 -1,51: 1,;7‡

1,9 -1,54‡

Bhbdbgf Lbhgf

\gfcr p BD 2;%† Lbhgf —   Lcffcw up

Bhbdbgf —   Lcffcw up

61,17* -1,;=: -1,54 61,17* -1,;9: -1,5<

1,5>; -1,1>: 1,5= 7,111 -1,77: 1,51

61,17* -1,>,; (91)

9;,4 (; pchtcs, sk`khtks k 7,55 hc irupc smg` rkspkdtbvg`khtk, k` u` `ïs nk lcffcw up: up: gpksgr nkssks rksuftgncs häc skrk` kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvcs, skiubrg` hg nbrkéäc kspkrgng (RKM kt gf .,., 517>d), nk lcr`g quk, pcnk-sk bhlkrbr, quk gs pksscgs sk skhtbrg` `gbs skiurgs pgrg rkgfbzgr gs sugs gtbvbngnks. G vkhtcsgtkrgpbg tgèâ` pcnk trgzkr rksuftgncs pcsbtbvcs k` rkfgéäc gc trgegfmc, u`g vkz quk dchtrbeub pgrg g rknuéäc nc hàvkf nk ncr, k dchskqukhtk`khtk, ng bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg (K@KUBDM kt gf .,., 517>: GF-EKNGM kt gf .,., 517;), nk lcr`g g pcssbebfbtgr quk c bhnbvànuc rktcrhk ás sugs gtbvbngn gtbvbngnks. ks. Dchtun Dchtunc, c, gtâ c prkskhtk `c`khtc, häc lcrg` bnkhtblbdgncs kstuncs dfàhbdcs quk gvgfbgssk` c b`pgdtc nbrktc ng vkhtcsg scerk g gtbvbngnk fgecrgf, quk â skduhnçrbc gc gfàvbc ng ncr, nk`chstrghnc, `gbs u`g vkz, gs bhcvgéûks hc prkskhtk kstunc. Ng `ks`g lcr`g, mcuvk `kfmcrg hg vgrbçvkf rkfgdbchg`khtc dc` cutrgs pksscgs hc irupc quk rkdkeku gs bhtkrvkhéûks gsscdbgngs. Tgek-sk quk g ncr, qughnc bhtkhsg k bhdgpgdbtghtk, pcnk dgusgr bscfg`khtc scdbgf k dc`prc`ktkr gs rkfgéûks bhtkrpksscgbs (FGDKUNG kt gf .,., 511;). G Dfgssblbdgéäc ncs Uksuftgncs nk Khlkr`gik` gprkskhtg, pgrg c rksuftgnc ”Ncr —   rkspcstg psbdcfôibdg gnvkrsg (741). ^gbs rksuftgncs nk`chstrg` quk nblkrkhtks nbspcsbtbvcs nk kstbùfgéäc nc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr pcnk` skr ekhâlbdcs, ddc` c` nkstgquk pgrg g kfktrcks kfktrckstbùfgéäc, tbùfgéäc, quk pgrkdk pctkhdbgfbzgr pctkhdbgfbzgr cs klkbtcs.

Bhvkstbigéûkss rkpcrtghnc cs klkbtcs ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg hgs gftkrgéûks nk mu`cr k` Bhvkstbigéûk

pksscgs dc` nncr cr drþhbd drþhbdgg hgs dcstgs säc `gbs `gbs rkstrbtgs (@C[UG kt gf .,., 517=g). [` kstunc gpchtcu quk `knbngs nk sclrb`khtc psàqubdc (dc`c ghsbkngnk k nkprkssäc) häc `cstrgrg` nblkrkhégs sbihblbdgtbvgs khtrk cs irupcs quk lcrg` trgtgncs dc` duppbhi `gssgik cu `gssgik cu rkfgxg`khtc ùsdufgr prcirkssbvc k` pksscgs dc` ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg: `gs c ek`-kstgr lcb `kfmcr hc irupc quk rkdkeku g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg (FG[DM kt gf .,., 5174). Cutrc kstunc rkgfbzgnc dc` trgegfmgncrks nk vbnkc nbspfgy tkr`bhgf dc` ncr dkrvbdgf khdchtrcu quk g `ânbg nc ksdcrk nc @kgsurk nc @kgsurk Rcurskfl @knbdgf Cutdc`k Qrclbfk 5 Tdcrk Tdcrk quk gvgfbg, nkhtrk cutrcs gspkdtcs, cs sbhtc`gs psbdcfôibdcs quk dgusg` nksdchlcrtc, nb`bhubu sbihblbdgtbvg`khtk hc irupc quk rkdkeku g vkhtcsgtkrpbg k` dc`pgrgéäc dc` c irupc quk rkdkeku gf`clgngs gqukdbngs dc` çiug qukhtk gpfbdgngs hc pksdcéc k hc `ÿsdufc trgpâzbc (JB@ kt gf .,., 5175). ^gbs rksuftgncs suikrk` quk, gpksgr ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgp bg skr `gbs utbfbzgng pgrg c trgtg`khtc nk dchnbéûks ncfcrcsgs, tgèâ` pcnk skr ÿtbf pgrg dchnbéûks k`cdbchgbs k psbdcfôibdgs. C schc â cutrg dchnbéäc quk pcnk skr dc`prc`ktbng pkfg prkskhég ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs (@C[UG kt gf .,., 5179g: TEKN, TEKN, 517>). K, hc prkskhtk kkstunc, stunc, mcuvk rknuéäc rknuéäc kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg ng bhtkrlkrïhdbg ng ncr scerk kfk hc irupc quk rkdkeku g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k` gsscdbgéäc dc` g GG. Gtugf`khtk, kvbnïhdbgs dc`prcvg` cs klkbtcs ng GG scerk c schc k` pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg. Gc gvgfbgr g klbdçdbg k g skiurghég ng gurbdufcprkssäc k` pgdbkhtks dc` rgqubgfibg drþhbdg, pksqubsgncrks khdchtrgrg` quk 7;,=% ncs pgrtbdbpghtks rkfgtgrg` bhsþhbg cu hkdkssbngnk nk skngtbvcs: k, gpôs g rkgfbzgéäc ng bhtkrvkhéäc, gs mcrgs nk schc gu`khtgrg` k` 95,7% hkssks bhnbvànucs (\GT kt gf .,., 517>). Gbhng, g gsscdbgéäc ng kstbùfgéäc kfâtrbdg hg GG pcnk pctkhdbgfbzgr g qugfbngnk nc schc, k` rkfgéäc á GG dc` kstàùfc `ghugf (TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMF (TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU GIKU kt gf .,511>). .,511>). [` kstunc rkgfbzgnc dc` pgdbkhtks dc` lberc`bgfibg häc khdchtrcu nblkrkhég sbihblbdgtbvg khtrk g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k cs dubngncs mgebtugbs pgrg g qugfbngnk nc schc (FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5171

sbihblbdgtbvg hkstg vgrbçvkf, k g gftkrgéäc cetbng hc ID häc lcb sbihblbdgtbvg: cu skog, g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgp bg dchtrbeubu pgrg `kfmcrgr g qugfbngnk nc schc. Nk lgtc, pksqubsgncrks quk bhvkstbigrg` bhtkrvkhéûks lgr`gdcfôibdgs k häc lgr`gdcfôibdgs pgrg c trgtg`khtc nk bhsþhbg khdchtrgrg` quk, k` dc`pgrgéäc dc` c irupc dchtrcfk nk fbstg nk kspkrg, cs irupcs nk trgtg`khtc dc` vkhtcsgs k ekhzcnbgzkpàhbdcs gprkskhtgrg` rk`bssäc dfàhbdg sbihblbdgtbvg ncs sbhtc`gs nk bhsþhbg: ekhzcnbgzkpàhbdcs gfâ` nbssc, cs gutcrks suikrk` quk cs ekhzcnbgzkpàhbdcs k g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg dc`pgrtbfmg` u` `kdghbs`c dcù` pgrg gfbvbgr cs sbhtc`gs ng bhsþhbg (LKHI kt gf .,., 5172). Nkssg lcr`g, g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg sk `cstrg dc`c u` rkdursc tkrgpïutbdc prc`bsscr pgrg cs nbstÿrebcs nc schc, k, qughnc gsscdbgng á GG, `kfmcrks rksuftgncs säc kspkrgncs, häc sc`khtk k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr. Nkstgdg-sk, gbhng, quk g ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs pcnk gdgrrktgr bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg k` irgus vgrbgncs (\CT kt gf .,., 517;), c quk nkskhdgnkbg, dchskqu dchskqukhtk`khtk, khtk`khtk, fb`btgéûks hgs gtbvbngnks nbçrbgs (dc`c nblbdufngnks hg trcdg nk rcupgs, skhtgr, fkvghtgr, ghngr k fkvghtgr ceoktcs), ùnghégs hc schc, prkcdupgéûks dchstghtks, gfâ` nk geskhtkàs`c (MCR kt gf .,., 517>: N[KHGT kt gf .,., 517,9% hg bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc, k nk 45,4% khtrk c bhàdbc k c lcffcw up. up. Oç cs pgrtbdbpghtks quk rkdkekrg` g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gsscdbgng á GG cetbvkrg` rknuéûks nk ;2,;% gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc k ;>% khtrk c bhàdbc k c lcffcw c lcffcw up. up. Qkrdkek-sk, khtäc, quk cs ncbs irupcs cetbvkrg` rksuftgncs kxprkssbvcs. Nk lgtc, kstuncs gpchtg` rknuéûks r knuéûks hg bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg, nkvbnc á ncr hgs dcstgs, gpôs g rkgfbzgéäc ng GG k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg skpgrgng`khtk. Bhvkstbigéäc rkgfbzgng pcr Rkm k dcfgecrgncrks (5174) gpchtcu >5% nk `kfmcrbg ng bhdgpgdbngn bhdgpgdbngnkk hcs pgrtbdbpghtks quk rkdkekrg` qugtrc skssûks nk gduprkssäc gurbdufgr dc` sk`khtks \gdgrbgk hcs pchtcs Tmkh`kh, Tb`pçtbdc, Hkrvc Tuedôrtkx k gqukfks dcrrkspchnkhtks g pgrtk bhlkrbcr ngs dcstgs: kstks rksuftgncs lcrg` kstgtbstbdg`khtk `gbcrks nc quk cs khdchtrgncs hc irupc Tmg` (quk Tmg` (quk rkdkekrg` g gduprkssäc gurbdufgr hcs pchtcs rb`, kstþ`gic, nucnkhc k ecdg).

Ng `ks`g lcr`g, kstunc rkgfbzgnc pkfc `ks`c irupc nk pksqubsgncrks k dc` g `ks`g

7>7

bhtkrvkhéäc gpchtcu quk cs ksdcrks nk bhdgpgdbngnk hc WBU@ nb`bhuàrg` k` 52% hc irupc quk rkdkeku g bhtkrvkhéäc vkrngnkbrg k pkr`ghkdkrg` bhgftkrgncs hc irupc irupc smg` smg`   (RKM kt gf .,., 517>d). Ukssgftg-sk quk, gpksgr ncs rksuftgncs pcsbtbvcs khdchtrgncs hcs kstuncs ghtkrbcr`khtk dbtgncs, g `kfmcrg cetbng hg prkskhtk bhvkstbigéäc hc ID lcb `gbs kxprkssbvg (rknuéäc nk >>,9% k 45,4% hg bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc k hc lcffcw up). up). ^gf lgtc suikrk quk g GG, rkgfbzgng dc` giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkhtks, k` dbhdc skssûks, hcs gdupchtcs gurbdufgrks? Tmkh`kh Tmkh`kh,, Ub`, Tb`pçtbdc, Ekxbig, Làignc, Tuedôtkx k hcs pchtcs rkfgdbchgncs á qukbxg çfibdg, pgrkdk skr `gbs klktbvg hg `kfmcrg ng bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg prcvcdgng pkfg ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs sk dc`pgrgnc gcs prctcdcfcs prcpcstcs hcs kstuncs kstuncs dbtgncs (RKM kt gf .,., 5174: RKM kt gf .,., 517>d). Gs bhdgpgdbngnks làsbdg k luhdbchgf tgèâ` pcnk` skr `kfmcrgngs dc` g gpfbdgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs. Kstunc gpchtcu nblkrkhégs sbihblbdgtbvgs hg bhdgpgdbngnk luhdbchgf khtrk ncbs irupcs nk pgdbkhtks dc` `gssgik nugs vkzks pcr ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg, quk rkdkekrg` dbhdc skssûks nk duppbhi `gssgik nugs sk`ghg cu dchtbhugrg` dc` c trgtg`khtc dchvkhdbchgf, g lgvcr ng bhtkrvkhéäc (TGMG kt gf .,., 5179). Qcr cutrc fgnc, kstunc quk gpfbdcu nry duppbhi k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg, `ks`g lcr`g nk gpfbdgéäc rkgfbzgng hg prkskhtk bhvkstbigéäc, häc khdchtrcu nblkrkhégs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs hc Hkdj Qgbh ghn Nbsgebfbty Tdgfk, gpksgr ng rknuéäc cetbng hg bhdgpgdbngnk (K@KUBDM kt gf .,., 517>). Â b`pcrtghtk hctgr quk g gpfbdgéäc nk gpkhgs u`g skssäc ng bhtkrvkhéäc, dc`c rkgfbzgng hc rklkrbnc kstunc (K@KUBDM kt gf .,., 517>), pcnk häc tkr sbnc sulbdbkhtk pgrg `kfmcrgr cs hàvkbs nk bhdgpgdbngnk bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg. Nbghtk nk tgbs rksuftgncs, pcnk-sk supcr quk g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, hg `cngfbngnk skdg k lbxg, rrkgfbzgng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, kgfbzgng k` dbhdc skssûks, k` gdupchtcs nc `krbnbghc nk ekxbig, gsscdbgng gcs pchtcs \E 57, \E 41 k L = tgèâ` pgrkdk skr klktbvg hg `kfmcrg ng bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg: pcrâ` kstg glbr`géäc häc â tctgf`khtk vkrngnkbrg, u`g vkz quk g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg häc lcb tkstgng bscfgng`khtk. Dc`c oç `khdbchgnc, gtâ c prkskhtk `c`khtc häc lcrg` khdchtrgncs kstuncs quk dc`pgrgssk` dc`pgrgssk ` g GG k g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, ek` dc`c g gsscdbgéäc khtrk kfgs. Cs rksuftgncs khdchtrgncs hkstg bhvkstbigéäc gpchtgrg` quk g dcèbhgéäc ngs bhtkrvkhéûks â kxtrk`g`khtk pcsbtbvg, u`g vkz quk g prkskhég ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg pctkhdbgfbzcu cs rksuftgncs gfdghégncs hc irupc quk rkdkeku sc`khtk g GG k` 5>,5% gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc k k` 52,=% k` u`g sk`ghg gpôs c târ`bhc nc `ks`c. ^gbs rksuftgncs säc

pbchkbrcs k dmg`g` g gtkhéäc pgrg g b`p b`pcrtåhdbg crtåhdbg ng gsscdbgéäc gsscdbgéäc ng GG k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg

7>5

hc trgtg`khtc ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs, nk lcr`g g `kfmcrgr, kxprkssbvg`khtk, g bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg nkdcrrkhtk ng ncr. G qugfbngnk nk vbng rkfgdbchgng á sgÿnk tgèâ` â nbrktg`khtk glktgng pkfg ncr. [` irghnk fkvghtg`khtc nk egsk pcpufgdbchgf rkgfbzgnc dc` 79.5>2 lrghdksks, dc` bngnks khtrk 7= k 2=, gpchtcu quk 4=,4% rkfgtgrg` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs (M[TJR kt gf ..,, 517=). Gfâ` nbssc, gsscdbgéûks sbihblbdgtbvgs lcrg` khdchtrgngs khtrk tcncs cs bhnbdgncrks nk sgÿnk làsbdg k `khtgf k g prkskhég nk ncr, nk lcr`g quk kstg dchnbéäc kstç nbrktg`khtk gsscdbgng á rknuéäc sbihblbdgtbvg ng qugfbngnk nk vbng (M[TJR kt gf .,., 517=). Hkstk dchtkxtc, c B@@QGD^ rkdc`khng tghtc g gvgfbgéäc nc luhdbchg`khtc làsbdc qughtc k`cdbchgf, gècs dc`pchkhtks ng qugfbngnk nk vbng rkfgdbchgng á sgÿnk, k` tcncs cs khsgbcs dfàhbdcs nk klbdbïhdbg k klbdçdbg ncs trgtg`khtcs pgrg g ncr drþhbdg (NYCUJBH kt gf .,., 511=). G pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng, hc prkskhtk kstunc, cetkvk `kfmcrgs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs pgrg gècs gècs cs irupcs khtrk c bhàdbc k c lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc, up. ^gèâ` hkstk tk`pc nk gvgfbgéäc, c IK gprkskhtcu k gpkhgs pgrg c IK hc lcffcw up. `kfmcrg sbihblbdgtbvg nk =,=d: RKM kt gf .,., 5174) quk gvgfbgrg` g qugfbngnk nk vbng dc` c Ymcqcf-Erkl, Ymcqcf-Erkl,   k` pksscgs dc` ncr fcègr drþhbdg, häc khdchtrgrg` ùnghégs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs hcs irupcs quk rkdkekrg` gduprkssäc gurbdufgr dc` sk`khtks, k` dc`pgrgéäc gc irupc quk rkdkeku g bhtkrvkhéäc k` pchtcs lgfscs. ^gfvkz kstk lgtc tkhmg dchtrbeuànc pgrg kstks rksuftgncs, u`g vkz quk

7>4

pgrkdk mgvkr supkrbcrbngnk hcs klkbtcs ng GG qughnc rkgfbzgng dc` nbspcsbtbvcs bhvgsbvcs (J[UKEGRGTMB kt gf .,., 5175). K` rkfgéäc á vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, ceskrvcu-sk quk kfg lcb dgpgz nk bhtkhsblbdgr cs ksdcrks ng pkrdkpéäc ng qugfbngnk nk vbng, sk dc`pgrgng á gpfbdgéäc ng GG bscfgng`khtk, gfâ` nk `ghtkr kstk klkbtc gtâ u`g sk`ghg gpôs c târ`bhc nc trgtg`khtc, hkstk kstunc. Cutrcs pksqubsgnc pksqubsgncrks rks tgèâ` rrkpcrtgrg` kpcrtgrg` rksuftgncs prc`bsscrks. Ukvbsäc sbstk`çtbdg dc` `ktghçfbsk dchdfubu quk, nkpkhnkhnc nc tbpc nk irupc dchtrcfk (hkhmu` trgtg`khtc cu dchtrcfk gtbvc), g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg kstç gsscdbgng á `kfmcrg sbihblbdgtbvg k` tkr`cs nk qugfbngnk nk vbng k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr dkrvbdgf: hc khtghtc, nkvbnc á egbxg qugfbngnk ngs kvbnïhdbgs bhdfuàngs, dchdfusûks nklbhbtbvgs pcnk` skr dc`prc`ktbngs (JB@ kt gf .,., 517=). Tgek-sk quk g ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs pcnk dgusgr `gbcr bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg k, dchskqukhtk`khtk, dchskqukh tk`khtk, pbcr qugfbngnk nk vbng, kspkdbgf`khtk k` pgdbkhtks dc` gftcs hàvkbs nk ncr k dc` dc`crebngnks sc`çtbdgs-`khtgbs: nkssg lcr`g, u` ncs nc`àhbcs ng qugfbngnk nk vbng `gbs prkounbdgnc p rkounbdgnc pkfg prkskhég ng ncr drþhbdg k lcrtk`khtk gsscdbgnc gc hàvkf nk bhdgpgdbngnk â c làsbdc (T^KLGHK kt gf .,., 5174). Kstk nc`àhbc dc`prkkhnk qukstûks rkfgdbchgngs á ncr, nksdchlcrtc, khkribg, lgnbig, schc k rkpcusc, `cebfbngnk, gtbvbngnk nk vbng dctbnbghg, nkpkhnïhdbg nk `knbdgéäc cu nk trgtg`khtc k dgpgdbngnk pgrg c trgegfmc (LFKDJ kt gf .,., 5111). Hc prkskhtk kstunc, ceskrvcu-sk `kfmcrg sbihblbdgtbvg hc nc`àhbc làsbdc pgrg gècs cs irupcs nurghtk cs pkràcncs nk trgtg`khtc k nk skiub`khtc. Khsgbc dfàhbdc dchtrcfgnc ùftbdïhtrbdc rkgfbzgnc dc` pgdbkhtks dc` rgqubgfibg drþhbdg häc kspkdàlbdg, hc hàvkf ng gtkhéäc prb`çrbg á sgÿnk, khdchtrcu, k` rkfgéäc gc gspkdtc làsbdc ng qugfbngnk survky, nblkrkhégs sbihblbdgtbvgs skbs `ksks gpôs nc nk vbng gvgfbgnc pkfc 75-btk` mkgftm survky, bhàdbc nc trgtg`khtc, k` lgvcr nc irupc quk rkdkeku gduprkssäc gurbdufgr vkrngnkbrg dc` sk`khtks, dc` u`g nblkrkhég nk `ânbgs nk 4,> pchtcs nc irupc quk rkdkeku g bhtkrvkhéäc lgfsg. ^gbs rksuftgncs säc prc`bsscrks, u`g vkz quk c klkbtc ng bhtkrvkhéäc lcb nurgncurc gc fchic nc tk`pc. Dc`c oç lcb rkpcrtgnc klkbtcs supkrbcrks ng GG rkgfbzgng dc` giufmgs k` rkfgéäc ás sk`khtks (J[UKEGRGTMB kt gf .,., 5175), pgrg kstuncs luturcs, suikrk-sk, gfâ` nk utbfbzgr giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkh sk`bpkr`ghkhtks, tks, gu`khtgr c tk`pc nk skiub`khtc, quk, hkstk kstunc, lcb nk gpkhgs u`g sk`ghg. Ng `ks`g lcr`g, vçrbcs khsgbcs dfàhbdcs rghnc`bzgncs rkgfbzgncs dc` vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gpchtgrg` `kfmcrgs sbihblbdgtbvgs hc dc`pchkhtk làsbdc ng qugfbngnk nk vkhtcsgtkrgpbg

vbng, tghtc hg ncr fcègr drþhbdg (^K[^ kt gf .,., 517=), qughtc hg ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg

7>>

(DUG@KU kt gf .,., 5177: FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5175: FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5174). Nkstgdg-sk, tgèâ`, quk nblkrkhtks `cngfbngnks nk gpfbdgéäc ng bhtkrvkhéäc, dc`c g skdg k pufsçtbf (^K[^ kt gf .,., 517=), g nksfbzghtk (FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5174), g `cfmgng (FG[DMK kt gf ..,, 5175) k g nksfbzghtk gsscdbgng dc` g gpfbdgéäc skdg (DUG@KU kt gf .,., 5177) lcrg` klktbvgs. Cu skog, nblkrkhtks tâdhbdgs nk dchnuéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg pcnk` skr gnkqugngs pgrg c trgtg`khtc ng ncr drþhbdg k nk sku b`pgdtc b`pgdtc hg qugfbngnk nk vbng. Gfâ` nbssc, c klkbtc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgpbg scerk c nc`àhbc làsbdc pcnk nurgr gtâ cbtc sk`ghgs gpôs c târ`bhc nc trgtg`khtc (^K[^ kt gf .,., 517=), c quk rkglbr`g g b`pcrtåhdbg nk u` pkràcnc nk skiub`khtc `gbcr. Â vgfbcsc rkssgftgr, gbhng, quk hkhmu` kstunc lcb khdchtrgnc, gtâ c prkskhtk `c`khtc, gecrnghnc g rkibäc tcrçdbdg ng dcfuhg vkrtkergf, k tgèâ` gsscdbghnc gs nugs bhtkrvkhéûks, dc`c rkgfbzgnc hc prkskhtk kstunc. G ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs tgèâ` pcnk glktgr g qugfbngnk nk vbng pcr `kbc nc sku dc`pchkhtk psbdcfôibdc (T^KLGHK kt gf .,., 5174). Kstk nc`àhbc gerghik skhtb`khtcs pcsbtbvcs k hkigtbvcs, pkhsg`khtcs, gprkhnbzgnc, `k`ôrbg, dchdkhtrgéäc, gutckstb`g, b`gik` dcrpcrgf, gpgrïhdbg, k kspbrbtugfbngnk/rkfbibäc/drkhégs pksscgbs (LFKDJ kt gf ..,, 5111). Â b`pcrtghtk dchsbnkrg dchsbnkrgrr g ncr dc`c u`g kxpkrbïhd kxpkrbïhdbg bg pkrdkptugf dc`pfkxg qu qukk khifceg tcncs cs nc`àhbcs ng vbng, g qugf â kxpfbdgng pcr u` `cnkfc ebcpsbdcsscdbgf (IG^DMKF kt gf ..,, 5119). Nkssg lcr`g, gspkdtcs psbdcfôibdcs k dc`pcrtg`khtgbs, dc`c ghsbkngnk, nkprkssäc, nkprkssäc, `knc nc `cvb`khtc, dgtgstrclbzgéä dgtgstrclbzgéäcc - u` prknbtcr psbdcsscdbgf quk pcnk skr nklbhbnc dc`c crbkhtgéäc hkigtbvg g nktkr`bhgncs kstàùfcs ncfcrcscs (T[FFB\GH: EBTMCQ: EBTMCQ: QB\B QB\BJ, J, 722 722;) ;) -

khtrk cutrcs cutrcs,, pcnk` pcnk` prcvcdgr prcvcdgr b`pgdtcs b`pgdtcs

hkigtbvcs hg qugfbngnk nk vbng k` pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs (GFMCYB@KF kt gf .,., 517=). Mcuvk `kfmcrg kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvg hc prkskhtk kstunc, hc nc`àhbc psbdcfôibdc, gpkhgs hc irupc quk rkdkeku g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gsscdbgng á GG nurghtk c pkràcnc nk gdc`pghmg`khtc gdc`pghmg`khtc nncs cs pgdbkhtks. pgdbkhtks. Nk lgtc, u`g bhvkstbigéäc gpchtcu rknuéäc nk =;

gduprkssäc smg` gduprkssäc smg`:: tgèâ` mcuvk `kfmcrgs hg nkprkssäc, drkhég drkhégss nk ncr, dgtgstrclbzgéäc k qugfbngnk nk vbng rkfgdbchgng á sgÿnk, dchtunc kssks rksuftgncs häc lcrg` sbihblbdgtbvcs (RKM kt gf .,., 517>e). Nbghtk nbssc, gssb` dc`c rkgfbzgnc hc prkskhtk kstunc, supûk-sk quk g rkgfbzgéäc ng tkrgpbg gurbdufgr dc` giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkhtks, u` nbspcsbtbvc bhvgsbvc, pcnkrbg tkr pctkhdbgfbzgnc cs klkbtcs gfdghégn gfdghégncs. cs. G gpfbdgéäc nk sk`khtks hkdkssbtg nc kstàùfc `kdåhbdc (prkssäc) pgrg nkskhdgnkgr nkskhdgnkgr c klkbtc, k tcrhg-sk nblàdbf `chbtcrgr g llrkquïhdbg rkquïhdbg ng kstbùfgéäc k g bhtkhsbngnk ng prkssäc kxkrdbng pkfcs pgdbkhtks hcs pchtcs gurbdufgrks (\GT kt gf ..,, 517>). Bssc pcnk skr dchsbnkrgnc u` lgtcr fb`btghtk hg gpfbdgéäc ng bhtkrvkhéäc, gfâ` nk rkprkskhtgr u`g lchtk nk vbâs pgrg g pksqubsg (@C[UG kt gf ..,, 517>). C nc`àhbc psbdcfôibdc tgèâ` pcnk skr gftkrgnc pcsbtbvg`khtk dc` g gpfbdgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg. KDU khdchtrcu quk dbhdc skssûks nk vkhtcsg nksfbzghtk rknuzbrg` g bhtkhsbngnk ng ncr k g bhdgpgdbn b hdgpgdbngnk gnk luhdbchgf, k `kfmcrcu g ncr rkfgtgng k g qugfbngnk nk vbng `khtgf rkfgdbchgng á sgÿnk k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg, sk dc`pgrgncs dc` u` irupc dchtrcfk k` fbstg nk kspkrg (TGMG kt gf .,., 5179). ^gbs rksuftgncs dcrrcecrg` cs khdchtrgncs pcr Fgudmk k dcfgecrgncrks (5177), quk tgèâ` khdchtrgrg` quk dbhdc skssûks nk vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, hg `cngfbngnk skdg, nb`bhubu sbihblbdgtbvg`khtk g ncr k `kfmcrcu g vbtgfbngnk: gfâ` nbssc, c ksdcrk nc dc`pchkhtk `khtgf nc TL-4< `cstrcu lcrtk tkhnïhdbg nk `kfmcrg, kècrg häc sbihblbdgtbvg: kstk rksuftgnc häc sbihblbdgtbvc pcnk skr k` nkdcrrïhdbg nc pkqukhc hÿ`krc ng g`cstrg (5; pksscgs k` dgng irupc) (FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5177), c quk lcb dchtcrhgnc hg prkskhtk bhvkstbigéäc bhvkstbigéäc.. Gfâ` nc b`pgdtc k`cdbchgf, pksscgs dc` ncrks drþhbdgs khlrkhtg` nblbdufngnks pgrg rkgfbzgr gtbvbngnks nbçrbgs k häc dchskiuk` `ghtkr gtbvbngnks fgecrgbs k nk fgzkr k, tkhnk`, dchskqukhtk`khtk, g sk glgstgrk` nc dchvàvbc scdbgf. C bscfg`khtc scdbgf dchtrbeub, khtäc, pgrg rknuzbr g gutcklbdçdbg k gu`khtgr g dmghdk nk nkskhvcfvb`khtc nk sbhtc`gs nkprkssbvcs k nk bhdgpgdbngn bhdgpgdbngnkk (TGF\K^^B kt gf .,., 5175). Kssks lgtcrks glktg` g qugfbngnk nk vbng, kspkdblbdg`khtk sku nc`àhbc scdbgf, quk â rkprkskhtgnc pkfgs rkfgéûks pksscgbs, supcrtk scdbgf k gtbvbngnk skxugf (LFKDJ kt gf ..,, 5111). Hkstk kstunc, cetkvk-sk `kfmcrg nc pchtc nk vbstg kstgtàstbdc, gpkhgs hc irupc quk rkdkeku g GG, khtrk c bhàdbc k c lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc, k` >,7=%. Nkstgdg-sk quk gpkhgs u` `ïs nk trgtg`khtc â u` pkràcnc durtc pgrg khdchtrgr nblkrkhégs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs hkssg vgrbçvkf. Nbghtk nbssc, lgz-sk hkdkssçrbc bhvkstbigr gs `cnblbdgéûks

cdcrrbngs hc nc`àhbc rkfgéûks scdbgbs k` u` pkràcnc nk trgtg`khtc `gbcr.

7><

Khsgbcs dfàhbdcs rghnc`bzgncs, quk tgèâ` utbfbzgrg` c YmcWcf-Erkl  dc`c dc`c u` ncs skus nkslkdmcs nk bhtkrkssk, gpchtgrg` `kfmcrg k` rkfgéäc gc nc`àhbc scdbgf k` pksscgs dc` ncr fcègr f cègr drþhbdg quk rkdkekrg` qugtrc skssûks nk gduprkssäc gurbdufgr, k` dc`pgrgéäc dc` u` dchtrcfk smg` dchtrcfk smg` (RKM (RKM kt gf .,., 5174: RKM kt gf .,., 517>d). K` rkfgéäc á gpfbdgéäc vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, c kstunc dchnuzbnc pcr Fgudmk k dcfgecrgncrks (5177) dc` pksscgs dc` ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg khdchtrgrg` nblkrkhég nk 77,> pchtcs hc nc`àhbc scdbgf nc TL-4=

gf .,., 5177) k fcègr (@GUJCYTJB kt gf .,., 517>). Hcvg`khtk, mç dgrïhdbg nk kstuncs khvcfvkhnc g rkibäc tcrçdbdg, cu quk gerghog` tcng g dcfuhg vkrtkergf. K, gtâ c prkskhtk `c`khtc, häc lcrg` khdchtrgncs kstuncs quk gsscdbgrg` g GG k g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k` pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs k bhvkstbigrg` gs `cnblbdgéûks cdcrrbngs hc fb`bgr nk ncr pkrghtk g kstgs bhtkrvkhéûks. bhtkrvkhéûks. K` rkfgéäc á sgtbslgéäc ncs pgrtbdbpghtks nc kstunc dc` c trgtg`khtc k g hkdkssbngnk nk rkgfbzgéäc ngs bhtkrvkhéûks, rkssgftg-sk quk g `gbcr pgrtk nkfks lbdcu sgtbslkbtc cu tctgf`khtk sgtbslkbtc dc` c trgtg`khtc rkgfbzgnc, k gdmcu g bhtkrvkhéäc hkdkssçrbg cu tctgf`khtk hkdkssçrbg. ^gbs gdmgncs dcrrcecrg` c nk cutrgs bhvkstbigéûks dc` GG k` pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs (\GT kt gf .,., 517>: RKM kt gf .,., 5174: TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU kt gf .,., 511>: TG^CU-JG^_K TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU HTDMFGIKU kt gf .,., 5114), k` quk, bhdfusbvk, irghnk pgrtk ncs pgrtbdbpghtks rkdc`khngrbg` c trgtg`khtc pgrg g`bics cu lg`bfbgrks dc` cs `ks`cs prcefk`gs (\GT kt gf .,., 517>). Bhtkrkssghtk ceskrvkr quk, hgqukfks kstuncs dc` irupc dchtrcfk nk bhtkrvkhéäc lgfsg (\GT kt gf .,., 517>) cu kstbùfgéäc `khcs bhtkhsg ncs gdupchtcs gurbdufgrks (TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU kt gf .,., 511>: TG^CUJG^_KHTDMFGIKU kt gf .,., 5114), gs kxpkdtgtbvgs ncs pgdbkhtks k g drknbebfbngnk hg tâdhbdg lcrg` `khcrks, nkvbnc gc ekhklàdbc bhsulbdbkhtk gdgrrktgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks. Hgs bhvkstbigéûks quk utbfbzgrg` g vkhtcsgtkrgp vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, bg, kstk nkslkdmc häc lcb rkpcrtgnc rkpcrtgnc nbrktg`khtk (@C[UG kt gf , 517=g). Ukssgftg-sk g b`pcrtåhdbg ng gvgfbgéäc nkssg vgrbçvkf, quk bhdfusbvk pcnk skr `khsurgng dc` bhstru`khtcs pgnrchbzgncs, dc`c g ksdgfg nk Ecrjcvkd k Hgu, quk gvgfbg g kxpkdtgtbvg k g drknbebfbngnk hc trgtg`khtc, dchlcr`k rkgfbzgnc nc kstunc nk \gs k dcfgecrgncrks (517>). ^gf vgrbçvkf pcnk dchtrbeubr pgrg g ikrgéäc nk bhnbdgncrks quk lgvcrkég` g b`pfk`khtgéäc nkssks rkdurscs hcs skrvbécs nk sgÿnk. Gfâ` nbssc, c irgu nk sgtbslgéäc dc` c trgtg`khtc, ouhtg`khtk dc` g pkrdkpéäc ifcegf nk `kfmcrg, prcpcrdbchg u`g cpcrtuhbngnk pgrg cs pgrtbdbpghtks nk tkstks t kstks dfàhbdcs bhtkirgrk`, k` u`g gvgfbgéäc ikrgf, cs nblkrkhtks gspkdtcs nk sugs rkspcstgs gc trgtg`khtc, bhdfubhnc c gfàvbc ng ncr, g `kfmcrbg hc luhdbchg`khtc k cs klkbtcs dcfgtkrgbs: nkssg lcr`g, c B@@QGD^ tgèâ` rkdc`khng gs sugs `khsurgéûks (NYCUJBH kt gf ..,, 511=). Gbhng hkstk dchtkxtc, c B@@QGD^ suikrk g utbfbzgéäc ng ksdgfg QIBD k` khsgbcs dfàhbdcs nk ncr drþhbdg, g lb` nk nktkr`bhgr g b`pcrtåhdbg dfàhbdg ng `kfmcrg k` rkfgéäc

gc trgtg`khtc (NYCUJBH kt gf .,., 511=).

7>2

Hkssg pkrspkdtbvg, pkrspkdtbvg, g `gbcr pgrtk ncs vc vcfuhtçrbcs fuhtçrbcs nc prkskhtk kstunc kstunc rkfgtcu c sku kstgnc ikrgf nk sgÿnk dc`c `kfmcr cu ùbtc `kfmcr k` rkfgéäc gc pkràcnc ghtkrbcr gc trgtg`khtc. ^gèâ`, g sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk, vkrblbdgng pcr `kbc nc YmcWcf-Erkl , lcb `kfmcrgng k` gècs cs irupcs k` tcnc pkràcnc nnkk gdc`pghmg`khtc gdc`pghmg`khtc.. Nkstgdg-sk, gbhng, quk hgs pksscgs quk tgèâ` rkdkekrg` g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, gc lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc, kstg `cnblbdgéäc lcb =,7>% `gbcr k` rkfgéäc gc irupc quk rkdkeku sc`khtk g GG. Hkstk dchtkxtc, u` kstunc rkgfbzgnc dc` vkhtcsgtkrgp vkhtcsgtkrgpbg bg k` pgdbkhtks dc` ncr dkrvbdgf drþhbdg, quk gpfbdcu dbhdc skssûks ng `cngfbngnk skdg k lbxg, rkfgtcu quk hcvk ncs 55 pgrtbdbpghtks nc irupc trgtgnc tr gtgnc (quk rkdkekrg` vkhtcsgs, `knbdgéäc k lbsbctkrgpbg) rkfgtgrg` `kfmcrg hg sgÿnk k` pkfc `khcs u` pcudc gpôs c trgtg`khtc: khqughtc quk g `gbcrbg ncs pgrtbdbpghtks nc irupc dchtrcfk, quk rkdkekrg` gpkhgs `knbdgéäc k lbsbctkrgpbg, dfgssblbdgrg` sug sgÿnk ng `ks`g lcr`g quk ghtks k gfiuhs gtâ dc`c u` pcudc pbcr (FG[DMK (FG[DMK kt gf .,., 5177). Gfâ` nbssc, tghtc pksqubsgs dc` GG (TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU kt gf ..,, 511>: TG^CU-JG^_KHTDMFGIKU kt gf .,., 5114) dc`c dc` g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg (FG[DMK kt gf ..,, 5174) k` pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs rkpcrtgrg` `kfmcrg hc ek` kstgr nkssks nkssks pgdbkhtks. K Kstg stg vgrbçvkf, ouhtg`k ouhtg`khtk htk dc` c gfàvbc ng ncr ncr k tcngs gs sugs sugs dchskquïhdbgs dchskquïh dbgs (`kfmcrg hg luhdbchgfbngnk làsbdg k k`cdbchgf, hc schc, hg bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg k hg qugfbngnk nk vbng) pcnk` rklfktbr, `ks`c quk bhnbrktg`khtk, g sgtbslgéäc ncs pgdbkhtks k` k` rkfgéäc á sug sgÿnk k gc trgtg`khtc. Cutrg vgrbçvkf quk `krkdk nkstgquk â g prcdurg nc skrvbéc nk sgÿnk nkvbnc á ncr. Ghtks nc bhàdbc nc trgtg`khtc, dkrdg nk `ktgnk ng g`cstrg prcdurgvg pcr gtkhnb`khtc k dubngncs kspcrgnbdg`khtk: cu skog, â u`g prcdurg rkfgtbvg`khtk egbxg. Gdrknbtg-sk quk u` ncs `ctbvcs quk fkvg g kstk pkrlbf â g drchbdbngnk ng ncr. Nurghtk g rkgfbzgéäc nc kstunc lcb vbvkhdbgnc u`g pgrdkfg sbihblbdgtbvg nk pksscgs quk rkfgtgrg` tkr sk gdcstu`gnc dc` g prkskhég ng ncr. Gfâ` nbssc, ceskrvg-sk c irghnk hÿ`krc nk pksscgs quk lgzk` c usc nbçrbc nk vçrbcs `knbdg`khtcs pgrg c sku dchtrcfk, k nkhtrk n khtrk kstks, vçrbcs psbdctrôpbdcs, sk` cetkrk` rksuftgncs sgtbslgtôrbcs. Kstk lgtc, sc`gnc á nk`crg khlrkhtgng hc sbstk`g pÿefbdc nk sgÿnk pgrg dchsuftg dc` kspkdbgfbstgs, pcr kxk`pfc, gdgrrktg u`g dchstghtk bhsgtbslgéäc dc` c `cnkfc ebc`ânbdc k b`pufsbchg, dgng vkz `gbs, g eusdg pkfgs prçtbdgs bhtkirgtbvgs k dc`pfk`khtgrks (U[KFG kt gf .,., 5172). Nurghtk c trgtg`khtc, gpkhgs % ngs pksscgs hc IK k 9,2% hc ID prcdurgrg` c skrvbéc nk sgÿnk nkvbnc á ncr, k u`g sk`ghg gpôs c târ`bhc nc `ks`c, kssg prcdurg

lcb nk 5,4% k ) qughtc g vkhtcsgtkrgpbg (LGUMGNB kt gf .,., 5112) dchtrbeuàrg` pgrg rknuzbr c dchsu`c nk ghgfiâsbdcs. Dchskqukhtk`khtk, mç, tgèâ`, u`g rknuéäc hg cdcrrïhdbg nk klkbtcs dcfgtkrgbs nkdcrrkhtks nc sku usc (RC[ kt gf .,., 5172). Cs sbhtc`gs k rkgéûks gnvkrsgs nkdcrrkhtk ngs bhtkrvkhéûks tgèâ` nkvk` skr rkpcrtgncs hcs khsgbcs dfàhbdcs nk trgtg`khtcs pgrg g ncr drþhbdg (NYCUJBH kt gf ..,, 511;). G gpfbdgéäc ng GG dguscu, prbhdbpgf`khtk, ncr nkvbnc á pkr`ghïhdbg ngs giufmgs hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr (97,;=%), skiubnc nk prurbnc hkstk fcdgf (;7,27%). Qcr sug vkz, prurbnc hc fcdgf nk gpfbdgéäc ngs vkhtcsgs (51,5%), k ncr hc fcdgf nk gpfbdgéäc ngs `ks`gs (7>,: R[GH kt

7;7

gf .,., 517;: JMGFBW[K: [JMGFJGU, 5172), prbhdbpgf`khtk sk dc`pgrgncs gcs klkbtcs nkskhdgnkgncs pkfcs ghgfiâsbdcs k ghtb-bhlfg`gtôrbcs ([TMBHCMG@G kt gf .,., 517e: _MGHI]B[ kt gf .,., 5177). ^gbs sbhtc`gs säc tcfkrçvkbs sk dc`pgrgnc á ncr hgs dcstgs, skiuhnc rkfgtc ncs pgdbkhtks (RKM kt gf .,., 517>e). Cutrcs kvkhtcs `khcs lrkqukhtks bhdfuk` pkqukhc sghirg`khtc hc fcdgf, tchturg, hçuskg, dklgfkbg (GTMKU kt gf ..,, 5171), nbstÿrebc nc schc gc ncr`br hc fgnc ng gpfbdgéäc (RKM kt gf .,., 5174), girgvg`khtc ncs sbhtc`gs (\GT kt gf .,., 517>) k bhlfg`géäc/bhlkdéäc hc pgvbfmäc gurbdufgr nkvbnc á utbfbzgéäc nk nbspcsbtbvc bhvgsbvc cu á rkgéäc gfâribdg prcvcdgng pkfc `ktgf/géc dbrÿribdc cu pkfg lbtg `bdrcpcrcsg. Qcr sug vkz, cs kvkhtcs gnvkrscs rkfgdbchgncs á vkhtcsgrktgpbg nkpkhnk` nk dc`c c prcdknb`khtc â rkgfbzgnc (GF-EKNGM kt gf .,., 517 pgrg ncr hg rkibäc fcègr, BN7; pgrg ncr hgs rkibûks dkrvbdgf k tcrçdbdg, gfâ` nk pchtcs Gsmb cu igtbfmc. Gfâ` nk prcpcr c nksk nkskhvcfvb`khtc hvcfvb`khtc nk prctcdc prctcdcfcs fcs pgrg lgdbfbtgr g b`pfk`khtgéäc b`pfk`khtgéäc nkssgs bhtkrvkhéûks bhtkrvkhéûks hg prçtbdg dfàhbdg nc khlkr`kbrc. ^gèâ` â b`pcrtghtk kstkhnkr g pksqubsg ncs klkbtcs ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg k` gsscdbgéäc dc` g GG pgrg cutrcs tbpcs nk ncr pgrg gfâ` ng ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs, u`g vkz quk nblkrkhtks lcr`gs nk ncr pcnk` rkspchnkr nk `ghkbrg nblkrkhtk g kssgs tkrgpbgs. Qgrg g khlkr`gik` kspkdblbdg`khtk, nkstgdg-sk g b`pcrtåhdbg nk nksergvgr kssg çrkg quk gbhng â pcudc kxpfcrgng k` sugs bhvkstbigéûks dbkhtàlbdgs. ^crhg-sk b`prksdbhnàvkf, khtäc, g rkgfbzgéäc nk hcvcs kstuncs quk bhvkstbiuk` g géäc ng GG k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg vkhtcsgtkrgp bg hgs vçrbgs rkspcstgs mu`ghgs quk säc nk rkspchsgebfbngnk nc khlkr`kbrc, nk lcr`g quk tgbs bhtkrvkhéûks pcssg` sk dchstbtubr dc`c u` hcvc dg`pc nk gtugéäc nkssks prclbssbchgbs k skr dchsbnkrgng tgèâ` dc`c u`g bhtkrvkhéäc vgfbcsg hg `kfmcrbg ng gssbstïhdbg nk Khlkr`gik`.

7;;

= DCHDF[TÄC

G GG, rkgfbzgng dc` giufmgs sk`bpkr`ghkhtk sk`bpkr`ghkhtkss nk 1,51 x 7,; ``, hcs gdupchtcs Tmkh`kh, Ub`, Tbstk`g Hkrvcsc Tb`pçtbdc, Làignc, Ekxbig, Tuedôrtkx k hcs pchtcs Tmkh`kh, rklfkxcs nk ncr, k` dcèbhgéäc dc` g gpfbdgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg, hg `cngfbngnk skdg k lbxg, k` 71 `bhutcs hcs gdupchtcs \E57, \E41 k L= k gqukfks nc `krbnbghc nk ekxbig dcrrkspchnkhtks á çrkg nk ncr, k` dbhdc skssûks, u`g vkz pcr sk`ghg, â `gbs klbdgz nc quk g gpfbdgéäc bscfgng ng GG hc trgtg`khtc nk pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs. Kspkdblbdg`khtk, g gsscdbgéäc ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg á GG prcpcrdbchcu `kfmcrks rksuftgncs, kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvcs, hg skvkrbngnk ng ncr: hc gfàvbc prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks: hg prkskhég nk ncr hg rkibäc tcrçdbdg: hg bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg: hg pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng k hg sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk, sk dc`pgrgnc á GG gpfbdgng bscfgng`khtk. ^gbs rksuftgncs nk`chstrg` sug klktbvbngnk hg `kfmcrg ng ncr k, dchskqukhtk`khtk, rknuéäc hc b`pgdtc quk kfg dgusg hg vbng k sgÿnk ncs pgdbkhtks trgtgncs. Gfâ` nbssc, gècs cs irupcs cetbvkrg` `kfmcrgs kstgtbstbdg`khtk sbihblbdgtbvgs gc fchic nc trgtg`khtc k` tcngs gs vgrbçvkbs bhvkstbigngs, g sgekr? irupc quk quk rkdkeku rkdkeku vkhtcsgtkrgpbg gsscdbgng á GG? hg skvkrbngnk ng ncr: ncr: gfàvbc Hc irupc



prcpcrdbchgnc pkfgs bhtkrvkhéûks: bhtkrlkrïhdbg ikrgf ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs: hc trgegfmc: mu`cr: rkfgdbchg`khtc dc` cutrgs pksscgs: schc: bhdgpgdbngnkk làsbdg: pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng: sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk: bhdgpgdbngn nc`àhbcs làsbdc k psbdcfôibdc nc YmcWcf-Erkl  k k fb`bgr nk ncr. Hc irupc quk rkdkeku sc`khtk GG? hg skvkrbngnk ng ncr: gfàvbc prcpcrdbchgnc



pkfg bhtkrvkhéäc: bhtkrlkrïhdbg ikrgf ng ncr hgs gtbvbngnks dctbnbghgs: gtbvbngnks k` ikrgf: trgegfmc: bhdgpgdbngnk làsbdg: pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng: sgtbslgéäc dc` g sgÿnk: nc`àhbcs làsbdc k rkfgéûks scdbgbs nc YmcWcf-Erkl   k fb`bgr nk ncr. Gbhng, cs klkbtcs gfdghégncs hg `gbcrbg ngs vgrbçvkbs pkr`ghkdkrg` u`g sk`ghg gpôs c târ`bhc nc trgtg`khtc, g kxdkéäc ng pkrdkpéäc ikrgf ng qugfbngnk nk vbng k nc`àhbcs psbdcfôibdc k rkfgéûks scdbgbs nc YmcWcf-Erkl  hc hc ID k hc nc`àhbc rkfgéûks scdgbs nc YmcWcf-Erkl   hc IK, quk tgèâ` häc sclrku gftkrgéäc kstgtbstbdg`khtk

sbihblbdgtbvg khtrk c bhàdbc k c lbhgf nc trgtg`khtc. tr gtg`khtc.

7;<

Qcrtghtc, kspkrg-sk quk gs kvbnïhdbgs dbkhtàlbdgs khdchtrgngs hc prkskhtk kstunc pcssg` lgvcrkdkr g b`pfk`khtgéäc ng gdupuhturg gurbdufgr k ng vkhtcsgtkrgpbg dc`c lkrrg`khtgs nk bhtkrvkhéäc nk khlkr`gik` hc trgtg`khtc nk pksscgs dc` ncr drþhbdg hgs dcstgs.

7;9

UKLKUÏHDBGT GEC[TMGHGE, ^. T.: GFTGHGN, T. Duppbhi tmkrgpy? gh cvkrvbkw lrc` g `cnkrh `knbdbhk pkrspkdtbvk. Ocurhgf cl Gdupuhdturk ghn @krbnbgh Ttunbks, Ukpuefbd clJcrkg, v. 77, h. 4, p. =4-=9, 517=. GF-EKNGM, G. @. kt gf . ^mk `knbdgf pkrspkdtbvk cl duppbhi tmkrgpy? Kllkdts ghn `kdmghbs`s cl gdtbch. Ocurhgf cl ^rgnbtbchgf ghn Dc`pfk`khtgry @knbdbhk, ^gbwgh, v. 2, h. 5172, p. 21-29, 5172. GF-EKNGM, G. @. kt gf . Dfgssblbdgtbch cl Duppbhi ^mkrgpy? G tccf t ccf lcr `cnkrhbzgtbch ghn stghngrnbzgtbch. Ocurhgf cl Dc`pfk`khtgr Dc`pfk`khtgryy @knbdbhk Ukskgrdm, Ybf`bhitch, v. 7, h. 7, p. 7-71, 517. GFK]GHNKU, F. J. kt gf . Ughnc`bzkn Dchtrcffkn ^rbgfs (Kxpkrb`khtgf Ttunbks). 5. kn. [HD DM Nkpgrt`kht cl Kpbnk`bcfciy, p. 7-;, 517;. Nbspchàvkf k`? mttps?//spm.uhd.knu/lbfks/517;/19/hdbpmS mttps?//spm.uhd.knu /lbfks/517;/19/hdbpmSKUBD71.pnl KUBD71.pnl Gdkssc k`? 54. ouf. 5172. 5172. GFMCYB@KF, G. kt gf . Qsydmcscdbgf lgdtcrs gsscdbgtkn wbtm dmghik bh pgbh ghn nbsgebfbty cutdc`ks bh dmrchbd fcw egdj pgbh pgtbkhts trkgtkn ey pmysbctmkrgpbst? G systk`gtbd rkvbkw. TGIK Cpkh @knbdbhk, Fchnch, h. 47->4=, 5117. ECUIKT, @. D. kt gf . Gvgfbgéäc ng qugfbngnk nk vbng k nc trgtg`khtc lbsbctkrgpïutbdc k` pgdbkhtks dc` dkrvbdgfibg drþhbdg. Lbsbctkrgpbg k` @cvb`khtc, Durbtbeg, v. 5, p =94-==7, 5174. EUGN^, O. kt gf . \cdgf @usbd ^mkrgpy lcr Dmrchbd Qgbh @ghgik`kht bh Bhhkr Dbt Dbtyy Glrbdgh G`krbdghs? G @bxkn @ktmcns Lkgsbebfbty Ttuny. Ocurhgf cl @usbd ^mkrgpy, Dcffbhs, ;4, h. 5, p. 79= — 51

Efeitos Da Associação Da Ventosaterapia À Acupuntura Auricular Sobre A Dor Crônica Nas Costas Ensaio Clínico Randomizado - Tese

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