Efecto de Curvatura y Refracción en La Nivelación Topografica

 

Fnfgtj kf gurvbturb y rfnrbggd÷l fl ib ldvfibgd÷l tjpjerândgb. Sfsuafl? Sfsua fl? Fi piblftb tdfrrb fstâ njrabkj pjr kdnfrfltfs tdpjs kf supfrndgdfs, fltrf fiibs fstâl=

ârfbs ârf bs piblbs piblbs,, iiblur iiblurbs, bs, ajltbò ajltbòbs bs y sdt sdtdjs djs fsgbrp fsgbrpbkjs bkjs.. [jkjs [jkjs fstjs fstjs sdt sdtdjs djs rfqudf rfqudfrfl rfl kf ulb fxbgtdtuk pbrb su afkdgd÷l, fl ibs ârfbs kf ib tjpjerbnáb= pibldaftráb y bitdaftráb. Fstj hbgf kdndguitjsjs ijs kbtjs jctfldkjs kfltrj kfi ifvbltbadfltj, yb quf kfcdkj b ib gurvbturb kf ib tdfrrb ijs kbtjs pufkfl sfr fqudvjgbkjs gjl rfspfgtj b ij afkdkj, pjr nfl÷afljs ÷ptdgjs j lbturb lbt urbifs ifs pufkfl pufkfl jgbsdj jgbsdjlbr lbr dlnjra dlnjrabgd bgdjlfs jlfs frr÷lfb frr÷lfbss quf sf kbl kfltrj kfltrj kfi prjgfkd prjgfkdadf adfltj ltj,, tbi rbz÷l sf kfcf dapifafltbr aätjkjs abtfaâtdgjs pbrb gjrrfedr kdghjs frrjs sdstfaâtdgjs, quf  pfradtbl tjabr afkdkbs pbrb afojrbr ijs kbtjs. Fstf tdpj kf trbcboj quf sf tjabl fl fi gbapj pbrb quf sfb fxbgtb ib dlnjrabgd÷l quf sf kfsfb tjabr y bpidgbr kfltrj kf ijs prjyfgtjs gdvdifs y brqudtfgt÷ldgjs quf sjl kf suab dapjrtblgdb pbrb fi kfsbrrjiij sjgdbi, fgjl÷adgj, y guiturbi kf ib huabldkbk. 

Pbibcrbs Gibvfs? Sfkbggd÷l?

Vlb kf ibs jpfrbgdjlfs aâs gjaulfs fs ib afkdgd÷l fltrf kjs pultjs fl tjkjs ijs trbcbojs kf tjpjerbnáb. Fi aätjkj y ijs dlstruafltjs sfifggdjlbkjs fl ib afkdgd÷l kf kdstblgdbs kfpflkfrâl kf ib dapjrtblgdb y prfgdsd÷l rfqufrdkbs. GVS^B[VSB GVS^B [VSB [FSSFW[SF? [FSSFW[SF?  Kfsk Kfskff fi bò bòj j 376 b. g. fi ef÷er ef÷erbn bnj, j, ná násd sdgj gj y abtf abtfaâ aâtd tdgj gj

Frbt÷stflf Frbt ÷stflfss fnfgtu÷ fnfgtu÷ ulb afkdkb gjl erbl bprjxdabgd÷l bprjxdabgd÷l bgfrgb kf ib gdrgulnfrflgdb gdrgulnfrflgdb kf ib tdfrrb, gjl tbi njrab kf adrbr su gurvbturb, fstj ij kftfradlj fl kjs gdukbkfs kdnfrfltfs b ib adsab hjrb y kftfradlblkj ib sjacrb quf ul pbij kf ibs adsabs kdaflsdjlfs prjyfgtbcb ib sjacrb, bulquf ib afkdkb quf rfedstrj kdndfrf kf ib rfbi fl ul 6% cbstb gjl rfsbitbr fi erbl trbcboj quf rfbidzj bi bprjxdabrsf b fstj. Fi ijs trbcbojs kf tjpjerbnáb fs kftfradlbltf gjljgfr ib gurvbturb kf ib tdfrrb fl fi fspbgdj fspbgdj quf sf fstâ trbcboblkj, trbcboblkj, bulquf fstf trbcboj j fstf ifvbltbadflt ifvbltbadfltj j sf prfsfltf prfsfltf fl ul  piblj hjrdzjltbi, hby quf kftfradlbr fi frrjr kf ib gurvbturb tfrrfstrf y gjrrfedr fi frrjr pbrb  prfsfltbr ul cufl fstukdj. Kf bgufrkj b ijs trbcbojs kf tjpjerbnáb y kf bitdaftráb fspfgándgbafltf pjkfajs hbcibr kf quf bi vdsubidzbr ulb kdstblgdb rfbi kfskf ul pultj BC (brgj) y gj gjap apbr brbr brij ij gj gjl l ul ulbb prjy prjyfg fggd gd÷l ÷l sjcr sjcrff ul pibl piblj j hj hjrd rdzj zjlt ltbi bi tb tble lefl fltf tf kf kfii pu pult ltj j BC¨ BC¨

 

(hjrdzjltbi)hby ul frrjr quf iibabrfajs F ij gubi kdndfrf fl quf ib tdfrrb lj fs piblb sd lj rfkjlkb fl täradljs eflfrbifs] GD[B[DJL EV_2> Yi 33678 Q . SFNSBGGDJL SFNSB GGDJL B[AJWNFSD B[AJWNFSDGB? GB? Fi frrjr kf rfnrbggd÷l fs fi quf tdflf quf vfr gjl ib

vdsubidzbgd÷l kfi pultj b kftfradlbr, fs kfgdr fi quf sf rfbidzb kfskf ib fstbgd÷l b ib adrb, fstf  prjkugf ulb fifvbgd÷l fl ib pultfráb kfi jcoftj, fs biej bsá gjaj gublkj gjijgbajs ib vdstb bi hjrdzjltf fl ulb ibreb gbrrftfrb y vfajs gjaj ib gbrrftfrb sf aufvf hbgdb brrdcb y hbgdb bcboj  pjr fi gbijr quf prjkugf, fstb rfnrbggd÷l hbgf quf bpbrfltfafltf ib biturb rfbi sfb aâs cbob quf ib biturb quf sf gbptb gjl ib fstbgd÷l. Fl ib sdeudfltf dabefl (B2) pjkfajs vfr kf quä sf trbtb fspfgándgbafltf ib rfnrbggd÷l btajsnärdgb. Fl ib bltfrdjr dabefl pjkfajs vdsubidzbr quf ib biturb bpbrfltf kf s fs supfrdjr b ib biturb rfbi, bsá fi piblftb cboj fi hjrdzjltf fl s sf vf fl s» sjcrf fi hjrdzjltf. Pbrb dlgiudr ib rfnrbggd÷l btajsnärdgb, kfltrj kfi frrjr kf ulb afkdgd÷l tjpjerândgb fs kftfradlbltf bpidgbr ib sdeudfltf njrauib.

Kjlkf sf pufkf fspfgdndgbr quf fs fi frrjr pjr rfnrbggd÷l ib K fs ib kdstblgdb jctfldkb j afkdkb kf ablfrb piblb y S fs fi rbkdj  prjafkdj kf ib tdfrrb quf fqudvbif b >.360.000 a.

Pbrb kftfradlbr bacjs frrjrfs fl ulb sjib fgubgd÷l ljs gfltrbajs fl?

Kf tbi njrab pjkfajs kftfradlbr bacjs frrjrfs pbrb sfr aâs prfgdsjs fl ibs afkdgdjlfs. Cdcidjerbnáb EV_ABL, I. F. (302>). FNFG[JW KF IB GVS^B[VSB [FSSFW[SF T SFNSBGGD×L FL IB BI[DAF[SÁB.  CJEJ[B. Sfgupfrbkj fi 20 kf 22 kf 3024, 30 24, kf htps?//www.bgbkfadb.fku/3;56>6;;/FNFG[JWZKFZIBZGVS^B[VSBZ[FSSFW[SFZTZSFNSBGGD %G7%47LZFLZIBZBI[DAF[S%G7%8KB

 

Blfxjs?

 

GVS^B[VSB [FSSFW[SF

 

SFNSBGGDJL B[AJWNFSDGB ’B2‑