Ee8712 - Ren Energy Systems Lab

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

KNEDW Nild fb tgd @im? Ztibb Nild? Z. Nf.

Eitd fb  Dxpt.

Sihd Nf.

Nild fb tgd Dxpdrkldnt

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

9

Eitd fb  Zumlksskfn

]dlira 

Ztibb  Zkhn

Eitd

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

INNI TNKRD]ZKU[ Z[@@IMTZ D789= ‚ ]DNDXIM@D DND]H[ Z[ZUDLZ @IMF]IUF][ 9.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Zf`ir SR Dndrhy Zystdl. =.Dxpdrkldnt fn RK-Jgirijtdrkstkjs ine Dbbkjkdnjy fb 9aXpZf`ir SR Zystdl. :.Dxpdrkldnt fn Zgiefwknh dbbdjt ine ekfed misde sf`utkfn kn9aXpZf`ir SR Zystdl. 5.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd issdssldnt fb Hrke jfnndjtde ine Ztinei`fnd 9aXp Zf`ir Sfwdr Zystdl.

4.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Xkne Dndrhy Hdndritfr. 2.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd issdssldnt fb lkjrf Xkne Dndrhy Hdndritfr. 8.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Gymrke (Zf`ir-Xkne) Sfwdr Zystdl. 7.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd Issdssldnt fb Gymrke (Zf`ir-Xkne) Sfwdr Zystdl. ;.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Gyed` Sfwdr. 93.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd Issdssldnt fb 933X Bud` Jd``. 99.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Kntd``khdnt Jfntrf``drs bfr Gymrke Zystdls.

@KZU FB DWSD]KLDNUZ J[J@D K ? 9.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Zf`ir SR Dndrhy Zystdl. =.Dxpdrkldnt fn RK-Jgirijtdrkstkjs ine Dbbkjkdnjy fb 9aXpZf`ir SR Zystdl. :.Dxpdrkldnt fn Zgiefwknh dbbdjt ine ekfed misde sf`utkfn kn9aXpZf`ir SR Zystdl. 5.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd issdssldnt fb Hrke jfnndjtde ine Ztinei`fnd 9aXp Zf`ir Sfwdr Zystdl. 4.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Xkne Dndrhy Hdndritfr. 2.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd issdssldnt fb lkjrf Xkne Dndrhy Hdndritfr.

J[J@D KK? 8.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Gymrke (Zf`ir-Xkne) Sfwdr Zystdl. 7.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd Issdssldnt fb Gymrke (Zf`ir-Xkne) Sfwdr Zystdl. ;.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Gyed` Sfwdr. 93.Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd Issdssldnt fb 933X Bud` Jd``. 99.Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Kntd``khdnt Jfntrf``drs bfr Gymrke Zystdls.

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

=

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

  9.  ZKLT@IUKFN ZUTE[ FN ZF@I] SR DND]H[ Z[ZUDL stuey uey tgd jgi jgiri rijtd jtdrks rkstkj tkjss fb Zf`ir Sgftf-vf` Sgftf-vf`tikj tikj systdl usknh LIU@I LI U@IM M sfbt sf btwi wird. rd. IKL? Uf st ISSI]IUTZ  ]DYTK]DE? Dxpt. Dxp t. Nf.?

=3=3-=3=9

Eitd?

UGDF][? I pgftfvf`tikj systdl, i`sf SR systdl fr sf`ir pfwdr systdl, ks i pfwdr systdl edskhnde tf

supp`y sup p`y usim`d usim`dknj`ueknh sf`ir sf`ir pfw pfwdr dr my ldins lditf nsimsfrm fb pgftfv pgf tfvf`t f`tikjs ikjs.. Kt jfn jfnskst sksts s fbd`djtrkjkty, in irr irrinh inhdld nt knvdrtdr fb sdvdri sdvdri` jflpfndnts, sf`ir pind`s ine jfnvdrt sun`khgt kntf idldnt sf`ir tf` jfnvdrt tgd futput brfl ekrdjt tf i`tdrnitknh jurrdnt, is wd`` is lfuntknh, jim`knh, ine ftgdr d`djtrkji` ijjdssfrkds tf sdt up i wfraknh systdl. Kt liy i`sf usd i sf`ir trijaknh systdl tf klprfvd tgd systdl's fvdri`` pdrbfrlinjd ine knj`ued in kntdhritde mittdry sf`utkfn, is prkjds bfr stfrihd edvkjds ird dxpdjtde tf edj`knd. Ztrkjt`y spdiaknh, i sf`ir irriy fn`y dnjflpissds tgd dnsdlm`d fb sf`ir pind`s, tgd vkskm`d pirt fb tgd SR systdl, ine efds nft knj`ued i`` tgd ftgdr girewird, fbtdn sullirkzde is mi`injd fb systdl (MFZ). Is SR systdls jfnvdrt `khgt ekrdjt`y kntf d`djtrkjkty ZKLT@IUKFN  EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D? 9. Fpdn tgd Lit `im prfhril. =. Kn jflline wknefw, brfl tgd bk`d tim, sd`djt Ndw Zklu`kna bk`d. :. Jrditd i ndw lfed` prfodjt bk`d. 5. Brfl tff` mir, Erih ine erfp 4. 2. 8. 7. ]DZT@U?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit ks SR systdl6 =. Xgit ird tgd twf ekbbdrdnt jgirijtdrkstkjs fb fb SR systdl6 :. Eriw tgd dqukvi`dnt jkrjukt fb i SR SR jd`` jd`` 5. Gfw i SR jd`` jd`` jfnvdrts jfnvdrts sun`khgt kntf d`djtrkjkty 4. Xgit ks tgd ndde fb i mittdry kn i SR systdl6 Dxpt. Nf.? Eitd? =. DWSD]KLDNU FN RK-JGI]IJUD]KZUKJZ INE DBBKJKDNJ[ FB 9AXSZF@I] SR Z[ZUDL IKL?  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

:

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

Uf p`ft tgd R-K jgirijtdrkstkjs fb 9aXsf`ir SR pind` ine edtdrlknd kts dbbkjkdnjy usknh in   dxpdrkldnti` sdtup. ISSI]IUTZ ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][? ZF@I] JD@@ R-K JGI]IJUD]KZUKJZ?  Zf`ir Jd`` K-R Jgirijtdrkstkj Jurvds sgfw tgd jurrdnt ine vf`tihd ( K-R ) jgirijtdrkstkjs fb i  pirtkju`ir pgftfvf`tikj ( SR ) jd``, lfeu`d fr irriy hkvknh i edtik`de edsjrkptkfn fb kts sf`ir dndrhy jfnvdrskfn imk`kty ine dbbkjkdnjy. Anfwknh tgd d`djtrkji` K-R jgirijtdrkstkjs (lfrd klpfrtint`y Slix) fb 

i sf`ir jd``, frsf`ir pind` ks jrktkji` edtdrlknknh tgd`khgt edvkjd‛s futput ine sf`ir dbbkjkdnjy. Sgftfvf`tikj jd``s jfnvdrtkntgd suns riekint ekrdjt`y kntfpdrbfrlinjd d`djtrkjkty. Xktg knjrdisknh edline bfr  i j`din dndrhy sfurjd ine tgd sun‛s pftdntki` is i brdd dndrhy sfurjd, gis lied sf`ir dndrhy jfnvdrskfn is pirt fb i lkxturd fb rdndwim`d dndrhy sfurjds knjrdisknh`y klpfrtint. Is i rdsu`t, tgd edline bfr  dbbkjkdnt sf`ir jd``s, wgkjg jfnvdrt sun`khgt ekrdjt`y kntf d`djtrkjkty, ks hrfwknh bistdr tgin dvdr mdbfrd. Sgftfvf`tikj ( SR ) jd``s ird lied i`lfst dntkrd`y brfl sk`kjfn tgit gis mddn prfjdssde kntf in dxtrdld`y  purd jrysti``knd bfrl tgit imsfrms tgd pgftfns brfl sun`khgt ine tgdn rd`disds tgdl is d`djtrfns, jiusknh in d`djtrkj jurrdnt tf b`fw wgdn tgd pgftfjfneujtkvd jd`` ks jfnndjtde tf in dxtdrni` `fie. Ugdrd ird i virkdty fb ekbbdrdnt ldisurdldnts wd jin liad tf edtdrlknd tgd sf`ir jd``‛s pdrbfrlinjd, sujg is kts  pfwdr futput ine kts jfnvdrskfn dbbkjkdnjy. dbbkjkdnjy. Ugd likn d`djtrkji` jgirijtdrkstkjs fb i SR jd`` fr lfeu`d ird sullirkzde kn tgd rd`itkfnsgkp mdtwddn tgd jurrdnt ine vf`tihd prfeujde fn i typkji` sf`ir jd`` K-R jgirijtdrkstkjs jurvd. Ugd kntdnskty fb tgd sf`ir  riekitkfn (knsf`itkfn) tgit gkts tgd jd`` jfntrf`s tgd jurrdnt ( K ), wgk`d tgd knjrdisds kn tgd tdlpdriturd fb  tgd sf`ir jd`` rdeujds kts vf`tihd ( R ). Zf`ir jd``s prfeujd ekrdjt jurrdnt (EJ) d`djtrkjkty ine jurrdnt tklds vf`tihd dqui`s pfwdr, ine tgus jrditd sf`ir jd`` K-R jurvds rdprdsdntknh tgd jurrdnt vdrsus tgd vf`tihd bfr i pgftfvf`tikj edvkjd. Zf`ir Jd`` K-R Jgirijtdrkstkjs Jurvds ird miskji``y i hripgkji` rdprdsdntitkfn fb tgd fpdritkfn fb i sf`ir  jd`` fr lfeu`d sullirksknh tgd rd`itkfnsgkp mdtwddn tgd jurrdnt ine vf`tihd it tgd dxkstknh jfnektkfns fb  krriekinjd ine tdlpdriturd. K-R jurvds prfvked tgd knbfrlitkfn rdqukrde tf jfnbkhurd i sf`ir systdl sf tgit kt jin fpdritd is j`fsd tf kts fptkli` pdia pfwdr pfknt (LSS) is pfsskm`d.

BKH? ZF@I] SIND@? K-R JGI]IJUD]KZUKJZ Ugd imfvd hripg sgfws tgd jurrdnt-vf`tihd ( K-R ) jgirijtdrkstkjs fb i typkji` sk`kjfn SR jd`` fpdritknh unedr nfrli` jfnektkfns. Ugd pfwdr ed`kvdrde my i sf`ir sf` ir jd`` ks tgd prfeujt fb jurrdnt ine vf`tihd ( K x R ). Kb tgd lu`tkp lu`tkp`kj `kjitk itkfn fn ks efnd, efnd, pfknt pfknt bfr pfknt pfknt,, bfr i`` vf`tih vf`tihds ds brfl brfl sgfrtsgfrt-jkr jkrju jukt kt tf fpdn-j fpdn-jkrj krjukt ukt jfnektkfns, tgd pfwdr jurvd imfvd ks fmtiknde bfr i hkvdn riekitkfn `dvd`.Xktg tgd sf`ir jd`` fpdnjkrjuktde, tgit ks nft jfnndjtde tf iny `fie, tgd jurrdnt wk`` md it kts lknklul (zdrf) ine tgd vf`tihd ijrfss tgd jd`` ks it kts lixklul, anfwn is tgd sf`ir jd``s fpdn jkrjukt vf`tihd, fr Rfj. It tgd ftgdr  dxtrdld, wgdn tgd sf`ir jd`` ks sgfrt jkrjuktde, tgit ks tgd pfsktkvd ine ndhitkvd `dies jfnndjtde tfhdtgdr, tgd vf`tihd ijrfss tgd jd`` ks it kts lknklul (zdrf) mut tgd jurrdnt b`fwknh fut fb tgd jd`` rdijgds kts lixklul, anfwn is tgd sf`ir jd``s sgfrt jkrjukt jurrdnt, fr Ksj.Ugdn tgd spin fb tgd sf`ir jd`` K-R jgirijtdrkstkjs jurvd rinhds brfl tgd sgfrt jkrjukt jurrdnt ( Ksj ) it zdrf futput vf`ts, tf zdrf jurrdnt it tgd t gd bu`` fpdn jkrjukt vf`tihd ( Rfj ). Kn ftgdr wfres, tgd lixklul vf`tihd ivik`im`d brfl i jd`` ks it fpdn jkrjukt, ine tgd lixklul jurrdnt it j`fsde jkrjukt. Fb jfursd, ndktgdr fb tgdsd twf jfnektkfns hdndritds iny d`djtrkji` pfwdr, mut tgdrd lust md i pfknt sfldwgdrd kn mdtwddn wis tgd sf`ir jd`` hdndritds lixklul pfwdr.  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

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DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

Gfwdvdr, tgdrd ks fnd pirtkju`ir jflmknitkfn fb jurrdnt ine vf`tihd bfr wgkjg tgd pfwdr rdijgds kts lixklul vi`ud, it Klp ine Rlp. Kn ftgdr wfres, tgd pfknt it wgkjg tgd jd`` hdndritds lixklul d`djtrkji` pfwdr ine tgks ks sgfwn it tgd tfp rkhgt irdi fb tgd hrddn rdjtinh`d. Ugks ks tgd ‐lixklul  pfwdr pfknt“ fr LSS. L SS. Ugdrdbfrd tgd kedi` fpdritkfn fb i pgftfvf`tikj jd`` (fr pind`) ks edbknde tf md it tgd lixklul pfwdr pfknt. Ugd lixklul pfwdr pfknt (LSS) fb i sf`ir jd`` ks pfsktkfnde ndir tgd mdne kn tgd K-R jgirijtdrkstkjs jurvd. Ugd jfrrdspfneknh vi`uds fb Rlp ine Klp jin md dstklitde brfl tgd fpdn jkrjukt vf`tihd ine tgd sgfrt jkrjukt jurrdnt? Rlp ≄ (3.7‚3.;3)Rfj ine Klp ≄  (3.74‚3.;4)Ksj. Zknjd sf`ir jd`` futput vf`tihd ine jurrdnt mftg edpdne fn tdlpdriturd, tgd ijtui` futput pfwdr wk``Jurvd viry wktg kn ilmkdnt tdlpdriturd.Ugus bir wd givd `ffade it Zf`ir Jd`` K-R Jgirijtdrkstkj bfr ijginhds sknh`d sf`ir jd`` fr   pind`. Mut liny pgftfvf`tikj irriys ird lied up fb sli`` sli``dr dr SR pind`s jfnndjtde tfhdtgdr. t fhdtgdr. Ugdn tgd K-R jurvd fb i SR irriy ks oust i sji`de up vdrskfn fb tgd sknh`d sf`ir jd`` K-R jgirijtdrkstkj jurvd is sgfwn.

JK]JTKU EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D? 9.

 

KNBD]DNJD?

]DZT@U?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. S`ft tgd R-K jgirijtdrkstkjs fb fb i SR jd`` =. S`ft tgd S-R jgirijtdrkstkjs fb i SR jd``. :. Xgit ks Rfj ine Ksj fb i SR jd``6 5. Xgit ks LSS6 4. Xgit ks Rlp ine Klp fb i SR jd``6

  Dxpt. Nf.?

Eitd ? :.  DWSD]KLDNU FN ZGIEFXKNH DBBDJU INE EKFED MIZDE ZF@TUKFN KN 9AXSZF@I] SR Z[ZUDL.

IKL?

Uf ini`ysd tgd pdrbfrlinjd jgirijtdrkstkjs jgirijtdrkstkjs fb 9aX sf`ir SR systdl unedr sgiefwknh dbbdjt. dbbdjt. ISSI]IUTZ ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][?  ZGIEFXKNH DBBDJU? Zgiefwknh dbbdjt fjjurs wgdn i pgftfvf`tikj systdl efds nft rdjdkvd tgd sild ilfunt fb knjkednt krriekitkfn `dvd` tgrfuhgfut tgd systdl eud tf fmstij`ds. Kn tgdsd jfnektkfns, tgd jd``s rdjdkvknh i `fwdr  `dvd` fb krriekinjd jin imsfrm pfwdr knstdie fb prfeujknh kt. Mypiss ekfeds ird usde tf rdeujd tgd klpijt

fb sgiefwknh dbbdjt inekstf prftdjt sf`ir pind`. Ugd sgiefwknh dbbdjt fn pind`tfksfmtikn ini`yzde. I sknh`d ekfed sf`ir jd`` lfed` muk`t brfltgd eitisgddt vi`uds ine tgd pirildtdrs irdiusde tgd Zklu`kna  lfed` fb tgd pind` wktg krriekinjd bfr dijg jd`` is i virkim`d. Mypiss ekfeds ird usde ijrfss dvdry 93 jd``s kn tgd pind` ine sgiefwknh dbbdjt fn tgks systdl ks stuekde. I lixklul pfwdr pfknt trijaknh systdl usknh tgd pdrturm ine fmsdrvd i`hfrktgl ine i muja jfnvdrtdr ird i`sf ieede tf tgd systdl. Ugd  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

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DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

sklu`itkfn rdsu`ts sgfw tgit tgd lfed` edrkvde ks ijjuritd. Xgdn tgd krriekinjd `dvd` ks jginhde, tgd  pdrjdntihd knjrdisd kn tgd lixklul pfwdr pfknt (LSS) ks i`lfst dqui` tf tgd pdrjdntihd knjrdisd kn tgd knjkednt krriekinjd `dvd` fn tgd pind`. Ieektkfni``y, wgdn mypiss ekfeds ird ieede tf tgd systdl, gkhgdr  vi`uds fb LSS jin md fmtiknde eurknh i pirtki` sgiefw. Gfwdvdr, tgdy i`sf kntrfeujd lu`tkp`d `fji` LSS kntf tgd systdl ine tgks jiusd tgd lixklul pfwdr pfknt trijaknh (LSSU) i`hfrktgl tf hdt stuja it i `fji` lixklul knstdie fb tgd h`fmi` lixklul kn sfld jisds. JK]JTKU EKIH]IL ?

S]FJDET]D ?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DZT@U?    Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh Dnhknddrknh

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DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit ks sgiefwknh dbbdjt6 =. Xgit ks tgd usd fb mypiss ekfeds6 :. Nild sfld LSSU tdjgnkquds. 5. Xgit ks S&F LSSU6 4. Xgy i EJ-EJ jfnvdrtdr ks kntdrbijde wktg sf`ir pind`6 Dxpt. Nf.?5.  DWSD]KLDNU FN SD]BF]LINJD IZZDZZLDNU FB H]KE JFNNDJUDE INE ZUINEI@FND 9AXS ZF@I] SFXD] Z[ZUDL.  Eitd?  IKL?

Uf ini`ysd tgd pdrbfrlinjd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb hrke jfnndjtde ine stine - i`fnd 9aX sf`ir pfwdr systdl ISSI]IUTZ  ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][? Hrke jfnndjt sf`ir pfwdr? I hrke jfnndjt systdl ks fnd tgit wfras kn wktg tgd `fji` utk`kty hrke sf tgit wgdn yfur sf`ir pind`s prfeujd lfrd sf`ir d`djtrkjkty tgin yfur gfusd ks usknh tgd surp`us pfwdr ks bde kntf tgd hrke. Xktg i hrke jfnndjt sf`ir   pfwdr  pfw dr syst systdl dl wgdn wgdn yfur yfur gfusd gfusd rdqukr rdqukrds ds lfrd lfrd pfwdr pfwdr tgin wgit wgit yfu yfurr sf`ir sf`ir pin pind`s d`s ird prf prfeuj eujknh knh tgdn tgd  mi`inj  mi` injdd fb yfu yfurr d`djtrkj d`djtrkjkty kty ks supp` supp`kde kde my tgd tgd utk`kty utk`kty hrke hrke.. Zf bfr dxilp dxilp`d `d kb yfur yfur d`d d`djtrk jtrkji` ji` `fies `fies kn yf yfur ur gfusd gfusd wdrd jfnsulknh =3 ilps fb pfwdr ine yfur sf`ir pfwdr wis fn`y hdndritknh 9= ilps tgdn yfu wfu`e md eriwknh eriwkn h 7 ilps brfl tgd hrke. Fmvkfus`y Fmvkfus`y it nkhgt i`` fb yfur d`djtrkji` d`djtrkji` nddes ird supp`kde my tgd hrke mdjiusd wktg i hrke jfnndjt systdl yfu ef nft stfrd tgd pfwdr yfu hdndritd eurknh tgd eiy.  

Ztine- i`fnd sf`ir pfwdr? I stinei`fnd sf`ir systdl, tgd sf`ir pind`s ird nft jfnndjtde tf i hrke mut knstdie ird usde tf jgirhd i mina fb   mittdrk  mit tdrkds. ds. Ugdsd Ugdsd mittdrkd mittdrkdss stfrd stfrd tgd tgd pfwdr pfwdr prfe prfeujd ujde e my ttgd gd sf`ir sf`ir pind pind`s `s in ine e tgdn tgdn yfur yfur dd`dj `djtrkj trkji` i` `fies `fies eriw eriw tgdk tgdkr  r  d`djtrkjkty brfl tgdsd mittdrkds. Ztinei`fnd sf`ir pfwdr systdls givd mddn usde bfr i `fnh tkld kn irdis wgdrd nf pum`kj hrke ks ivik`im`d. Gfwdvdr, tgd rdi` hrfwtg kn sf`ir pfwdr systdls kn tgd `ist 4 ydirs gis mddn kn hrke

jfnndjt systdls.

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh Dnhknddrknh

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DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

S]FJDET]D ?

]DZT@U?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ?  9. Xgit ks Ztine-i`fnd SR systdl6  =. Xgit ks hrke jfnndjtde SR systdl6  :. Xgkjg fnd ks ks mdttdr mdttdr ,hr ,hrke ke fr stine-i`fnd6  5. Xgit ks hrke6  4. Hkvd tgd skhnkbkjinjd fb mittdrkds.

Dxpt. Nf.

4. ZKLT@IUKFN ZUTE[ FN XKNE DND]H[ HDND]IUF] 

Eitd?

IKL?

Uf stuey tgd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb wkne hdndritfr my sklu`itknh tgd lfed` usknh LIU@IM sfbtwird. ISSI]IUTZ  ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][

Xkne turmknds wfra fn i sklp`d prknjkp`d? knstdie fb usknh d`djtrkjkty tf liad wkne―`kad i bin  ―wkne turmknds usd wkne tf liad d`djtrkjkty. Xkne turns tgd prfpd``dr-`kad m`ieds fb i turmknd irfune i rftfr, wgkjg spkns i hdndritfr, wgkjg jrditds d`djtrkjkty. Xkne ks i bfrl fb sf`ir dndrhy jiusde my i jflmknitkfn fb tgrdd jfnjurrdnt dvdnts?  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

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DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

*Ugd sun undvdn`y gditknh tgd itlfspgdrd *Krrdhu`irktkds fb tgd dirtg's surbijd *Ugd rftitkfn fb tgd dirtg. Ugd tdrls "wkne dndrhy" ine "wkne pfwdr" mftg edsjrkmd tgd prfjdss my wgkjg tgd wkne ks usde tf hdndritd ldjginkji` pfwdr fr d`djtrkjkty. Ugks ldjginkji` pfwdr jin md usde bfr spdjkbkj tisas (sujg is hrkneknh hrikn fr pulpknh witdr) fr i hdndritfr jin jfnvdrt tgks ldjginkji` pfwdr kntf d`djtrkjkty. I wkne turmknd turns wkne dndrhy kntf d`djtrkjkty usknh tgd idrfeynilkj bfrjd brfl tgd rftfr m`ieds, wgkjg wfra `kad in ikrp`ind wknh fr gd`kjfptdr rftfr m`ied. Xgdn wkne b`fws ijrfss tgd m`ied, tgd ikr   prdssurd fn fnd sked fb tgd m`ied edjrdisds. Ugd ekbbdrdnjd kn ikr prdssurd ijrfss tgd twf skeds fb tgd  m`ied jrditds mftg `kbt ine erih. Ugd bfrjd fb tgd `kbt `k bt ks strfnhdr tgin tgd erih ine tgks jiusds tgd rftfr tf spkn.i Ugd rftfr jfnndjts tf tgd hdndritfr, ekrdjt`y (kb ine kt‛s i``fw i ekrdjt turmknd) sli``dr fr tgrfuhg i sgibt ine sdrkds fb hdirs (i hdirmfx) tgit spddedktgdr up tgd rftitkfn bfrerkvd i pgyskji``y hdndritfr. Ugks trins`itkfn fb idrfeynilkj bfrjd tf rftitkfn fb i hdndritfr jrditds d`djtrkjkty. ZKLT@IUKFN EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

;

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

SIND@ EKIH]IL

KNBD]DNJD?

 

]DZT@U? ]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit ks tgd prknjkp`d fb wkne hdndritfr6 =. Xkne ks i bfrl fb wgit dndrhy6 Mrkdb kt. :. Gfw tgd ldjginkji` rftitkfn ks jfnvdrtde tf d`djtrkji` skhni`s6 5. Xgit ird tgd twf typds fb bfrjd kn wkne dndrhy hdndritkfn6 4. Gfw tgd trins`itkfn fb idrfeynilkj bfrjd prfeujds d`djtrkjkty6 Dxpt. Nf.?

Eitd?

2. DWSD]KLDNU FN SD]BF]LINJD IZZDZZLDNU IZZDZZLDNU FB LKJ]F XKNE DND]H[ HDND]IUF]. IKL?   Uf ini`ysd tgd pdrbfrlinjd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb lkjrf wkne dndrhy hdndritfr.

ISSI]IUTZ  ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][?

Lkjrf-wkne turmknds ird usde kn lkjrf-wkne hdndritkfn ine ird lujg sli``dr kn sji`d tgin tgfsd usde kn jfnvdntkfni` wkne hdndritkfn liaknh tgdl lfrd suktim`d bfr rdskedntki` dndrhy prfeujtkfn. Lkjrf-wkne hdndritkfn ks i ldtgfe fb lkjrf hdndritkfn tgit usds tgd b`fw fb wkne dndrhy tf prfeujd d`djtrkjkty bfr i gfusd fr birl. Mrfie`y spdiaknh, tgdrd ird twf typds fb wkne turmknds tgit jin md knsti``de? vdrtkji` ixks wkne turmknds ine gfrkzfnti` ixks wkne turmknds. Ugd knsti``itkfn fb i lkjrf-wkne turmknd usui``y jfnsksts fb tgd turmknd ine in knvdrtdr. Xkne jiusds tgd  m`ieds fb tgd wkne turmknd tf rftitd, hdndritknh ldjginkji` dndrhy. Ugd ldjginkji` dndrhy brfl tgd rftitkfn ks jfnvdrtde tf ekrdjt jurrdnt (EJ) kn tgd turmknd ine usknh tgd knvdrtdr, ks jfnvdrtde tf i`tdrnitknh jurrdnt (IJ). Ugd knvdrtdr futput ks jfnndjtde tf i mrdiadr pind` wgdrd tgd d`djtrkjkty jin md sgirde ilfnh tgd d`djtrkji` dqukpldnt kn tgd gfld. Dxjdss d`djtrkjkty jin md dxpfrtde brfl tgd gfld tf tgd d`djtrkji` hrke usknh i mkekrdjtkfni` ldtdr ine jrdekts wk`` md prfvkede ijjfreknh`y my tgd rdtik`dr   misde fn tgd d`djtrkj jurrdnt tirkbb bfr bfr d`djtrkjkty. Ugd hdndritkfn fb d`djtrkjkty ks lfst`y misde fn tgd rftitkfni` wkne spddes fb tgd wkne turmknds. Jdrtikn hdfhripgkj `fjitkfns ird lfrd suktim`d bfr prfeujknh d`djtrkjkty jflpirde tf ftgdrs. Edpdneknh fn tgd ilfunt fb wkne tgit jin md fmtiknde brfl i rdhkfn, tgd hdndritkfn jin viry. Inftgdr bijtfr tgit jin ibb ibbdjt djt tgd pdrbfr pdrbfrlin linjd jd fb wkne wkne tur turmkn mknds ds ks tgd fmstru fmstrujtk jtkfns fns kn tgd irdi fb tgd knsti` knsti``de `de tur turmkn mknd. d. Fmstrujtkfns brfl trdds fr ftgdr muk`eknhs wk`` gknedr tgd turmknds brfl prfeujknh it kts fptklul jipijkty.  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

93

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

JK]JTKU EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DZT@U?

  ]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit ks lkjrf-wkne dndrhy hdndritfr6 =. Gfw i lkjrf wkne systdl ks knsti``de6 knsti`` de6 :. Xgit ird tgd bijtfrs ibbdjtknh hdndritfr pdrbfrlinjd6 5. Xgit ird tgd knsti``itkfn rdqukrdldnts fb lkjrfwkne turmknd systdl6 4. Jflpird SR ine wkne pfwdr hdndritkfn systdl.

     

Dxpt. Nf.?

Eitd? 8. ZKLT@IUKFN ZUTE[ FN G[M]KE (ZF@I]-XKNE) SFXD] Z[ZUDL.

IKL?

Uf stuey tgd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb gymrke (Zf`ir-wkne) (Zf`ir-wkne) pfwdr systdl my sklu`itknh tgd lfed` usknh LIU@IM sfbtwird. GI]EXI]D INE ZFBUXI]D ]DYTK]DE? Sdrsfni` Jflputdr, LIU@IM 8.93 UGDF][?

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

99

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

SR-wkne gymrke dndrhy systdl‛s likn jflpfndnts ird sgfwn kn Bkhurd. SR irriy ine wkne turmknd hdndritd dndrhy bfr tgd `fie. Mittdry stfrds dxjdss dndrhy ine supp`kds tgd `fie wgdn tgd hdndritde dndrhy ks nft dnfuhg bfr tgd `fie. Mittdry jgirhd jfntrf``drs addp mittdry vf`tihd wktgkn spdjkbkj vf`tihd wknefw ine tgus, tgdy prdvdnt fvdr eksjgirhd fr fvdrjgirhd rdhklds. Uf prftdjt tgd mittdry ihiknst fvdrjgirhknh, SR irriy ine wkne hdndritfr ks eksjfnndjtde brfl tgd systdl wgdn tgd EJ mus vf`tihd knjrdisds knjrdi sds imfvd ine wgdn tgd jurrdnt rdqukrde rdqukrde my tgd `fie ks `dss tgin tgd jurrdnt jurrdnt hdndritde hdndritde my tgd SR irriy ine wkne hdndritfr. Ugdy ird jfnndjtde ihikn wgdn EJ mus vf`tihd edjrdisds md`fw. Uf prftdjt tgd mittdry ihiknst dxjdsskvd eksjgirhknh, tgd `fie ks eksjfnndjtde wgdn tgd EJ mus vf`tihd bi``s md`fw ine wgdn tgd jurrdnt rdqukrde my tgd `fie ks hrditdr tgin tgd jurrdnt hdndritde my tgd SR irriy ine wkne hdndri hdn dritfr tfr.. Ugd `fie ks swktjgd swktjgde e fn wgdn wgdn EJ mus vf`tih vf`tihdd knjrdi knjrdisds sds imfvd. imfvd. Ugd knvdrt knvdrtdr dr jfnvdr jfnvdrts ts hdndritde dndrhy brfl EJ tf IJ bfr in IJ `fie.

 

BKHT]D ? G[M]KE (ZF@I]-XKNE) SFXD] Z[ZUDL

ZKLT@IUKFN EKIH]IL?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DZT@U?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit ef yfu ldin my gymrke systdl6 =. Gfw tgd pdrbfrlinjd ks ini`ysde kn gymrke systdl6 :. Xgy gymrke systdls p`iy i vkti` rf`d tgin in knekvkeui` systdl6 5. Xgit ird tgd liofr jflpfndnts kn i SR-wkne gymrke systdl 4. Xgit ks tgd rf`d fb mittdry kn SR-wkne systdl6

Dxpt. Nf. 7. DWSD]KLDNU FN SD]BF]LINJD IZZDZZLDNU FB G[M]KE (ZF@I]XKNE) SFXD] Z[ZUDL.   Eitd?

 IKL ?Uf ini`ysd tgd pdrbfrlinjd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb gymrke (sf`ir-wkne) pfwdr systdl  ISSI]IUTZ  ]DYTK]DE?

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

9=

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

UGDF][? Gymrke systdls ird miskji``y in kntdhritkfn fb sf`ir pind`s ine wkne turmknd, tgd futput fb  tgks jflmknitkfn ks usde tf jgirhd mittdrkds, tgks stfrde dndrhy jin tgdn md trinslkttde tf `fji` pfwdr stitkfns.  Kn tgks systdl wkne turmknd jin md usde tf prfeujd d`djtrkjkty wgdn wkne ks ivik`im`d ine sf`ir dndrhy pind`s ird usde wgdn sf`ir riekitkfns ird ivik`im`d. Sfwdr jin md hdndritde my mftg tgd sdjtkfns it tgd sild tkld i`sf. Ugd usihd fb mittdrkds ks tf prfvked unkntdrruptde pfwdr supp`y. Ugks systdl rdqukrds gkhg knktki` knvdstldnt. Ugd pfwdr futput fb tgd wkne turmkndwkne turmknd ks IJ wgkjg ks jfnvdrtde tf EJ wktg tgd gd`p fb i rdjtkbkdr.Ugd

Ugd vf`tihd jin md stdppde up fr stdppde efwn wktg tgd gd`p fb i ‗ZDSKJ‛ jfnvdrtdr wgkjg usds LFZBDU swktjgknh. JK]JTKU EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D?

]DZT@U

?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ 9. Gfw sf`ir dndrhy ks prfeujde6 =. Gfw wkne dndrhy ks prfeujde6 :. Nild iny ftgdr sfurjd ftgdr tgin wkne wgkjg jin bfrl i gymrke systdl wktg SR6 5. Hkvd sfld dxilp`ds fb gymrke systdls. 4. Hkvd sfld dxilp`ds fb wkne gymrke sytdls. Dxpt. Nf.? ;. ZKLT@IUKFN ZUTE[ FN G[ED@ SFXD] 

Eitd?

IKL? Uf stuey tgd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb gyed` pfwdr systdl my sklu`itknh tgd lfed` usknh LIU@IM sfbtwird. ISSI]IUTZ ]DYTK]DE? UGDF][?  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

9:

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

Gyerfpfwdr fr gyerfd`djtrkjkty rdbdrs tf tgd jfnvdrskfn fb dndrhy brfl b`fwknh witdr  kntf d`djtrkjkty. Kt ks jfnskedrde i rdndwim`d dndrhy sfurjd mdjiusd tgd witdr jyj`d ks jfnstint`y rdndwde  my tgd sun.  fei feiy, y, lfedrn lfedrn gyerf gyerf p`ints p`ints prfeuj prfeujdd d`djtr d`djtrkjkt kjkty y usknh usknh tur turmkn mknds ds ine hdndri hdndritfr tfrs, s, wgdrd wgdrd ldjginkji` dndrhy ks jrditde wgdn lfvknh witdr spkns rftfrs rftfrs fn i turmknd. turmknd. Ugks turmknd ks jfnndjtde tf tf in d`djtrflihndtkj hdndritfr, wgkjg prfeujd d`djtrkjkty wgdn tgd t gd turmknd spkns. Gyerf p`int bijk`ktkds jin md jitdhfrkzde kntf tgrdd skzds? `irhd (>:3 LX), sli`` (933 aX - :3 LX), fr lkjrf (0933 aX),   Ugdrd ird tgrdd likn typds fb gyerf p`ints? Klpfuneldnt bijk`ktkds ird tgd lfst jfllfn tdjgnf`fhy wgkjg usds i eil tf jrditd i `irhd rdsdrvfkr fb witdr. D`djtrkjkty ks lied wgdn witdr pissds tgrfuhg turmknds kn tgd eil. stfri hdrdsdrvfkr bijk`ktkdstfird givd istfrknh sdjfne sdjfnedndrh rdsdrvfkr rdsdryvfkr md`fw eil. Xitdr jin md  pulpde Sulpde brfl tgdstfrihd `fwdr tgdsklk`ir uppdr mut rdsdrvfkr, dndrhy bfr usd it itgd `itdr tkld. ]un-fb-rkvdr bijk`ktkds rd`y lfrd fn nituri` witdr b`fw ritds, ekvdrtknh oust i pfrtkfn fb rkvdr  witdr tgrfuhg turmknds, sfldtklds wktgfut tgd usd fb i eil fr rdsdrvfkrs. Zknjd run-fb-rkvdr gyerf ks sumodjt tf nituri` witdr virkimk`kty, kt ks lfrd kntdrlkttdnt tgin eillde gyerf. ZKLT@IUKFN EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D?

KNBD]DNJD?

]DZT@U?

 

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit Xgit ef yfu yfu ldin ldin my gyed gyed`` pfwdr pfwdr hdndr hdndritk itkfn6 fn6 =. Xgy gyed` gyed` pfwdr pfwdr ks i rdnd rdndwim wim`d `d sfurjd sfurjd66 :. Gfw tgd gyerf gyerf p`ints p`ints ird j`isskb j`isskbkde kde66  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

95

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

5. Xgit Xgit ird ird tgd likn likn typds typds fb gyer gyerf f p`int p`ints6 s6 4. Hkvd Hkvd tgd ievi ievinti ntihds hds fb fb gyerf gyerf pfwd pfwdrr p`ints p`ints.. Dxpt. Nf.

93. Dxpdrkldnt fn Sdrbfrlinjd Issdssldnt fb 933X Bud` Jd``

Eitd?

IKL?

Uf ini`ysd tgd pdrbfrlinjd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb 933X bud` jd``. ISSI]IUTZ ]DYTK]DE?

UGDF][? I bud` jd`` ks i edvkjd tgit jfnvdrts jgdlkji` pftdntki` dndrhy (dndrhy stfrde kn lf`dju`ir mfnes) kntf d`djtrkji` dndrhy. I SDL S DL (Srftfn Dxjginhd Ldlmrind) jd`` usds gyerfhdn his (G=) ine fxyhdn his (F=) is bud`. Ugd prfeujts fb tgd rdijtkfn kn tgd jd`` ird witdr, d`djtrkjkty, ine gdit. Ugks ks i mkh klprfvdldnt fvdr kntdrni` jflmustkfn dnhknds, jfi` murnknh pfwdr p`ints, ine nuj`dir pfwdr p`ints, i`` fb wgkjg prfeujd girlbu` my-prfeujts. Ugdrd ird bfur miskj d`dldnts fb i SDL Bud` Jd``? Ugd infed, tgd ndhitkvd pfst fb tgd bud` jd``, gis sdvdri` ofms. Kt jfneujts tgd d`djtrfns tgit ird brdde brfl tgd gyerfhdn lf`dju`ds sf tgit tgdy jin md usde kn in dxtdrni` jkrjukt. Kt gis jginnd`s dtjgde kntf kt tgit ekspdrsd tgd gyerfhdn his dqui``y fvdr tgd surbijd fb tgd jiti`yst. Ugd jitgfed, tgd pfsktkvd pfst fb tgd bud` jd``, gis jginnd`s dtjgde kntf kt tgit ekstrkmutd tgd fxyhdn tf tgd surbijd fb tgd jiti`yst. Kt i`sf jfneujts tgd d`djtrfns mija brfl tgd dxtdrni` jkrjukt tf tgd jiti`yst, wgdrd tgdy jin rdjflmknd wktg tgd gyerfhdn kfns ine fxyhdn tf bfrl witdr. Ugd d`djtrf`ytd ks tgd prftfn dxjginhd ldlmrind. Ugks spdjki``y trditde litdrki`, wgkjg `ffas sfldtgknh `ka `kadd frekni frekniry ry akt aktjgd jgdn n p`istk p`istkjj wrip, wrip, fn`y fn`y jfneuj jfneujts ts pfsktk pfsktkvd`y vd`y jgirhd jgirhde e kfns. kfns. Ugd ldlmri ldlmrind nd m`fjas m`fjas d`djtrfns. Bfr i SDLBJ, tgd ldlmrind lust md gyeritde kn fredr tf bunjtkfn ine rdlikn stim`d. Ugd jiti`yst ks i spdjki` litdrki` tgit bijk`ktitds tgd rdijtkfn fb fxyhdn ine gyerfhdn. Kt ks usui``y lied fb p`itknul ninfpirtkj`ds vdry tgkn`y jfitde fntf jirmfn pipdr fr j`ftg. Ugd jiti`yst ks rfuhg ine pfrfus sf tgit tgd lixklul surbijd irdi fb tgd p`itknul jin md dxpfsde tf tgd gyerfhdn fr fxyhdn. Ugd  p`itknul-jfitde sked fb tgd jiti`yst bijds tgd SDL.

JK]JTKU EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D?

KNBD]DNJD?  Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

94

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

=3=3-=3=9

]DZT@U? ]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit Xgit ks i bud bud`` jd` jd``6 `6 =. Ks bud bud`` jd`` jd`` i rdn rdndw dwim im`d `d sfu sfurj rjd6 d6 :. Gfw bud` bud` jd`` jd`` h hdnd dndrit ritds ds d`dj d`djtrk trkjkt jkty6 y6 5. Xgit ks tgd ekbbdrdnjd ekbbdrdnjd mdtwddn mdtwddn i bud` bud` jd`` jd`` ine ine i mittdry mittdry66 4. Xrktd Xrktd tgd tgd jgdlkj jgdlkji` i` rdijt rdijtkfn kfnss fb i bud` bud` jd``. jd``. Dxpt. Nf.?

99. Zklu`itkfn stuey fn Kntd``khdnt Jfntrf``drs bfr Gymrke Zystdls. EIUD?

IKL? Uf stuey tgd jgirijtdrkstkjs fb kntd``khdnt jfntrf``drs bfr gymrke systdls my sklu`itknh tgd lfed` usknh LIU@IM sfbtwird. ISSI]IUTZ ]DYTK]DE ?

UGDF][? In kntd``khdnt jfntrf` fb gymrke systdl ks dxp`iknde gdrd.Ugd rdhu`itfry ldtgfes ks klp`dldntde tf fmtikn lixklul ivik`im`d dndrhy eurknh tgd edvkitknh jfnstriknts sujg is krriekinjd ine wkne spdde i`fnh wktg pfwdr qui`kty likntdninjd. @dvd`ksde jfst fb d`djtrkjkty ks mdknh prijtkjde kn liofr pirts fb  tgd systdl bfr mdttdr fpdritkfn. Kn ieektkfni` in dbbkjkdnt dndrhy linihdldnt systdl wis dlp`fyde kn i stinei`fnd systdl bfr dvdn pfwdr ekstrkmutkfn tgrfuhgfut i eiy. Ugd usihd fb Kntd``khdnt supdrvksfry bfr  swktjgknh fb mffst jfnvdrtdr ks lfst klpfrtint kn fmtiknknh futput fb SR systdl. Kntdhritkfn fb tgd systdl wktg hrke my utk`ksknh utk`ks knh EJ-IJ jfnvdrtdr (Knvdrtdr) bfr dndrhy trinsbdr brfl tgd SR irriy ine wkne turmknd tf hrke wktg jfnstint jfllfn ej vf`tihd. Ugd sklu`itkfn rdsu`ts edpkjts tgit tgd dntkrd rdhu`itfry systdl gis mddn edp`fyde utk`kzknh pfwdr systdl trinskdnt ini`ysks tff` kn LIU@IM Zklu`kna. ]dsu`ts i`sf edpkjt tgd jfntrf``de pdrbfrlinjd ine eynilkj mdgivkfur fb tgd gymrke systdl. ZKLT@IUKFN EKIH]IL?

S]FJDET]D?

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh

92

 

 

DD789=-]dndwim`d Dndrhy Zystdls @im

Edpt. fb DDD

KNBD]DNJD?

  ]DZT@U?

]DRKDX YTDZUKFNZ? 9. Xgit Xgit ef yfu yfu ldin ldin my kntd kntd``k ``khdn hdntt jfntrf jfntrf`6 `6 =. Nild sfld kntd``k kntd``khdnt hdnt jfntrf` jfntrf` tdjgnkqu tdjgnkquds ds bfr bfr gymrke gymrke systdls. systdls.

:. Xgit ks tgd tgd jfntrf``k jfntrf``knh nh bijtfr bijtfr kn kntd``kh kntd``khdnt dnt systdls systdls66 5. Gfw tgd tgd dbbkjkdnj dbbkjkdnjy y ks klprfv klprfvde de kn kntd``khdn kntd``khdntt jfntrf` jfntrf` systdl. systdl. 4. Xgy kntd kntd``kh ``khdnt dnt jfnt jfntrf` rf` p`iy p`iyss i vkti` vkti` rf`d6 rf`d6  

 Zt. Ofsdpg‛s Jf``dhd Fb Dnhknddrknh Dnhknddrknh

98

=3=3-=3=9