Edulcorantes - La Stevia

 

–  Iùa dm ci ]ojvmrsicjzikjûo dm ci [icud“

]OJ^MX[JDID OIKJAOIC –RMDXA X]JP GICCA“

Nikuctid dm Jogmojmrìi Yuìljki m Jodustrjis Icjlmotirjis Mskumci dm Jodustrjis Icjlmotirjis

–RXARJMDIDM[ Z HMOMNJKJA[ DM CI [TM^JI MO CI [IC]D“ KFJKCIZA - 8282

Jotmgriotms Hrjaoms Omjri Zasvj [idjtf Mcìis Momqum Cujgj Mstuirda [jcvi Oivirra Larmoa @msðs Iodrês

Ismsar  Kicdmrûo Luodiki Wjclmr Cmaokja

Isjgoituri Hjaquìljki dm cas icjlmotas

Cilhiymqum - Rmrð 8282

 

J.

JONAXLIKJÛO G GM MOMXIC

J. J.99 Tjtu Tjtuca ca –Rrapjmdidms y hmomnjkjas dm ci stmvji mo ci sicud“ Kfjkciya - 8282

J. J.88 Iuta Iutarm rmss  

Hrjaoms Omjri Zasvj [idjtf

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  Mcìis Momqum Cujgj Mstuirda

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  [jcvi Oivirra Oivirra Larmoa @msðs Iodrês

J.; Ismsar Ismsar dm dm mspmk mspmkjicjd jicjdid id Kicdmrûo Luodiki Wjclmr Cmaokja

J.4 Cìomi dm jovm jovmstjgi stjgikjûo kjûo Dmskrjptjva ‛ hjaquìljki dm icjlmotas

J. J.== Cug Cugir  Kfjkciya ‛ Cilhiymqum

JJ JJ..

RCI CIOT OTM MIL ILJM JMOT OTA AD DM M CI CI FJ FJR RATM ATM[J[ [J[

JJ.9[ìotmsjs dm ci sjtuikjûo prahcmlétjki Mo ci iktuicjdid mc iulmota dm ci pahcikjûo y ci ipirjkjûo dm djvmrsis monmrlmdidms dmrjvidis dm ci lici icjlmotikjûo kaoccmvio i cas kaosuljdarms i ci hðsqumdi dm icjlmotas joakuas, oituricms, outrjtjvas, qum kujdmo ci sicud dmc kaosuljdar. Mo cas ðctjlas iùas sm mvjdmokji uoi krmkjmotm dmliodi par mc kaosula dm icjlmotas y hmhjdis sicudihcms qum ipartmo prapjmdidms idjkjaoicms qum kaotrjhuyio ic hjmomstir dm oumstri sicud. Ms isì qum mxjstm uoi praparkjûo dm ci pahcikjûo, qum, par latjvas dm sicud a mstêtjki, fio jokarparida mo su icjlmotikjûo praduktas djmtêtjkas y oituricms5 prjokjpiclmotm iqumccas praduktas qum ipartio uo hi`a kaotmojda kicûrjka - momrgêtjka, kala hmhjdis oa kirhaoitidis mduckaridis kao mduckariotms oa kicûrjkas, tiota oituricms kala sjotêtjkas, cas kuicms sm utjcjzio mo rmmlpcizû dm cas izðkirms.

 

]oa dm cas mduckariotms qum sm vjmom mstudjioda su usa mo ci jodustrji ms mc st stmv mvji ji ([tm ([tmvj vji i rm rmhi hiud udji jioi oi Hmrt Hmrtao aoj), j), mc ku kuic ic ms ip ipti ti piri piri dj djih ihêt êtjk jkas as,, ms fjpatmosari (rmkalmodidi piri pmrsaois kao tmosjûo icti), iyudi i hi`ir dm pmsa yi qum oa tjmom kicarìis y oa pradukm ojogðo diùa oakjva kiusida par  su kaosula. Mc prmsmotm trihi`a dm jovmstjgikjûo prmtmodm dmtmrljoir cis prapjmdidms y hmomnjkjas dm ci stmvji mo ci sicud. JJ.8Narlucikjûo JJ.8 Narlucikjûo dmc prahcmli dm jovmstjgikjûo jovmstjgikjûo ±Kuécms smréo cis prapjmdidms y sus hmomnjkjas dm ci stmvji mo ci sicud1

JJ.;Ah`mtjvas gmomricms y mspmkìnjkas Ah`mtjva gmomric 

  Dmtmrljoir cis prapjm prapjmdidms didms y hmomnjkjas hmomnjkjas dm ci stmvji mo mo ci sicud.

Ah`mtjvas mspmkìnjkas  

JJJ.

Dmoatir cas mnmktas pasjtjvas dm ci stmvji, kala icjlmota.

DJ[MÙA TMAXJKA

JJ JJJ. J.99 Io Iotm tmkkmdmo mdmotm tmss JJJ.9.9   Fjoa`asi, Fjoa`asi, @ & Tuo, I. (829 (8297), 7), mo su irtìkuca –Mx –Mxtri trikk kkjûo jûo dm gcuk gcukûs ûsjd jdas as mduc mducka kari riot otms ms dm [tmv [tmvji ji pa parr lê lêta tada dass dm ncuj ncujda dass supmrkrìtjkas y sus hmomnjkjas“  rmicjzida mo ci Nikuctid dm Yuìljki. ]ojvmrsjdid Oikjaoic Iutûoali dm Lêxjka, mstm trihi`a tjmom kala ah`mtj ah` mtjva va mv mvicu icuir ir mc lê lêtad tada a dm mxt mxtrik rikkjû kjûo o kao djûxjd djûxjda a dm kirhao kirhaoa a supmrkrìtjka kao y sjo ci idjkjûo dm kasacvmotm ic sjstmli (lmzkci igui0 mtioac)5 piri ci ahtmokjûo dm cas gcjkûsjdas liyarjtirjas i pirtjr dm cis fa`is dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi Hmrtaoj. Riri ci mxtrikkjûo supmrkrìtjki sm utjcjzû uo mqujpa ladmca [NT-9=2 [NM/[NX kao KA8 kala ncujda. Ci kiotjdid dm gcukûsjdas mduckariotms sm ioicjzirao par Kralitagrinìi Cìqujdi dm Icti Xmsacukjûo (FRCK), piri mc rmsuctida ci prmsjûo num mc niktar qum nivarmkjû ci mxtrikkjûo, ci kuic num smcmktjvi mo ci ahtmokjûo dmc Xmhiudjûsjda I kao rmodjljmotas oa liyarms qum 8%. Ci jokcusjûo dmc kasacvmotm kaosjgujû uo iulmota mo mc rmodjljmota fisti vicarms dm 8.: %. Kaokcuymoda0 mc KA8 supmrkrìtjka dm liomri jodjvjduic y

 

lmzkci lmz kcida da kao mtioa mtioac-i c-igui gui kal kala a kas kasacv acvmot motm m oa num mnjkjm mnjkjmotm otm piri piri mxtrimr mxtri mr cas mstmv mstmvjasjd jasjdas as mduckario mduckariotms tms dm [tmvji [tmvji rmhiudjio rmhiudjioi. i. [tmvj [tmvji i ikuluci fisti uo ;2 % dm cas gcukûsjdas dm mstmvjac ([Gs par su sjgci mo jogcês) dmc pmsa smka dm cis fa`is.

JJJ.9.8  [icvidar, X5 [atmca, L & Riukir, C. (8294), mo su irtìkuca dm rmvjsjûo –Mstu Mstud dja dm ci [tmv [tmvji ji ([ ([tm tmvj vjii rmhiudj iudjiioi Hm Hmrrtao taoj) ka kala la mduckariotm oituric y su usa mo hmomnjkja dm ci sicud“  rmicjzida mo mc Dmpirtilmota dm Jogmojmrìi Igrajodustrjic, Nikuctid dm Jogmojmrìi, ]ojvmrsjdid Oikjaoic dmc [ioti, Iokisf-Rmrð. Mstm trihi`a dm rmvjsjûo tuva kala ah`mtjva, rmkapjcir jonarlikjûo sahrm cas mstudjas rmicjzidas i ci mstmvji kala ictmroitjvi ic izðkir y cas hmomnjkjas dm su kaosula. Msti pcioti, ms kaosjdmridi mc lm`ar sustjtuta dmc izðkir dmhjda i qum ms fisti ;22 vmkms lés duckm y oa kaotjmom kicarìis. Mo su kalpas kal pasjkj jkjûo ûo prm prmsmo smoti ti uo ict icta a par parkmo kmoti` ti`m m dm gcu gcukû kûsjd sjdas as dm mst mstmvj mvjac ac (mstmvjûsjda y rmhiudjasjdi, cas kuicms cm kaonjmrmo uo sihar duckm jotmosa y prapjmdidms tmripêutjkis kaotri ci djihmtms, ci fjpmrtmosjûo y ci ahms ahmsjd jdid id55 idml idmlés és iy iyud udi i ic ka kaot otra racc dmc dmc pmsa pmsa,, ci sikj sikjmd mdid id y mc filhrm. Rar su kaotmojda mo kalpumstas nmoûcjkas, ci stmvji iktði tilhjêo kala uo mxkmcmotm iotjaxjdiotm y iotjkiokmrìgmoa5 isjljsla sm

fi

dmlastrida

qum

pasmm

prapjmdidms

iotjhiktmrjiois,

iotjkaokmptjvis y djurêtjkis.

JJJ.9.;   @irli, I5 Kalhitt, M & Kcmvms, @. (8292), mo su irtìkuca –Ispmktas outrjkjaoicms y lmtihacjsla dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi (Hmrtaoj)“ , mc prmsmotm trihi`a rmvjsi ci ruti dm sìotmsjs dm cas prjokjpicms mduckariotms pradukjdas par ci pcioti, djskutm mc jlpartiotm pipmc qum mo mcci `umgio icguoas ljomricms, y rmicjzi uo ioécjsjs dm cas ispmktas outrjkjaoicms lés jlpartiotms dm msti pcioti, kao hism mo cas mstudjas rmicjzidas mo Kacalhji. Mo Kacalhji, cas mstudjas kjmotìnjkas sahrm mc tmli sm cjljtio i icguoas rmsuctidas mokaotridas par ci ]ojvmrsjdid dm Kûrdahi y Karpajki mo trihi`as dmsirraccidas kao ojtrûgmoa, nûsnara y patisja. patis ja. Kaokcuymo Kaokcuymoda, da, cis dmnjk dmnjkjmok jmokjis jis dm ojtrû ojtrûgmoa gmoa pumdmo kiusir  kiusir  djsljoukjûo mo mc krmkjljmota y dmsirracca dm tadis cis pirtms larnacûgjkis dm ci pcioti dm mstmvji, mc nûsnara narli pirtm msmokjic dm lukfas luk fas gcu gcukan kanasn asnita itass kal kala a ci urj urjdjo djo djn djnasn asnita ita gcu gcukas kasi, i, ]DR-gc ]DR-gck, k, y

 

dmnjkjmokjis dm patisja, akisjaoio rmdukkjûo mo mc oðlmra dm rilis par pcioti.

JJJ.9.4   Mo mc praymkta dm Gûlmz y Omyri (8294), qujmoms rmsictio qum ci stmvji pmruioi ms nilasi, dmhjda i sus prjokjpicms kalpaomotms kala ca ms mc Mstmvjûsjda y Xmhiudjûsjda I, cas kuicms sao cas kalpaomotms lés duckms dm ci stmvji. Mccas ismgurio qum mc lmrkida patmokjic mo mc Rmrð̉ , talioda mo kaosjdmrikjûo ci pahcikjûo dm pmrsaois djihêtjkis, qum rmprmsmoti uo 92% y pmrsaois qum pidmkmo dm sahrmpmsa, tjmom uo ickiokm dm lés dm 8 ljccaoms dm uo tatic dm ;2 ljccaoms qum rmprmsmoti ci pahcikjûo tatic. Mo ci iktuicjdid, mxjstm uoi tmodmokji dm iulmotir mc érmi dm mstmvji icrmdmdar dmc luoda. Mo msm smotjda, Kfjo Kf joi i ms mc pr prjl jlmr mr pi piìs ìs mo Is Isji ji qu qum m prad praduk ukm m stmv stmvji ji,, da daod odm m sm kaokmotri mc 6=% dm cas kuctjvas, sus kuctjvas mo djmz iùas pisirio dm 8= ljc i 8=2 ljc fmktérmis. Mo mc Rmrð ̉ , sao ; cis mlprmsis pmruiois qum kuctjv kuctjvio io stm stmvji vji00 –[t –[tmvj mvji i Kar Karaom aomcc [.I.K. [.I.K.“, “, [tm [tmvji vji Rmrð Rmrð ̉   [.I.K.“ y –[tmvji Aom Rmrð ̉  [.I.K.“

JJJ.9.=  [mgðo uo irtìkuca dmc djirja IHK Iodicukìi, (829;). Mo oavjmlhrm dm 8299, ci ]ojûo Murapi cmgicjzû ci stmvji kala oumva icjlmota y mxjstm uoi grio dmliodi mo piìsms kala Icmlioji, Nriokji a Jogcitmrri, iuoqum ci pradukkjûo murapmi ms luy mskisi, «par ca qum fiy luy paki kalpmtmokjiµ. Eoikem fi smùicida qum sm triti dm uo kuctjva smokjcca, nékjc dm rmpradukjr i trivês dm msqum`ms, qum iguioti mc vjmota, rmqujmrm paka rmgidìa y «sm pumdm dmsirraccir pmrnmktilmotm mo uo praymkta niljcjirµ. JJJ.9.>  Mc Dr. Kircas Avjmda (9:72), dm ci Nikuctid dm Lmdjkjoi dm ci ].H.I. mxpu mx pusa sa mc padm padmrr dm ci ms mstm tmvj vji i piri piri dj djsl sljo jouj ujrr ca cass oj ojvm vmcm cmss ic icta tass dm gcukasi mo siogrm isjljsla mo @ipûo iprahirao su mlpcma kala mduckariotm y cumga Hrisjc, Karmi dmc [ur, Jsrimc y Kfjoi. Fay mo @ipûo kaostjtuym 42% dm cas moducziotms kaosuljdas.

JJJ.9.7  Hr @ Kcjo Rfirlikac (8222). Mstudjas dmc Iirfus ]ojvmrsjty Faspjtic dm Djoilirki rmvmcirao qum mc mstmvjûsjda iktði mstjlucioda mo narli djrmkti cis kêcucis hmti dmc péokrmis gmomrioda isì ̉   uoi pradukkjûo kaosjdmrihcm dm josucjoi. Cas rmsuctidas dm mstis prumhis lêdjkis jodjkio qum mc mstmvjûsjda padrìi tmomr uo patmokjic rac

 

iotjfjpmrgcukêljka mo pmrsaois kao djihmtms tjpa8 (Lmtihacjsl-8222). Z tilhjêo kala ictmroitjvi piri pikjmotms fjpmrtmosas.

JJJ.9.6  ^irgis (829=), mo su praymkta –Mstudja dmc mduckariotm ahtmojda i pirtjr dm fa`is dm [tmvji Xmhiurdjioi kuctjvidis mo Kasti Xjki“ , ikata qum, par su kaotmojda mo kalpumstas nmoûcjkas, ci [tmvji iktði tilhjêo kala uo mxkmcmotm iotjaxjdiotm y iotjkiokmrìgmoa5 isjljsla sm fi dmlastrida qum pasmm prapjmdidms iotjhiktmrjiois, iotjkaokmptjvis y djurêtjkis. Mstm trihi`a dm rmvjsjûo tuva kala ah`mtjva, rmkapjcir jonarlikjûo sahrm cas mstudjas rmicjzidas i ci [tmvji kala ictmroitjvi ic izðkir y cas hmomnjkjas dm su kaosula.

JJJ.9.:  Mstudja mo ci ]ojvmrsjdid Oikjaoic dmc [ioti ‛ Iokisf-Rmrð uo irtìkuca mljtjd mlj tjda a dmo dmoalj aljoid oida a ±Ra ±Rarr quê fiy fiy tio tiota ta jotmrê jotmrêss mo ci [tmvji [tmvji1, 1, sm kaosjdmridi mc lm`ar sustjtuta dmc izðkir dmhjda i qum ms fisti ;22 vmkm vm kmss lé léss duck duckm m y oa ka kaot otjm jmom om ki kica carì rìis is,, yi qu qum m prms prmsmo moti ti mo su kalpasjkjûo uo icta parkmoti`m dm gcukûsjdas dm mstmvjac (mstmvjûsjda y rmhiud rmh iudjas jasjdi jdi I), cas kuicms kuicms cm ka kaonj onjmrm mrmo o uo sih sihar ar duc duckm km jot jotmos mosa a y prapjmdidms tmripêutjkis kaotri ci djihmtms, ci fjpmrtmosjûo y ci ahmsjdid5 idmlés iyudi ic kaotrac dmc pmsa, ci sikjmdid y mc filhrm.

JJJ.9.92   Mc  Dr. Ljkfmc Lirtìomz rmicjza uo mstudja dmoaljoida –Ci [tmvji“ mo mc Jostjtuta Oikjaoic dm Kjmokjis Igrìkacis ‛ –[io @asê dm Ci`is“, rmkalmodû ci [tmvji par ci prapjmdid fjpagcukmljiotms, tilhjêo sm mcihario krmlis dêrljkis kala kjkitrjziotms.

JJ JJJ. J.88 Hism isms tm tmû ûrj rjkkis JJJ JJJ.8. .8.99 Mdu Mducka ckario riotms tms Ci picihri mduckariotm vjmom dm ci picihri citjoi duckar qum sjgojnjki duczar. [ao sustiokjis kipikms dm moduczir uo icjlmota, uoi hmhjdi a uo lmdjkilmota, déodacm uo sihar duckm. Cas mduckariotms sm kcisjnjkio mo nuokjûo dm su kaotmojda momrgêtjka mo kicûrjkas y oa kicûrjkas. I lmouda kuioda oas pciotmilas dm`ir moducziotms a mduckariotms kala mc izðkir rmnjoida a mduckariotms irtjnjkjicms kala ci sikirjoi, ispirtilm, kjkcilitas, mtk.5 oa sihmlas qum mduckariotms oituricms mxjstmo a kuic mskagmr.

 

JJJ.8.9.9 Mduckariotms kicûrjkas ]oa dm cas mduckariotms lés kaoakjdas mo oumstra lmdja ms mc izðkir. [m dmoalj dmo aljoi oi kacaqu kacaqujicl jiclmot motm m izð izðkir kir i ci sik sikira irasi, si, til tilhjê hjêo o cci ccili lida da izðki izðkir  r  kalðo a izðkir dm lmsi. Ci sikirasi ms uo djsikérjda narlida par uoi lacêkuci dm gcukasi y uoi dm nruktasi qum sm ahtjmom prjokjpiclmotm dm ci kiùi dm izðkir a dm ci rmlacikfi izukirmri. Mc izðkir hcioka ms salmtjda i uo ;4 prakmsa dm purjnjkikjûo njoic lmkéojka (par kmotrjnugikjûo). Mc izðkir  larmoa oa sunrm mstm prakmsa. Mc izðkir sm pumdm kcisjnjkir par su arjgmo (dm kiùi dm izðkir, dm rmlacikfi), pmra tilhjêo par mc grida dm rmnjoikjûo dm êstm. Oarliclmotm ci rmnjoikjûo sm mxprmsi vjsuiclmotm i trivês dmc kacar (izðkir larmoa, izðkir  ruhja, hcioka), qum msté dida prjokjpiclmotm0 par mc parkmoti`m dm sikirasi qum sm cm fi mxtriìda.

JJJ.8.9.8 Mduckariotm oa kicûrjka Kala su oalhrm ca djkm, mstas oa ipartio kicarìis a momrgìi ic argiojsla5 surgjmrao kala uoi ictmroitjvi mkaoûljki y kalmrkjic y piri kjmrtas prapûsjtas icjlmotirjas luy mspmkìnjkas yi qum, iuoqum su sihar oa ms omkmsirjilmotm jguic qum mc dm cas mduckariotms kicûrjkas par  smr kaosjdmrihcmlmotm lés duckms qum ci sikirasi, pumdmo moduczir sjo ipartir. a ipartioda luy paki momrgìi.

JJ JJJ. J.8. 8.88 Ci st stmv mvji ji Ci stmvji ms uoi pcioti sicudihcm ridjki, mo qum sus fa`is pasmmo uoi sustiokji dmoaljoidi mstmvjûsjda, ca qum cis fikm qum smio dm 92 i ;2 vmkms lés duckms qum mc izðkir. Mc sihar duckm sm dmhm i cas gcjkûsjdas dm mstmvjac, prjokjpiclmotm ic mstmvjûsjda y ic rmhiudjûsjda I. Msté kaostjtujda par ci lmzkci dm par ca lmoas akfa gcukûsjdas djtmrpêojkas qum purjnjkida ms motrm 922 fisti ;22 vmkms lés duckm qum ci sikirasi y qum par sus kiriktmrìstjkis njsjkaquìljkas y taxjkacûgjkis pmrljtm su jokcusjûo mo ci djmti fulioi piri smr utjcjzidi kala uo mduckariotm djmtêtjka oituric, sjo mnmktas kacitmricms.

 

Oa kaotjmom kicarìis y tjmom mnmktas hmomnjkjasas mo ci ihsarkjûo dm ci grisi. Ci prmsjûo irtmrjic, piri hi`ir ci kiotjdid dm izðkir mo ci siogrm, piri kalhitjr ci ahmsjdid rmdukjmoda ci jogmsti dm kicarìis y kala kaosmkumokji hi`ioda dm pmsa.

JJJ.8.;; Rrapjmdi JJJ.8. Rrapjmdidms dms dm ci stmvji stmvji JJJ.8.;.9 Kipikjdid mduckariotm Mc mduckariotm qum sm ahtjmom ms ;22 vmkms lés duckm qum ci sikirasi i uoi kaokmotrikjûo dm sikirasi dmc 2,4% y 992 vmkms lés duckm qum ci sikirasi i uoi kaokmotrikjûo dm sikirasi dmc 92%.

JJJ.8.;.8 JJJ.8 .;.8 Mstihjcjdi Mstihjcjdid d Ms mstihcm mo uo rioga ilpcja dm pF0 dm ; i : iðo i 922²K (pasmm mstihjcjdid têrljki i tmlpmrituris oarlicms dm prakmsiljmota dm cas icjlmotas). Rar  mokjli dm pF : sm pradukm uoi répjdi pêrdjdi dmc duczar. Mo hmhjdis gisjnjk gis jnjkidi idiss qu qum m jokcuy jokcuymo mo mo su kalpas kalpasjkjû jkjûo o ékjda ékjda kìtrjk kìtrjka a y nasnûr nasnûrjka jka,, sm rmpartio pêrdjdis dmc ;>% y 97% rmspmktjvilmotm kuioda sm iclikmoi i ;7²K.

JJJ.8.;.; JJJ.8 .;.; Kalpasjkj Kalpasjkjûo ûo Mc mstmvjûsjda ms uo gcukûsjda djtmrpmoa dm pmsa lacmkucir < 624,62 kao nûrluci0K 

;6

 F 92 A96

. Rumdm lmtihacjzirsm dm liomri jodjrmkti mo mc falhrm

par lmdja dm cis mozjlis djgmstjvis i stmvjac y gcukasi (mc stmvjac jofjhm ci nasnarjcikjûo axjditjvi jo vjtra). Cis prapjmdidms quìljkis dm cas krjsticms sao0 

  Mo mstida dm purmzi nuodmo i 8;6 °K

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  Oa nmrlmoti

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  Ms cmvûgjra cmvûgjra (;9,6 p piri iri mc pradukta pradukta i iofjdra) ofjdra)

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  Ms sacuhcm sacuhcm mo igui, ickaf ickafac ac mtìcjka y lmtìcjka

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  Oa ms ms fj fjdracjzihcm dracjzihcm p par ar mlucsjûo mlucsjûo

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  Oa sm lmtihacjzi mo mc argiojsla, par par ca tiota, oa pravmm pravmm kicarìis.

JJJ JJJ.8. .8.44 Rra Rrapjm pjmdid didms ms lmdjkjoicms dm ci [tmvji

 

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  Iotjdjihêtjki



  Iotjjoncilitarji

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  Iotjkirkjoagêojki

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  Fjpagcukmljiotm

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  Iotjaxjdiotm

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  Iotjljkrahjioi

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  Iotjtularic

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  Fjpatmosjvi

JJJ.8.== Ikkjûo JJJ.8. Ikkjûo iotjaxjd iotjaxjdiotm iotm d dmm ci sstmvji tmvji Cas iotjaxjdiotms iyudio i omutricjzir cas ridjkicms cjhrms (kiusiotms dmc kéokmr, monmrlmdidms kirdjaviskucirms y ci djihmtms) prmsmotms mo ci siogrm, iktuioda kala kiptidarms dm axìgmoa y oa lastrioda mnmktas smkuodirjas tûxjkas. Cas ioécjsjs mo ciharitarja dmlastrirao qum ci [tmvji ms mxtriardjoirjilmotm rjki mo fjmrra, ligomsja y kahicta5 oa kaotjmom kinmìoi y pasmm mnmktas iotjaxjdiotms kao ci prmsmokji dm iotakjiojois mo ;-gcukasjdas. U KJTITJAO Kir9; Sc ;268 \

[fueci.. (8298) rmicjzira uo mstudja sahrm ci iktjvjdid iotjaxjdiotm dmc mxtrikta [fueci dm fa`is dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi (ICM[) rmhiudjioi (ICM[) mo kalpirikjûo kao mc ékjda iskûrhjka. Riri mcca, prjlmra dmtmrljoa su kaotmojda mo ékjdas nmoûcjkas kao mc usa dmc rmiktjva dm Nacj-Kjakictmu, rmsuctioda =>,74 lg dm ékjda nmoûcjka par grila dm ICM[5 cumga kalprahû ci kipikjdid piri mcjljoir ridjkicms cjhrms lmdjiotm lmdjio tm ci pru prumhi mhi dm DR DRFT FT (9(9-9-d 9-djnm jnmojc ojc-8 -8 pjkrjc pjkrjca a fjdrik fjdrikjca jca)) kao ICM[ ICM[ i djnmrmotms kaokmotrikjaoms y ékjda iskûrhjka kala pitrûo, dm msti liomri ahsmrvû qum i liyarms kaokmotrikjaoms dm ICM[ ci ihsarhiokji djsljouym y par tiota mc mxtrikta dm fa`is dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi tjmom mc padmr dm mcjljoir  ridjkicms cjhrms, m jofjhjr sus rmikkjaoms mo kidmoi. Tjmlpa itrés U KJTITJAO Ejl99 Sc ;268 \ , tilhjêo fihìi kalprahida cas mnmktas iotjaxjdiotms dm cis fa`is dm stmvji. Mo su mxpmrjlmota, dmtmrljoû qum cis fa`is dm stmvji kaotjmomo ictas ojvmcms dm ékjda nûcjka (=8,96 lg/922 g) y kalpumstas dm pjragicac (:=9,87 lg / 922 g) mo hism smki, kaokcuymoda qum ci stmvji ms uoi numotm dm iotjaxjdiotms oituricms hmoênjkas i ci sicud.

 

JJJ.8.>> Ci stmvj JJJ.8. stmvjii kala kala djurêtjka djurêtjka Cas djurêtjkas iyudio i djsljoujr ci prmsjûo irtmrjic lmdjiotm ci mxkrmkjûo dm ci arjoi y kiotjdid dm sadja dmc kumrpa, iyudioda isì i rmdukjr ci siogrm qum kjrkuci mo mc sjstmli kirdjaviskucir U KJTITJAO Xmy:: Sc ;268 \ . U KJTITJAO Lmc:: Sc ;268 \  rmicjzû

uo mxpmrjlmota mo ritis Wjstir likfa (8=2-

;=2 g kidi uoi) hi`a iotjdjurmsjs a kaodjkjaoms dm djurmsjs dm igui. Riri mcca joymktû i 92 ritis uoi dasjs dm stmvji dm 2,2= lg/eg dm pmsa vìi jotrivmoasi, past pa stmr mrja jarl rlmo motm tm mv mvic icuû uû ci ka kaok okmo motr trik ikjû jûo o dm sadj sadja a y pati patisj sja a mo su arjo arjoi, i, mokaotrioda uoi djnmrmokji sjgojnjkitjvi mo mc jokrmlmota dm mstas mcmlmotas mo kalpirikjûo kao cis ritis qum oa kaosuljmrao stmvji. Iùas lés tirdm, ccmgû ic ljsla rmsuctida ic kalpirir cas mnmktas djurêtjkas dm cis fa`is dm stmvji kao atris fjmrhis tmripêutjkis.

JJJ JJJ.8. .8.77 Kao Kaotri tri ccii dj djihm ihmtms tms Ci djihmtms lmccjtus tjpa JJ, ms mc tjpa dm djihmtms kao liyar jokjdmokji mo mc luoda, sm triti dm uo dmsardmo lmtihûcjka krûojka rmsuctida dm uo dmnmkta mo ci smkrmkjûo dm josucjoi. Cas mstmvjûsjdas rmdukmo mc mxkmsa dm gcukasi mo ci siogrm y tjmodmo i patmokjir ci smkrmkjûo dm josucjoi mo pikjmotms kao msti monmrlmdid, pudjmoda smr kaosjdmridi kala idjtjva piri mc lm`ariljmota dm ci rmgucikjûo dm ci djihmtms U KJTITJAO Ouù99 Sc ;268 \ .

JJJ.8.66 Kaotrac JJJ.8. Kaotrac dm pmsa y ci ahmsjd ahmsjdid id U KJTITJAO Iot92 Sc ;268 \  ljdjmrao

cas mnmktas dm ci stmvji sahrm ci jogmsti dm

icjlmotas, sikjmdid, gcukasi y ojvmcms dm josucjoi mo kalpirikjûo kao mc ispi is pirt rtil ila a y ci si siki kira rasi si.. Du Duri riot otm m ; dì dìis is ip ipcjk cjkû û uoi uoi prmk prmkir irgi gi dm kidi kidi moducziotm ([tmvji 8:2 ekic, Ispirtila 8:2 ekic, [ikirasi 4:; ekic) 82 ljoutas iotms dm kidi kaljdi (dmsiyuoa, iclumrza y kmoi) i 42 jodjvjduas (9: oarlicms y 98 ahmsas, motrm 96 y =2 iùas), idmlés ljdjû cas ojvmcms dm gcukasi mo ci siogrm 82 ljoutas iotms y dmspuês dm kidi prmkirgi. Cas rmsuctidas dm mstm mxpmrjlmota rmvmcirao qum cis pmrsaois qum rmkjhjmrao cis prmkirgis dm stmvji y ispirtilm kaosuljmrao ci ljsli kiotjdid dm icjlmotas

 

qum cis qum rmkjhjmrao sikirasi, par tiota, ci sikjmdid num ci ljsli i pmsir  qum sm kaosuljû lmoas kicarìis. Tilhjêo sm ahsmrvû uoi rmdukkjûo mo cas ojvmcm ojv mcmss dm gcu gcukas kasi i m jos josucj ucjoi oi pas pastpr tpriod iodjic jic mo iqumcc iqumccas as qu qum m kao kaosul suljmr jmrao ao stmvji, idmlés dm uoi rmdukkjûo dm 9 eg dm pmsa.

JJJ.8.:  Kaotri ci fjpmrtmosjûo Cas prjlmras mstudjas tiota mo iojlicms y smrms fulioas dmlastrirao qum mc mstmvjûsjda y mxtrikta dm stmvji tjmom mnmkta visadjcitidar, djurêtjka y kirdjatûojka (rmguci ci prmsjûo y cas citjdas dmc karizûo). [m fio rmicjzida djvmrsas mstudjas (tiota mo iojlicms kala mo fulioas) sahrm mc mnmkta dmc mxtrikta dm fa`is dm stmvji kaotri ci fjpmrtmosjûo0 Lmcjs (9::>) ahsmrvû uo mnmkta fjpatmosar mo ritis motrm 42 y >2 dìis dmspuês dm ci idljojstrikjûo dm mxtrikta dm fa`is dm stmvji5 dmc ljsla lada, ci rmdukkjûo dm ci prmsjûo irtmrjic sm pradukm mo ritis dmspuês dm dasjs aricms rmpmtjdis dm mstmvjûsjda i 8= lg / eg pmsa karparic par dìi duriotm > smliois U KJTITJAO @mp28 Sc ;268 \ . Cass ms Ca mstu tudj djas as mo sm smrm rmss fuli fulioa oass fi fio o dmla dmlast stri rida da tilh tilhjê jêo o mc mnmk mnmkta ta dmc dmc mstmvjûsjda mo mc sjstmli kirdjaviskucir. Mc mstmvjûsjda pravaki hridjkirdji m fjpatmosjûo. Dmc ljsla lada, uo mnmkta fjpatmosar cjgmra num ahsmrvida mo pmrsaois qum rmkjhjmrao uo tê prmpirida i pirtjr dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi (mxtrikta rmhiudjioi (mxtrikta dm [tmvji) ic dìi duriotm ;2 dìis (Fulhacdt y Hamkef, 9:69).

JJJ.8.92

Mnmkta Io Iottjhiktmrjioa

Mstudjas smùicio qum mc mxtrikta dm fa`is dm stmvji iktði kala hiktmrjkjdi sahrm [trmptakakkus lutios, rmspaosihcm dm cis kirjms dmoticms ic pasmmr  prapjmdidms iotjhiktmrjiois y iotjvjricms. ]o mstudja mnmktuida par Gjikilio & Kilpas, (829;), mvicuû mc mnmkta dm cas djnmrmotms mduckariotms kalmrkjicms mo ci dmsljomricjzikjûo dmc mslictm dmotic y sahrm cis prapjmdidms krjagêojkis dmc [trmptakakkus lutios. Cis hjapmcìkucis dm [. lutios-]I9=: sm kuctjvirao mo pcikis y sm mxpusjmrao i mduckariotms kala0 [tmvji, sukricasi, sikirjoi, ispirtila y nruktasi, duriotm = ljoutas ; vmkms par dìi (duriotm = dìis).

 

Cumga dm mvicuir ci pêrdjdi dm ci durmzi dmc mslictm, cas rmsuctidas jodjkirao qum ci stmvji rmdu`a mc oðlmra dm kêcucis krjagêojkis vjihcms (hjanjcl) mo kalpirikjûo kao ci sikirasi y par tiota kiusa lmoas diùa ic mslictm dmotic (irtjnjkjic).

JJJ.8.99

^moti`is, u ussas y ipcjkikjaoms

Ci stmvji ms ipti piri djihêtjkas, ms fjpatmosari (rmkalmodidi piri pmrsaois kao tmosjûo icti), sjrvm piri mc kujdida nikjic, piri prahcmlis dm ikjdmz dm mstûliga, ms idmkuidi piri hi`ir mc ojvmc dm ikjdmz dm ci siogrm y dm ci arjoi, iyudi i hi`ir dm pmsa parqum oa tjmom kicarìis y oa pradukm ojoguoa dm cas oakjvas diùas kiusidas par izðkir y cas dmlés mduckariotms irtjnjkjicms (Hriodcm, 822=).

J^.



KAOKC][JAOM[

  Cis prapjmdidm prapjmdidmss dm ci mstmvji sao0 su padmr mduckariotm mduckariotm,, ca kuic oas pmrljtm sustjtujr i ci sikirasi, iquì mokaotrilas mc mstmvjûsjda, mc kuic rmdu rmdukm km mc mx mxkm kmsa sa dm ci gcuk gcukas asi i mo ci siog siogrm rm,, atri atriss dm mc mcci ciss sao, sao, iotjdjihêtjki,

iotjjoncilitarji,

iotjkirkjoagêojki,

fjpagcukmljiotm,

iotjaxjdiotm, iotjljkrahjioi, iotjtularic, fjpatmosjvi. 

  [m kaokcuym kaokcuym qum grikjis i sus prapjmdid prapjmdidms ms ms uoi humoi humoi ictmroitj ictmroitjvi vi piri mc tritiljmota dm monmrlmdidms krûojkis kala djihmtms y ahmsjd ahm sjdid id55 isjljs isjljsla la pumdm pumdm smr kaosul kaosuljdi jdi par pmr pmrsa saois ois siois siois qum qujmrio lm`arir iðo lés su mstjca dm vjdi.

 

HJHCJGXINJI

 Iotao, [., Lirtjo, K., & Fio, F. (8292). Mnmktas dm ci stmvji, mc ispirtila y ci sikirasi mo ci jogmsti dm icjlmotas, ci sikjmdid y cas ojvmcms dm gcukasi m josucjoi paspriodjicms. Ipmtjta paspriodjicms. Ipmtjta,, ;7‛4;. Kirhaomcc, @., Hirhi, N., & Mstmvm, L. (829;). Rrakmsiljmota i icti prmsjûo dm ci lmzkci dm `uga dm nruti moduczidi kao [tmvji rmhiudjioi Hmrtaoj0 ûptjli rmtmokjûo dm ci kicjdid nìsjki y outrjkjaoic. Kjmokji jooavidari dm icjlmotas y tmkoacagìis mlmrgmotm[, mlmrgmotm[, 46-=>. Gjikilio, X., & Kilpas, R. (829;). Ratmokjic kirjagêojka dm mduckariotms kalmrkjicms mo uo ladmca mxpmrjlmotic dm kirjms dm hjapmcìkuci sahrm hjacagìi aric , 999> ‛9988. mslictm. Irkfjvas dm hjacagìi mslictm. Irkfjvas Fjoa`asi, @., & Tuo, I. (8297). Mxtrikkjûo dm gcukûsjdas mduckariotms dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi hmrtaoj par lêtadas dm ncujdas supmrkrìtjkas y sus hmomnjkjas. @AOORX , pig. 828-82:. @irli, I., Kalhitt, M., & Kcmvms, @. (8292). Ispmktas outrjkjaoicms y lmtihacjsla dm [tmvji (Hmrtaoj). Igraoalìi (Hmrtaoj). Igraoalìi Kacalhjioi Kacalhjioi,, 9::-826. @mppmsmo, R., Grmgmrsmo, [., & Icstrup, E. (8228). Mc mstmvjûsjda jodukm mnmktas iotjfjpmrgcukêljkas, josucjoatrûpjkas y gcukigaoastétjkas jo vjva0 mstudjas mo ritis djihêtjkis Gata-Eiejziej (GE). Njtalmdjkjoi Njtalmdjkjoi,, :∘94. Ejl, J., Ziog, L., & Cmm, A. (8299). Ci iktjvjdid iotjaxjdiotm y mc kaotmojda dmc kalpumsta hjaiktjva dm cas mxtriktas dm igui [tmvji rmhiudjioi. Kjmokji y tmkoacagìi dm icjlmotas, icjlmotas, 9;86-9;;8. Lmcjs, L. (9:::). Mnmkta dmc mxtrikta kruda dm [tmvji rmhiudjioi sahrm mc igui rmoic y ci mxkrmkjûo dm mcmktracjtas. Njtalmdjkjoi Njtalmdjkjoi,, 847‛8=2. Ouùmz, M. (8299). [tmvji rmhiudjioi Hmrtaoj, uo sustjtuta dmc izðkir. Érmi izðkir.  Érmi Kjmokji dm cis Rciotis y Xmkursas Oituricms Limstrìi mo Rradukkjûo ^mgmtic ‛ Kjkca dm [mljoirjas. [mljoirjas.

 

Xmyms, I., & Tiycar, [. (9:::). Djurêtjkas mo tmripji kirdjaviskucir0 cis oumvis hisms kcjojka-nirlikacûgjkis qum jlpartio. Dragis y tmripji kirdjaviskucir , ;79-;:6. [icvidar, X., [atmca, L., & Riukir, C. (8294). Mstudja dm ci [tmvji ([tmvji rmhiudjioi Hmrtaoj) kala mduckariotm oituric y su usa mo hmomnjkja dm ci sicud. [kjmotji Igrapmkuirji .