Eden Project Haddad

DETAIL | Bio-diversity

THE EDEN PROJECT | Grimshaw C O R N W A L L

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JOSHUA F. HADDAD | 392498 | Environmental Design | Project Analysis | Tutor Fiona McLean

THE BIOMES | Aerial View

THE BIOMES | Interior Gardens

image shows: Steel Hex Biome Structure; ETFE Foil; Hex-’Pillows’; Quarry Edge image source: Grimshaw

image shows: The ‘Tropics’ Biome; Interior Mist & Humidity Preserved by ETFE Thermoplastic Foil image source: Grimshaw

image shows: Rainforest Butterfly in ‘Tropics’ Biome image source: howstuffworks.com

THE LINK

THE BIOMES | Site Edges & Context image shows: Site Under Construction; The Link (connects 2 Indoor Biomes) materials used: made of Rammed Earth Walls & Green Roof image source: The Architects’ Journal, v. 213, Feb. 22 2001 (p. 36)

THE VISITOR CENTRE

image shows: Visitor Centre; Serves as Park’s Main Entrance; (Footbridge from Car Parking) materials used: Fabric Roof; Steel Frame; Retaining Walls; Timber image source: The Architects’ Journal, v. 213, Feb. 22 2001 (p. 37)

THE CORE

image shows: The Core; (Primary Educational & Learning Facilities) materials used: Photovoltaic Solar Cells; Copper Roof; Timber; Recycled Newsprint image source: The Architectural Review, v. 1305, Nov. 2005 (p. 68)

SITE | Entrance & Approach

image shows: Fabric-Covered Visitor Centre [foreground]; Biomes & Quarry [background] image source: Grimshaw

image shows: The Edges of the Biomes and the Reclaimed China Clay Pit during Construction image source: The Architects’ Journal, v. 213, Feb. 22 2001 (p. 31)

THE EDEN PROJECT | Grimshaw

Project THE EDEN PROJECT Architect NICHOLAS GRIMSHAW & PARTNERS

C O R N W A L L

Location CORNWALL, UNITED KINGDOM

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Site History RURAL | RECLAIMED KAOLINITE QUARRY [66m-deep BODELVA CHINA CLAY PIT] Client TIM SMIT & JONATHAN BALL Dates Year Initiated : 1995 / 1996 Year Completion : VARIES (2000 - 2005) image shows: Event Stage [left]; Humid ‘Tropics’ Biome [back]; Warm ‘Temperate’ Biome [front right]; South-facing Slope; Terraces; Kaolinite Clay Pit; Circulation & Outdoor (Mediterranean) Gardens

Eden Phases image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Project PHASE 1 – VISITORS CENTRE (2000) PHASE 2 – BIOMES AND BIOME LINK BLDG (2001) SITE PHASE 3 – EDEN FOUNDATION / EDEN INSTITUTE BLDG (2003) PHASE 4 – THE CORE / EDUCATION RESOURCE CENTRE (2005) PHASE 5 : ‘THE EDGE’ DESERT BIOME (planning phase / pending)

HISTORY

CONTEXT MAP | Site Access LONDON

Size 23,000 SQ M | 247,480 SQ FT | 15 HECTARES [450m end-to-end] Primary Materials GALVANIZED STEEL HEX-TRI-HEX SPACEFRAME ETFE THERMOPLASTIC FOIL (ETHYLENE TETRA FLUORO ETHYLENE) RECONSTRUCTED SOIL & GLOBALLY DIVERSE VEGETATION Data [Area, Weight, Dimensions, Total # Plants & Species] PLAN AREA : 22,000m² SURFACE AREA : 30,000m² WEIGHT STEEL FRAME : 667 tonnes WEIGHT AIR ENCLOSED : 536 tonnes STEEL TUBE DIMENSIONS : 193 mm diameter LARGEST BIOME DIMENSIONS : 55m high | 240m long | 110m wide LARGEST HEXAGONAL ‘PILLOW’ : 75m² | 2m deep LARGEST HEXAGONAL PLANE : 11m span TOTAL # PLANTS & SPECIES : over 100,000 plants ; over 5,000 species

CORNWALL

Cornwall Approximately 5-hour Drive from London [281 miles / 452 kilometers]

image shows: Former Kaolinite Quarry / China Clay Pit image source: howstuffworks.com

map source: Google Maps diagram overlay: Joshua F. Haddad

AERIAL MAP | Site Circulation & Rural Context [Farmland]

Structural Engineer ANTHONY HUNT ASSOCIATES Services Engineer ARUP Cost Consultant DAVIS LANGDON & EVEREST

image shows: Main Access Road (Bodelva Road); Eden Project (A); Park Entrance (B); Circulation & Parking; Rural / Agrarian Context [Farmland] map source: Google Maps

AERIAL PHOTO | Biomes, Outdoor Gardens & Circulation

Main Contractor MCALPINE JOINT VENTURE Landscape Architect LAND USE CONSULTANTS Project Budget £57 - £75 MILLION GBP [approx. $100 - $150 MILLION AUD] [Initial Grant - 1995 : £25,000] [Recent Grant - 2006 : £360,000]

Admission Cost Adults £16.00 Seniors £11.00 Students £8.00 Children £6.00 Families £39.00

Workforce CURRENTLY EMPLOYS : 500+ EMPLOYMENT DATA : 95% Local ; 75% Previously Unemployed PROJECTED EDEN PROJECT EMPLOYMENT : 700+ PROJECTED CORNWALL EMPLOYMENT (due to project) : 1700+ Average # Visitors 2 MILLION / YEAR (approx.) 3,500+ / DAY Climate [Cornwall, UK] ANNUAL AVG. HIGH : 13.8°C (57°F) ANNUAL AVG. LOW : 9.3°C (49°F) ANNUAL PRECIPITATION : 844 mm (33.23”) SUNSHINE HOURS : 1,805 AVG. PRECIPITATION DAYS : 200 Population [Cornwall, UK] 514,000 (approx. 144 people per sq. km.) M+E Subcontractor COLSTON Steelwork Contractor MERO UK (Biomes); SNASHALLS (Visitor Centre); PRING & ST HILL (Link)

JOSHUA F. HADDAD | 392498 | Environmental Design | Project Analysis | Tutor Fiona McLean

image shows: The Visitor Centre / Main Entrance [bottom left]; Outdoor Arena [center left]; Biomes; The Core [bottom right]; Gardens & Circulation image source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/conservationists/eden.htm

THE EDEN PROJECT | Grimshaw

THE BIOMES

C O R N W A L L

image shows: Interior View of Warm ‘Temperate’ Biome (Greenhouse) materials: ETFE Thermoplastic; Steel Hex Structure; Vegetation & Reconstructed Soils image source: howstuffworks.com

image shows: Biome Installation & Scale image source: howstuffworks.com (Eden Project website)

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image shows: Map of Vegetation & Plant Types image source: The Eden Project (website)

K I N G D O M

image shows: The Outdoor Gardens & Installation image source: Wikipedia (Eden Project website)

SITE PLAN | Circulation & Program

image shows: Steel Hex-Frame image source: Wikipedia (Eden Project website)

SECTIONS ‘South’-facing Terraced Slope [max. sunlight]

Humid ‘Tropics’ Biome (1)

Humid ‘Tropics’ Biome (1) Avg. Temp. 24°C Avg. Humidity 90%

BIOME GEOMETRY

The Link

section source: Grimshaw

[shops, café, restaurant, entrance to Biomes]

The Stage

[outdoor events & performances]

Humid ‘Tropics’ Biome (1)

Warm ‘Temperate’ Biome (2)

Avg. Temp. 24°C Avg. Humidity 90%

image source: howstuffworks.com

The West Side

section source: Grimshaw

The Core

[educational centre, café, sculpture, & research labs]

Outdoor Garden Biome (3) The Core section source: The Architectural Review, v. 1305, Nov. 2005 (p. 70)

The Arena plan source: The Architectural Review, v. 1305, Nov. 2005 (p. 70) diagram overlay: Joshua F. Haddad

The Visitor Centre

[main entrance, information, café]

The Link

Parking

Min. Temp. 9°C [winter] Max. Temp. 25°C [summer]

section source: The Architects’ Journal, N. 7, V. 213, 22 Feb. 2001 (p. 32)

HUMID ‘TROPICS’ BIOME (1) The ‘Tropics’ Biome is the largest biome, with over 1,000 different species of plants. The temperature ranges from 18°C to 35°C (average 24°C); and maintains a 90% humidity.

Warm ‘Temperate’ Biome (2)

section shows central sculpture

WARM ‘TEMPERATE’ BIOME (2) THE LINK

Built on the South-Facing Slope of a reclaimed clay pit, these climate controlled biomes gain maximum solar exposure. In addition, the innovative ETFE (EthylTetraFluorEthylene) foil - only 1% the weight of glass - actually transmits more UV Light into the greenhouses, allowing them to store more heat. They hold plants from all across the globe.

image source: The Architects’ Journal, N. 7, V. 213, 22 Feb. 2001 (pp. 32 - 33) text overlay: Joshua F. Haddad

JOSHUA F. HADDAD | 392498 | Environmental Design | Project Analysis | Tutor Fiona McLean

Made of rammed earth walls & a greenroof, The Link holds shops, a café, a restaurant, and serves as the main entrance to the Biomes.

The natural terracing of the site allowed designers to create a ‘theatre’ inside. The Steel hex spaceframe has no vertical supports in the center, allowing a maximum footprint for the interior landscaping and bio-diversity. The Link between the two biomes serves as the main entrance, offering shopping, dining, and facilities; this “Link” is constructed of rammed earth walls and a greenroof (to blend into the surrounding landscape).

STRUCTURE & CLADDING

THE EDEN PROJECT | Grimshaw C O R N W A L L

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Vents open at the top of the biomes. In addition, the innovative triple layer of ETFE Foils inflate or deflate to regulate the internal temperature. Constructed in hexagonal pieces, they resist wear and staining - and are designed to last about 25 years, when replacement technology is predicted to improve.

image shows: Night View; Steel Hex Frame image source: Grimshaw

image shows: Steel Hex Frame & Human Scale image source: howstuffworks.com

image shows: Biomes Under Construction ; Steel Hex Structure; ETFE Foil; Hex-’Pillows’ image source: howstuffworks.com

image shows: Steel Hex Biome Structure; ETFE Foil; Hex-’Pillows’; Natural Ventilation image source: Grimshaw text overlay: Joshua F. Haddad

SOLAR CELLS & VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION

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MATERIALS According to Grimshaw, all materials connected to the Eden Project have ‘traceable sources’. In addition, the project utilizes recycled materials and paper products. The galvanized steel spaceframe and ETFE thermoplastic foil (much lighter than glass) are designed with enormous efficiency - weighing little more than the air contained within the biomes. In addition, regenerated soil & compost add value to a highly decimated site. WIND & VENTILATION The greenhouses require highly regulated climate, temperature & humidity in order to mimic ecologically distinct biomes. However, natural ventilation is still utilized to maintain airflow and allow cooling. Openable triangular windows and side-vents are used on the hexagonal biomes. A triple-layer of thermoplastic foil also allows individual hexagonal ‘pillows’ to inflate & deflate - regulating internal temperatures. In addition, ‘The Core’ and ‘The Link’ both can be naturally ventilated - though temperatures are typically regulated. RADIANT SOLAR ENERGY & LIGHTING As plants are heavily reliant on the sun for growth, lighting was clearly important for the design of the greenhouses and outdoor gardens. The site chosen is on a South-facing slope (climatically advantageous in Cornwall, UK). The ETFE plastic also transmits more light than traditional glass, providing plants more solar exposure, and heating the soil and air to regulate temperatures at night. Solar cells were installed on ‘The Core’ building to provide ‘most’ of the energy required for daily use.

image shows: ‘The Core’ [foreground] - showing Solar Cells & Natural Ventilation; Biomes image source: The Architectural Review, v. 1305, November 2005 (p. 69).

image shows: Biome Natural Ventilation (openable vents to cool space) image source: Eco Structures (pp. 54 – 55)

STEEL-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

image(s) source: ‘Garten Eden’ : MERO GmbH & Co.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

STRUCTURE & CLADDING The triple layer steel spaceframe is made up of transportable hexagonal, pentagonal, and triangle shells, mimicking Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes. The innovative use of plastic ETFE to replace glass (only 1% the weight) allows the structure to span unsupported vertically opening up a huge volume for planting and biodiversity. Complex modeling programs were also utilized to design for a ‘constantly changing’ terrain (as this was formerly an active clay quarry) - customizing the sizes and dimensions for each hexagonal ‘pillow’. The pieces were able to be constructed separately in modules, and are designed to last about 25 years as technologies and available materials improve. In addition, ‘The Link’ building is made up of rammed earth walls and a greenroof - making it easier to regulate temperature and control internal climate. MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SERVICES Working with Colston (M + E Services), the Eden Project actually runs almost entirely on ‘green credit’ energy. ‘Most’ of the energy required for ‘The Core’ building is provided by rooftop solar cells. In addition, energy generated by a nearby windmill farm within the region ensures that much of the energy for the buildings is ‘green’. Lighting and air-handling, as mentioned, are highly regulated - both done almost entirely naturally - via Solar Lighting & Radiant Energy.

image source: The Architects’ Journal, N. 7, V. 213, 22 Feb. 2001 (pp. 38 - 39)

JOSHUA F. HADDAD | 392498 | Environmental Design | Project Analysis | Tutor Fiona McLean

WATER & HYDROLOGY According to Grimshaw, almost all of the water required for this massive project is actually collected and generated on site. Because of the topography and hydrology of the land - a large clay pit - water collection occurs naturally. Because flooding was a huge problem during construction, the design of sumps and recycled water was quickly incorporated into the design. Now, all of the recycled grey water is filtered and used for toilets, irrigation, and plumbing. The core and other structures also have drainage built into the design, making the reuse of water for planting and people a highly efficient feature of the project.

THE CORE - ROOFTOP

THE EDEN PROJECT | Grimshaw C O R N W A L L

THE CORE - PLAN

THE CORE - INTERIOR

above images (3): show ‘The Core’ design - based on natural plant geometry image source: The Architectural Review, v. 1305, November 2005 (p. 68 - 71).

NIGHT INSTALLATION

image description: Biomes & Link; showing Field of Light installation by Bruce Munro image source: Wikipedia (The Eden Project website)

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PROJECT SUMMARY The Eden Project is an ambitious, high profile ecological entertainment and educational facility; made up of outdoor gardens and two giant enclosed steel & thermoplastic multi-hexagonal-domed greenhouses mimicking the climate and plants of tropical and temperate rainforests. Built in the spirit of Buckminster Fuller – and picking up on a long tradition of enclosed botanic gardens (Kew; Biosphere 2; Montreal Biodome; Heligan) – the Biomes hold an enormous array of bio-diversity, and currently rank as the largest enclosed greenhouses in the world. Constructed on a former Kaolinite quarry (clay-pit), the project has won countless awards for its ecological improvements: restoring and reclaiming a degraded landscape; utilizing ‘green’ energy from solar cells and local windmills; active and passive energy systems; recycling grey water run-off for irrigation and drainage; use of efficient, recycled, and locally ‘traceable’ materials; reconstructing soils; utilizing rammed earth walls and a greenroof (on the Biome Link); and educating the public about the environment, ecology, and land-use. Containing plants from all across the globe (Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North & South America), the Eden Project promotes itself as both a learning facility and a popular tourist attraction – offering entertainment events, libraries, recreation, shops, restaurants, cafés, and horticultural research facilities for visitors and scientists alike. The design process utilized sophisticated 3-D modeling and innovative materials – including hexagonal steel framing and lightweight ETFE foil (only 1% the weight of traditional glass) – allowing for wide unsupported spans (ideal for large plants and open space). Additionally, principles of natural geometries and organic structures have informed buildings like ‘The Core’ – resulting in architecture which has become highly iconic and famously profiled (even being featured as a backdrop in movies like James Bond). CRITICAL ANALYSIS Clearly a vast improvement over the ravaged conditions of the original site – it’s obvious that anything would be better than what was there – a degraded clay quarry – making any cursory assessment of the project positive. The Eden Project’s emphasis on ecology and learning, as well as its use of solar energy, windmill farms, passive lighting, natural ventilation, recycled materials, intelligent structure, efficient water-use, diverse vegetation, and careful siting also buttress this design as a remarkable example of ecologically-savvy architecture. However, a closer read of the project suggests that it is also a highly touristic and commercialized enterprise – a business of epic proportions, similar to any theme park – suggesting that it is likely taxing local resources, increasing traffic, crowding highways, wasting space for parking, draining taxdollars, and eroding an agrarian/rural landscape. It’s use of introduced vegetation and exotic plant life – while increasing bio-diversity – also opens up the possibility of potentially destructive invasive species. A recent request for an extended grant for a third Desert Biome (‘The Edge’) didn’t receive funding, suggesting that popular opinion or support for the project may be waning. And of course, it all feels a bit ‘Disney’ – over-hyped; over-capitalized; and over-awarded. But the fact that this project is so high profile and entertainment focused also likely ensures its economic sustainability – a certain requisite for such an ambitious and large-scale project to survive. In that sense, it is hard to find fault with the way this project has been conceived, implemented, and maintained – and may in fact stand as wise role-model for environmentally informed and popularly sustainable design for years to come. In spite of its commercialized aspects, it does seem the Eden Project has made genuine effort to improve the conditions of place: providing lots of opportunities for local jobs & employment; connecting with learning and youth-oriented ecological education; locating ‘traceable’ materials; and even sharing much of its information and technologies with design communities and the general public. All in all, it seems the Eden Project has proven highly worthwhile, and it is difficult to find fault with the results, or to propose a better solution than what has already been conceived and successfully tested.

SCALE OF BIOMES

REFERENCES The architecture of Eden. Hugh Pearman & Andrew Whalley. London : Grimshaw, 2003. Eco Structures : Forms of Sustainable Architecture. Antonino Terranova, Gianpaola Spirito, Sabrina Leone & Leone Spita. Italy : White Star Publishers, 2009 (pp. 48 – 57). Architects’ Journal, Number 7, Volume 213, 22 February 2001. Author: Isabel Allen. Article: ‘A Taste of Eden’ (pp. 30 – 39). ‘Garten Eden : The structural making of the Eden Domes’. Klaus Knebel, Jaime Sanchez-Alvarez & Stefan Zimmermann. Spacefeeling, Germany : MERO GmbH & Co, 2001. The Architectural Review, v. 1305, November 2005. Article: ‘East of Eden’ (pp. 68 – 71). WEB REFERENCES http://www.edenproject.com/ http://www.grimshaw-architects.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Project http://www.merouk.co.uk/structures/ 2000eden.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/ conservationists/eden.htm

image description: Person Scaling The Biomes; showing Scale, Resilience, & Enormity of Hexagonal ‘Pillows’ image source: Grimshaw

JOSHUA F. HADDAD | 392498 | Environmental Design | Project Analysis | Tutor Fiona McLean

h t t p : / / w w w. m e r o - t s k . d e / u p l o a d s / t x _ cwtcartoongallery/Eden_Project_english.pdf