Edad Media

 

¹^uå fs an Fjnj Cfjen9 Fs uk pfrãiji mestðre`i ude`nji fktrf an fjnj nkteoun y nkteoun y an fjnj cijfrkn, cijfrkn, pir ai tnkti, ukn fjnj ektfrcfjen, quf qufjndn fk fa cfjei pir fsi kn`eð fa `ik`fpti jf Fjnj cfjen. . . Vkn åpi`n is`urn quf juri jfsjf fa Peoai W mnstn fa seoai ]W.

¹Fk quå nþi eke`ei an Åpi`n Cfjefvna9 Fk fgf`ti, an Fjnj Cfjen tefkf eke`ei `ik an @nãjn jfa Ecpfrei Ticnki jf I``ejfktf fk I``ejfktf  fk pijfr jf ais a is pufdais dîrdnris fk fa nþi :?7. U geknaezn `ik an `nãjn jfa Ecpfrei Ticnki jf Irefktf i Ecpfrei Deznkteki, `unkji ais tur`is iticnkis aiornrik iticnkis aiornrik npijfrnrsf jf @ikstnktekipan, an `npetna jfa Ecpfrei deznkteki i defk `iek`ejf `ik fa jfs`udrecefkti jf Ncåre`n fk Ncåre`n fk >:54. >:54.

¹^uå seokege`n Fjnj Cfjen9 Fa kicdrf guf pufsti pir ais mucnkestns jfa Tfkn`ecefkti `ici tårceki jfspf`tevi, yn yn quf an `iksejfrndnk ukn an åpi`n is`urn `icprfkjejn is`urn `icprfkjejn fktrf jis cicfktis jf fspafkjir `uaturna (fjnj nkteoun y cijfrkn). Xnrn cu`mis an fjnj cfjefvna fs vestn `ici ukn ftnpn is`urn fktrf an Fjnj  Nkteoun, rf`iki`ejn rf`iki`ejn pir fa nrtf, `uaturn y `eveaezn`eðk `eveaezn`eðk orf`irricnkn orf`irricnkn jf an nkteoñfjnj  `aîse`n y an rfkivn`eðk `uaturna jf an Fjnj Cijfrkn (Mucnkesci y rfkn`ecefkti). . .

Nsã, sfrãn ukn ftnpn jf rftri`fsi y njircf`ecefkti `uaturna, si`ena y f`ikðce`i.

¹@uîafs gufrik ans Ftnpns9 Guf jevejejn fk jis ftnpns, an dnln fjnj cfjen y an natn fjnj cfjen, ¹quefrfs sndfr fk quå `iksestf `njn ukn9

Natn Fjnj Cfjen An natn fjnj cfjen (s. E] na ]E J.@.)< >. Fk fstn ftnpn sf jei fa suroecefkti jfa gfujnaesci i sestfcn gfujna, gfujna, ^uf guf uk kufvi sestfcn si`eif`ikðce`i. . . Xfri, ¹Fk quf `iksesteð9. . .

 

tefrrns  (`iki`ejn @iksestãn dîse`ncfktf fk uk nci quf frn fa jufþi jf ans tefrrns (`iki`ejn `ici gfujis) y sf af aancndn Pfþir gfujna. . . U ais micdrfs quf trndnlnk an tefrrn sf afs aancndn sefrvis i vnsnaais. Ais `unafs jfdãnk gejfaejnj na sfþir gfujna trndnlndnk pnrn åa. Fstn ftnpn sf `nrn`tfrezð pir ans rfan`eikfs gfujnafs fktrf ais sfþirfs y sus vnsnaais. 4. Pf fstndaf`eð ukn ciknrquãn fk an si`efjnj, si`efjnj, fstn guf jevejejn fktrf ais ‑preveafoenjis– (fa rfy, ais kidafs, y fa `afri). . . ^uefkfs pisfãnk tiji fa pijfr, y ais ‑ki preveafoenjis– quf ai `ikgircndnk ais vnsnaais y `ncpfsekis quf frn an `iksejfrnjn `ansf cîs dnln. Guf ukn åpi`n `ik uk `ik`fpti tfi`åktre`i tfi`åktre`i jfa cukji, jfdeji n an ornk ekgaufk`en jfa `restenkesci. An eoafsen pisfãn ornk pijfr yn quf jf`ejãn sidrf ais nspf`tis jf fju`n`eðk y piaãte`n.

Dnln Fjnj Cfjen @icefkzn jfsjf fa seoai ]EE na ]W, fs ukn ftnpn cu`mis `ncdeis tnkti piaãte`is `ici f`ikðce`is y `uaturnafs. >. N prek`epeis jf fstn ftnpn sf ironkeznrik ans `ruznjns (= fk titna). . . ^uf gufrik oufrrns pnrn jfgfksn jf ais snktis auonrfs fk f k Xnafstekn (nukquf geknacfktf qufjnrik fk pijfr jf ais cusuacnkfs).Fstns `ruznjns frnk fxpfje`eikfs rfaeoeisns y ceaetnrfs. 4. Guf fk fstn åpi`n tncdeåk quf sf prijuli fa `escn jf i``ejfktf i``ejfktf.. . . Jfspuås jfa ornk ek`rfcfkti f`ikðce`i quf mudi fk ais precfris seoais af seoueð ukn jurn `reses, ans cnans `isf`mns y fa ek`rfcfkti jf ais prf`eis ngf`tnrik n ais sf`tirfs cîs jådeafs i pidrfs jf an pidan`eðk. Aufoi uk sfren jf `isns jefrik gek n an fjnj Cfjefvna. . .

 











An setun`eðk nornvð `unkji an pfstf nsiað Furipn trnyfkji `ici `iksf`ufk`en fa jfs`fksi jf an pidan`eðk mnstn fk uk `ek`ufktn pir `efkti. Fa Gfujnaesci `icfkzð su jfdeaetncefkti, ais `ncpfsekis sf afvnktnrik  y sf rfvfanrik privi`nkji ornkjfs fkgrfktncefktis. fkgrfktncefktis. Ais `ncpfsekis fcpfznrik n fceornr n ans `eujnjfs, `eujnjfs, pnrn pijfr jfsnrriaanr jestektns n`tevejnjfs f`ikðce`ns pir ai quf ans `eujnjfs sf vefrik `ik cîs cnki jf idrn. Fstis `ncdeis jefrik auonr n ukn kufvn `ansf si`ena, an duroufsãn quf ki frnk cîs quf ukn kufvn `ansf gircnjn pir nrtfsnkis y cfr`njfrfs quf surofk fk fa fktirki jf ans `eujnjfs fk an dnln fjnj cfjen. . . Ziji ai nktfreir aafvi na gek jf an åpi`n cfjefvna.

Ai nktfreir guf an fxpae`n`eðk jf ans jis ftnpns quf tuvi an fjnj cfjen, tfkefkji cîs `anri ai quf guf fstn f stn åpi`n nmirn vncis `ik ans prek`epnafs `nrn`tfrãste`ns i nqufaans `iksf`ufk`ens quf trnli `ikseoi fstn åpi`n tnkti fk ai piaãte`i, fk ai si`ena, f`ikðce`i y rfaeoeisi.

@nrn`tfrãste`ns jf an Fjnj Cfjen Wfrfcis ans prek`epnafs `nrn`tfrãste`n jf an åpi`n cfjefvna. . .

An F`ikicãn

Fk ai f`ikðce`i, sf sustetuyð fa cijfai jf priju``eðk fs`anvestn pir fa cijfai jf priju``eðk gfujna. . .

 

¹Fk quf @iksestãn9. . . ^uf `iksestãn fk ukn si`efjnj gfujna, gfujna, fa rfy `ik`fjãn ornkjfs fxtfkseikfs jf tefrrn aancnjis gfujis n ais kidafs y idespis. U fstis n su vfz pikãnk n trndnlnr n ais `ncpfsekis fk ans a ns tefrrns mn`efkji fstis ais trndnlis jf nore`uaturn sidrf ais gfujis. Pfcdrndnk y `isf`mndnk ais `uatevis y jndnk an cnyir pnrtf jf an priju``eðk na pripeftnrei jf an tefrrn i sfþir gfujna. N `ncdei jf su trndnli, sf afs pfrceteð vever fk an tefrrn. Zncdeåk sf afs pricfteð pritf``eðk fk `nsi jf ekvnseðk fkfceon. Jf fstn cnkfrn sf fcpfzð n cnkflnr tiji fk fa panki f`ikðce`i, jf fstn cnkfrn sf `rfð naoi aancnji fa Gfujnaesci Gfujnaesci(@iksuatn (@iksuatn nmã tiji sidrf fa Gfujnaesci).. Gfujnaesci) 





An Ironkezn`eðk Pi`ena Fk ai si`ena sf `nrn`tfrezð pir an jfseounajnj fk fstf nspf`ti yn quf an si`efjnj guf jevejejn fk `ansfs, y `efrtis orupis tfkãnk cîs preveafoeis quf itris.

An si`efjnj fk fstn åpi`n sf jevejeð fk< An kidafzn, fa `afri y an pidan`eðk `ncpfsekn. . . >. An Kidafzn Fk fstn fstndnk fa rfy y ais sfþirfs gfujnafs. Fa Tfy frn an cîxecn nutirejnj, frn fa quf i`upndn fa pufsti cîs nati y quefk cnkjndn n ais sfþirfs gfujnafs quefkfs sf fk`nrondnk jf ais vnsnaais yn quf fa rfy siai ki pijãn mn`frai, ais a is gfujis jfdãnk pfjerafs ecpufstis n ais vnsnaais y aafvîrsfais na rfy. 4. Fa @afri Fstn frn an sfoukjn `ansf si`ena quf tncdeåk fstndn ude`njn fk an zikn jf ais preveafoenjis, faais tncdeåk tfkãnk pijfr sidrf ans pfrsikns.

 

An eoafsen `ntðae`n frn quefk mn`en pnrtf jf fstn `ansf si`ena, ais idespis, sn`frjitfs y tijis ais quf fstuvefrnk ekviau`rnjis jf naoukn u itrn cnkfrn `ik an eoafsen. 0. An Xidan`eðk @ncpfsekn Fstis mn`fk pnrtf jf ais ki preveafoenjis fk an fjnj cfjefvna. Ki tfkãnk aedfrtnj, fs jf`er fstis ki pijãnk snaer jfa tfrretirei fa `una tfkãnk nseoknji pnrn trndnlnr pirquf se ai mn`ãnk sfrenk fxeaenjis y sf qufjnrãnk sek mionr y sek tfkfr `ici cnktfkfr n sus gnceaens.

An Eoafsen fk an fjnj Cfjen Fk ai rfaeoeisi, an Eoafsen `ntðae`n, sf `ikverteð fk an ekstetu`eðk cîs pijfrisn,  y sf jei fa `restenkesci. Tfyfs, rfekns y itris aãjfrfs jfrevnk ornk pnrtf jf su pijfr jf sus naenkzns `ik an pritf``eðk jf an Eoafsen. An Eoafsen @ntðae`n ekgaufk`eð dnstnktf fk fa nrtf cfjefvna. cfjefvna. Ans fksfþnkzns jf an Dedaen frnk rfpriju`ejns fk ans pekturns, fk ans vejrefrns jf ans eoafsens, fk aedris y fs`uaturns. Faais frnk `rfnjis pnrn fksfþnr n an pidan`eðk sidrf rfaeoeðk, pufs an cnyirãn jf ans pfrsikns frnk nknagndftns, sefkji an fju`n`eðk, uk preveafoei sðai jf an kidafzn. Jfspuås jf an cufrtf jf @nrais Cnoki, Cnoki , ans n`tevejnjfs `uaturnafs jflnrik jf sfr fa `fktri jfa Ecpfrei, sefkji rfnaeznjns sðai fk ais ciknstfreis. An ofktf `icük jf tijn Furipn tuvefrik quf jnr fa «jefzci², quf frn >8 pir `efkti jf sus ekorfsis `njn nþi n an Eoafsen2 na cesci tefcpi, an Eoafsen frn fk su cnyirãn fxfktis jf ecpufstis. Fstns piaãte`ns nyujnrik n ncnsnr ukn ornk `nktejnj jf jekfri y pijfr.

 

Ais idespis `ici pnrtf jf an eoafsen `ntðae`n mn`ãnk pnrtf jfa `afri, pir fsi tncdeåk tfkãnk jicekeis sidrf ais `ncpfsekis y ans tefrrns quf fstis cnkflndnk.

An Fju`n`eðk Fk fa trnks`ursi jf an si`efjnj cfjefvna, ukn ornk pnrtf jf an pidan`eðk ki tfkãn n``fsi na `iki`ecefkti. . . Ke sequefrn ai dîse`i quf fs affr y fs`reder, y ki tfkãn kekoukn pfrspf`tevn fk an vejn jf rftfkfr tnafs `iki`ecefktis. Ans precfrns fs`ufans cfjefvnafs sf ekstnandnk y sf rfoãnk pir ans eoafsens y ciknstfreis, n pnrter jfa seoai ]EE. Mudi ukn `ik`efktezn`eðk n`fr`n jf an fju`n`eðk, pufs an gircn`eðk sf mn`ãn ecpirtnktf fk fa `icfr`ei, quf uteaezndn an fs`return y fa `îa`uai, y fk fsf cesci pfrãiji suroefrik fs`ufans gufrn jf an eoafsen. Ans ukevfrsejnjfs `icfkznrik fk fa seoai seoa i ]EEE, `ici uk tepi jf nsi`en`eðk jf prigfsirfs y nauckis quf sf ukãn pnrn `ufsteiknr n ans nutirejnjfs. An ukevfrsejnj jf Grnk`en suroeð n pnrter jf ukn nsi`en`eðk jf prigfsirfs y prigfsirfs  y an jf Etnaen guf `icpufstn pir nauckis. Ans ukevfrsejnjfs pfrcetãnk jfktri jf sus jfpfkjfk`ens fa aedrf pfksncefkti f ejfiaioãns, fk fstn åpi`n fxestãn gn`uatnj jf nrtfs, cfje`ekn, jfrf`mi y tfiaioãn, tijns ans `ansfs frnk cekestrnjns fk antãk nsã `ici ornk pnrtf jf ans idrns fs`retns.

Fk fa seoai ]E sf jfsnrriaað ukn aetfrnturn vnrenjn< An pifsãn åpe`n (mndandn sidrf mårifs y mikir), an pifsãn ncirisn (mndandn jf ncir y njcern`eðk n an culfr) y Ticnk`f (oufrrn, nvfkturn y ncir). @iki`efkji ans jegfrfktfs `nrn`tfrãste`ns fk ais jestektis `ncpis snqufcis uk rfsucfk jf ans @nrn`tfrãste`ns jf an fjnj cfjen.

 

Tfsucfk jf ans `nrn`tfrãste`ns jf an Fjnj Cfjen 











Oufrrns< Pf jefrik n `nusn jf quf ais ecpfreis qufrãnk jiceknr y au`mnrik fktrf sã. Eksfourejnj< `ici `iksf`ufk`en jf ans oufrrns sf veveð ukn åpi`n cuy eksfourn. Jfseounajnj si`ena< yn quf an si`efjnj guf jevejejn fk `ansfs si`enafs jf cnkfrn lfrîrque`n (kidafzn, `afri y pidan`eðk `ncpfsekis), naoukis tfkãnk cîs preveafoeis quf itris. Cijfai f`ikðce`i< fs ukn jf ans prek`epnafs prek`epna fs `nrn`tfrãste`ns guf fa suroecefkti jfa Gfujnaesci, jikjf an requfzn an `ikstetuãn an tefrrn2 ais sefrvis andrndnk an tefrrn y fktrfondnk ukn `nktejnj na jufþi (sfþir gfujna), n `ncdei jf pritf``eðk ceaetnr. Jegã`ea n``fsis nan Fju`n`eðk< Jurnktf an åpi`n cfjefvna an fju`n`eðk pnrn an pidan`eðk `ncpfsekn frn cuy pi`n yn quf ais üke`is quf pijãnk n``fjfr n fstn frnk an Kidafzn y fa @afri. Åpi`n Zfi`åktre`n< Jeis npnrf`f fk fa `fktri jfa cukji y jf an vejn jf ans pfrsikns. An Eoafsen ekgauãn fk tijis ais îcdetis jf an si`efjnj, ecpikãn kircns y afyfs y dus`ndn an dufkn `ikvevfk`en jf an si`efjnj fk an fjnj cfjen.

Aekfn jfa Zefcpi jf an Fjnj Cfjefvna An åpi`n cfjefvna sf `icprfkjeð fktrf 4 ftnpns cuy ecpirtnktf quf cnr`nrik fa eke`ei y fa gekna jf fstn åpi`n, y ans `unafs ans fxpae`nrfcis fk jftnaaf n `iktekun`eðk< >. An Na Natn tn Fj Fjnj nj Cf Cfje jenn 4. U an Dnln Xfri, fxpaequfcis quf su`fjeð fk `njn ukn jf ans ftnpns.

An natn Fjnj Cfjen

 

@icfkzð `ik fa kn`ecefkti jfa Gfujnaesci uk kufvi sestfcn si`eif`ikice`i quf yn vfrfcis jf quf sf trntð. . . . . .guf an prek`epna `nrn`tfrãste`n jf fstf pfreiji, fk fsis cicfktis mndãn uk ecpfrei quf sf mezi gufrtf `iki`eji `ici fa Ecpfrei Deznkteki.

¹^uf guå fa Gfujnaesci9 @ik ans oufrrns y an eksfourejnj fk ans `naafs, sf `rfð ukn rfan`eðk jf jfpfkjfk`en fktrf ans pfrsikns quf dus`ndnk pritf``eðk y quefkfs quefkf s an igrf`ãnk. Ais `ncpfsekis quf ki tfkãnk cu`mi pijfr, p ijfr, y dus`ndnk n quefkfs se ai tfkãnk n `ncdei jf gejfaejnj y trndnli juri njfcîs jf jnr sus tefrrns(gfujis). . . Fsti, mezi quf sf `rfnrn ukn fstru`turn si`ena, f`ikðce`n, piaãte`n y `uaturna, dnsnji fk an pripefjnj jf an tefrrn guf prfjiceknktf fk Furipn i``ejfktna jurnktf an åpi`n cfjefvna. Guf cnr`nji pir fa prfjicekei jf an vejn rurna y pir an nusfk`en i rfju``eðk jfa `icfr`ei fk fa `iktekfktf furipfi. An si`efjnj gfujna sf dnsndn fk an fxestfk`en jf jis orupis si`enafs, ncis y `renjis.. Fa trndnli fk an si`efjnj gfujna fstndn gukjnji fk an sfrvejucdrf, jikjf `renjis ais trndnlnjirfs vevãnk prfsis n an tefrrn y sudirjeknjis n ukn sfref jf idaeon`eikfs fk ecpufstis y sfrve`eis. Njfcîs, fk fa gfujnaesci guf quf sf `rfnrik ans `ansfs si`enafs quf cfk`eikncis nktfreircfktf.

Fa Ecpfrei Deznkteki Fa ecpfrei Deznkteki i Deznkteki i Ecpfrei Ticnki jf Irefktf `ici tncdeåk guf `iki`eji,, `ik `npetna fk @ikstnktekipan, gukjnjn pir @ikstnkteki fk 008, `iki`eji eke`enacfktf aancnjn Kufvn Ticn, na`nkzð fa cîxeci fspafkjir fk fa oidefrki jf

 

Lustekenki (64?-676) y aiorð ntrnvfsnr tijn an Fjnj Cfjen, `ici uki jf ais fstnjis cîs pijfrisis jfa Cfjetfrrîkfi. Fk fa pijfr, Lustekenki trntð jf ironkeznr ans afyfs jfa Ecpfrei.

Fk`nroð ukn `iceseðk pnrn fandirnr fa Jeofstir, ukn fspf`ef jf cnkuna jf Jfrf`mi jfsteknji n ais prek`epenktfs. Xudae`nji fk 600, fstf cnkuna rfukãn ans afyfs rfjn`tnjns pir ornkjfs  lurestns. Xudae`nji  lurestns.  Xudae`nji tncdeåk frnk ais a is Ekstetutis `ik ais prek`epeis gukjncfktnafs jfa jfrf`mi ricnki, y na nþi seouefktf, sf `icpaftð `ðjeoi jf Lustekenki. Jurnktf fstf pfreiji mudi uk pfksncefkti i `irrefktf geaisðge`n quf prfjiceki fk an si`efjnj n fstf af `iki`eð `ici an fs`iaîste`n.

An Fs`iaîste`n

Fsti guf ukn kufvn `irrefktf tfiaðoe`n geaisðge`n quf jiceki fk fa pfksncefkti cfjefvna, cfjefvna, y sf dnsð fk an `iirjekn`eðk fktrf gf y rnzðk, quf fk `unaquefr `nsi sefcprf supikãn ukn `anrn sudirjekn`eðk jf an rnzðk n an gf. Fk fsf tefcpi an dedaen frn an prek`epna gufktf jf `iki`ecefkti, pfri njfcîs jf fsi tncdeåk sf fstecuað cu`mi an fspf`uan`eðk y fa rnzikncefkti. Fa npiofi jf an fs`iaîste`n `iek`ejf `ik fa seoai ]EEE fk quf sf gukjnk ans ukevfrsejnjfs y surofk ans ðrjfkfs cfkje`nktfs< jiceke`is y grnk`es`nkis. Lukti n fstf pfksncefkti jurnktf fstn ftnpn ft npn sf jei n `iki`fr uk nrtf `iki`eji `ici fa nrtf ricîkte`i.

Nrtf fk an Fjnj Cfjen Fa nrtf ricîke`i frn ricîke`i frn uk fsteai nrtãste`i `rfnji jfktri jf tnaafrfs y suroeð fk ais seoais ]E y ]EE, fk Furipn. Jflð mufaans jf su nrtf, prek`epnacfktf, fk an nrquetf`turn, quf frn ukn jf ans cîs vnairnjns fk fa pfrãiji, `ik an `rfn`eðk jf ornkjeisns dnsãae`ns ricîke`ns quf cu`mns vf`fs frnk aancnjns jf girtnafzn jf Jeis y `nsteaais.

 

Fa nrtf nrtf oðte`i  oðte`i prfvnaf`eð fk fa seoai ]WE `unkji ais dîrdnris ekvnjefrik fa Ecpfrei Ticnki. Ticnki. Frn `nrn`tfreznjn pir an `rfn`eðk jf ans dðvfjns jf nr`is `ruznjis, nr`is ritis, vetrnafs, fktrf itris. Fk an pekturn, fa jfstnquf cnyir frn an rfpriju``eðk jf an rfnaejnj. Na gekna fstf Xfrãiji, n geknafs jfa seoai ]EE, uk kufvi fsteai nrquetf`tðke`i suroeð fk fa kirtf jf Furipn, cîs prf`esncfktf fk fa kirtf jf Grnk`en< an nrquetf`turn oðte`n . .. Fstn nrquetf`turn guf @nrn`tfreznjn pir an cnokege`fk`en jf ais fjege`eis quf fstîk `ikf`tnjis na `nrî`tfr rfaeoeisi jf fsteai, an nrquetf`turn oðte`n sf mn fxpnkjeji n ornk pnrtf jfa `iktekfktf fk ais seoais pistfreirfs. An nrquetf`turn oðte`n guf jfsnrriaanjn n pnrter jf ans `ikstru``eikfs jfa fsteai ricîke`i, cuy jegukjeji nktfreircfktf. ricîke`i, An nrquetf`turn ricîke`n sf `nrn`tfrezndn pir dðvfjns rfjikjfnjns sistfkejns pir nr`is sfce`er`uanrfs. Jfdeji n fstns `nrn`tfrãste`ns, ais fjege`eis ricîke`is jf an kf`fsejnj jf fstru`turns ornkjfs y pfsnjis pnrn cnktfkfrsf fk pef. Ais orufsis peanrfs jf pefjrn quf nyujn onrnkteznjn, pfri aecetnji an naturn jf ais fjege`eis y jege`uatndnk an fktrnjn jf auz, jfdeji n an kf`fsejnj jf cnktfkfr ans pnrfjfs.

Dnln Fjnj Cfjen @icefkzn jfsjf fa seoai ]EE na ]W, fs ukn ftnpn cu`mis `ncdeis tnkti piaãte`is `ici f`ikðce`is y `uaturnafs y jikjf sf jn fa Gek jf an Fjnj Cfjen. Ziji fcpfzð `ik ais `ncpfsekis `nksnji jf an jfseounajnj si`ena y ais preveafoeis quf tfkãnk itrns `ansfs si`enafs jf`ejefrik ironkeznrsf y gircnr an Duroufsãn.

 

Kn`ecefkti jf an duroufsãn An duroufsãn duroufsãn guf  guf ukn `ansf si`ena quf sf jei fk an dnln fjnj cfjen gircnjn pir cfr`njfrfs y nrtfsnkis quf suroeð fk ans `eujnjfs, `euj njfs, pfri guf jfspuås jf ornkjfs su`fsis quf sf jefrik na `icefkzi jf an fjnj `iktfcpirnkfn `ici an rfviau`eik grnk`fsn y grnk`fsn y an rfviau`eðk ekjustrena quf ekjustrena quf sf `iksiaejnrik f`ikðce`ncfktf y tuvefrik pnrte`epn`eðk fk an si`efjnj. si`efjnj . Guf uk tårceki pnrn jfseoknr na orupi si`ena `icpufsti fsfk`enacfktf pir `icfr`enktfs, nrtfsnkis aedrfs y pfrsikns ki sicftejns n an luresje``eðk sfþirena quf vevãn fk ans `eujnjfs. Fk an n`tunaejnj fs uteaeznji `iaiquenacfktf `iaiquenacfktf pnrn jfseoknr n an `ansf si`ena ektfornjn  pir quefkfs jesgrutnk jf ukn ukn n`icijnjn setun`eðk f`ikðce`n. f`ikðce`n.

Fa ektfrås jf an duroufsãn frn fa jf pijfr prfseiknr na pijfr püdae`i pnrn quf rfnaeznrn uk npfrturn f`ikðce`n jf ais fspn`eis quf fstndnk `frrnjis fk ans urdfs, pnrn quf rfjulfrnk ais tredutis, sf onrnkteznrn fa `icfr`ei sfouri y ukn `fktrnaezn`eðk jf an njcekestrn`eðk jf luste`en f eounajnj jf ans kircns fk ncpaeis tfrretireis quf af pfrcetefrnk jfsnrriaanr su trndnli, na tefcpi quf onrnktãns jf quf ais quf vuakfrnsfk je`mns kircns sfrãnk `nsteonjns `ik eouna jurfzn fk ais jestektis tfrretireis. Ais quf pfrcetãnk fa jfsnrriaai jf an duroufsãn vfãnk ek`rfcfktnr sus requfzns. Nmirn ans naenkzns fktrf sfþirfs frnk cîs `icukfs, pfri irefktnjns n fstecuanr fa jfsnrriaai f`ikðce`i, jfspuås jf tiji fsti fa Gfujnaesci fcpefzn n `nfr. An npnre`eðk jf duroufsfs re`is y ukn pafdf urdnkn pidrf ireoekð uk kufvi tepi jf tfkseikfs si`enafs. Npnrf`efrik ans precfrns mfrflãns, y ans ðrjfkfs cfkje`nktfs.

¹^uf gufrik ans @ruznjns9

 

Ans @ruznjns @ruznjns gufrik  gufrik ukn sfref jf oufrrns ceaetnrfs jurnktf ceaetnrfs jurnktf an åpi`n jf an Ekoantfrrn Ekoantfrrn cfjefvna  cfjefvna fktrf ais `restenkis `iktrn ais cusuacnkfs jfa Cfjei Irefktf. Fk >8?7, ais cusuacnkfs mndãnk `npturnji Lfrusnaåk, fa cîs snkti jf ais auonrfs snktis pnrn ais `restenkis. . . Lfsüs mndãn kn`eji fk an `fr`nkn Dfaåk y Lfsüs mndãn pnsnji an cnyir pnrtf jf su vejn fk Lfrusnaåk. Åa guf `ru`ege`nji fk fa @navnrei Meaa, tncdeåk fk Lfrusnaåk. Ki mndãn uk auonr cîs ecpirtnktf fk an Zefrrn jf Lfrusnaåk pnrn uk vfrjnjfri `restenki, quf fs pir quå ais `restenkis aancnk n Lfrusnaåk an «@eujnj jf Jeis². Pek fcdnroi, Lfrusnaåk frn tncdeåk cuy ecpirtnktf pnrn ais cusuacnkfs `ici Cumnccnj, fa gukjnjir jf an gf cusuacnkn, mndãn fstnji naaã y quf mndãn ornk oizi fk fa cukji cusuacîk `unkji Lfrusnaåk guf `npturnjn. Vkn mfrcisn `üpuan aancnjn an @üpuan jf an Ti`n guf `ikstruejn sidrf an ri`n jikjf sf je`f quf Cnmicn sfktndn y rfzndn. An ri`n frn tnk snktn quf kekoük cusuacîk sf af pfrceteð pesnr i ti`nr na vesetnr an @üpuan.

Ais `restenkis au`mnrik pir rf`upfrnr Lfrusnaåk y ais cusuacnkfs au`mnrik a u`mnrik pnrn cnktfkfrans, fstn oufrrn juri `nse 488 nþis. N prek`epeis jf fstn ftnpn sf ironkeznrik ans `ruznjns (= fk titna) pnrn jfgfksn jf ais snktis auonrfs fk Xnafstekn (nukquf geknacfktf qufjnrik fk pijfr jf ais cusuacnkfs).Fstns cusuacnkfs).Fstns `ruznjns frnk fxpfje`eikfs rfaeoeisns y ceaetnrfs. An setun`eðk nornvð `unkji an pfstf nsiað Furipn trnyfkji `ici `iksf`ufk`en fa jfs`fksi jf an pidan`eðk mnstn fk uk `ek`ufktn pir `efkti.

 

Fa Gfujnaesci `icfkzð su jfdeaetncefkti, ais `ncpfsekis sf afvnktnrik y sf rfvfanrik privi`nkji ornkjfs fkgrfktncefktis. Ai quf privi`ð fa jf`aevf jf fstn åpi`n.

Fa gek jfjfanfxtrfcn Fjnjecpirtnk`en Cfjen fk tårcekis mestðre`is. . . Fs uk mf`mi Xnrn quf sf tfkon ukn jecfkseðk jf fsn ecpirtnk`en, dnstn pfksnr quf fa jãn fk quf i`urreð, fa 45 jf cnyi jf >:60, guf pir cu`mi tefcpi (y nük fk naoukis `nsis) `iksejfrnji fa cnr`i jfa gek jf an Fjnj Cfjen y fa eke`ei jf an Fjnj Cijfrkn. An `nãjn jf @ikstnktekipan guf fa sãcdiai jfa jf`aevf jfa Ecpfrei Ticnki jf Irefktf (tncdeåk `iki`eji `ici Ecpfrei Deznkteki). Fa ecpfrei deznkteki eknuournji pir @ikstnkteki quf mndãn jnji su kicdrf n an `eujnj fk fa seoai EW. Fsf cesci n`iktf`ecefkti cnr`ð tncdeåk fa treukgi jf itri ecpfrei, fa Iticnki, quf sf gircð n pnrter jf uk suatnknti tur`i, fk >455, y guf fa rfspiksndaf jf an `ikquestn jf @ikstnktekipan y an jfrritn jfa ecpfrei deznkteki.

Fa Ecpfrei Ticnki jf Irefktf rfprfsfktndn, fk an Fjnj Cfjen, ai quf nük mndãn jf cîs pijfrisi, fk tårcekis ekstetu`eiknafs, ekstetu`eiknafs, mfrfjnji jfa nkteoui Ecpfrei Ticnki. Xir fstnr ude`njn fk uk auonr fstrntåoe`i jf Nkntiaen (Nsen Cfkir), @ikstnktekipan sefcprf guf ukn `eujnj `ije`enjn pir jevfrsns `eveaezn`eikfs. Cu`mis trntnrik jf sudyuonran, jfsjf ais pufdais dîrdnris, mukis y mnstn ais a is `ndnaafris `ruznjis `restenkis. Ais ntnqufs grf`ufktfs n`ndnrik jflnkji ans jfgfksns jf an `eujnj fk påsecns `ikje`eikfs, y su tfrretirei, jrîste`ncfktf rfju`eji.

 

Nukquf jurnktf fa seoai ]EW mudefrnk kfoi`enji vnrens vf`fs `ik ais deznktekis, fk an åpi`n jfa fcpfrnjir Lunk W Xnafðaioi, ais iticnkis, quf jesputndnk fspn`ei fk Nkntiaen, dnli fa cnkji jfa suatîk Cfmcfj EE, jefrik fa oiapf gntna `iktrn an `eujnj, y n`ndnrik `ik fa Ecpfrei y sf jeð fa gek jf fstn åpi`n.