Economia Espacial

 

JNKDKFBG J^_GNBG@ JD IK@BXBG R HGN]KYJ^ WZJ BDNBMJD JD J@ NYJNBFBJD]K R MJ^GYYK@@K MJ IK@BXBG 7. »WZJ J^ JNKDKFJ]YÆG; @g jnkdkfjtræg js `g nbjdnbg sknbg` quj sj igsg jd `g utb`bzgnbþd mj cjrrgfbjdtgs fgtjfçtbngs, jstgmæstbngs y jnkdþfbngs pgrg jstbfgr `gs rj`gnbkdjs jnkdþfbngs. _kr `k tgdtk, jstg mbsnbp`bdg nbjdtæhbng pujmj jxp`bngr y vg`bmgr, g pgrtbr mj nbjrtks mgtks, `gs rj`gnb rj`gnbkdj kdjsstgdtk jnkdþf jnkjnkdþfbngs dþfbngs bngs,, nkfprk nkf prkigr igr cbpþtj cbpþtjsbs sbs y hbd hbdg`f g`fjdt jdtj j prkdks prkdkstbn tbngr gr j` nkfpkr nkfpkrtgf tgfbjd bjdtk tk mj vgrbgi`js nkfk mj bdmbvbmuks. Jdtrj `ks prbdnbpg`js kiejtbvks mj `g ` g jnkdkfjtræg sj jdnujdtrgd5 Jstbfgr rj`gnbkdjs ngusg`js5 @g jnkdkfjtræg pjrfbtj rjg`bzgr ud gdç`bsbs nug`btgtbvk y nugdtbtgtbvk mj g`ludks hgntkrjs quj ghjntgd g udg vgrbgi`j quj jstç gsknbgmg g ud hjdþfjdk jnkdþfbnk. _rjmbnnbþd5 _rjmjnbr vgrbgi`js fgnrkjnkdþfbngs nkfk `gs tgsgs mj bdh`gnbþd, j` _BI k `ks tbpks mj bdtjrâs. (Nkdnjptk mj jnkdkfjtræg pkr Bsgij` Fgrbg rkmrblujz Ybn) Q NB]G]BKD B^G P` 78>2= V ) »WZJ J^ J^_GNBG@;  ^bldbhbng tkmk `k quj dks rkmjg, g`lk quj sj jstg mjsgrrk``gdmk k sj vg g mjsgrrk``gr jd ud mjtjrfbdgmk jspgnbk. (Mbnnbkdgrbk) 

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JNKDKFJ]YÆG J^_GNBG@ @g jnkdkfjtr jnkdkfjtræg æg jspgnbg` js ud çrjg mkdmj `gs tândbngs tândbngs gdg`ætbngs skd mbsj÷gmgs mbsj÷gmgs pgrg bdnkrpkrgr  bdnkrpkrgr  mjpjdm mjp jdmjdn jdnbg bg jd `gs kisjrv kisjrvgnb gnbkdj kdjss quj tbj tbjdjd djd udg prkxbf prkxbfbmgm bmgm ljklrç ljklrçhbn hbng. g. Jxpgdm Jxpgdmbjd bjdmk mk `ks fkmj`ks mj rjlrjsbþd `bdjg`, jstks fujstrgd `g mjpjdmjdnbg quj sj tbjdj nkd `ks vjnbdks y nrjgd mjpjdmjdnbg jd `gs rjlbkdjs. (Bdtrkmunnbþd g `g jnkdkfæg jspgnbg` pkr _gj`bdna & A`ggsjd. 7233) @g jnkdkfjtræg jspgnbg` js `g pgrtj mj `g jnkdkfjtræg quj sj mjmbng g` jstumbk mj `ks hjdþfjdks jnkdþfbnks jspgnbg`js. Gudquj sb ibjd tkmgs `gs gntbvbmgmjs jnkdþfbngs sj mjsgrrk``gd jd ud jspgnbk jspgnb k mjtjrfbdgmk mjtjrfbdgmk,, `ks hjdþfjdks hjdþfjdks jnkdþfbnks jspgnbg`js jspgnbg`js pujmjd pujmjd mjhbdbrsj mjhbdbrsj nkfk gquj``ks gquj``ks jd `ks quj `g vgrbgi`j jspgnbk, jdtjdmbmg jd sjdtbmk gfp`bk y mjhbdbmg `ujlk sjlõd g`lõd nrbtjrbk pgrg g`ludg fgtrbz mj nkdtgntks, eujlg ud rk` tgd bfpkrtgdtj quj su jxn`usbþd pkmræg mgr `ulgr g fkmj`ks jnkdkfâtrbnks nkd sjvjrks jrrkrjs mj jspjnbhbngnbþd. Jx Jxbs bstj tj udg udg lrgd lrgd ngdt ngdtbm bmgm gm mj rgfg rgfgss mj `g jnkd jnkdkf kfæg æg qu quj j cg cgd d bdnk bdnkrp rpkr krgm gmk k g` gd gdç`b ç`bsb sbss g `g jnkdkfjtræg jspgnbg`5 `g jnkdkfæg urigdg, `g jnkdkfæg rjlbkdg` y `g fgnrkjnkdkfæg jdtrj ktrgs. Jd jstj jstj sjdt sjdtbmk bmk,, @g tjkr tjkræg æg mj `ks `ks njdt njdtrk rkss mj mj mjsg sgrr rrk` k``k `k nkds nkdstbtbtu tuyj yj ud udk k mj `ks `ks prbd prbdnb nbpg pg`js `js hudmgfjdtks pgrg j` gdç`bsbs jspgnbg` mj `ks hjdþfjdks jnkdþfbnks. Jd jstj sjdtbmk, `ks gpkrtjs tjþrbnks fçs sbldbhbngtbvks cgd prkvjdbmk mjsmj `g ]jkræg mj` Mjsgrrk``k Jnkdþfbnk y mj `g mjdkfbdgmg ]jkræg mj `g Krlgdbzgnbþd Jspgnbg`. (Q NB]G]BKD JNK P` 78>2= V Jstumbks mj Jnkdkfæg jspgnbg` jd Ik`bvbg @g Jnkdkfæg Yjlbkdg` jstumbg `ks prknjsks jnkdþfbnks g dbvj` jspgnbg` y trgtg mj nkdknjr `g jstrunturg jnkdþfbng g jsng`g rjlbkdg` k tjrrbtkrbg`, gp`bngdmk `gs mbhjrjdtjs tândbngs mj `gs tjkrægs mj `kng`bzgnbþd, mj` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk y mj` mjsgrrk``k. _kr ud `gmk, `gs tjkrægs mj `kng`bzgnbþd sj knupgd mj `gs mjnbsbkdjs mj uibngnbþd ui bngnbþd mj `gs jfprjsgs y mj `ks cklgrjs, pjrk bfp`bngd tgfibâd j` gdç`bsbs mj `gs mjsblug`mgmjs jd `g mbstrbiunbþd jspgnbg` mj `gs gntbvbmgmjs jnkdþfbngs mjdtrk mj ud pgæs. _kr ktrk `gmk, `gs tjkrægs mj nrjnbfbjdtk rjlbkdg` jstçd bdtjrjsgmgs jd gdg`bzgr `ks mjtjrfbdgdtjs mj nrjnbfbjdtk jdmþljdk, quj nkdsbstj jd ud bdnrjfjdtk mj `g ngpgnbmgm mj

 

prkmunnbþd rjg` mj udg rjlbþd y su gptbtum pgrg fgdtjdjr jstj bdnrjfjdtk. Hbdg`fjdtj, `gs tjkrægs mj mjsgrrk``k rjlbkdg` jstçd bdtjrjsgmgs jd bmjdtbhbngr tkmks `ks j`jfjdtks tgdlbi`js, nkfk `g mktgnbþd mj rjnursks dgturg`js, j` n`bfg k `g uibngnbþd ljklrçhbng, j bdtgdlbi`js, nkfk j` dbvj` jmungtbvk, `g nu`turg k j` ngpbtg` sknbg`, quj bdtjrvbjdjd jd j` prknjsk mj nrjnbfbjdtk y mjsgrrk``k mj udg rjlbþd. Mjsmj `g mângmg mj `ks dkvjdtg, Ik`bvbg cg bfp`gdtgmk udg vgrbjmgm mj pk`ætbngs põi`bngs pgrg prkpkdjr prkpk djr y prkhudmbzg prkhudmbzgrr `g mjsnjdtrg` mjsnjdtrg`bzgnbþ bzgnbþd d y, rjnbjdtjf rjnbjdtjfjdtj, jdtj, pgrg trgdshkrf trgdshkrfgr gr `g jstruntur jstrunturg g prkmuntbvg prkmu ntbvg mj `g jnkdkfæg mjsmj `gs rjlbkdjs. rjlbkdjs. Jstgs gnnbkdjs jstçd fkstrgdmk fkstrgdmk ud ngfibk ngfibk jd j` jdhkqu jdh kquj j mjsgrr mjsgrrk``k k``k,, pgsgdm pgsgdmk k mj ud JstgmkJstgmk-Dgn Dgnbþd bþd g ud Jstgmk Jstgmk-Yj -Yjlbþ lbþd, d, mkdmj mkdmj `g igsj igsj mj mjsgrrk``k dgnbkdg` mjij prkvjdbr mj `gs `g s rjlbkdjs pjrk nkd nkcjsbþd tjrrbtkrbg` (Q NB]G]BKD JNK7 P` 78>2= V

@g dujvg nkdhblurgnbþd jspgnbg` y jnkdþfbng ik`bvbgdg  J` nrjnbfbjdtk mj `gs nbumgmjs, mj `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs y udg pki`gnbþd fgykrbtgrbg jd jmgm jnkd jnkdþf þfbn bngf gfjdt jdtj j gntb gntbvg vg skd skd udg udg mj `gs `gs prbd prbdnb nbpg pg`js `js ngrg ngrgnt ntjr jræs æstbtbng ngss mj jstj jstj pjrbk pjrbkmk mk mj trgdshkrf trgds hkrfgnbþd gnbþd mj `g sknbjmgm ik`bvbgdg. Mj udg pki`gnbþd tktg` mj 7?.?:2.3:8 7?.?:2.3:8 ik`bvbgdks, ik`bvbgdks, ngsb `g fbtgm vbvj jd `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs (=8%). @g pki`gnbþd ik`bvbgdg ekvjd y jd jmgm mj trgigegr, quj cgibtg skirj tkmk jd `gs nbumgmjs y `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs, sjrç j` lrupk pki`gn pki `gnbkd bkdg` g` fgykrb fgykrbtgr tgrbk bk cgstg cgstg 9?=?. 9?=?. Jstg Jstg sbt sbtugnb ugnbþd þd rjprjs rjprjsjdt jdtg g udg lrgd lrgd kpkrtu kpkrtudbm dbmgm gm pgrg pgrg j` mjsgrrk``k. @gs fjdkrjs tgsgs mj mjpjdmjdnbg rjlbstrgmgs jd `ks õ`tbfks g÷ks skd ud hgntkr  mjtkdgdtj mj` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk, mjrbvgmk mj udg fgykr pgrtbnbpgnbþd mj eþvjdjs jd j` fudmk mj` trgigek. ^bd jfigrlk, pgrg ngpbtg`bzgr jstg kpkrtudbmgm js djnjsgrbk mgr rjspujstg g `g nrjnbj nrj nbjdtj dtj mjfgdm mjfgdmg g mj vbv vbvbjd bjdmgs mgs y sjrvbn sjrvbnbks bks,, fjrng fjrngmks mks `gikrg `gikrg`js `js y sjlurb sjlurbmgm mgm nbumgm nbumgmgdg gdg.. @g gtjdnbþd g jstgs djnjsbmgmjs js prbfkrmbg` pgrg j` mjsgrrk``k grfþdbnk mj jstks jspgnbks. Ngsb `g fbtgm mj `ks ` ks ik`bvbgdks vbvjd cky jd g`ludg mj `gs trjs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs (=8%). ]rjs mj ngmg nugtrk eþvjdjs cgibtg jsks jspgnbks tjrrbtkrbg`js. Jstg sbtugnbþd sj gnjdtugrç jd `g sblubjd sbl ubjdtj tj mângmg mângmg.. @gs kpkrt kpkrtudb udbmgm mgmjs js y mjsghæ mjsghæks ks mj jstj jstj pgdkrg pgdkrgfg fg pgrg pgrg j` mjsgrr mjsgrrk`` k``k k skd jvbmjdtjs. @g gl`kfjrgnbþd jnkdþfbng, `gs jnkdkfægs mj jsng`g y j` mbdgfbsfk prkpbk mj `ks sjntkrjs mj sjrvbnbks, bdmustrbg y nkfjrnbk pksbnbkdgd g `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs nkfk `ks prbdnbpg`js gpkrtgmkrjs g `g rbqujzg mj` pgæs. @ks nugtrk fudbnbpbks fjtrkpk`btgdks fçs pki`gmks (@g _gz, J`  G`tk, Nkncgigfig y ^gdtg Nruz mj `g ^bjrrg) tbjdjd udg pgrtbnbpgnbþd mj` = (vjr Lrçhbnk 9). ]kmk j``k pkdj jd jvbmjdnbg j` lrgd ngfibk jd `gs nkdmbnbkdjs mj vbmg mj `g pki`gnbþd, pgrtbnu`grfjdtj urigdg, `k quj bfp`bng j` mjsghæk mj dujvgs pk`ætbngs põi`bngs quj gtbjdmgd g ud pjrhb` nbumgmgdk quj mbstg funck mj` mj cgnj 9? g÷ks.

 

J@ HGN]KY J^_GNBG@ MJ @G^ ]YGD^HKYFGNBKDJ^5 @G^ NBZMGMJ^ R @G^ YJLBKDJ^ FJ]YK_K@B]GDG^  Gntug`fjdtj, `gs nbumgmjs y pgrtbnu`grfjdtj `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs mj Ik`bvbg I k`bvbg cgd jfpjzgmk g ljdjrgr udg mbdçfbng jd fgtjrbg jnkdþfbng, sknbg` y pk`ætbng dk vbstg gdtjs. _rkmuntk mj ud nrjnbfbjdtk prkpkirj quj `gs cg ijdjhbnbgmk mj fgdjrg pgrtbnu`gr, skd j` jspgnbk jd j` quj sj nkdeulgd gufjdtks mj nkdsufk `blgmks g dujvks jstb`ks mj vbmg y `g gpgrbnbþd mj dujvgs gntbvbmgmjs jnkdþfbngs nkfjrnbk y fgduhgnturg. Âstj js ud n`grk jejfp`kjd mjsjrvbnbks, quj `g nbumgm js ud jspgnbk pjnu`bgr jd j` quj sj ljdjrgd mbdçfbngs quj mgd nkfk rjsu`tgmk ud jsnjdgrbk quj js fçs quj `g sufg mj sus pgrtjs, ud jspgnbk quj jstç `bstk pgrg mgr dujvks sg`tks jd prkmuntbvbmgm y ljdjrgr ngfibks jd j` pgtrþd mj mjsgrrk``k jnkdþfbnk. @g nkdtrbiunbþd g `g ljdjrgnbþd mj rbqujzg mj `gs rjlbkdjs fjtrkpk`btgdgs mj Ik`bvbg js ud n`grk jejfp`k mj `g jfjrljdnbg mj udg dujvg Ik`bvbg jnkdþfbng, nkd pgrtbnu`grbmgmjs quj cgnjd quj `ks jspgnbks urigdks y fjtrkpk`btgdks yg dk sjgd sbfp`jfjdtj kiejtk mj pk`ætbngs mj mjsgrrk``k jnkdþfbnk `kng` jd j` sjdtbmk trgmbnbkdg`.  (Q NB]G]BKD YZI7: P` 78>2= V ) 7rg jmbnbþd bfprjsg jd Ik`bvbg, mbnbjfirj 9?7: »Wuâ js j` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk; Js ud gufjdtk mj `g ngdtbmgm mj ibjdjs y sjrvbnbks prkmunbmks pkr ud pgæs murgdtj ud mjtjrfbdgmk pjrbkmk mj tbjfpk. Fbmj j` bdnrjfjdtk jd `g gntbvbmgm jnkdþfbng g nkrtk p`gzk fuy bdmjpjdmbjdtjfjdtj sjg `g sbtugnbþd sknbg` y gfibjdtg` jd quj vbvjd `gs pjrskdgs. J` bdmbngmkr y fjmbmkr fçs bfpkrtgdtj mj` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk js j` _IB (prkmuntk bdtjrdk irutk) _IB5 dks fujstrg j` vg`kr fkdjtgrbk mj ibjdjs y sjrvbnbks hbdg`js prkmunbmks jd udg jnkdkfæg mj tkmk `k quj sj prkmunj jd udg dgnbþd murgdtj ud g÷k »Wuâ cgnj nrjnjr j` _BI; Ngpbtg` hæsbnk 5 fgqubdgs, ngrrjtjrgs, hgirbngs quj mbspkdj udg jnkdkfæg Ngpbtg` cufgdk5 `ks trgigegmkrjs nkd fçs nkdknbfbjdtk skd fçs prkmuntbvks, j` dbvj` mj jmungnbþd Bfpgntk mj `g tjndk`klæg5 pgrg tjdjr prkmuntbvbmgm sj mjij nkdtgr nkd fjmbnbdg, glug pktgi`j, jdjrlæg j`ântrbng, bdtjrdjt, bfp`jfjdtgnbþd mj bmjgs bddkvgmkrgs. Fgrnk Fgrn k bdstbtunbkdg`5 bdstbtunbkdg`5 rjl`gs rjl`gs mj` eujlk bdnjdtbvks bdnjdtbvks quj pkdj `g jnkdkfæg jnkdkfæg pgrg quj irktj `g bdbnbgtbvg jfprjsgrbg` y cgyg bdvjrsbkdjs jd j` ngpbtg` hæsbnk, ngpbtg` cufgdk. 

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»Wuâ js (Kdtbvjrks mjsgrrk``kJfb`bk) jnkdþfbnk; Bdvjrtbr jd udg jnkdkfæg mj fgdjrg gdtbnbpgmg g` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk js j s içsbngfjdtj `g fjekrg mj` dbvj` mj vbmg mj udg pki`gnbþd. Fbmj j` ibjdjstgr mj `g pki`gnbþd Fjekrg `ks dbvj`js jd jmungnbþd Jfp`jks mbldks Fjekrg `ks sjrvbnbks mj sg`um  G`bfjdtgnbþd Fjmbk gfibjdtj @ks bdmbngmkrjs mj` mjsgrrk``k jnkdþfbnk skd Ædmbnj mj gdg`hgijtbsfk Jfp`jgib`bmgm ]gsg mj pki`gnbþd jd nkdmbnbkdjs mj pkirjzg Bdlrjsk pkr cgibtgdtj     

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BMC (Fgmrbm. 9??3). 9. MJ]JYFBDGD]J^ MJ@ NYJNBFBJD]K JNKDÞFBNK DGNBKDG@ JD J@ @GYLK _@GUK Nkdtjxtk cbstþrbnk mj` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk jd Ik`bvbg _grg jdtjdmjr j` nrjnbfbjdtk jnkdþfbnk jd Ik`bvbg murgdtj `ks õ`tbfks 9? g÷ks js nkdvjdbjdtj nkdtjxtug`bzgr su jvk`unbþd mjsmj 72:9, g÷k quj pujmj nkdsbmjrgrsj nkfk j` bdbnbk mj `g cbstkrbg jnkdþfbng fkmjrdg jd Ik`bvbg. @g prbfjrg jtgpg sj jxtbjdmj mj 72:9 g 72:< y nkrrjspkdmj g `ks g÷ks bdfjmbgtgfjdtj gdtjrbkrjs y pkstjrbkrjs g `g Yjvk`unbþd Dgnbkdg` mj 72:9. ^j trgtg bdmumgi`jfjdtj mj udg jtgpg mj nkdtrgnnbþd jnkdþfbng, ngrgntjrbzgmg pkr g`tgs tgsgs mj bdh`gnbþd mjibmgs g ud j`jvgmk mâhbnbt hbsng` y g `g gp`bngnbþd mj tbpks mj ngfibk mbhjrjdnbg`js. @g sjludm sjludmg g jtgpg jtgpg (72:3(72:3-72< 72