Economia Applicata All'ingegneria

 

@EMNMDCH HZZICEHQH HII–CNFN@[CH  HII–CNFN@[CH  8.8  Ci p`nsc`rm `emnmdcem I–`emnmdch ç unh sec`nzh eg` spc`fh ci ounzcmnhd`ntm a`i scst`dh `emnmdcem< `emnmdcem< @emnmdch ç un scst`dh eg`2   Zrmaue`   Uehdkch   Emnsudh

  

8.8.8 Ocimnc ac p`nsc`rm OCIMN@ @EMNMDCEM

HNNM AC NHUECQH

Eihsscec

866?

N`meihsscec

8717

L`yn`schnc

835?

Dmn`thrcstc

8365

(=)

;::6

DMQC_M E@UP[H Z@NUC@[M @EMNMDCEM Cnczcm cn Cnfgcit`rrh a`iih rcvmiuzcmn` cnaustrchi` Dmtc rcvmiuzcmnhrc cn frhn phrt` a–@urmph  a–@urmph  A`pr`sscmn` `emnmdceh ehushth ahiih ercsc a`iih kmrsh Ercsc p`trmico`rh ` omrt` cnoihzcmn` Ercsc ocnhnzchrch ` r`e`sscmn` prmiunfhth

Cnoihzcmn`2 hud`ntm ac emstm a`c k`nc eg` f`n`rh acdcnuzcmn` a`i pmt`r` a–hequcstm a`iih dmn`th dmn`th   A`oihzcmn`2 acdcnuzcmn` a`i icv`iim f`n`rhi` a`c k`nc ( mppmstm hii–cnoihzcmn`) hii– cnoihzcmn`) OCIMNC AC Z@NUC@[M MFFC N`m-n`m eihsscec Cstctuzcmnhicstc (emnsca`rh i'`emnmdch emd` ci prmamttm a`ii'hzcmn` a`ii` cstctuzcmnc smechic emnsca`rht` n`iih imrm emner`t`zzh, emd` ha `s`dpcm i` ohdcfic` m i` cstctuzcmnc pmictceg`) Kcm`emnmdch (un'`emnmdch `emimfcehd`nt` ` smechid`nt` smst`nckci`, quhischsc prme`ssm `emnmdcem eg` prmaue` d`rec dht`rchic acdcnucse` ih acspmnckcictê ac `n`rfch n`i outurm ` qucnac ih pmssckcictê outurh ac prmaurr` hitr` d`rec ` ems` dht`rchic)

8.8.1 Ih kcm`emnmdch ` ih d`thomrh a`ii–hik`rm a`ii–hik`rm a`iih vcth Ci scst`dh `emnmdcem gh unh nhturh kcmimfceh2 -  I–umdm ç ouierm a`i scst`dh `emnmdcem  `emnmdcem    --  sc sc emnn`tt` `vmiv` ha hitrc scst`dc, emd` un mrfhncsdm kcmimfcem

 

Ci scst`dh hdkc`nthi` cnt`rhfcse` cn aupice` dmam emn ci scst`dh `emnmdcem2 -  c ohttc hdkc`nthic cdphtthnm ci scst`dh `emnmdcem, p`r `s`dpcm ci rhppmrtm trh i` rcsmrs` nhturhic ` ih pmpmihzcmn` -  c ohttc `emnmdcec cdphtthnm ci scst`dh hdkc`nthi`, `ss`namec ha `s`dpcm svciuppc nmn smst`nckcic Qrh ci scst`dh `emnmdcem ` qu`iim smechi` sc rcsemn rcsemntrh trh un–hsscd`trch, e–ç s`dpr` sthth i–htt`nzcmn` cnohttc ahfic `emnmdcstc cn r`ihzcmn` hc prmki`dc smechic (pmv`rtê, acsmeeuphzcmn`) E–ç cnv`e` un prmki`dh eg` rcfuhrah ci scst`dh smechi` eg` cdphtth ci scst`dh `emnmdcem. U` vcsth ih smec`tê emd` un scst`dh mrfhncem, sc suppmn` eg` ci scst`dh `emnmdcem sc hrtcemic s`emnam dmahictê hoocnc, `ss`nam er`htm ahii–umdm.  ahii–umdm.  I–hsp`ttm omnahd`nthi` a`ii–hpprmeecm kcm-`emnmdcem kcm-`emnmdcem sth n`ii` dmit`picec cnt`racp`na`nz` trh ci scst`dh `emnmdcem ` hitrc scst`dc (hdkc`nthi`, smechi`). Ci scst`dh kcm-`emnmdcem emn ih emdpmn`nt` smechi` puû `ss`r` hssmechth ha un hik`rm2 8 Q`rr`nm ; [hacec

 

Umec`tê   Euiturh

Ci t`rr`nm `spicecth ih acd`nscmn` smechi` I` rhacec trhffmnm i` rcsmrs` udhn` p`r smaacsohr` c kcsmfnc a`iih smec`tê

5 Qrmnem

 

Emduncehzcmn`

@i`d`ntm ac emnn`sscmn` trh rhacec ` rhdc cn euc ecremih ih icnoh, scdkmi`ffch c oiussc ac emnmse`nzh, a–cnomrdhzcmn` ` dmn`th  dmn`th 

1 [hdc

 

Cstctuzcmnc

[hdc rcegc`amnm ih pmthturh p`r rcnvcfmrcr` ih pchnth ` cdphiegc

0 Icnoh

 

Emnmse`nzh

? Omfic`

 

Cdpr`s`

Ih icnoh scdkmi`ffch c oiussc ac emnmse`nzh, a–cnomrdhzcmn` ` dmn`th  dmn`th  Omfic` smnm emii`ttmrc ac `n`rfch, `emnmdcehd`nt` mrfhnczzhzcmnc ` cdpr`s` C oruttc ehamnm n`i t`dpm I–hdkc`nt` omrncse` rcsmrs` `n`rf`tceg` `n`rf`tceg`,, `emnmdce. mppmrtunctê ` rcsegc ac p`racth a`iih

6 Oruttc 7 Umi`

 

[ceeg`zzh   Hdkc`nt`

prmauzcmn` ac oruttc ac euc ih smec`tê n`e`sscth Ih ercsc `emnmdceh vc`n` rcegchdhth ahiih dhnehnzh ac oruttc i` euc ehus` smnm ah rce`rehr` n`ii–cnhrcacd`ntm a`i t`rr`nm smechi` eg` prmvmeh cna`kmicd`ntm hii–hik`rm.  hii–hik`rm.  [cd`ac smnm2 -  cnt`rv`ntm suiih icnoh -  pmthtur` ac rhdc -  rcshnhd`ntm a`i t`rr`nm smechi`

8.;  Hieunc Emne`ttc Omnahd`nthic 8.;.8 I– I–`oocec`nzh `oocec`nzh @oocec`nzh 4 r`nacd`ntm dcsurhtm cn t`rdcnc emdphrhtcvc

 

I–`oocec`nzh cn `emnmdch gh quhttrm acoo`r`ntc sp`ecocehzcmnc2  sp`ecocehzcmnc2   -  Ih prcdh ç ac mracn` t`encem (t`enceh) -  Ih s`emnah gh vhi`nzh `emnmdceh ` egchdh cn ehush ci scst`dh a`c pr`zzc (`emnmdceh). @s`dpcm2 dmtmrc st`ssh `oocec`nzh t`enceh ≪ `oocec`nzh `emnmdceh acp`na` ahc pr`zzc (pcó `oocec`nt` ac`s`i rcsp`ttm k`nzcnh) -  Ih t`rzh cnaceh un erct`rcm ac hiimehzcmn` a`ii` rcsmrs` trh p`rsmn` (phr`tchnh) -  Ih quhrth, h acoo`r`nzh a`ii` prcd` tr` ac tcpm sthtcem (t`enceh, `emnmdceh ` phr`tchnh), gh unh acd`nscmn` hffcuntcvh ac tcpm cnt`rt`dpmrhi`

8.;.; @oocec`nzh t`enceh A`ocnczcmn`2 sc gh `oocec`nzh t`enceh quhnam p`r hud`nthr` ih quhntctê ac un prmamttm ç n`e`sshrcm rcnunechr` h unh quhntctê ac un hitrm prmamttm Mfnc scst`dh `emnmdcem utciczzh ohttmrc ac prmauzcmn` p`r r`hiczzhr` a`c prmamttc. C prmamttc pmssmnm `ss`r`2 -  k`nc m prmamttc thnfckcic mssch dht`rchic -  s`rvczc m prmamttc cnthnfckcic mssch cddht`rchic Pnh prmauzcmn` ac s`rvczc `scst` smim p`r d`zzm ac prmamttc dht`rchic. @s`dpcm2 Emnsca`rchdm un scst`dh `emnmdcem eg` prmaue` au` k`nc



4 Eckm 4 _ca`mfhd`

Xu`stc prmamttc smnm mtt`nutc hiimehnam hc imrm prme`ssc ac prmauzcmn` un smim ohttmr` vhrchkci`, ci ihvmrm, ih euc amthzcmn` ç ac 1 unctê

 

4 1 unctê ac ihvmrm

Quttc fic hitrc ohttmrc smnm ocssc. Ec sc pmn` ci prmki`dh su quhi` sch i–hiimehzcmn` dcficmr` rcsp`ttm hii` au` prmauzcmnc. Ac s`fuctm qucnacprmauttcv`) cn khs` hii–hiimehzcmn` hii–hiimehzcmn` a`i ihvmrm v`a`r` emd`unh vhrch ih prmauzcmn` a`c k`nc (pmssckcictê `sprcdckci`  a`i trhdct` un pmsschdm frhocem cn euc sc omrdh eurvh hv`nt` i`tt`r` (H sc er`h un numvm prme`ssm ac emnv`rf`nzh Cn f`n`rhi` i` omrz` ac d`rehtm t`namnm h spcnf`r` v`rsm unh emnaczcmn` ac `qucickrcm. C pr`zzc a`c prmamttc cnv`e` dhnco`sthnm unh acnhdceh `vmiutcvh emn oiuttuhzcmnc ahii–hitm v`rsm ci khssm. Uc phrih ac ’vmihtcictê a`c pr`zzc— n`i dmd`ntm cn euc qu`st` oiuttuhzcmnc rhffcunfmnm vhimrc p`re`ntuhi` `i`vhtc. Ih thk`iih rcpmrth i` quhntctê moo`rt` ` amdhnaht` ac un prmamttm cn ounzcmn` a`i icv`iim a`i pr`zzm ac d`rehtm

 

 





I–`qucickrcm e–ç quhnam  ç ufuhi` h   Ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh a`c emnsudhtmrc ç ehiemihth2

   ∓ 

  N`i puntm ac `qucickrcm ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh a`c emnsudhtmrc emcneca` emn ci rcehvm a`ii` cdpr`s` prmauttrcec s`fnhtm ah .

∖ A`nmdcnchdm i–`ee`ssm ac amdhnah ih acoo`r`nzh trh ih quhntctê amdhnahth ` ih quhntctê qu hntctê moo`rth2 moo`rth2                   U`2   >9 :: `ee`ssm `ee`ssm ac amdhnah a–moo`rth, m n`fhtcvm ac amdhnah amdhnah    4 : `qucickrcm ac d`rehtm ;.0 Au` ehsc sp`echic ;.0.8 Ci d`rehtm iht`nt` m pmt`nzchi` I` ounzcmnc ac amdhnah ` moo`rth pmtr`kk`rm nmn cnemntrhrsc dhc. Cn qu`stm ehsm nmn sc omrdh hieun d`rehtm r`hi` ` ih sp`sh a`c emnsudhtmrc ç nuiih. Nmnmsthnt` ih amdhnah ac moo`rth ` ac amdhnah nmn schnm mss`rvhkcic, smnm iht`ntc. Cn qu`stm ehsm ci d`rehtm gh smim nhturh pmt`nzchi`. Z`r r`na`r` `oo`ttcvm ci d`rehtm kcsmfnh cnt`rv`ncr` ` httuhr` a`c ehdkchd`ntc trhdct` trhsihzcmnc ` rmthzcmnc a`ii` ounzcmnc. I` dmacocehzcmnc ehphec ac r`na`r` `oo`ttcvc c d`rehtc pmt`nzchic smnm2 ahi ihtm a`ii–moo`rth2  a`ii–moo`rth2  -  Ehdkchd`ntc ac t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn` (`s. t`i`omnc pmrthtcic) -  Dmacoceg` n`c emstc uncthrc a`c ohttmrc (`s. hud`ntm emstm `n`rfch omssci` -> `n`rfch smihr`) ahi ihtm a`iih amdhnah2 -  Ah dmacocehzcmnc ac a`i r`aactm -  Zr`o`r`nz` a`c emnsudhtmrc (d`rehtm kcmimfcem) I–hutmrctê ac emntrmiim a`i d`rehtm, hppicehnam thss` ` emne`a`nam cne`ntcvc, puû spcnf`r` ih trhsomrdhzcmn` a`c d`rehtc pmt`nzchic cn d`rehtc `oo`ttcvc

;.0.; I` rcsmrs` s`nzh pr`zzm N`c prme`ssc ac prmauzcmn` ` n`i emnsudm v`nfmnm cdpc`fht` rcsmrs` nhturhic eg` nmn ghnnm un pr`zzm ac d`rehtm. (`s. emdkustcmn` gh kcsmfnm ac msscf`nm). Xuhnam ci pr`zzm ac d`rehtm ç nuiim, ih quhntctê ac amdhnah sc htt`sth hi icv`iim dhsscdm pmssckci` (`ee`ssm ac amdhnah). Umnm emsc spc`fhtc hneg` c prmki`dc ac `shurcd`ntm ac rcsmrs` ick`r` (`s. `stcnzcmn` ac hncdhic. Pn ehsm `s`dpicocehtcvm2  4 quhntctê dhsscdh acspmnckci` a`iih rcsmrsh ick`rh  4 : 4 pr`ssm a`iih rcsmrsh ick`rh  4 quhntctê amdhnahth a`iih rcsmrsh  > : `ee`ssm ac amdhnah

   

Ih quhntctê amdhnahth rcsuith dhffcmr` a`iih quhntctê acspmnckci`. @scst` aunqu` un `ee`ssm ac amdhnah. Nmn sc trhtth smim ac rcsmrs` ick`r` dh hneg` p`r `s. ac phreg`ffc. Emn pr`zzm nuiim, ih quhntctê amdhnahth rhffcunf` ci sum icv`iim dhsscdm.

 

 

Z`r `icdcnhr` i–`ee`ssm ac amdhnah2  amdhnah2  -  Hud`nthr` ih quhntctê moo`rth ocnm h smaacsohr` ih amdhnah -  [caurr` ih quhntctê amdhnahth cntrmaue`nam acvc`tc, emntcnf`nthd`ntc ` acsercdcnhzcmnc -  Hppicehr` un pr`zzm a–hee`ssm ` httcvhr` ci d`rehtm  d`rehtm  Z`r hzz`rhr` i–`ee`ssm ac amdhnah, ci pr`zzm amvr`kk` `ss`r` ocsshtm ha un icv`iim eg` r`na` ih quhntctê amdhnahth ufuhi` hiih quhntctê qu hntctê moo`rth.

;.? @ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah Ih vhrchzcmn` a`i pr`zzm cdphtth ih quhntctê amdhnahth cn dmam acoo`r`nt` ah prmamttm h prmamttm. I–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah dcsurh ih r`httcvctê a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth hiih vhrchzcmn` a`i pr`zzm. I–`ihstcectê I–`ihs tcectê ç sp`ecocehkci` sch n`c emnormntc a`i pr`zzm eg` a`i r`aactm. I–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah hssud` ih a`nmdcnhzcmn` ac2  ac2   -  @ihstcectê acr`tth hi pr`zzm, quhnam ih vhrchzcmn` a`iih amdhnah ac un prmamttm (c-`scdm) acp`na` ahiih vhrchzcmn` a`i pr`zzm a`i prmamttm (c-`scdm) -  @ihstcectê cnermechth hi pr`zzm, quhnam ih vhrchzcmn` a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth ac un prmamttm (c-`scdm) acp`na` ah vhrchzcmnc ac un hitrm prmamttm (b-`scdm) -  @ihstcectê hi r`aactm, quhnam ih vhrchzcmn` ac un prmamttm (c-`scdm) acp`na` ahiih vhrchzcmn` a`i r`aactm (D)

;.?.8 @ihstcectê acr`tth hi pr`zzm I–`ihstcectê acr`tth acr`tth hi pr`zzm ç ahth ah2 ah2  

 ∏    ∏%%

 

Emn2 c4 8,;… n prmamttc  prmamttc  I–`ihstcectê acr`tth hi pr`zzm2  pr`zzm2  -  Ç un nud`rm purm cnacp`na`nt` ahii` unctê ac dcsurh ac -  Ç un vhimr` hssmiutm ` qucnac s`dpr` pmsctcvm m nuiim

   `

 

@s. phf. 00 I–`ihstcectê ehiemihth phsshnam phsshnam ahi puntm ac phrt`nzh h puntm ac hrrcvm ç acv`rsh ah ahii–hrrcvm hiih phrt`nzh. Z`r mtt`n`r` ih emnv`rf`nzh a`ii` `ihstcectê acr`tt` acr`tt` hi pr`zzm ac a`vmnm ehiemihr` i` s`dcsmdd` a`c vhimrc cnczchic ` ocnhic ` pmc smstctucr` qu`st` uitcd` n`iih omrduih a`ii–`ihstcectê sp`ecocehth cn omrdh emner`th.

 

  @s. phf.00 I` vhrchzcmnc acser`t` a`ii` quhntctê a`iih amdhnah ` a`i pr`zzm v`nfmnm dmitcpiceht` p`r i` vhrchzcmnc ac amdhnah ` pr`zzm. (a`rcvhth prcdh phrzchi` a`iih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah, rhppmrtm orh quhntctê amdhnahth ` pr`zzm a`i prmamttm (c-`scdm))

U`2  9 8 amdhnah rcfcah  4 8 amdhnah emn `ihstcectê uncthrch  > 8 amdhnah `ihstceh

   ∞

     |   ∓ |

I` sctuhzcmnc `str`d` ac `ihstcectê acr`tth hi pr`zzm sc ghnnm quhnam2  4 : ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah ç p`ro`tthd` p`ro`tthd`nt` nt` rcfcah  4 +  ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah ç p`ro`tthd`nt` `ihstce `ihstcehh

Emn ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah p`ro`tthd`nt p`ro`tthd`nt`` rcfcah ih quhntctê amdhnahth nmn r`hfcse` hiih vhrchzcmn` a`i pr`zzm. Ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah puû `ss`r` rcfcah p`r i–cnt`rm d`rehtm dh `ihstceh p`r unh scnfmih cdpr`sh. @s. phf. 06

;.?.; @ihstcectê cnermechth hi pr`zzm Emnsca`rchdm ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah n`iih suh sp`ecocehzcmn` pcó `st`sh2   Ocsschdm h un icv`iim hrkctrhrcm ci r`aactm D ` tuttc c pr`zzc trhnn` unm `s. . 5 ehsc2 -  i–hud`ntm a`i pr`zzm a`i prmamttm prmvmeh unh rcauzcmn` a`iih quhntctê q uhntctê amdhnahth ac un hitrm prmamttm dh un hud`ntm a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth a`i prcdm prmamttm. C au`

  , 



smnma`i p`recû smstctuckcic. -  prmamttc Ih vhrchzcmn` pr`zzm ac un prmamttm ah acdcnucr` ih quhntctê amdhnahth a`iim st`ssm prmamttm dh ihsech cnvhrchth ih quhntctê amdhnahth ac un hitrm prmamttm. C au` p prmamttc rmamttc smnm cnacp`na`ntc -  I–hud`ntm a`i pr`zzm ac un prmamttm prmvmeh ih rcauzcmn` sch a`iih amdhnah ac un prmamttm sch p`r un hitrm. C au` prmamttc smnm emdpi`d`nthrc. Cn f`n`rhi` ci ehiemim ç2

Emn2 c  b

≪

              ∓ 

  

Ih r`ihzcmn` cnt`remrr`nt` trh ih quhntctê amdhnahth a`i prmamttm c ` qu`iih a`i prmamttm b acp`na` ahi s`fnm a`ii–`ihstcectê cnermechth. cnermechth.   U`2

 

 

 9 : smstctuckcic  4 : cnacp`na`ntc  > : emdpi`d`nthrc I` `ihstcectê cnermecht` hi pr`zzm smnm scdd`trceg`2

  

 

@s. phf. ?1

;.?.5 @ihstcectê hi r`aactm Ahth ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah fcê sp`ecocehth, v`rcocehr` i–`oo`ttm i–`oo`ttm a`i r`aactm (D) suiih quhntctê amdhnahth ocsschdm tuttc c pr`zzc ` ci scst`dh a`ii` pr`o`r`nz`. I–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah n`c emnormntc a`i r`aactm ç ih vhrchzcmn` a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth ehushth ahiih vhrchzcmn` a`i r`aactm2

           ∓  

 

Ih eihsscocehzcmn` a`c k`nc cn ounzcmn` a`i vhimr` hssuntm ahii–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah n`c emnormntc a`i r`aactm ç2  9 : cno`rcmrc

  ≠ : nmrdhic

U` i–hud`ntm a`i r`aactm prmvmeh unh acdcnuzcmn` a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth hiimrh ci k`n` ç cno`rcmr`, s` ih quhntctê amdhnahth hud`nth m r`sth cnvhrchth sc trhtth ac un k`n` nmrdhi`. C k`nc nmrdhic h imrm vmith cneiuamnm2 :      8 n`e`sshrc n `e`sshrc  > : sup`rcmrc m ac iussm.

≡  ≡

;.6 @ihstcectê hii–moo`rth  hii–moo`rth  Z`r quhntm rcfuhrah hii–`ihstcectê hii–moo`rth ç dmitm scdci` hii–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah. amdhnah.   I–`ihstcectê acr`tth hii–moo`rth hi pr`zzm sc ehiemih ehiemih  

       ∓ 

Emn2  4 `ihstcectê a`ii–moo`rth a`i prmamttm (c-`scdm) (c-`scdm)    : c 4 8,;.. n 4 prmamttc moo`rtc I–`ihstcectê cn ounzcmn` a`ii–moo`rth hssud` s`dpr` s`dpr` un vhimr` pmsctcvm m nuiim. nuiim.  

 ≠

U`2  9 : moo`rth rcfcah  4 : moo`rth emn `ihstcectê uncthrch  > : moo`rth `ihstceh

 

I–`ihstcectê acr`tth a`ii–moo`rth ç f`n`rhid`nt` rcfcah n`i kr`v` p`rcmam, amv` nmn ç dmacocehkci` ih amthzcmn` a`c vhimrc ocssc, dh n`i d`acm ` iunfm p`rcmam amv` smnm dmacocehkcic c ohttmrc ocssc.

 

;.7 @qucickrcm ac d`rehtm ampm i–hppicehzcmn` ac unh thssh  thssh  Zhrt`nam ah unh emnaczcmn` ac `qucickrcm a`i d`rehtm un–hppicehzcmn` ac unh thssh ehdkc`r`kk` ci pr`zzm ac un prmamttm. Ih thssh prmaue` un f`ttctm eg` vc`n` cnehd`rhtm ahii–@rhrcm. Uceemd` f`n`rhid`nt` f`n`rhid`n t` smnm i` cdpr`s` h v`rshr` ci f`ttctm hii–@rhrcm, v`rcocegchdm i–`oo`ttm a`iih thssh suii–`qucickrcm ac d`rehtm hppicehnamih ahi ihtm a`ii–moo`rth ` dhnt`n`nam cnhit`rhth ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah. Hppicehnamih ih r`tth sc trhsi`rê (cn hitm) ahtm eg` p`r p `r mf mfnc nc prmamttm i–hzc`nah amvrê hud`nthr` ci pr`zzm p`r ih thssh. Uuppmn`nam eg` ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah sch p`ro`tthd`nt` rcfcah ci puntm ac `qucickrcm phss`rh ah  h . Ahth ih rcfcactê a`iih ounzcmn` ih amdhnah rcdhrrê cnvhrchth. Ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh a`c emnsudhtmrc shrê2   Emn2  4 sp`sh `oo`ttcvh n`i puntm ac `qucickrcm emn ih thssh  4 pr`zzm ac `qucickrcm emn ih thssh  4  4 quhntctê ac `qucickrcm ampm ih thssh

∖ ∖

.∖    .∖  ∓ .∖ 

..∖∖ .∖  .∖ 

Ci f`ttctm a`iih thssh cnehd`rhtm ahii–@rhrcm a hii–@rhrcm hddmnth h2  h2 

  .∖   .∖   ∓ .∖    Q∓ Q∓ .∖  ∖ ∖ ∖   .∖    

Emn2

.∖  .∖ 

 4 quhntctê ac `qucickrcm n`c puntc  4 Q 4 thssh F 4 f`ttctm a`iih thssh

,

 

 

Ci rcehvm n`ttm a`ii` cdpr`s` n`i puntm ac `qucickrcm smttrh`nam hiih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh ci f`ttctm a`iih thssh2

/rcehvm n`ttm a`ii` cdpr`s` sc ehiemih

  Ahth ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah ocssh ci rcehvm a`ii` cdpr`s` ampm i–hppicehzcmn` a`iih thssh rcdhn` ocssm. Ih thssh aunqu` rcdhn` cnt`rhd`nt` h ehrcem a`c emnsudhtmrc. Ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah cn r`hitê nmn ç p`ro`tthd`nt` rcfcah, ac emns`fu`nzh ih thssh frhvh hneg` suii` hzc`na`. A`nmdcnchdm qucnac ci pr`zzm n`ttm a–moo`rth ih acoo`r`nzh trh ci pr`zzm ac d`rehtm ` ih thssh2 thssh2     i–cdpr`sh quhnam a`v` hssud`r` ih a`ecscmn` suiih Xu`stm pr`zzm  ç qu`iim rci`vhnt` p`r i–cdpr`sh quhntctê ah prmaurr`.



       

 

Z`r a`t`rdcnhr` i–`qucickrcm ac d`rehtm ampm i–hppicehzcmn` a`iih thssh sc phrt` ahi puntm ac `qucickrcm cnczchi`  ` sc prme`a` n`ii–mracn` h2  h2  8.  Cnacvcauhr` ci puntm G eg` shr`kk` rhffcuntm s` ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah omss` p`ro`tthd`nt`` rcfcah p`ro`tthd`nt ;.  Qrhsihr` v`rsm scncstrh ih ounzcmn` ac moo`rth ocnm h quhnam rhffcunf` ci puntm G 5.  Cnacvcauhr` ci numvm puntm ac `qucickrcm n`i puntm  amv` ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah, rcdhsth cnvhrchth, cnermech ih ounzcmn` ac moo`rth trhsihth n`i dmam smprh pr`ecshtm.

∖

∖

Ampm hv`r hppicehtm ih thssh c emnsudhtmrc phfhnm ci pr`zzm ac `qucickrcm cnehsshnm2

∖  .∖   

∖  ` i` cdpr`s` .

  Ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh a`c emnsudhtmrc ampm ih thssh shrê dhffcmr`, d`ntr` ci c i rcehvm n`ttm a`ii` cdpr`s` sc ç rcamttm. Ci pr`zzm ac `qucickrcm  thfich ci s`fd`ntm a`iih thssh Q cn au` phrtc, cn euc ih phrt` sup`rcmr` a`i f`ttctm vc`n` phfhth ahc emnsudhtmrc, d`ntr` ih phrt` cno`rcmr` ahii` cdpr`s`. Ih p`re`ntuhi` a`iih thssh h ehrcem a`c emnsudhtmrc shrê2

.∖

∖ ∖          .      

 

Emn2  4 p`re`ntuhi` a`iih thssh h ehrcem a`i emnsudhtmr` Hf`nam suii` ounzcmnc ac amdhnah ` moo`rth, ih p`re`ntuhi` ac thssh h ehrcem a`i emnsudhtmr` ` h ehrcem a`ii` cdpr`s` ` thssh ` f`ttctm sc sehrcehnm suc emnsudhtmrc ` suii` cdpr`s` cn dcsurh vhrchkci` h s`emnah a`ii–`ihstcectê a`iih amdhnah ` a`ii–moo`rth.

 ε

@s. phf. ?3

;.3 Ih eht`nh a`i vhimr` Umicthd`nt`, cn un quhischsc d`rehtm, `scst` unh eht`nh ac cnt`rd`achrc eg` trhso`rcse` s`qu`nzchid`nt`` ci prmamttm ahii` cdpr`s` prmauttrcec hc emnsudhtmrc (`s. frmsscsth, a`tthfichnt`) c s`qu`nzchid`nt quhic hppicehnm un pr`zzm hi prmamttm s`dpr` sup`rcmr` cn dhnc`rh ac fuhahfnhrec. Xu`sth s`qu`nzh sc egchdh eht`nh ac vhimr`. N`i ehsm cn euc ci pr`zzm ac un prmamttm hud`nthss`, nmn cdpiceh n`e`sshrchd`nt` eg` ci prmauttmr` hkkch hud`nthtm ci pr`zzm. Dh n`i ehsm suee`a`ss` suee`a`ss`,, ci pr`zzm pmtr`kk` er`se` er`se`r` r` cn dcsurh pcó eg` prmpmrzcmnhi`, d`nm eg` prmpmrzcmnhi` m acr`tthd`nt acr`tthd`nt`` prmpmrzcmnhi` emn `oo`ttc c quhic hrrceegcr`kk`rm ci prmauttmr` emn unh e`rth p`re`ntuhi` (hneg` s` nmn `scst` unh r`fmih f`n`rhi`). Ih vhrchzcmn` ac pr`zzm a`i prmamttm phsshtm ahfic cnt`rd`achrc puû acp`na`r` ah2

 

-  Ohttmrc t`enmimfcec -  Emnaczcmnc ac d`rehtm -  Zmt`r` a`fic mp`rhtmrc N`i d`rehtm a`iih scnfmih cdpr`sh ci pmt`r` a`i d`rehtm ç nuiim. N`c d`rehtc ehrhtt`rczzhtc ah emnemrr`nzh cdp`ro`tth cdp`ro`tth ih scnfmih cdpr`sh gh cnv`e` ih pmssckcictê ac f`stcr` i–moo`rth ` ac cneca`r` suiih omrdhzcmn` a`i pr`zzm.  pr`zzm.   Ih r`hitê ç eg` iunfm ih eht`nh a`i vhimr` sc mss`rvhnm omrd` ac d`rehtm `t`rmf`n`` ` qucnac im sehdkcm hvvc`n` orh mp`rhtmrc emn pmt`r` ac d`rehtm cnacoo`r`nzchtm cnacoo`r`nzchtm

;.8: Ci pr`zzm `amncem Ci icv`iim a`i pr`zzm puû `ss`r` spc`fhtm suiih khs` a`fic httrckutc m ehrhtt`rcstceg` a`i icv`iim rci`vhntc p`r i–hequcr`nt`. i–hequcr`nt`. (hpphrthd`ntm -> zmnh, s`rvczc, `acocecm) Ci pr`zzm `amncem sp`ecoceh quhntm un scnfmim httrckutm m ehrhtt`rcstceh a`i prmamttm cneca` sui pr`zzm phfhtm ahi emnsudhtmr`. Z`r stcdhr` ci pr`zzm `amncem ac mfnc httrckutm sc rcemrr` h unh d`tmamimfch a`nmdcnhth a`nmdcn hth prme`acd`ntm `amncd`trcem. `amncd`trcem. C pr`zzc a`c prmamttc v`nfmnm hnhiczzhtc emn prme`acd`ntc sthtcstcem`emnmd`trcec p`r sthkcicr` quhntm cnecah sui pr`zzm mfnc scnfmim httrckutm rci`vhnt` p`r i–hequcr`nt`.   i–hequcr`nt`. Hppicehnam ci prme`acd`ntm `amnmd`trcem pmssckci` semprcr` ci pr`zzmsehdkchtc `amncem. trh i` cdpr`s` Ci pr`zzm `amncem trmvh hppicehzcmn` prhtcehçn`i phfhd`ntm ac prmamttc

 

EHZCQMIM 5 5.8 AHZ, Uch



  ,

 

 ih quhntctê amdhnahth suii–cnt`rm d`rehtm. Ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah ç2  ç2     Cnv`rtchdm ih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah pmn`nam ci pr`zzm emd` vhrchkci` cnacp`na`nt`2   Xu`sth ounzcmn` ç cnt`frhkci` p`r mfnc cnt`rvhiim ac vhrchzcmn` a`iih quhntctê amdhnahth.

       ℎℎ  

A`ocnchdm ih ’Acspmnckcictê H Zhfhr`— (AHZ) ih smddh ac a`nhrm eg` c emnsudhtmrc smnm acspmstc h sp`na`r` p`r hequcsthr` unh pr`ocsshth quhntctê ac prmamttm. Z`r ehiemihr` ih AHZ sc cnt`f cnt`frh rh qu`st–uitcdh ounzcmn` emd` a`ttm. U` ih quhntctê amdhnahth ç  sc gh2

      ∬ ℎ     ó  ※…  Emn ih quhntctê amdhnahth phrc h  , ih AHZ emrrcspmna` hii–hr`h smtt`sh ahiih ounzcmn` ac amdhnah. Ahth unh e`rth amdhnah

  8;:  5     1:  5   Uc pmn` ih amdhnah h 5: t ` sc cnt`frh2     ∬ 1:   5   Ih AHZ sc puû hneg` ehiemihr` emn2            Emn2  4 4 surpius a`i emnsudhtmr` sp`sh `oo`ttcvh Ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh sc ehiemih2    ∓   Csmichdm ci pr`zzm



 

Ci surpius a`i scnfmim emnsudhtmr` ç ih acoo`r`nzh orh ci pr`zzm eg` shr`kk` acspmstm h phfhr` ` ci pr`zzm ac d`rehtm a`i prmamttm (pr`zzm d`rehtm 8::, pr`zzm emnsudhtmr` 8;: -> surpius ;:). Ci pr`zzm dhsscdm eg` ci emnsudhtmr` ç acspmstm h phfhr` sc egchdh ’pr`zzm ac rcs`rvh—.  rcs`rvh—.   I–cneicnhzcmn` a`iih amdhnah `vca`nzch eg` hieunc emnsudhtmrc shr`kk`rm acspmstc h phfhr` un pr`zzm pcó `i`vhtm rcsp`ttm h qu`iim ac d`rehtm.

Emn un pr`zzm ac d`rehtm nuiim ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh ç phrc h z`rm ` ci surpius a`i emnsudhtmr` emcneca` emn ih acspmnckcictê h phfhr`. I–hud`ntm a`i pr`zzm ac d`rehtm emdpmrth s`dpr` unh acdcnuzcmn` a`i surpius a`i emnsudhtmr` (h e`t`rcs phrckus). Ih vhrchzcmn` a`i surpius hssud` ac emns`fu`nzh s`fnm n`fhtcvm quhnam ci pr`zzm hud`nth ` vce`v`rsh. Ci surpius a`i emnsudhtmr` sc ehiemih2

Cn omrdh f`n`rhi`2

    ∓               ;   ※  …    ∬       +    ∓          ;   

 

 

Aunqu` ih omrdh ocnhi` ac AHZ, shp`nam eg` ç smddh ac surpius ` sp`sh2  

@s. phf. 7: A`ocnchdm ’acspmnckcictê ha hee`tthr` ih emdp`nshzcmn`— (AHE), ih quhntctê ac a`nhrm eg` ci scnfmim emnsudhtmr` ç acspmstm ha hee`tthr` h tctmim ac cna`nnczzm ac un ahnnm (emnsudhtmr` nmn phfh, dh rce`v`).

 

Ci surpius a`i prmauttmr` emrrcspmna` hiih acoo`r`nzh trh ih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh smst`nuth ahc emnsudhtmrc ` c emstc eg` i` cdpr`s` smst`nfmnm p`r ih prmauzcmn`. @ssm ehtturh ih smddh dcncdh ac a`nhrm eg` i` cdpr`s` smnm acspmst` ha hee`tthr` p`r emntcnuhr` h prmaurr` ih quhntctê amdhnahth ahc emnsudhtmrc. Zuntm ac rco`rcd`ntm p`r ci ehiemim a`i surpius a`i prmauttmr` ç ih ounzcmn` ac moo`rth. Ahth ih ounzcmn` ac moo`rth2  





 ç ahtm ah2         ∬    

Ci surpius a`i prmauttmr` h un pr`zzm

Emn2  4 surpius a`i prmauttmr` Ci surpius a`i prmauttmr` vc`n` aunqu` ehiemihtm cnt`frhnam ih ounzcmn` ac moo`rth n`ii–cnt`rvhiim a`i pr`zzm.



@s. phf. 7;

5.; Qcpmimfc` ac k`nc C k`nc, -  prmamttc Zrcvhtc m rcsmrs` nhturhic, smn eihsscocehkcic cn quhttrm tcpmimfc` omnahd`nthic2 -  Zukkicec -  Emdunc -  Dmnmpmicstcec Ih acstcnzcmn` trh i` eht`fmrc` smprh `i`neht` ç trheechth suiih khs` ac au` ehrhtt`rcstceg` a`i k`n`2 h)  Ih rcvhictê n`i emnsudm m n`ii–utciczzhzcmn` prmauttcvh  prmauttcvh  k)  I–`seiuackcictê ahi emnsudm m ahii–utciczzhzcmn` prmauttcvh a`c smff`ttc, p`rsmn` m cdpr`s`. cdpr`s`.   Ci k`n` sc ace` rcvhi` quhnam i–utciczzhzcmn` ah phrt` ac un `s. cnacvcaum, emdpmrth i–cdpmssckcictê ac un hitrm cnacvcaum ac utciczzhrim. (`s. phn` phn` ―  ― emntrm`s.  emntrm`s. iue` a`i smi`) Uc gh `seiuackcictê a`i emnsudm quhnam un `s. cnacvcaum cdp`acse` ha un hitrm, `ss`nam tctmihr` ac un acrcttm, ac utciczzhrim (`s. prmprc`tê prcvhth ― prcvhth  ― emntrm`s.  emntrm`s. strha` pukkiceg`) Pn k`n` ç a`nmdcnhtm2 -  Zrcvhtm purm, s` ehrhtt`rczzhtm ah rcvhictê ` ah `seiuackcictê ahi emnsudm m ahii–utciczzhzcmn` n`iih prmauzcmn` -  Zukkicem purm, quhnam ç ehrhtt`rczzhtm ah hss`nzh sch ac rcvhictê eg` ac `seiuackcictê -  Emdun`, s` ç ehrhtt`rczzhtm ah rcvhictê dh nmn ah a h `seiuackcictê -  Dmnmpmicstcem, s` ç ehrhtt`rczzhtm ah `seiuackcictê dh nmn ah rcvhictê @seiuackcictê ` rcvhictê sc pmssmnm rhppr`s`nthr` cn un frhocem ac omrdh acemtmdceh. @UEIPACKCICQH NM UC [C_HICQH NM Zukkicem Dmnmpmicstcem UC Emdun` Zrcvhtm Mfnc quharhnt` rhppr`s`nth unh tcpmimfch ac k`n`. Pn k`n` pukkicem nmn ç ah a h emnomna`r`, cnohttc `scstmnm hneg` fic `ntc/s`ttmrc pukkicec eg` pmssc`amnm k`nc pukkicec m hneg` ci s`ttmr` prcvhtm g` vce`v`rsh puû prmaurr` k`nc pukkicec (`s. aco`sh carhuiceh).

 

Ih dhffcmr phrt` ac k`nc pukkicec ç emnsca`rhtm cdpurm sceemd` gh rcvhictê ac emnsudm (`s. dhrechpc`a`, tuttc ec pmssmnm trhnscthr` h d`nm eg` ec sch pmstm p`r ohrim, cn ehsm ec shr`kk` rcvhictê.) Pn hitrm `s`dpcm ç ci phreg`ffcm pukkicem, ih euc rcvhictê sc dhnco`sth h s`emnah a`ii` ecremsthnz` sphzchic ` t`dpmrhic. Xuhnam cnsmrf` ih rcvhictê n`i emnsudm, ci k`n` pukkicem ehdkch nhturh ` acv`nth un k`n` emdun` p`regã p`ra` ih ehrhtt`rcstceh a`iih nmn rcvhictê. Ci d`rehtm nmn ç hutmrczzhtm h prmaurr` hutmnmdhd`nt hutmnmdhd`nt`` `ntc pukkicec, im Uthtm ic prmaue`, m hutmrczzh m er`h i` emnaczcmnc hoocnegã ci d`rehtm ic pmssh prmaurr`. C k`nc dmnmpmicstcec sc ca`ntcocehnm p`r ih nmn rcvhictê, ahtm eg` egc ic utciczzh nmn rcaue` ih pmssckcictê ha hitrc ac utciczzhrim hiim st`ssm t`dpm, dh p`r i–`seiuackcictê cnohttc ci k`n`, shivm rhrcsscd` `ee`zcmnc, ç emp`rtm ah empyrcfgt. I–`seiuackcictê a`i emnsudm a`c k`nc dmnmpmicstcec puû `ss`r` rhffcunth emn acv`rs` smiuzcmnc2  smiuzcmnc2  -  Q`enmimfceg` emd` ih ercpthzcmn` -  Mrfhnczzhtcv` emd` ih s`er`thzcmn` -  Fcurcaceg` emd` c acrcttc a–hutmr`  a–hutmr`  C k`nc emdunc smnm ehrhtt`rczzhtc ehrhtt`rczzhtc ahii–hss`nzh ac `seiuackcictê dh ahiih pr`s`nzh ac rcvhictê ahtm eg` ih amthzcmn` ç icdcthth ` i–utciczzm ac `ssh cneca cneca`` n`fhtcvhd`nt` sufic hitrc. Zmsschdm nmrdhiczzhr` c vhimrc a`ii–`seiuackcictê ` a`iih rcvhictê rcpmrthnamic su unh sehih ah : h 82 82   -  @seiuackcictê 8 @ m -  [cvhictê 8 [   Hi rhffcunfcd`ntm a`i vhimr` nuiim vc ç i–hss`nzh hssmiuth a`iih ehrhtt`rcstceh, hi vhimr` uncthrcm ih ehrhtt`rcstcehh hssud` ci sum vhimr` dhsscdm. ehrhtt`rcstce

≠ ≠:≠

@ 4 8 

@4: @48 @4:

[48 [4: [4: [48

K`n` prcvhtm pukkicem K`n` pukkicem purm K`n` emdun` K`n` dmnmpmicstcem

Hii–cnt`rnm a`c vhimrc `str`dc vc smnm c k`nc eiuk. Xu`stc k`nc  k`nc  smnm emsc a`ocnctc p`r un–`seiuackcictê icdcthth ha hieunc tcpc ac emnsudhtmrc (`s. huih uncv`rscthrch -> pmssm hee`a`r` tuttc dh prcmrctê hfic stua`ntc).

5.;.8 Or`` rca`r Ci or`` rca`r ç emiuc eg` emnsudh un k`n` prcvhtm m dmnmpmicstcem s`nzh phfhrim. Ih suh pr`s`nzh icdcth i` ehphectê a`i d`rehtm ac prmaurr` hieunc k`nc. Cn quhntm mppmrtuncsth hsp`tth eg` quhieunm prmaueh ci k`n` shp`nam eg` pmtrê emnsudhrim ick`rhd`nt`. Pn `s`dpcm eg` puû `ss`r` rcemii`fhtm hi or`` rca`r ç im sp`tthemim pcrmt`ence pcrmt`encem. m. Hii` cdpr`s` nmn emnvc`n` hii`stcr` sp`tthemic ac qu`stm tcpm p`regã ahth hneg` i–`seiuackcictê rcamtth ci or`` rca`r pmtr`kk` v`a`r` im sp`tthemim s`nzh phfhr`.

5.;.; @st`rnhictê n`fhtcv` ` pmsctcv` Ci d`rehtm nmn ç s`dpr` unm strud`ntm `oocec`nt` ac hiimehzcmn` a`ii` rcsmrs`. @scstmnm cnohttc hieunc o`nmd`nc hi ac oumrc a`i d`eehncsdm ac un d`rehtm. Pn k`n` puû pmrthr` un hitrm k`n` emn sã quhnam ih prmauzcmn` ç emnfcunth d`ntr` ci k`n` emnfcuntm puû acv`nthr` un dhi` quhnam ç cna`sca`rhtm. U` un prmamttm emnfcuntm ç un k`n` m un dhi` acp`na` ah2

 

-  Icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` -  Emnsudm Uc gh un–`st`rnhictê quhnam i–hzcmn` ac un smff`ttm prmvmeh `oo`ttc pmsctcvc m n`fhtcvc n`iih so`rh ac hitrc smff`ttc. I–`st`rnhictê cnsmrf` s` i–`oo`ttm a`i emdpmrthd`ntm ac un smff`ttm suiih so`rh a`fic hitrc smff`ttc nmn vc`n` emdp`nshtm ahi phfhd`ntm ac un cna`nnczzm. I–cnqucnhd`ntm ç ci prcnecphi` o`nmd`nm ocscem eg` aê mrcfcn` cn egchv` `emnmdceh emd` un–`st`rnhictê n`fhtcvh. I–`st`rnhictê smnm ac au` tcpc2  tcpc2  -  N`fhtcv`, s` i–hzcmn` ac un smff`ttm ahnn`ffch, ecmç rcaue` ci k`n`ss`r` ac hitrc smff`ttc s`nzh emdp`nshzcmn` a`i ahnnm -  Zmsctcv`, s` i–hzcmn` a`i smff`ttm hvvhnthffch hitrc smff`ttc s`nzh eg` cnt`rv`nfh hieunh emdp`nshzcmn` a`i vhnthffcm f`n`rhtm I` `st`rnhictê sc v`rcocehnm2 -  N`i emnsudm -  N`iih prmauzcmn` -  N`ii–cnt`rv`nt N`ii–cnt`rv`ntm m pukkicem pukkicem   @s`dpc ac prmauzcmnc ac `st`rnhictê n`fhtcv` n`i emnsudm smnm ih vcmihzcmn` a`ii` r`fmi`… r`fmi`…   @s`dpc ac prmauzcmnc ac `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` n`i emnsudm smnm ci ehr sghrcnf…  sghrcnf…  Cn pr`s`nzh ac `st`rnhictê, i–hiimehzcmn` a`ii` rcsmrs` prmamtth ahi d`rehtm nmn ç mttcdhi`.  mttcdhi`.   Ci ohiicd`ntm a`i d`rehtm a`rcvh ahi ohttm eg` ci icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` m emnsudm rcsuith2 h)  Uup`rcmr` h qu`iim smechid`nt` mttcdm cn pr`s`nzh ac `st`rnhictê n`fhtcv` k)  Cno`rcmr` h qu`iim mttcdm cn pr`s`nzh ac `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` Ih pr`s`nzh ac `st`rnhictê puû `ss`r` emrr`tth ahii–Hutmrctê hppicehnam thss`, emne`a`nam cne`ntcvc hii` httcvctê eg` f`n`rhnm `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` ` n`fhtcv` mppur` httuhr` cnt`rv`ntc nmrdhtcvc ` hddcncstrhtcvc ac r`fmihzcmn` a`i d`rehtm v`rcocehnam eg` c vcnemic schnm rcsp`tthtc. I–Hutmrctê emdunqu` nmn fhrhntcse` i–hud`ntm a`i k`n`ss`r` smechi`. I–cnt`rv`ntm pukkicem cnv`e` sc rcaue`nam i–`st`rnhictê n`fhtcv` ` hud`nthnam qu`ii` pmsctcv`.

5.5 Khsc ac @stcdm Uc rcemrr` ha `stcdm p`r httrckucr` un vhimr` h un k`n` m s`rvczcm cn un pr`ecsm csthnt`. I–`stcdm httrckucse` unh smddh ac a`nhrm hi k`n` m s`rvczcm s`fu`nam un pr`ecsm prme`acd`ntm ac stcdh. Ih stcdh `sprcd` ci vhimr` a`i k`n` cn qu`i a`t`rdcnhtm csthnt`. C k`nc pmssmnm `ss`r` p`r `s`dpcm dheegcnh, dmkci`, cddmkci`, rcsmrs` nhturhic, s`rvczc `em-scst`dcec, ohe`ntc emdunqu` phrt` ac2 -  K`nc prcvhtc -  K`nc pukkicec -  K`nc dmnmpmicstcec Uc puû stcdhr` hneg` AHZ ` AHE ` emstc ` k`n`ocec smechic a`rcvhtc ahii–httcvhzcmn` a`c prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm.   a–cnv`stcd`ntm. N`i prme`ssm `stcdhtcvm sc a`vmnm hppicehr` ; prcnecpc2 -  Ih p`rdhn`nzh a`ii` emnaczcmnc -  I–mracnhrc`tê I–mracnhrc`tê   Ci prcnecpcm a`iih p`rdhn`nzh a`ii` emnaczcmnc cdpmn` eg` ih vhiuthzcmn` a`i k`n` sch emnamtth ’cn khs` h emnaczcmn` nmt` cn qu`i dmd`ntm ` cn khs` h quhntm pr`v`ackci` r`ihtcvhd`nt r`ihtcvhd`nt`` hi ehdkchd`ntm a`iih sctuhzcmn` h s`fuctm a`ii–hzcmn` a`ii` omrz` ac tcpm p`rdhn`nt` nmt`—.  nmt`—.  Ci prcnecpcm a`ii–mracnhrc`tê cdpmn` ac emnaurr` ac emnaurr` ih stcdh ’suiih khs` a`ii` emnaczcmnc ac dhffcmr or`qu`nzh—.  or`qu`nzh—. 

 

Cn pr`s`nzh ac un o`nmd`nm ac tcpm hi`htmrcm eg` cnoiu`nzh ci vhimr` ac un k`n` ah stcdhr` (`s. aurhth ac un hutmd`zzm) sc amvrê hppicehr` ih dmah a`iih acstrckuzcmn` a`iih prmkhkcictê. Ec smnm tr` omnahd`nthic prme`acd`ntc ac stcdh a`i vhimr` ac un k`n`2 h)  Ucnt`tcem-emdphrhtcvm k)  [hzcmnhi` hnhictcem e)  Z`r vhimrc uncthrc m tcpcec Cnmitr`, n`iih stcdh a`i vhimr` a`i k`n` sc puû rcemrr`r` h unh dmit`picectê ac hsp`ttc `emnmdcec -  _himr` ac d`rehtm -  _himr` ac emstm -  _himr` ac ehpcthiczzhzcmn` -  _himr` ac trhsomrdhzcmn` -  _himr` ac surrmfhzcmn` -  _himr` emdpi`d`nth emdpi`d`nthr` r` -  _himr` ac utcictê smechi` Ih se`ith ac qu`stc vhimrc acp`na` ahc ohttc ` ahii` p`rsmn` cdpiceht` n`iih stcdh. U` unh dheegcnh numvh vc`n` acstrutth `a ç a`ii–cdpr`sh prmauttrce` sc rcemrr`rê hi vhimr` ac emstm d`ntr` s` prcvhtm ci vhimr` ac d`rehtm. CI _HIM[@ AC D@[EHQM I–hsp`ttm `emnmdcem a`i vhimr` ac d`rehtm cdpiceh ih scduihzcmn` a`iih emdprhv`nacth a`i k`n` ah stcdhr`. CI _HIM[@ AC EMUQM Cn hppicehzcmn` ac qu`stm erct`rcm sc stcdh ci vhimr` a`i k`n` ehiemihnam c emstc eg` i–cdpr`sh amvr`kk` smst`n`r` p`r prmaurim. Ci prme`ssm ac prmauzcmn` emdpr`na` dmit` ohsc i` quhic ghnnm mfnunh un emstm uncthrcm ` ohttmrc o httmrc ac prmauzcmn` rcegc`stc. CI _HIM[@ AC EHZCQHICRRHRCM EHZCQHICRRHRCMN@ N@ Ih stcdh p`r ehpcthiczzhzcmn` sc khsh suii–hssuntm eg` ci vhimr` a`i k`n` emrrcspmnah h quhntm im st`ssm r`na`. Ci vhimr` ac ehpcthiczzhzcmn` sc ehiemih emd` smddh a`c r`aactc outurc eg` ci k`n` rcsuith cn frham ac f`n`rhr`. CI _HIM[@ AC Q[HUOM[DHRCM Q[HUOM[DHRCMN@ N@ Uc rcemrr` hii–hsp`ttm `emnmdcem a`i vhimr` ac trhsomrdhzcmn` quhnam nmn `scst` un d`rehtm p`r ci k`n` ah stcdhr` m nmn ç rhppr`s`nthtcvm cn quhntm gh nhturh `pcsmaceh m p`regã ci k`n` ah stcdhr` pmssc`a` httrckutc phrtcemihrc eg` im r`namnm uncem< i–hppicehzcmn` ac qu`stm hsp`ttm cdpiceh i–`scst`nzh ac un d`rehtm h vhii`, amv` ci prmamttm vc`n` utciczzhtm emd` ohttmr` prmauttcvm m emd` dht`rch prcdh. Uc ehiemih smttrh`nam hi vhimr` a`i prmamttm trhsomrdhtm cn emstc smst`nutc n`iih trhsomrdhzcmn`. CI _HIM[@ AC UP[[MFHRCM UP[[MFHRCMN@ N@ Uc rcemrr` hii–hsp`ttm `emnmdcem a`iih surrmfhzcmn` quhnam ci k`n` nmn gh un d`rehtm dh `scstmnm hitrc k`nc cn frham ac surrmfhrim, ecmç cn frham ac svmif`r` ih st`ssh ounzcmn` m ac omrncr` ih d`a`scdh utcictê. ’ih surrmfhzcmn` ’ih surrmfhzcmn` smttcnt`na` unh `qucvhi`nzh t`encem-`emnmdceh trh ci k`n` ah stcdhr` ` ci k`n` eg` im surrmfh—. surrmfh—.   CI _HIM[@ AC EMDZI@D@NQH[ EMDZI@D@NQH[@@ Pn k`n` puû hv`r` unh r`ihzcmn` ac emdpi`d`nthrctê emn un hitrm ac dhffcmr emnscst`nzh eg` n` emnaczcmnh ci vhimr`. U` ci k`n` vc`n` stheehtm ahii–hitrh phrt` pr`pmna`rhnt`, ci vhimr` a`iih phrt` r`scauh nmn puû nmn rcdhn`r` cnvhrchtm. CI _HIM[@ AC PQCICQH UMECHI@ Xu`stm hsp`ttm `emnmdcem trmvh hppicehzcmn` n`iih stcdh a`i vhimr` a`c k`nc prcvc ac d`rehtm, hitrcd`ntc a`nmdcnhtc k`nc `xtrh-d`rehtm. Xu`stm vhimr` vc`n` stcdhtm s`emnam au` hpprmeec2

 

-  D`tmac cnacr`ttc, mssch sc stcdh ih AHZ `/m ih AHE suiih khs` a`ii` pr`o`r`nz` rcv`iht` ahi emdpmrthd`ntm `oo`ttcvm a`c emnsudhtmrc. Ih stcdh vc`n` emnamtth suiih khs` a`ii` a`ecscmnc ac hequcstm sui d`rehtm -  D`tmac acr`ttc, sc khshnm suii` pr`o`r`nz` acegchrht` a`c emnsudhtmrc. Ih stcdh ac AHZ ` AHE vc`n` emnamtth suiih khs` ac vhiuthzcmnc emntcnf`ntc rcehvht` ah cnt`rvcst` a`c pmt`nzchic hequcr`ntc.

5.1 _himr` `emnmdcem tmthi` (_@Q)

Ci vhimr` `emnmdcem tmthi` ç un phrhacfdh, ci quhi` sc pr`ocff` i–mkkc`ttcvm ac vhiuthr` cn t`rdcnc dmn`thrc c oiussc ac s`rvczc `rmfhtc m `rmfhkcic ahii` rcsmrs` nhturhic. Ih emdpmsczcmn` a`i _@Q ç2

Uc mss`rvhnm au` tcpmimfc` omnahd`nthic ac vhimrc2 v himrc2 -  _himr` a–usm -> emdpmstm ah vhimr` a–usm r`hi` ` vhimr` a–mpzcmn` a–mpzcmn`   -  _himr` nmn a–usm  a–usm 

5.1.8 _HIM[@ A–PUM [@HI@  [@HI@  Ci vhimr` a–usm r`hi` sc rco`rcse` hii–utciczzm emner`t emner`tm m a`i k`n`, prmprchd`nt` hi vhimr` a`i oiussm ac s`rvczc eg` ih rcsmrsh f`n`rh. Emdpr`na` au` emdpmn`ntc prcnecphic2   _himr` a–usm a–usm cnacr`ttm  acr`ttm    acr`ttm  --  _himr` cnacr`ttm CI _HIM[@ A–PUM AC[@QQM  AC[@QQM  C vhimrc a–usm acr`ttm smnm emns`fu`nzh ac unh oruczcmn` a`iih rcsmrsh. I–usm a`iih rcsmrsh puû rcegc`a`r` i–hee`ssm hi iumfm amv` `ssh fche` (vhimrc cn c n sctu) m nmn r`ihzcmnhth emn ci iumfm (vhimrc `x sctu) C vhimrc a–usm emn emnsudm `vca`nt` a`iih rcsmrsh sc rco`rcsemnm rcsp`ttcvhd`nt`2 rcsp`ttcvhd`nt`2  -  Hii` httcvctê ’`strhttcv`— n`ii` quhic ci pr`ic`vm a`iih rcsmrsh emstctucse` ih pr`d`ssh p`r un emnsudm cdd`achtm (`s. i`fnhd`) -  Hii` httcvctê eg` ushnm ih rcsmrsh emd` ohttmr` ac prmauzcmn` ac hitrc k`nc (`s. d`acecnhic) C vhimrc a–usm s`nzh emnsudm hpphr`nt` sc rco`rcsemnm h tutt` qu`ii` httcvctê eg` sorutthnm ih rcsmrsh h sempc c quhic nmn emnsudhnm dht`rchic (`s. `seurscmn` n`iih omr`sth) Ci vhimr` a–usm vcehrcm sc rco`rcse` h unh oruczcmn` a`iih rcsmrsh s`nzh emnsudm (`s. ameud`nthrcm suiih omr`sth) CI _HIM[@ HA PUM CNAC[@QQM

 

C vhimrc a–usm cnacr`ttm sc rco`rcsemnm hii` ounzcmnc `emimfceg` r`fmihtrcec eg` un `emscst`dh `emscst`dh svmif`  svmif` ` eg` emnoiucsemnm n`ii` eht`fmrc` f`n`rhic a`ii` ounzcmnc ac smst`fnm hiih vcth ` ac emntrmiim a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm.   a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm. C vhimrc a–usm cnacr`ttc smnm rcemnaueckcic h tr` eihssc ac httcvctê2  httcvctê2  -  Httcvctê ac prmt`zcmn` a`ii–hdkc`nt`2 emn qu`stm t`rdcn` sc cnacehnm cnacehnm i` httcvctê svmit` ahfic hf`ntc `emnmdcec p`r emnt`n`r` i–cdphttm hdkc`nthi` a`c prme`ssc prme`ssc ac prmauzcmn` ` ac emnsudm -  Httcvctê emdp`nshtcv` ac pr`v`nzcmn` ahi a`frham hdkc`nthi` pmst` cn `ss`r` p`r rcd`achr` h un–`st`rnhictê n`fhtcvh prcdh eg` acv`ntc un acv`ntc  un ahnnm `emnmdcem -  Httcvctê ac emdp`nshzcmn` a`i ahnnm rco`rct` hc emstc smst`nutc p`r emdp`nshr` c ahnnc. I` eihssc cnaceht` sc pmssmnm smvrhppmrr` `a cnmitr` pmssmnm rco`rcrsc ha hr`` m pmpmihzcmnc t`rrctmrchid`nt`` ecremserctt`, emd` hvvc`n` n`ii–hnhics t`rrctmrchid`nt n`ii–hnhicscc emstc k`n`ocec, m ha un scst`dh pcó hdpcm, eg` gh emd` icdct` ih t`rrh

5.1.; Ci vhimr` ac mpzcmn` ` quhsc mpzcmn` Ci vhimr` ac mpzcmn` sp`ecoceh ih acspmnckcictê h phfhr` a`c nmn ut`ntc p`r dhnt`n`r` n`i t`dpm i–mpzcmn` ac usm a`iih rcsmrsh, ih imrm ohemitê ac se`ith ac orucrn` cn outurm. Pn–cnt`rpr`thzcmn` Pn–cnt`rpr`th zcmn` suee`sscvh a`i vhimr` a acc a–mpzcmn`, egchdh vvhimr` himr` ac quhsc quhsc-mpzcmn`, -mpzcmn`, ç cne`ntrhth sufic hsp`ttc cnt`rt`dpmrhic a`ii–cne`rt`zzh, a`ii–cne`rt`zzh, emn un rcic`vm ahtm hi rumim a`ii` a`ecscmnc crr`v`rsckcic ` a`ii` a`iac oiussm a`ii` cnomrdhzcmnc acspmnckcic n`i t`dpm. Ci vhimr` quhsc-mpzcmn` rhppr`s`nth ci k`n`ocecm hssmechtm hi rcnvcm ac unh a`ecscmn` ac emnsudm crr`v`rsckci` ac unh rcsmrsh cn pr`s`nzh a–cne`rt`zzh rcfuhram hc k`n`ocec a`rcvhtc ahiih suh pr`s`rvhzcmn`.

5.1.5 Ci vhimr` ac nmn usm Ci vhimr` ac nmn usm ç cnacp`na`nt` ahii–utciczzm httuhi` m prmfrhddhtm cn outurm a`i k`n`. Xu`stm vhimr` a`rcvh ahi p`nsc`rm eg` ih nhturhr pmssc`ah un vhimr` cn sã p`r sã. [c`ntrhnm n`i vhimr` ac nmn usm2 -  Ci vhimr` hitrucstcem -  Ci vhimr` ac ihsectm -  Ci vhimr` ac `scst`nzh CI _HIM[@ HIQ[PCUQCEM Uc rco`rcse` hiih vhiuthzcmn` a`i oiussm a`c s`rvczc a`iih rcsmrsh nhturhi` nmn khshth su emnsca`rhzcmnc ac usm p`rsmnhi`, dh suii–mppmrtunctê eg` hitr` p`rsmn` emnt`dpmrhn`` hi vhiuthtmr` vhiutht mr` pmsshnm utciczzhr` qu`sth rcsmrsh. Orh i` vhrc` suaacvcscmnc ci vhimr` hitrucstcem2 -  Hitrucsdm ocihntrmpcem ` sc rco`rcse` hiih vhiuthzcmn` ac unh rcsmrsh nmn khshth su emnsca`rhzcmnc a–usm p`rsmnhi`, dh suii–mppmrtunctê eg` hitr` p`rsmn`, emnt`dpmrhn`` emnt`dpmrhn`` hi  hi vhiuthtmr`, pmsshnm utciczzhr` ci k`n` cn qu`stcmn` -  X-Hitrucsdm ` sc khsh suiih emnmse`nzh eg` ih rcsmrsh X k`n`ocech ahi rcdhn`r` ci pcó h iunfm pmssckci` cnacsturkhth, cnt`frh n`iih suh ounzcmnhictê. Cn thi ehsm ci rumim rcs`rvhtm hii–`ss`r` udhnm ç qu`iim ac ahr` vme` h qu`stm acrcttm cntrcns`em ac `scst`nzh, ih tctmihrctê a`i qu quhi` hi` hpphrtc`n` hiih rcsmrsh CI _HIM[@ AC IHUECQM

 

Ci vhimr` ac ihsectm sc emner`tczzh n`ii–hitrucsdm cnt`rf`n`rhzcmnhi` n`i quhi` i` p`rsmn` a`iih f`n`rhzcmn` httuhi` a`sca`rhnm trhsd`tt`r` hii` f`n`rhzcmnc outur` unh amthzcmn` ci pcó pmssckci` cnthtth a`ii` rcsmrs` nhturhic CI _HIM[@ AC @UCUQ@NRH Ci vhimr` ac `scst`nzh puû hv`r` 5 acv`rsc scfncocehtc2 -  Ci prcdm smstc`n` eg` unh rcsmrsh gh un vhimr` cn quhntm i` p`rsmn` trhffmnm pche`r` ahi s`dpice` ohttm ac shp`r` eg` ih rcsmrsh `scsth. -  Ci s`emnam smstc`n` eg` im st`ssm vhimr` puû `ss`r` httrckuctm hneg` h unh rcsmrsh semnmsecuth, cn quhntm i` dmtcvhzcmnc smttmsthntc ci vhimr` a–`scst`nzh pmssm spc`fhr` hneg` qu`iim rco`rctm h phrtc a`iih nhturh nmn emnmsecut` -  Ci t`rzm cneiua` ci emdpmrthd`ntm hitrucstcem. Uc trhtth ac un vhimr` hss`fnhtm ahii` pr`o`r`nz` a`fic cnacvcauc hii–`scst`nzh emntcnuhth ` ci pcó pmssckci` cnacsturkhth a`i k`n` nhturhi`, s`nzh emnsca`rhr` i` dmtcvhzcmnc ac hitrucsdm cnt`rf`n`rhzcmnhi`. cnt`rf`n`rhzcmnhi`. @s phf. 8::

 

EHZCQMIM 1 1.8 Ih t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn` Ih se`ith a`ii–cdpr`sh httc`n`2  httc`n`2  -  Emsh prmaurr` (ci tcpm ac prmamttm) -  Emd` prmaurr` (ih t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn`) -  Xuhntm prmaurr` (ih quhntctê ac prmamttm) -  Amv` prmaurr` (ci sctm ac prmauzcmn`) -  Xuhnam prmaurr` (c t`dpc/ehi`nahrcm ac prmauzcmn`) Ih ounzcmn` ac prmauzcmn` sp`ecoceh ih r`ihzcmn` eg` cnt`remrr` trh c ohttmrc cdpc`fhtc n`i prme`ssm ac prmauzcmn` ` ih quhntctê ac prmamttm mtt`nuth ahi d`a`scdm. Ih ounzcmn` p`r un–cdpr`sh dmnmdmnmprmamttm ç2   Emn2 S 4 quhntctê prmamtth  4 quhntctê cdpc`fht` ahc ohttmrc ac prmauzcmn` o 4 r`ihzcmn` ounzcmnhi` eg` `spicecth ih t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn`

  ,  … 

 

Ih t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn` ç quhicocehth ah unh s`rc` ac phrhd`trc2   --  Ih prmauttcvctê ` dhrfcnhi` a`c  ohttmrc I–`emnmdch ` ihd`ach acs`emnmdch ac sehih  sehih -  I–`emnmdch ` ih acs`emnmdch ac sempm (p`r cdpr`s` duitc duitc-prmamttm) -prmamttm) Ih prmauttcvctê d`ach emrrcspmna` hiih quhntctê ac prmamttm d`achd`nt` mtt`nuth p`r mfnc unctê ac ohttmr` ` sc ehiemih2

  

Emn2 S 4 quhntctê ac prmamttm I 4 quhntctê ac ihvmrm

 

Ih prmauttcvctê dhrfcnhi` a`i ohttmr` prmauttcvm ç ih vhrchzcmn` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth eg` sc mttc`n` ahiih vhrchzcmn` dhrfcnhi` a`iih quhntctê cdpc`fhth a`i ohttmr` ` sc ehiemih2      acun–hzc`nah2       Ci prmamttm s`emnam i` vhrchkcic ihvmrm ` ehpcthi` un–hzc`nah2      

Emn2 H 4 emsthnt` I 4 ihvmrm L 4 ehpcthi`

θ,λ  em`oocec`ntc ac prmauzcmn`

 

@s. phf. 8:1

1.; Emstm `emnmdcem ` emstm emnthkci` Z`r a`t`rdcnhr` ci icv`iim mttcdm ac prmauzcmn`, ci dhnhf`r a`v` ehiemihr` c emstc ac prmauzcmn`2

 

-  Emstm `emnmdcem, qu`iim eg` i–cdpr`sh smstc`n` p`r c ohttmrc cdpc`fhtc n`iih prmauzcmn` emdpr`sc emstc-mppmrtunctê a`c o httmrc httmrc emno`rctc ahii–cdpr`nactmr` a hii–cdpr`nactmr`..  -  Emstm emnthkci`, qu`iim rcsuithnt` ahiih emnthkcictê a`ii–cdpr`sh `a ç ehiemihtm smddhnam emstc a`c ohttmrc ` emstc a`c k`nc a–cnv`stcd`ntm  a–cnv`stcd`ntm 

1.5 Emstc ocssc ` vhrchkcic, emstc d`ac ` dhrfcnhic N`i prme`ssm ac prmauzcmn` i–cdpr`sh utciczzh sch vhrchkcic.   Ci emstm ac prmauzcmn` a`ii–cdpr`sh ç ehiemihtm2  ehiemihtm2   ohttmrc ocssc sch ohttmrc vhrchkcic.   Emn2 E 4 emstm ac prmauzcmn` EO 4 emstc ocssc (s`dpice`d (s`dpice`d`nt` `nt` qu`iic eg` r`namnm i–cdpr`sh httcvh) httcvh)   E_ 4 emstc vhrchkcic (acp`namnm ahiih quhntctê prmamtth) A`ocnchdm2 -  Kr`v` p`rcmam unh sctuhzcmn` prmauttcvh ehrhtt`rczzhth ahiih pr`s`nzh ac emstc ocssc -  Iunfm p`rcmam unh sctuhzcmn` prmauttcvh ehrhtt`rczzhth ahiih pr`s`nzh ac smic ohttmrc vhrchkcic Ci emstm d`acm ç ci emstm eg` i–cdpr`sh smstc`n` smstc`n` p`r mfnc unctê ac prmamttm2 p rmamttm2

   ++

     +     +       

 

Emn2 EOD 4 emstm ocssm d`acm E_D 4 emstm vhrchkci` d`acm Ci emstm eg` i–cdpr`sh smstc`n` p`r prmaurr` unh unctê haaczcmnhi` ac prmamttm hssud` ih a`nmdcnhzcmn` ac emstm dhrfcnhi` ` sc ehiemih2  

@s. phf. 8:?

1.1 Ih oi`ssckcictê a`i emstm d`acm Zmn`nam un emstm d`acm emn acoo`r`ntc smiuzcmnc ac EOD ` ac E_D i–cdpr`sh puû se`fic`r` emsh ç pcó hahtth p`r ih smiuzcmn` ac d`rehtm. (`s. n`i ehsm ac ercsc pcó E_D ` d`nm EOD, n`i ehsm ac smicactê ac d`rehtm E_D nmrdhic ` EOD nmrdhic).

1.0 @emnmdc` ` acs`emnmdc` ac sehih I` emnaczcmnc r`ihtcv` hc r`nacd`ntc m `emnmdc` a`iih sehih prmauttcvh smnm a`ocnct` cn unh sctuhzcmn` amv` tuttc c ohttmrc smnm vhrchkcic. Uc rcsemntrhnm2 -  [`nacd`ntc/`e [`nacd`ntc/`emnmdc` mnmdc` emsthntc ac sehih s` i–hud`ntm n`iih st`ssh prmpmrzcmn` p rmpmrzcmn` ac tuttc c ohttmrc emdpmrth unh er`secth a`iih quhntctê prmamtth a`iih st`ssh prmpmrzcmn`. -  [`nacd`ntc er`se`ntc er`se`ntc ac sehih m `emnmdc` ac sehih s` i–hud`ntm a`iih st`ssh prmpmrzcmn` prmpmrzcmn ` ac tuttc c ohttmrc oh er`se`r` pcó eg` prmpmrzcmnhid`nt` ih quhntctê prmamtth -  [`nacd`ntc a`er`se`ntc/ a`er`se`ntc/ acs`emnmdc` ac sehih s` un hud`ntm a`iih st`ssh prmpmrzcmn` ac tuttc c ohttmrc ac prmauzcmn` ah hud`nthr` ih quhntctê prmamtth cn dcsurh d`nm eg` prmpmrzcmnhi` @s. phf. 88;

 

θ λ θ μλ9 s μ  s θ + λ > 8, μ > s

-  Acs`emnmdch ac sehih s`  +  9 8 <   -  [`nacd`ntc emsthntc ac sehih s`  +  4 8,   -  @emnmdc` ac sehih s`   I` `emnmdc` ac sehih trmvhnm au` prcnecphic dmtcvhzcmnc t`enceg`2 -  Ih r`fmih a`c ;/5. N`iih emstruzcmn` ac struttur` prmauttcv` sc mss`rvh eg` ci rhaamppcm a`iih imrm sehih emdpmrth ac r`fmih un hud`ntm a`i emstm emdpi`sscvm ac ;/5 ` ci emstm d`acm sc rcaue` quhnam hud`nth ih sehih -  Ih sp`echiczzhzcmn` n`ii–usm a`c ohttmrc, a`i ihvmrm cn phrtcemihr`. I–hud`ntm a`iih I–hud`ntm a`iih sehih a`ii–cdpr`sh emdpmrth un hud`ntm a`iih prmauttcvctê d`ach a`i ihvmrm ` ac emns`fu`nzh unh rcauzcmn` a`i emstm d`acm.

1.? `emnmdc` ` acs`emnmdc` ac sempm I–`emnmdch ac sempm ehtturh ci vhnthffcm ac emstm a`rcvhnt` ahiih acv`rscocehzcmn` a`ii–httcvctê prmauttcvh< qu`stm vhnthffcm puû rco`rcrsc ha un kr`v` m iunfm p`rcmam. Hnhiczzhnam un–cdpr`sh eg` prmaue` unh quhntctê ac quhntctê  ac prmamttc acv`rsc  ` . Ocssht` i` quhntctê sp`ecocegchdm c emstc n`ii` hit`rnhtcv` ac prmauzcmn`2 -  E(  4 emstm ac prmauzcmn` a`ii` quhntctê pr`ocssht` a`c prmamttc hii–cnt`rnm ac un–unceh cdpr`sh -  E( ,:) 4 emstm ac prmauzcmn` a`i prmamttm  hii–cnt`rnm ac un–cdpr`sh sp`echiczzhth sp`echiczzhth  

, 

 



 hii–cnt`rnm ac un–cdpr`sh sp`echiczzhth       ,    >   , : +:,         I–`emnmdch/acs`emnmdch I–`emnmdch/acs`em nmdch ac sempm trmvh ih s`fu`nt` sp`ecocehzcmn` omrdhi` omrdhi`22       ,: +:, ,     U`2

- E(:, ) 4 emstm ac prmauzcmn` a`i prmamttm U`2  

-  @sem > 8 `emnmdch ac sempm -  @sem 4 8 cnacoo`r`nzh ac sempm -  @sem 9 8 acs`emnmdch ac sempm @s. phf. 880

1.6 Emstc smdd`rsc ` emstc hoomnahtc (sunl emst) Umnm a`nmdcnhtc emstc smdd`rsc m hoomnahtc c emstc smst`nutc ahii–cdpr`sh eg` smnm crr`eup`rhkcic.  crr`eup`rhkcic.  I–crrci`vhnzh a`i emstm smdd`rsm hc ocnc a`ii` se`it` hiimehtcv` a`ii` rcsmrs` trmvh egchrc `s`dpc ` `s`dpc  ` emnvcne`ntc n`ii` se`it` ac emnsudm. N`ii` se`it` ac prmauzcmn` ci emne`ttm ac emstm smdd`rsm trmvh prmoceum cdpc`fm n`iih a`ecscmn` a`ii–cdpr`sh ac emntcnuhr` m d`n prmaurr`. I–hit`rnhtcvh ac emntcnuhr` h prmaurr` f`n`rh un rcehvm dh emdpmrth hneg` a`c emstc vhrchkcic. I–hit`rnhtcvh ac nmn prmaurr` nmn ç uncvmeh dh pr`s`nth au` vhrchntc2 -  Ih prcdh emnscst` n`iih smsp`nscmn` a`iih prmauzcmn` (n`i ehsm i–cdpr`sh e`ssh i–httcvctê `d`rf` un emstm crr`eup`rhkci`) -  ih s`emnah n`iih e`sshzcmn` a`iih prmauzcmn` (d`tt`nam fic cdpchntc cn sthna ky i–cdpr`sh p`ra` i–hiimehzcmn` a`c prmprc prmamttc n`i d`rehtm `a ci pmstm vc`n` pr`sm ah quhieun hitrm) hitrm)  

1.7 Emstc sthnahra

 

C emstc a`ii–cdpr`sh, schnm `ssc rco`rctc hii–cnt`rm prme`ssm ac prmauzcmn` pmssmnm `ss`r` quhntcocehtc hppicehnam hii` quhntctê cdpc`fht` a`c ohttmrc prmauttcvc (emstc uncthrc rci`vhtc) `, smstctuctc hc emstc `oo`ttcvc, sc emdputhnm c emstc sthnahra ac nhturh nh turh cpmt`tceh. Ci emstm sthnahra puû trmvhr` hppicehzcmn`2 -  n`iih a`ecscmn` ac prmaurr` hii–cnt`rnm a`ii–cdpr`sh m hequcsthr` sui d`rehtm scnfmi` emdpmn`ntc a`i prmamttm -  n`i ehiemim a`c emstc a`c k`nc ` s`rvczc hequcsthtc ahii` pukkiceg` hddcncstrhzcmnc Uc ehiemih hppicehnam hii` quhntctê sthnahra a`c ohttmrc cdpc`fhtc c emstc uncthrc sthnahra emrrcspmna`ntc.

1.3 Ih qumth a–hddmrthd`ntm a–hddmrthd`ntm   I–hddmrthd`ntm ç unh prhtceh emnthkci` emn ih quhi` sc emdputh ci a`pr`zzhd`n I–hddmrthd`ntm a`pr`zzhd`ntm tm a`i vhimr` a`c k`nc a–cnv`stcd`ntm. Ci emstm ac hequcstm a`i k`n` a–cnv`stcd`ntm vc`n` rcphrtctm sufic hnnc ac vcth utci`. Mfnc hnnm vc`n` r`eup`rhth ih qumth a`i vhimr` v himr` cnczchi`. Ih qumth ac hddmrthd`ntm rc`ntrh trh c emstc emnthkcic ocssc cn quhntm cnacp`na`nt` ahi icv`iim ac prmauzcmn`. Ih nmrdhtcvh ocsehi` sthkcicse` un hddmrthd`ntm mracnhrcm a`i k`n` strud`nthi` s`emnam qumt` ac hddmrthd`ntm mracnhrcm a`i k`n` strud`nthi` s`emnam qumt` a–hddmrthd`ntm emsthntc n`i emrsm ac vcth utci`. (ci em`oocec`nt` a–hddmrthd`ntm ç emsthnt`).  emsthnt`).  Cn Cthich i–hddmrthd`ntm i–hddmrthd`ntm ç r`fmihd`nthtm ahi Emace` Ecvci`. U`emnam ci QPC[ c k`nc hddmrtczzhkcic smnm eihsscocehkcic2 -  cddmkciczzhzcmnc dht`rchic emstctuct` ah k`nc cddmkcic (`s. emstruzcmnc) ` ah k`nc dmkcic (dheegcnhrc, v`cemic…)  v`cemic…)  -  cddmkciczzhzcmnc cddht`rchic emstctuct` emstctuct` ah kr`v`ttc, acrcttc ac emne`sscmn`…  emne`sscmn`…  I` cddmkciczzhzcmnc dht`rchic p`ramnm vhimr` n`i t`dpm, i` ehus` (ac a`pr`zzhd`nt a `pr`zzhd`ntm) m) smnm2 -  ci imfmrcm (i–usurh ehushth ahii–utciczzhzcmn`) ahii–utciczzhzcmn`)   -  i–mksmi`se`nzh (t`enmimfceh (t`enmimfceh ounzcmnhi`) mvv`rm ih dcnmr ehphectê prmauttcvh ehushth eh ushth ah cnnmvhzcmnc eg` d`ttmnm h acspmsczcmn` prmamttc dcficmrc m r`namnm ci prmamttm cnhahttm h smaacsohr` i` numv` pr`o`r`nz` a`c emnsudhtmrc -  `v`ntc omrtuctc emd` ourtm ` cne`nacm eg` ehushnm ih acstruzcmn` a`i ohttmr` m rcauemnm ih ehphectê prmauttcvh Emnmse`nam ci vhimr` cnczchi` _ ` ci sum vhimr` r`scaum D_ hii–hnnm N, ih qumth a–hddmrthd`ntm sc ehiemih n`i dmam s`fu`nt`2 Z`rthntm2

     ∓ 8      ∓     ∓

 

 

 

Emn2 _ 4 vhimr` cnczchi`, emstm p`r i–hequcstm i–hequcstm   t 4 :,8,;… N 4 hnnm ac vcth a`i k`n` cn hnnc hnnc   N 4 hnnc ac aurhth a`i k`n`  4 vhimr` ac d`rehtm a`i k`n` hddmrtczzhkci` hiih ocn` a`ii–hnnm t mssch ci vhimr` eg` sc rcehv`r`kk` hiih v`nacth  4 qumth ac hddmrthd`ntm hiih ocn` a`ii–hnnm t mssch ih qumth r`eup`rhth hii–hnnm t  t 

 

 

  

4 em`oocec`nt` a–hddmrthd`ntm hii–hnnm t. mssch ih p`re`ntuhi` a`i vhimr` cnczchi` a`i k`n` r`eup`rhth hii–hnnm t  t   4 vhimr` a`i omnam a–hddmrthd`ntm hiih ocn` a`ii–hnnm t  t  4 vhimr` r`scaum a`i k`n` hiih ocn` a`ii–hnnm t. t.  

@s. phf. 8;:

1.8: Emstc f`n`rhic

C emstc f`n`rhic emdpr`namnm2 -  sp`ecocec prmamttc -  emstc emd` acr`zcmn`, emnthkcictê.. Ci erct`rcm ac rcphrtm a`c emstc f`n`rhic emnscst` n`ii–httrckucric n`ii–httrckucric hc scnfmic prmamttc cn prmpmrzcmn` hi rcehvm eg` f`n`rhnm. Emnsca`rhnam ci ehsm ac un–cdpr`sh eg` r`hiczzh au` smic prmamttc. prmamttc.   Hppicehnam ci erct`rcm ac rcphrtm a`c emstc f`n`rhic cn prmpmrzcmn` hc rcehvc sc gh2

   ∓   +    ∓     + 

   

Emn2 Ef 4 emstc f`n`rhic a`ii–cdpr`sh  a`ii–cdpr`sh  4 rcehvc emns`fuctc ahc au` prmauttmrc 4 emstc f`n`rhic (ah ca`ntcocehr`) a`c au` prmamttc

,,  

@s. phf. 8;8

1.88 Emstc ac trhnshzcmn` Z`r `oo`ttuhr` ih emdprhv`nacth a`c prmamttc ` a`c ohttmrc, i–cdpr`sh a`v` prme`a`r` cnnhnzctuttm v`rcocehnam quhic smnm i` mppmrtunctê moo`rt` ahi d`rehtm. [heemit` i` cnomrdhzcmnc, hzcmn` dmitm acsp`nacmsh, ih trhnshzcmn` emdpmrth hneg` emstc p`r ih stcpuih a`i emntrhttm ` ac emntrmiim eg` ci emntrhttm sch rcsp`tthtm. Xu`stc emstc, hffcuntcvc rcsp`ttm h qu`iim phttuctm p`r ci k`n` mff`ttm a`iih emdprhv`nacth a`ii–cddmkci`, sc egchdhnm emstc ac trhsihzcmn`. trhsihzcmn`.  

1.8; Emstc `st`rnc Hieunc emstc smnm eihsscocehtc `st`rnc cn quhntm nmn rcehamnm sui smff`ttm eg` ic ehush. Uc trhtth ac emstc a`rcvhntc ahii` `st`rnhictê n`fhtcv`. I` `st`rnhictê `s t`rnhictê pmsctcv` mrcfcnhnm hi emntrhrcm k`n`ocec `st`rnc. H qu`stc `oo`ttc ocscec cna`sca`rhtc emrrcspmnamnm n`ii–mttceh `emnmdceh a`c ahnnc hdkc`nthic, ecmç a`c emstc `st`rnc. @s`dpc ac emstc `st`rnc pmssmnm `ss`r`2 -  emnf`stcmn` a`i trhoocem -  cnqucnhd`ntm htdmso`rcem Ci emstm smicthd`nt` rcdhn` cdpicectm, acoocecid`nt` vc`n` rcemnmsecutm. Emn rco`rcd`ntm hii–httcvctê ac prmauzcmn`, n`ii` hnhicsc emn ocnhictê smechic hnar`kk` emdputhtm un emstm pc`nc ac tcpm smechi` ahtm ahiih smddh trh ci emstm ac prcvhtm ` ci emstm `st`rnm.  

   ++

 

Emn2 EU 4 emstm smechi` E 4 emstm ac prmauzcmn` E@ 4 emstm `st`rnm Zr`na`nam cn `shd` ih r`ihzcmn` trh i–`dcsscmn` cnqucnhnt` ` emstm `st`rnm. A`nmdcnchdm emstm dhrfcnhi` ocsc em `st`rnm ih a`rcvhth prcdh a`iih ounzcmn` a`i emstm `st`rnm rcsp`ttm hiih quhntctê a–cnqucnhnt` `d`ssh2  `d`ssh2 

   

 

Emn2 EDHo@ 4 emstm dhrfcnhi` ocscem `st`rnm cn `urm/unctê a–cnqucnhnt` (acp`na` ah t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn`, cnqucnhnt` `d`ssm, t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn`) C 4 quhntctê ac cnqucnhnt` `d`ssh Hssud`nam p`ro`tth emrr`ihzcmn` emrr`ihzcmn` trh prmauzcmn` `a `dcsscmnc sc puû smstctucr` hiih quhntctê ac cnqucnhnt` `d`ssh ih quhntctê prmamtth. Z`rthntm2 Emn2 S 4 quhntctê prmamtth

  

 

EDH@ 4 emstm dhrfcnhi` `st`rnm cn `urm/unctê prmamtth Ci emstm dhrfcnhi` `st`rnm rcsuith aunqu` er`se`nt` sch n`c emnormntc a`ii–`dcsscmn` cnqucnhnt` sch a`iih quhntctê prmamtth a`ii–cdpr`sh.  a`ii–cdpr`sh.  C emstc `st`rnc smnm ehush ac acv`rf`nzh trh mttcdm prcvhtm ` mttcdm smechi`. @s. phf. 8;1

1.85 Emstm pc`nm Ci emstm pc`nm ac un prmamttm emrrcspmna` hiih smddh a`c emstc acr`ttc ` a`iih qumth phrt` a`c emstc cnacr`ttc ha `ssm httrckuckcic. Emstm pc`nm cn quhntm qu hntm ha `s. un prmamttm emdpr`na` emstc ac prmauzcmn` cnacr`ttc quhic emdunc h pcó prme`ssc ac prmauzcmn`, emd` c emstc f`n`rhic a–cdpr`sh. a–cdpr`sh.   Ci emstm pc`nm ac mfnc prmamttm vc`n` stcdhtm smddhnam hc emstc acr`ttc ih qumth qumth-phrt` -phrt` a`c emstc cnacr`ttc a`ii–cdpr`sh duitcprmamttm.  duitcprmamttm. 

1.81 Uuiih omrdh a`iih ounzcmn` ac emstm d`acm Ci emstm d`acm a`er`se` n`e`sshrchd`nt` n`e`sshrchd`nt` hii–hud`nthr` hii–hud`nthr` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth, pmstm eg` ci nud`rhtmr` a`i prmamttm rcdhn` cnvhrchtm d`ntr` hud`nth ci a`nmdcnhtmr`. [`ihtcvhd`nt` hii–hnahd`ntm a`i emstm vhrchkci` d`acm cn ounzcmn` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth, ih i`tt`rhturh `emnmdceh `vca`nzch unh omrdh h P. Emntrhrchd` Emntrhrchd`nt` nt` pmc ih t`na`nzh sc cnv`rt` ` ci emstm vhrchkci` d`acm acv`nth er`se`nt`. Hiim st`ssm dmam hneg` ci emstm d`acm gh unh ounzcmn` h omrdh ac P, smihd`nt` eg` a`er`se` v`ime`d`nt` v`ime`d`nt` ` ih er`secth ç a`kmi` (pcó ha I). Emn usm a`iih t`enmimfch ih ounzcmn` quhnam a`er`se` rcsuith sp`zzhth.

1.80 Utcdh a`i emstm egcimd`trcem ac un–hutmdmkci`  un–hutmdmkci`  Ci emstm egcimd`trcem ac un–hutmdmkci` rhppr`s`nth ci ehsm pcó `dki`dhtcem a`iih rcauzcmn` a`i emstm d`acm.

 

Zmsschdm `sprcd`r` ci emstm hnnum a`ii–hutmv`cemim cn ounzcmn` a`i nud`rm S ac egcimd`trc eg` p`remrr`.   Emn2 S 4 egcimd`trc Ci emstm hnnum a`ii–hutmv`cemim p`r un egcimd`trm ac p`remrr`nzh shrê2  shrê2 

   . .∓ 

 

     +      +   . .   

Ci emstm egcimd`trcem dhrfcnhi` ç, h acoo`r`nzh ac qu`iim d`acm, cnacp`na`nt` ahi nud`rm a`c egcimd`trc ac p`remrr`nzh2  

@s. phf. 8;7

 

EHZCQMIM 0 0.8 Fic mkkc`ttcvc a`ii–cdpr`sh a`ii–cdpr`sh  Ih nmzcmn` ac cdpr`nactmr` cdpiceh2 -  ci ocn` a`iih prmauzcmn` m hiim sehdkcm ac k`nc m s`rvczc -  i–`s`reczcm a`ii–httcvctê cn omrdh prmo`sscmnhi`  prmo`sscmnhi`  -  ih pr`s`nzh ac un–mrfhnczzhzcmn` a`ii–httcvctê `emnmdceh `emnmdceh   N`ii–`s`reczcm a`ii–cdpr`sh i–cdpr`nactmr` p`rs`fu` scduithn`hd`nt` scduithn`hd`nt` unh s`rc` ac mk mkkc`ttcvc. kc`ttcvc. Xu`iic pcó cdpmrthntc smnm2 -  prmocttm -  rcsegcm -  er`secth -  cnt`rnhzcmnhiczzhzcmn`… cnt`rnhzcmnhiczzhzcmn`…   N`ii–cpmt`sc eg` i–cdpr`nactmr` vmfich dhsscdczzhr` c prmocttc a`v` s`fucr` unh duitc duitc-ounzcmn` -ounzcmn` eg` emdpr`na` rcsegcm, prmocttm…  prmocttm… 

0.; Omrd` ac d`rehtm Ci rcehvm ac un–cdpr`sh dmnm-prmamttm dmnm-prmamttm sc ehiemih dmitcpicehnam ih quhntctê prmamtth p`r ci sum pr`zzm ac d`rehtm2   Emn2 S 4 quhntctê prmamtth Z 4 pr`zzm a`i prmamttm

 ∓

Pnh qu`stcmn` pr`icdcnhr` rcfuhrah ih r`ihzcmn` eg` cnt`remrr` trh ih quhntctê prmamtth ahii–cdpr`sh ahii–c dpr`sh ` ci pr`zzm ac d`rehtm. Ih rcspmsth sth n`ii` ehrhtt`rcstceg` a`i d`rehtm cn euc mp`rh i–cdpr`sh ` n`ii` su` ehrhtt`rcstce ehrhtt`rcstceg`. g`.   Ih t`mrch `emnmdceh gh ca`ntcocehtm i` s`fu`ntc tcpmimfc` m omrd` ac d`rehtm. -  Emnemrr`nzh p`ro`tth cn euc ci d`rehtm ç omrdhtm ah dmitcsscd` cdpr`s`, ci prmamttm ç mdmf`n`m   - Emnemrr`nzh dmnmpmicstceh cn euc ci d`rehtm ç omrdhtm ah dmit` cdpr`s` dh emn prmamttc acoo`r`nzchtc dmnmpmicstceh -  Micfmpmicm cn euc ci d`rehtm ç omrdhtm ah pmeg` cdpr`s` -  Dmnmpmicm cn euc ci d`rehtm ç omrdhtm ah un–unceh un–unceh cdpr`sh Cn unh emnaczcmn` ac emnemrr`nzh p`ro`tth i–cdpr`sh i–cdpr`sh prmaue`nam un–unctê hffcuntcvh gh un rcehvm, ` qu`stm rcehvm vc`n` egchdhtm rcehvm dhrfcnhi`, `a ç phrc hi pr`zzm a`i d`rehtm. Ci rcehvm dhrfcnhi` sc ehiemih2

    

 

Emn2 [df 4 rcehvm dhrfcnhi` Z 4 pr`zzm ac d`rehtm Cn unh emnaczcmn` ac dmnmpmicm cdpr`sh ` d`rehtm emcnecamnm. Emns`fu`nt`d`nt` Emns`fu`nt`d`nt` ih quhntctê prmamtth ahii–cdpr`sh emcneca` emn i–moo`rth ac d`rehtm. I–hud`ntm a`iih quhntctê prmamtth ahii–cdpr`sh emdpmrth unh acdcnuzcmn` a`i pr`zzm a`i  pr`zzm (h E`t`rcs Zhrckus). Ci rcehvm dhrfcnhi` sc ehiemih2

 

     +   ∓ 

 

Cn unh emnaczcmn` ac micfmpmicm, vhi` im st`ssm prcnecpcm a`i dmnmpmicm rcfuhram ci vhimr` dhrfcnhi`, dh ih quhntctê prmamtth ahii–cdpr`sh nmn ç rcemnaue rcemnaueckci` ckci` h r`fmi` emnmsecut` dh acp`na` ahii` se`it` eg` cdpr`s` hamtthnm n`iih sctuhzcmn` emntcnf`nt`.

0.5 I–mttcdm prcvhtm  prcvhtm  Emnsca`rchdm un–cdpr`sh httcvh cn un d`rehtm ac emnemrr`nzh p`ro`tth eg` p`rs`fu` i–mkkc`ttcvm a`iih dhsscdczzhzcmn` a`i prmocttm. Ci prmocttm sc ehiemih2   Emn2  4 prmocttm Z 4 pr`zzm ac d`rehtm a`i prmamttm [,E 4 rcehvc ` emstc

       ∓       ∓ 

ϊ

Ci prmki`dh a`ecscmnhi` emnscst` n`i a`t`rdcnhr` ih quhntctê ah prmaurr` p`r emns`fucr` ci dhsscdm prmocttm. Ih ounzcmn` mkkc`ttcvm a`ii–cdpr`sh ç sp`ecocehkci` sp`ecocehkci`22    H s`fucr`smim i` emnaczcmnc omrdhic p`r ih dhsscdczzhzcmn` a`iih ounzcmn` mkkc`ttcvm a`ii–cdpr`sh eg` acp`na` ahiih quhntctê prmamtth2 -  Emnaczcmn` ac prcdm mracn`2

      ∓      : ∓ 9 :  

-  Emnaczcmn` ac s`emnam mracn`2

 

Ahth i–ufuhfichnzh orh2  orh2  -  A`rcvhth prcdh a`i rcehvm n`c emnormntc a`iih quhntctê prmamtth eg` ç ci rcehvm dhrfcnhi` ` ci pr`zzm Uhppchdm eg` ih a`rcvhth prcdh a`i emstm ac prmauzcmn` rcsp`ttm hiih quhntctê prmamtth emrrcspmna` hi emstm dhrfcnhi`. Ih emnaczcmn` ac prcdm mracn` p`r ih dhsscdczzhzcmn` a`i prmocttm acv`nth qucnac2

      ↛   

  I–cdpr`sh emns`fu` ci dhsscdm prmocttm, cn emnemrr`nzh p`ro`tth, ocsshnam ih prmauzcmn` hi icv`iim cn euc ci emtm dhrfcnhi` ç ufuhi` hi pr`zzm ac d`rehtm. Cn qu`sth emnaczcmn`, a`nmdcnhth ’mttcdm prcvhtm—, hkkchdm2  hkkchdm2    Emn2  4 vhimr` dhsscdm a`i prmocttm  4 quhntctê ac prmamttm eg` dhsscdczzh ci prmocttm

 

@s. phf. 856

0.1 Kr`hl @v`n Zmcnt (K@Z) trh rcehvc ` emstc

A`nmdcnchdm Kr`hl @v`n Zmcnt (K@Z) ci puntm ac phr`ffcm trh c rcehvc ` emstc. Cn qu`stm puntm ci prmocttm ç egchrhd`nt` nuiim2

 

   ↛   : ↛   

Emn2



 

 4 quhntctê prmamtth eg` phr`ffch c emstc

N`i puntm ac phr`ffcm cn emnaczcmnc ac emnemrr`nzh p`ro`tth sc gh2   Csmihnam ci pr`zzm sc mttc`n`2

 ∓∓               ↛   :    ↛     

N`i puntm ac phr`ffcm ci pr`zzm ç ufuhi` hi emstm d`acm ac prmauzcmn`. Ahii–hnhicsc ocn quc emnamtth `d`rf` eg` au` emnaczcmn` tmpceg` p`r i` a`ecscmnc a`ii–cdpr`sh smnm2 smnm2       @s. phf. 857 @s. phf. 853

0.0 Kr`hl @v`n Zmcnt (K@Z) trh hit`rnhtcv` ac emstm Cn hieun` sctuhzcmnc prmauttcv` phrtcemihrc sc puû hssud`r` eg` ci emstm vhrchkci` er`seh prmpmrzcmnhid`nt` emn ih quhntctê prmamtth, mvv`rm eg` ci emstm vhrchkci` d`acm sch unh emsthnt`. Cn qu`stm ehsm ci emstm d`acm aê mrcfcn` h un emstm d`acm a`er`se`nt` hii–hud`nt hii–hud`nthr` hr` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth. (`s. emstm egcimd`trcem) @s. phf. 811 Zr`na`nam emd` `s`dpcm hutmnmi`ffc eg` hooctthnm m v`namnm dheegcn`, ih emnv`nc`nzh, s` emdprhrih m d`nm, acp`na` ahc egcimd`trc ac p`remrr`nzh. Ci emstm d`acm ac p`remrr`nzh a`ii–hutmdmkci` h nmi`ffcm rcdhn` emsthnt` hi er`se`r` a`i nud`rm a`c egcimd`trc p`remrsc, d`ntr` a`er`se` emntcnuhd`nt` emntcnuhd`nt` ci emstm d`acm a`ii–hutmdmkci` ac prmprc`tê a`ii–cdpr`sh. Uc omrdh aunqu` un puntm ac phr`ffcm trh i` hit`rnhtcv` ac emstm. Emd` a`ttm ahi frhocem h scncstrh a`i puntm ac phr`ffcm phr`ffc m emnvc`n` nmi`ffchr` i–hutmdmkci`, h a`strh a`i puntm emnvc`n` emdprhrih. emdprhrih .

Z`r ehiemihr` ci nud`rm dcncdm a`c egcimd`trc eg` i–hutmdmkci` a`v` p`remrr`r` hoocnegã hoocnegã sc emnv`nc`nt` nmi`ffchrih sc ufuhfich ih thrcooh ac nmi`ffcm hi emstm d`acm ` sc cca`ntcoceh a`ntcoceh ci K@Z trh i` au` hit`rnhtcv` ac emstm2   @s. phf. 810

  

 

Ci khs` hi K@Z sc ehpcse` quhi`, cn khs` hc egcimd`trc, sch ih dcficmr se`ith. Z`r ci ehsm a`i emstm ac ounzcmnhd`ntm (ac s`rvczcm) ac unh dheegcnh mp`rhtrce` ç acv`rsm. Hssudchdm eg` ci emstm vhrchkci` a`iih dheegcnh sch acr`tthd`nt` prmpmrzcmnhi` hi nud`rm ac mr` ac ounzcmnhd`ntm n`ii–mp`rhzcmn`2  n`ii–mp`rhzcmn`2    Emn2 evu 4 emstm vhrchkci` uncthrcm p`r mrh ac ounzcmnhd`ntm

E   ++   +  ∓∓

G 4 mr` ac ounzcmnhd`ntm a`iih dheegcnh

      + ∓∓ 

Ci emstm d`acm ac `s`reczcm a`iih dheegcnh p`r mfnc unctê ac sup`rocec` ihvmrhth2 Emn2 S 4 sup`rocec` ah ihvmrhr` (



 

)

  

Zmnchdm2 Emn2

 

 4 r`nacd`ntm mp`rhtcvm a`iih dheegcnh mp`rhtrce` cn

ψ



 

 ⁁       + 

Ci r`nacd`ntm mp`rhtcvm emrrcspmna` emrr cspmna` hiih sup`rocec` ihvmrhth ahiih dheegcnh sp`echiczzhth n`ii–unctê ac t`dpm `a ç `spr`ssm cn d`trc quharhtc ihvmrhtc cn d`ach p`r mrh ac ounzcmnhd`ntm. Cns`r`nam ci r`nacd`ntm mp`rhtcvm n`ii–`quhzcmn` ac E sc mttc`n`2  mttc`n`2   

Ih emnv`nc`nzh ha hequcsthr` unh dheegcnh mp`rhtrce` frhna` m pceemih acp`na` qucnac ahii–`st`nscmn` a`iih sup`rocec` ah ihvmrhr`.  ihvmrhr`.  @s. phf. 81? @s. phf. 817 @s. phf.808

0.? I–mttcdm smechi`  smechi`  I` httcvctê prmauttcv` nmn f`n`rhnm smim rcehvc m emstc dh hneg` `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` ` n`fhtcv`, mvv`rm k`n`ocec ` emstc `st`rnc. Fic `oo`ttc `st`rnc a`ii` httcvctê `emnmdceg` emnocfurhnm ci prmki`dh ac se`ith a`ii–cdpr`sh2 a`ii–cdpr`sh2   -  I–mttcdm prcvhtm, ca`ntcocehtm ahiih quhntctê prmamtth eg` dhsscdczzh ci prmocttm, puû acv`rf`r` ahii–mttcdm smechi`, puû acv`rf`r` cn mttcdm smechi`, eg` emnt`dpih hneg` fic `oo`ttc `st`rnc Ih ounzcmn` mkkc`ttcvm ah dhsscdczzhr` ç emstctuctc ahi k`n`ocecm n`ttm smechi`, eg` cneiua` mitr` hi prmocttm hneg` c emstc ` c k`n`ocec `st`rnc. Cn pr`s`nzh ac `oo`ttc `st`rnc, sc a`v` dhsscdczzhr` ci k`n`ocecm n`ttm smechi` a`ii–httcvctê prmauttcvh2  prmauttcvh2    Emn2 KNU 4 K`n`ocecm N`ttm Umechi`

    +      +    

 

E@ 4 Emstc `st`rnc K@ 4 k`n`ocec `st`rnc Ih ounzcmn` ac k`n`ocecm n`ttm smechi` cneiua` c emstc `st`rnc nmnegã c k`n`ocec `st`rnc. I` emnaczcmnc sc pr`dm ` s`emnam mracn` p`r un dhsscdm ac KNU smnm2

    +       :  ∓  9 :

 

 

Hssud`nam eg` ci k`n`ocecm `st`rnm sch cnacp`na`nt` ahi icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` shppchdm eg` i` `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` acp`namnm cnohttc `ss`nzchid`nt` `ss`nzchid`nt` ahiih t`enmimfch ac prmauzcmn` ` ahi iumfm ac prmauzcmn`, smim pmc sc hnhiczzh ci icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` n`iih spc`fhzcmn` a`i k`n`ocecm `st`rnm. Hssudchdm eg`2

   :              

A`ocnchdm2

 

 

Emn2 KDNZ 4 K`n`ocecm Dhrfcnhi` N`ttm Zrcvhtm EDH@ 4 Emstm Dhrfcnhi` @st`rnm

Umstctu`nam n`ii–`quhzcmn` ac prcdh sc mttc`n`2 mttc`n`2  

  Ih emnaczcmn` ac mttcdm smechi` vc`n` rhffcunth quhnam ci k`n`ocecm dhrfcnhi` n`ttm prcvhtm ç ufuhi` hi emstm dhrfcnhi` `st`rnm.

U` ci emstm dhrfcnhi` `st`rnm nmn ç nuiim, c icv`iic ac prmauzcmn` ac mttcdm prcvhtm ` ac mttcdm smechi` acv`rfmnm2   Emn2  4 icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` ac mttcdm smechi` Acoocecid`nt` sc rc`se` h rcemnmse`r` i` se`it` ac prmauzcmn` `shtt`. Cn hss`nzh ac cnacehtmrc ac d`rehtm camn`c h quhntcocehr` fic `oo`ttc `st`rnc ` h cnacrczzhr` i` se`it` hiimehtcv`, i–cnt`rv`ntm pukkicem sui d`rehtm rcegc`a` cnahfcnc ` v`rcoceg` k`n rcusect` sui emnt`stm prmauttcvm.

∖ 

  ≪ ↛ ∖ ≪ 

 

Ci emnormntm trh prmocttm ` emstm `st`rnm p`r mfnc icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` emns`nt` ac ca`ntcocehr` un numvm K@Z ac tcpm smechi`. U`2   Emn2  4 prmauzcmn` eg` pmrth hi K@Z smechi`

   ↛    : ↛   ∛

∛

Ci KNU hssud` vhimr` nuiim n`i puntm G amv` ci prmocttm `fuhfich ci emstm `st`rnm. N`ii–cnt`rvhiim emdpr`sm trh ci puntm  ` ci puntm G ci KNU hssud` vhimr` pmsctcvc p`regã ci prmocttm rcsuith dhffcmr` a`i emstm `st`rnm. Uup`rhtm ci puntm G ci KNU acv`nth n`fhtcvm. Ih emnaczcmn` ac prcdm mracn` p`r un mttcdm smechi` cdpiceh eg` i` eurv` ac prmocttm ` ac emstm `st`rnm schnm ufuhic. Xu`sth emnaczcmn` ç rhffcunth p`r . Ih emnaczcmn` ac s`emnam mracn` cdpmn` eg` i–ufuhfichnzh trh KDNZ ` EDH@ sch rhffcunth n`i trhttm cn euc ci k`n`ocecm n`ttm rcsuith er`se`nt` er`se`nt`.. Ci emstm `st`rnm puû hssud`r` smim vhimr` pmsctcvm m nuiim. Ih pr`s`nzh p r`s`nzh n`iih ounzcmn` a`i emstm `st`rnm ac unh emsthnt` emn s`fnm n`fhtcvm ç amvuth hi ohttm eg` i–`dcsscmn` cnqucnhnt` nmn prmvmeh hieun ahnnm smechi` ocnm hi icdct` a`iih ehphectê ac hsscdcihzcmn` a`ii–hdkc`nt`. Pn icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` K@Z-U emn s`fnm n`fhtcvm nmn rhppr`s`nth unh smiuzcmn` hddcssckci` ` vh aunqu` sehrthtm.



∖

@s. Zhf. 807

0.6 Qhssh pcfmuvchnh I` omrz` ac d`rehtm spcnfmnm i–cdpr`sh v`rsm i–mttcdm prcvhtm eg` puû acv`rf`r` ahii–mttcdm smechi`. Z`r shnhr` ih acv`rf`nzh ` rhffcunf`r` i–mttcdm smechi`, i–Hutmrctê acspmn` sc strud`ntc ac emntrmiim ac d`rehtm. Zuû cnt`rv`ncr`2 -  Uthnahra hdkc`nthic eg` ocsshnm i–`dcsscmn` dhsscdh rhffcunfckci`  rhffcunfckci`  -  Nmrd` eg` cdpmnfhnm i–hamzcmn` a`iih dcficmr t`enmimfch  t`enmimfch  -  Qhss`… suii` `dcsscmnc  `dcsscmnc  -  Acrcttc n`fmzchkcic ac cnqucnhd`ntm -  Hcutc hii–cnnmvhzcmn` t`enmimfceh  t`enmimfceh  -  Uusscac hii` httcvctê eg` f`n`rhnm `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` A`nmdcnchdm thssh pcfmuvchnh unh thssh eg` s` hppicehth h mfnc unctê ac prmamttm rhffcunf` i–mkkc`ttcvm a`ii–mttcdm smechi`.  smechi`.  Ih thssh pcfmuvchnh ç a`t`rdcnhth ahiih emnaczcmn`   Emn2  4 thssh pcfmuvchnh

∖

∖    

 

Cdpmn`nam unh thssh phrc h

∖

 p`r mfnc prmamttm, I–`rhrcm emns`fu` un f`ttctm ocsehi` phrc h2  h2    

Emn2 F 4 f`ttctm a`iih thssh pcfmuvchnh

   ∖ ∓ ∖

Ci prmocttm a`ii–cdpr`sh n`iih emnaczcmn` ac mttcdm prcvhtm emrrcspmna` hii–hr`h smtt`sh ahiih ounzcmn` a`i k`n`ocecm dhrfcnhi` n`ttm prcvhtm n`ii–cnt`rvhiim emdpr`sm ah S 4 : ` . Ampm

∖



a`eurthzcmnc2 i–hppicehzcmn` ac , ci prmocttm a`ii–cdpr`sh sukcse` a`eurthzcmnc2 -  Ih prcdh, h s`fuctm a`iih rcauzcmn` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth ocnm hi icv`iim ac mttcdm smechi`, ç i–hr`h a`i trchnfmim O  O  -  Ih s`emnah, ampm ci phfhd`ntm a`iih thssh, ç ahii–hr`h a`i r`tthnfmim F eg` dcsurh ci f`ttctm a`iih thssh. U` i–Hutmrctê cdpmn`ss` un icdct` dhsscdm ac `dcsscmn` p`r rhffcunf`r` i–mttcdm smechi` ih p`racth ac prmocttm a`ii–cdpr`sh shr`kk` icdcthth hi trchnfmim O.  O.  I–hppicehzcmn` a`iih thssh cdpmn` unh p`racth p`r i` cdpr`s`, a–hitrh phrt` stcdmih hiih rce`reh tc t`enmimfc` cnnmvhtcv`. Hieunc ph`sc trhihsechnm qu`sth thssh ` i` cdpr`s` ghnnm un fuhahfnm dhffcmr`.

@s. phf. 8?8

0.7 Ci t`mr`dh ac Emhs` U`emnam [mnhia Emhs` i–httrckuzcmn` a`c acrcttc ac prmprc`tê hii` rcsmrs` hdkc`nthic uncthd`nt` hiih emntrhtthzcmn` m n`fmzchzcmn` trh i` phrtc cnt`r`ss cnt`r`ssht` ht` emnaue` hii–mttcdm smechi`. smechi`.   Emhs` spc`fh eg` p`r rhffcunf`r` i–mttcdm smechi` sc puû rcemrr`r` hi d`rehtm. d`rehtm.   I` emnaczcmnc n`e`sshrc` hoocnegç sc pmssh omrdhr` un d`rehtm a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm smnm2  smnm2   -  httrckuzcmn` a`i acrcttm ac prmprc`tê suii` `dcsscmnc eg` f`n`rhnm emstc `st`rnc -  emntrhtthzcmn` trh i` phrtc emcnvmit` ahiih `dcsscmn` Ci acrcttm ac prmprc`tê puû `ss`r` httrckuctm2 -  hii–cnqucnhtmr` eg` ehush ci emstm `st`rnm, cn qu`stm ehsm i–hnhicsc phrt` ahi icv`iim ac prmauzcmn` , ecmç ahiih smiuzcmn` eg` dhsscdczzh ci prmocttm a`ii–cdpr`sh a`ii–cdpr`sh   -  hii–cnqucnhtm eg` sukcse` ci emstm `st`rnm< cn qu`stm ehsm i–hnhicsc phrt` ahi puntm , amv` i–cnqucnhtm nmn sukcse` hieun ahnnm  ahnnm 





 

Hnhiczzhnam ih ocfurh smprh rcpmrthth v`rcocegchdm quhic `oo`ttc cnaue` ih rcauzcmn` a`iih quhntctê prmamtth ah ` . Ci prmocttm sc rcaue` a`ii–hr`h a`i trchnfmim _ smttmsthnt` ih ounzcmn` a`i k`n`ocecm dhrfcnhi` n`ttm prcvhtm2

 

    ∬  ∓   Ci emstm `st`rnm sc rcaue` a`ii–hr`h a`i trhp`zcm V 4 _ + P + R smttmsthnt` ih ounzcmn` a`i emstm dhrfcnhi` `st`rnm2

  ∬ ∓ 

 

Uc emnsthth eg` i–hr`h a`i trchnfmim _ ã dcnmr` ac qu`iih a`i trhp`zcm V cn euc r`sth cneiush. Ih rcauzcmn` a`i prmocttm rcsuith qucnac cno`rcmr` h qu`iih a`i emstm `st`rnm emns`fu`nt` hi emnt`ncd`ntm a`ii–`dcsscmn`. a`ii–`dcsscmn`. Ahtm eg` ih p`racth ac prmocttm rhppr`s`nth un emstm smechi`, d`ntr` ih rcauzcmn` a`i emstm `st`rnm rhppr`s`nth un k`n`ocecm smechi`, phsshnam ah  h sc sc gh aunqu` un hud`ntm a`i k`n`ocecm smechi` n`ttm.

  

U`2 -  i–cnqucnhtm emdp`nshss` ci prmauttmr` emn un cdpmrtm phrc hii–hr`h a`i r`tthnfmim _ + P, ci prmauttmr` dcficmr`r`kk` dcficmr`r`kk` ih prmprch emnaczcmn` p`r un cdpmrtm n`ttm phrc hii–hr`h a`i trchnfmim P. hneg` i–cnqucnhtm dcficmr`r`kk` ih prmprch emnaczcmn` p`regã fic rcdhrr`kk` un cdpmrtm phrc hii–hr`h a`i trhp`zcm R  R  @s. phf. 8?1 Ci t`mr`dh ac Emhs` cnemntrh hieunc icdctc mp`rhtcvc2 -  ca`ntcocehr` egc schnm fic cnqucnhtmrc ` fic cnqucnhtc ç thivmith cdpmssckci` -  s` c emstc ac trhnshzcmn` smnm dmitm `i`vhtc, ci k`n`ocecm n`ttm smechi` a`iih emntrhtthzcmn` puû acv`nthr` cnsuoocec`nt` h emprcric ` qucnac nm sc httcvh hieunh emntrhtthzcmn` trh i` phrtc -  s` i–cnqucnhtm rctc`n` eg` i–httrckuzcmn` a`i acrcttm hii–cnqucnhtmr` vcmic un u n sum acrcttm cnhic`nhkci`, ih suh AHZ p`r mtt`n`r` unh rcauzcmn` a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm acv`nth nuiih  nuiih  -  s` fic cnqucnhtc hvv`rtmnm ih pmssckcictê ac mtt`n`r` unh emdp`nshzcmn` ahfic cnqucnhtmrc acv`nthnm s`nsckcic h `dcsscmnc eg` hitrcd`ntc hvr`kk`rm trhseurhtm, fic cnqucnhtmrc p`r mtt`n`r` ih emdp`nshzcmn` pmssmnm dcnheechr` ac httuhr` cnt`rv`ntc eg` nmn hvr`kk`rm cntrhpr`sm -  ci d`rehtm nmn gh ac r`fmih i` ehrhtt`rcstceg` ac emnmse`nzh p`ro`tth p`ro`tth hssunt` ahii–hnhicsc.  ahii–hnhicsc.  Cnocn` ci t`mr`dh ac Emhs` ç hdpchd`nt` ushtm n n`c `c p`rd`ssc a–cnqucnhd`ntm n`fmzchkcic.  n`fmzchkcic.  

0.3 Utrud`ntc ac emntrmiim a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm  a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm 

 

  Ih sehih t`rrctmrchi` a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm puû `ss`r`2  `ss`r`2  -  puntcomrd` (rudmr` cdpchntm) -  imehi` (`dcsscmnc a`i trhoocem urkhnm) -  r`fcmnhi`/nhzcmnhi` (cnqucnhd`ntm (cnqucnhd`ntm ac un ocud`) -  fimkhi`/cnt`rnhzcm fimkhi`/cnt`rnhzcmnhi` nhi` (cnqucnhd`ntm me`hnc) Umnm tutt` cneht`nht` orh imrm. Fic strud`ntc ac emntrmiim a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm smnm eihsscocehkcic cn acv`rs` tcpmimfc`2 tcpmimfc`2   8)  Nmrdhtcvc2 -  Nmrd` ac `dcsscmn`2 quhntctê ac cnqucnhd`ntm hee`ssckci hee`ssckci`` -  Nmrd` ac prme`ssm2 dcficmr t`enmimfch acspmnckci` -  Nmrd` ac prmamttm2 quhictê cntrcns`eg` m ehrhtt`rcstceg` a`i prmamttm, emd` kcma`frhahkcictê m rceceihkcictê (`s.cdkhiihffc) ;)  Hddcncstrhtcvc -  _hiuthzcmn` Hdkc`nthi` Utrht`fceh (_HU) -  _hiuthzcmn` Cdphttm Hdkc`nthi` (_CH) -  Hutmrczzhzcmn` Cnt`frhth Hdkc`nthi` (HCH) 5)  @emnmdcec2 -  Qhss` ` susscac -  Acrcttc n`fmzchkcic a– cnqucnhd`ntm  cnqucnhd`ntm  -  Hssceurhzcmnc emntrm c ahnnc hdkc`nthic -  A`pmsctc/ehuzcmnc -  Cnv`stcd`ntc pukkicec p`r ih tut`ih a`ii–hdkc`nt` a`ii–hdkc`nt`   1)  Hutmr`fmihd`nthzcmnc2 -  Zrmtmemiic cnt`rnhzcmnhic -  Zrmtmemi Zrmtmemiicic a–cnt`sh trh cdpr`s`  cdpr`s`  -  Dhregc hdkc`nthic 0)  Emduncehtcvc ` cnomrdhtcvc2 prmfrhddc ac `auehzcmn` hdkc`nthi`, spmt pukkicecthrc Au` cdpmrthntc strud`ntc `emnmdcec smnm2 -  Qhss`/cne`ntcvc hdkc`nthic (cne`ntcvc `n`rfc` rcnnmvhkcic) -  C p`rd`ssc a–cnqucnhd`ntm n`fmzchkcic Fic strud`ntc `emnmdcec stcdmihnm hi dhsscdm i` cdpr`s` h cnv`stcr` n`ii–cnnmvhzcmn` p`r rcaurr` fic `oo`ttc n`fhtcvc suii–hdkc`nt`. suii–hdkc`nt`.  

0.3.8 Z`rd`ssc a–cnqucnhd`ntm n`fmzchkcic  n`fmzchkcic  C p`rd`ssc ac cnqucnhd`ntm n`fmzchkcic ghnnm trmvhtm hppicehzcmn` o cn cn ahfic hnnc –7: hiim sempm ac emntrmiihr` i–cnqucnhd`ntm i–cnqucnhd`ntm htdmso`rcem, sch h icv`iim imehi` eg` fimkhi`, p`regã fcuacehtc cn frham ac rhffcunf`r` ci icv`iim pr`ocsshtm a–cnqucnhd`ntm hi emstm dcncdm. Ci puntm ac phrt`nzh a`i scst`dh a`c p`rd`ssc ç s`dpice`2 s`dpice`2 i–hkkhttcd`ntm a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm a`ii–cnqucnhd`ntm gh un emstm dhrfcnhi` acv`rsm ah cdpr`sh h cdpr`sh. C p`rd`ssc ac cnqucnhd`ntm sc khshnm sui prcnecpcm eg` i–hud`ntm ac `dcsscmnc ah unh omnt` a`v–`ss`r` emdp`nshtm ahiih acdcnuzcmn` `qucvhi`nt` a`ii` `dcsscmnc ah un–hitrh un–hi trh omnt` ` i–hutmrctê hdkc`nthi` a`eca` ih quhntctê hddcssckci` eg` sc acoo`r`nzch orh r`fcmn`, nhzcmn`, fimkm. @s. phf. 86:

 

EHZCQMIM ? Ueg`ah

 

EHZCQMIM 6  F@UQCMN@ A@FIC CN_@UQCD@NQC 6.8 _HIM[@ NMDCNHI@ @ _HIM[@ [@HI@ C pr`zzc ehdkchnm n`i emrsm a`i t`dpm. Xuhnam ci icv`iim a`c pr`zzc hud`nth, sc gh cnoihzcmn` ` acdcnucse` ih ehphectê ac hequcstm a`iih dmn`th, quhnam ci icv`iim a`c pr`zzc se`na` sc mss`rvh unh a`oihzcmn` ç ih dmn`th hud`nth ih ehphectê ac hequcstm. h equcstm. Ci thssm ac cnoihzcmn` ç un nud`rm purm, ac s`fnm pmsctcvm m n`fhtcvm. @ssm dcsurh ih vhrchzcmn` p`re`ntuhi` a`i icv`iim d`acm a`c pr`zzc, cn un a`t`rdcnhtm cnt`rvhiim ac t`dpm f`n`rhid`nt` ac aurhth hnnuhi` dh hneg` cnorh-hnnuhi`. Xuhnam ci thssm a–cnoihzcmn` hssud` s`fnm n`fhtcvm ci scst`dh `emnmdcem ç cn a`oihzcmn`. Ih vhrchzcmn` a`c pr`zzc ç dcsurhth ahfic cstctutc ac sthtcstceh d`achnt` a`fic cnacec (pr`zzc hi emnsudm gh dhffcmr rci`vhnzh). Qrhdct` unh thk`iih ç pmssckci` cnacehr` i–Cnace` a`c  a`c Zr`zzc hi Emnsudm (CZE) hii–hnnm t.  t.  Uc pmn` 8:: ci vhimr` a`ii–CZE hii–hnnm pr`o`rctm. Cn thi ehsm sc oh unh prmpmrzcmn`.  prmpmrzcmn`.   Ahiih s`rc` a`ii–CZE sc puû rcehvhr` ci thssm ac cnoihzcmn` emd` vhrchzcmn` p`re`ntuhi` a`ii–cnace` rcsp`ttm i–hnnm pr`e`a`nt`2 pr`e`a`nt`2         ∛ ∛    

Emn2  4 thssm hnnum ac cnoihzcmn` hii–hnnm t  t 



C vhimrc dmn`thrc a`fic cnv`stcd`ntc, a`iih AHZ, a`i Ue, a`iih sp`sh `oo`ttcvh dh hneg` a`c rcehvc, a`c emstc ` a`c prmocic smnm a`ttc nmdcnhic m h pr`zzc emrr`ntc s` `spr`ssc n`i vhimr` ahii` dmnt` a`ii–hnnm ac rcv`ihzcmn`. C vhimrc dmn`thrc smnm a`nmdcnhtc a`nmdcnhtc r`hic m pr`zzc emsthntc s` `spr`ssc emn ci vhimr` a`iih dmn`th a`ii–hnnm khs`. Ci emnormntm trh vhimrc rco`rctm ha hnnc acv`rsc vh `oo`ttuhtm suiih khs` a`c vhimrc r`hic, shivm `ee`zcmnc spc`fht` ahii–mkkc`ttcvm sp`ecocem eg` sc cnt`na` p`rs`fucr`. p`rs`fucr`.   Uc puû puû ohr` unh thk`iih… _himr` nmdcnhi` ` vhimr` r`hi` a`iih r`trckuzcmn` d`nsci` d`nsci`  

Emn unh r`trckuzcmn` d`nsci` ac un ihvmrhtmr` Cnacegchdm emn2  4 r`trckuzcmn` d`nsci` `spr`ssh cn vhimrc nmdcnhic m emrr`ntc a`ii–hnnm ac rci`vhzcmn`  rci`vhzcmn`    4 r`trckuzcmn` d`nsci` `spr`ssh cn vhimrc r`hic m emsthntc rco`rctc hii–hnnm khs`



Nmnmsthnt` i` vhrchzcmnc ac r`trckuzcmn` nmdcnhi` ac un ihvmrhtmr`, kcsmfnh hneg` ehiemihr` ci vhimr` r`hi` hi phsshr` a`fic hnnc. @ssm sc ehiemih2   N`ii–hnnm khs` ci vhimr` nmdcnhr` ` ci vhimr` r`hi` emcnecamnm n`e`sshrchd`nt`. n`e`sshrchd`nt`.  

    ∛∓8::

6.; Qhssm a–cnt`r`ss` nmdcnhi` ` r`hi`  r`hi` 

Ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ç un nud`rm purm `spr`ssm cn p`re`ntuhi` sui ehpcthi` cnv`stctm m pr`sm cn pr`stctm (`s. 5%). Xu`stm pr`zzm sc omrdh sui d`rehtm h s`fuctm a`ii–cnemntrm trh amdhnah ` moo`rth

 

ac dmn`th. Uc trhtth tutthvch ac un pr`zzm hddcncstrhtcvm. I–cnt`rv`ntm a`iih Khneh E`ntrhi` a–@urmph eruechi` p`r ih a`t`rdcnhzcmn` a`i thssm a–cnt`r`ss` p`regã qu`sth Hutmrctê emntrmiih i–moo`rth a`iih dmn`th. I–cdpmrthnzh a`i thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ç `nmrd` p`r i–`emnmdch p`regã dma`iih ih r`ihzcmn` t`dpm/a`nhrm ` qucnac cneca` su dmit` se`it` ac cnv`stcd`ntm ` emns`rvhzcmn` a`ii` rcsmrs` nhturhic. Ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ç a`nmdcnhtm httcvm s` i–mp`rhtmr` `emnmdcem vhnth un er`actm rcsp`ttm hiih khneh, d`ntr` ç phsscvm s` httc`n` h un a`kctm emntrhttm n`c emnormntc a`iih khneh. Ih eurvh a`c thssc a–cnt`r`ss` ç er`se`nt`. er`se`nt`.   Fic cstctutc ocnhnzchrc sp`ecocehnm p`r c imrm pr`stctc au` acv`rsc thssc a –cnt`r`ss` phsscvc2  phsscvc2  8)  QHN (Qhssm Hnnum Nmdcnhi`). Ç ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss a–cnt`r`ss`` eg` vc`n` hppicehtm ahii–cstctutm eg` emne`a` ci er`actm n`i ehiemim a`fic cnt`r`ssc. ;)  QH@F (Qhssm Hnnum @oo`ttcvm Fimkhi`). Ç ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` eg` emdputh i–cnt`rm emstm ac un ocnhnzchd`ntm, nmn smim fic cnt`r`ssc dh hneg` i` sp`s` hffcuntcv`. Ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` r`hi` sc ehiemih2  ehiemih2 

Emn2  4 thssm a–cnt`r`ss` nmdcnhi` phsscvm  phsscvm   4 thssm a–cnt`r`ss` phsscvm r`hi`  r`hi`  

     8+

 Ϗ  thssm a–cnoihzcmn` n`ii–hnnm ac rco`rcd`ntm

 

 

`s. phf. ;85

6.5 Ih r`ihzcmn` t`dpm/a`nhrm2 t`dpm/a`nhrm2 vhimr` httuhi`, vhimr` outurm, vhimr` `qucvhi`nt` Emn2

,  

 4 ehpcthi` ocnhnzchrcm rcsp`ttcvhd`nt` hii–hnnm hii–hnnm : ` hii–hnnm tt   c 4 thssm a–cnt`r`ss` nmdcnhi` ocssm ah hppicehr` n`i ehiemim a`fic cnt`r`ssc  cnt`r`ssc   4 cnt`r`ssc sui ehpcthi` cnczchi` dhturhtc hii–hnnm t  t  t 4 8,;… N 4 hnnc  hnnc   Ampm un hnnm ahii–cnczcm a hii–cnczcm a`i prme`ssm ac heeuduihzcmn`, ci ehpcthi` acspmnckci` sc ehiemih2 ehiemih2     Fic cnt`r`ssc dhturhtc sc ehiemihnm dmitcpicehnam ci ehpcthi` cnczchi` p`r ci thssm ac cnt`r`ss` nmdcnhi` c.   Cn f`n`rhi` hii–hnnm t2  t2    Ci ehpcthi` cnczchi`2

   +     ∓     ∓ 8 +        8+  

Xu`sth `quhzcmn` sp`ecoceh ci vhimr` httuhi` ac un ehpcthi` outurm acspmnckci` hii–hnnm t.  t.   Z`r ehiemihr` ih rhth hnnuhi` emsthnt`, n`e`sshrch p`r rcdkmrshr` cn ehpcthi` pr`sm h pr`stctm hi t`dpm t 4 : h un thssm ac cnt`r`ss` ocssm2

    8+   ∓ 8 + 8

 

Emn2

 



 4 ehpcthi` ah rcdkmrshr` H 4 rhth hnnuhi` emsthnt` ah v`rshr` Ç pmssckci` a`t`rdcnhr` hneg` ci ehpcthi` eg` acv`nth acspmnckci` acs pmnckci` hiih ocn` a`ii–hnnm t v`rshnam hnnuhid`nt` unh rhth hnnuh emsthnt` su un omnam ocnhnzchrcm eg` r`na` un thssm a–cnt`r`ss` c2c2  

   8 8+      ∓          ∓ 8   8;8   8 + 8; T \ 8+  

Dmitc ocnhnzchd`ntc emne`ssc ah cstctutc ac er`actm, smprhttuttm p`r i–hequcstm ac k`nc dmkcic, v`nfmnm rcdkmrshtc emn rht` d`nscic. Z`r ci ehiemim a`iih rhth d`nsci`2  

Emn2 [ 4 rhth d`nsci`  4 ehpcthi` ah ocnhnzchr` D 4 nud`rm ac rht` d`nscic



@s. phf. ;83

6.1 Ih vhiuthzcmn` `emnmdceh a`c prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm  a–cnv`stcd`ntm  I` mp`rhzcmnc ocnhnzchrc` s`fu`ntc hssudmnm eg` ci thssm ac cnt`r`ss` sch ocssm, nmn vhrchkci` emd` heeha` sp`ssm n`iih stcpuih ac dutuc p`r ci ocnhnzchd`ntm a`fic cnv`stcd`ntc. Ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` rcdhrrê qucnac p`r hssunzcmn` emsthnt` n`ii–cnt`rm p`rcmam ac rcdkmrsm a`i a`kctm. Ih se`ith trh thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ocssm pcuttmstm eg` vhrchkci` rhppr`s`nth unh tcpceh a`ecscmn` cn emnaczcmnc ac rcsegcm ` cne`rt`zzh eg` acp`na` ahii` hsp`tthtcv` suiih acnhdceh a`c thssc a–cnt`r`ss` r`hic n`i p`rcmam ac vcth a`ii–cnv`stcd` a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm. ntm.   Hssud`r`dm a–mrh cn hvhntc eg` ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss a –cnt`r`ss`` sch r`hi` ` oocssm. cssm.   Ih vhrchzcmn` a`i thssm a–cnt`r`ss` emdpmrt`rê s`dpr` un ehdkchd`ntm a`i emstm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm.. I–hud`ntm a`i thssm a–cnt`r`ss`, qu`stm ç un puntm o`rdm a`iih t`mrch a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm `emnmdceh, a`prcd` cnohttc fic cnv`stcd`ntc cnv `stcd`ntc e`t`rcs phrckus.

6.1.8 Eihsscocehzcmn` a`c prmf`ttc Cn d`rctm hiih vhiuthzcmn` `emnmdceh a`c prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm smnm n`e`sshrc` hieun` emnsca`rhzcmnc pr`icdcnhrc. C prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm hoo`rcsem hoo`rcsemnm nm h au` eht`fmrc`2 -  Zrcvhtc -  Zukkicec N`i ehsm ac prmf`ttc pukkicec sc sp`ecocehnm c oiussc ac k`n`ocec ` ac emstc smechic a`i prmf`ttm. Emstc smechic ` k`n`ocec cneiuamnm tuttc fic `oo`ttc, sch ac d`rehtm sch `st`rnc. [c`ntrhnm qucnac n`i ehdpm ac vhiuthzcmn` i` `st`rnhictê n`fhtcv` ` pmsctcv`. pmsctcv `. I–utciczzm a`c pr`zzc ac d`rehtm p`r ci emdputm a`c k`n`ocec ` a`c emstc smechic a`c prmf`ttc pukkicec cnemntrh a`c icdctc. Pnm ac `ssc ç ih acv`rf`nzh trh mttcdm smechi` ` mttcdm prcvhtm. Quttc fic `oo`ttc a`c prmf`ttc ac cnv`stcd`ntc v`nfmnm `spr`ssc cn quhntctê ac dmn`th ` sp`ecocehtc hnnm ampm hnnm p`r i–cnt`rh vcth utci`. utci`.  

 

Pn acv`rsm erct`rcm ac eihsscocehzcmn` a`c prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm emnsca`rh i` r`ihzcmnc eg` cnt`remrrmnm trh `ssc. Cn qu`sth prmsp`ttcvh sc acstcnfumnm2 -  Zrmf`ttc cnacp`na`ntc eg` sc `seiuamnm r`ecprmehd`nt r`ecprmehd`nt`` emns`fu`nt`d`nt` ih se`ith ac un prmf`ttm `seiua` tutt` i` hitr` hit`rnhtcv` -  Zrmf`ttc cnacp`na`ntc dh euduihkcic, qu`stc prmf`ttc pmssmnm ohr phrt` ac un uncem pheeg`ttm -  Zrmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm emnaczcmnhtc, emnaczcmnhtc, cn dmtm thi` eg` i–i–httcvhzcmn` httcvhzcmn` ac un prmf`ttm rcsuith sukmracnhth hii–httcvhzcmn` a`ii–hitrm, pur rcdhn`nam un prmf`ttm cnacp`na`nt` ahii–hitrm  ahii–hitrm  Pnh eihsscocehzcmn` a`c prmf`ttc eg` sc `seiuamnm r`ecprmehd`nt` ç trheechkci` cn ounzcmn` a`c s`fnc a`ii` acoo`r`nz` trh rcehvc ` emstc prcvhtc m a`iih acoo`r`nzh trh k`n`ocec ` emstc smechic. Cn qu`st–mttceh a`ocnchdm au` tcpc ac prmf`ttc2 8)  Zrmf`ttm s`dpice`, quhnam sc mss`rvh un uncem ehdkchd`ntm a`i s`fnm n`i oiussm ac ehssh ;)  Zrmf`ttm emdpi`ssm quhnam sc mss`rvhnm au` m pcó ehdkchd`ntc a`i s`fnm n`i oiussm ac ehssh Ci prmf`ttm ç ac tcpm s`dpice` s` sc hppicehnm erct`rc scst`dhtcec ac se`ith a`fic cnv`stcd`ntc ac s`fuctm sp`ecocehtc. Ci prmf`ttm ç ac tcpm emdpi`ssm s` meemrr` svmif`r` unh vhiuthzcmn` puntuhi` prme`a`nam emn ci d`tmam prmvh `a `rrmr` cn quhntm nmn ec smnm r`fmi` vhica` h prcmrc.

6.1.; emstc-k`n`ocec (HKE)emstca`fic cnv`stcd`ntc pukkicec Cn Cthich ci Hnhicsc AEZD hss`fnh dhffcmr` prcmrctê hii–hnhicsc emstc -k`n`ocec ` hoo`rdh eg` ’i–hnhicsc emstcemstck`n`ocec ç utciczzhth emd` prcnecphi` d`tmamimfch p` ih vhiuthzcmn` a`fic cnv`stcd`ntc pukkicec prmpmstc ` r`hiczzhtc ahiih hddcncstrhzcmn` e`ntrhic a`iim sthtm— ` ’pr`v`a`, trhdct` mppmrtunc cnacehtmrc, i–hnhicsc a`c prcnecphic `oo`ttc a`i prmf`ttm ` hc ocnc a`i ehiemim a`fi a`ficc cnacehtmrc scnt`tcec ocnhic ac r`aacttcvctê smechi`, ih r`ihtcvh trhauzcmn` cn vhimrc dmn`thrc.—  dmn`thrc.—   Cn phrtcemihr`, p`r prmf`ttc r`ihtcvc h cnv`stcd`ntc2 h)  Ac cdpmrtm cno`rcmr` h 8: dcicmnc ac `urm sc puû prme`a`r` h pr`acspmrr` stuac ac ohttckcictê s`dpicocehtc, s`dpicoce htc, eg` httrhv`rsm un–htt`nth hnhicsc a`iih amdhnah, a`c emstc ` prcnecphic k`n`ocec p`rd`tthnm ac acdmstrhr` scnt`tcehd`nt` i–utcictê, i–`oocec`nzh ` i–`oocehech a`fic cnt`rv`ntc cnt`rv`ntc   k)  Ac cdpmrtm sup`rcmr` h 8: dcicmnc ac `urm sc rcegc`a` 8)  Im stuacm ac ohttckcictê ;)  I–hnhicsc emstc-k`n`ocec emstc-k`n`ocec 5)  I–hnhicsc a`c rcsegc  rcsegc 

6.1.5 Httuhiczzhzcmn` a`c oiussc ac ehssh I` r`fmi` p`r im spmsthd`ntm n`i t`dpm a`c oiussc ac emstc, ac rcehvc ` ac k`n`ocec smnm2 -  C vhimrc pmssmnm `ss`r` smddhtc m smttrhttc orh ac imrm smim s` sc rco`rcsemnm hiim st`ssm hnnm -  Z`r spmsthr` cn hvhntc n`i t`dpm un vhimr` sc a`v` `oo`ttuhr` ih ehpcthiczzhzcmn` -  Z`r spmsthr` cn ac`trm n`i t`dpm un vhimr` sc a`v` prme`a`r` hii–httuhiczzhzcmn`  hii–httuhiczzhzcmn`  Emn2  4 k`n`ocec hii–hnnm t  t   4 emstc hii–hnnm t  t   4  4 k`n`ocec n`ttc hii–hnnm t  t     :

     ,  ≠

Ih omrduih ac httuhiczzhzcmn` ç2

 

      ∘4 8+        ∘4 8+      m smechic ∘4 8+   smnm  emne`ntrhtc n`i prcdm hnnm m n`c prcdc U` ci prmf`ttm ç ac tcpm s`dpice` c emstc prcvhtc

hnnc ac vcth, d`ntr` rcehvc m k`n`ocec sc emne`ntrhnm suee`sscvhd`nt`. suee`sscvhd`nt`. Uuppmnchdm eg` emn un thssm ac cnt`r`ss` nuiim ci vhimr` httuhi` a`c emstc sch dhffcmr` a`i vhimr` httuhi` a`c k`n`ocec K 9 E. ci prmf`ttm nmn r`eup`r`rê dhc c emstc, ci _HN hssud`rê s`dpr` s`fnm n`fhtcvm ` shrê cns`nshtm smttmpmrim ha HKE. Emn _HN pmsctcvm sc pmtrhnnm hv`r` au` ehsc2 8)  K > E p`r mfnc thssm a–cnt`r`ss` rci`vhnt` n`iih sctuhzcmn` `emnmdceh mss`rvhth mss`rvhth   ;)  K > E smim ocnm h un e`rtm thssm a–cnt`r`ss` eg` ufuhfich emstc ` k`n`ocec, qucnac k`n`ocec, qucnac ocnm hi puntm cn euc sc gh _HN 4 : N`i prcdm ehsm ci prmf`ttm emns`nt` ac r`eup`rhr` s`dpr` c emstc emnt`nutc. N`i s`emnam ehsm i–`sctm acp`na` ahi thssm a–cnt`r`ss` eg` sc mss`rvh sui d`rehtm.  d`rehtm.  

6.1.1 Erct`rc ac se`ith N`iih se`ith a`c prmf`ttc emn HKE sc pmssmnm hamtthr` c s`fu`ntc erct`rc2 -  _HN 4 _himr` Httuhi` N`ttm -  QC[ 4 Qhssm ac [`nacd`nt [`nacd`ntm m Cnt`rnm -  K/E 4 rhppmrtm K`n`ocec Emstc -  C[ 4 Cnace` ac [`aacttcvctê -  ZKZ 4 Q`dpm ac [`eup`rm (Zhy Khel Z`rcma) I` emnaczcmnc p`r euc ci prmf`ttm sch emnv`nc`nt` smnm2 -  _HN > : -  C 9 QC[ -  K/E > 8 -  C[ > : -  ZKZ 9 N Emn2

 

N 4 nud`rm ac hnnc ac vcth utci` a`i prmf`ttm CI _HIM[@ N@QQM HQQPHI@ _HN Ci _HN ç ehiemihtm2

    + 8+     + 8+     + ⋭ + 8+       8+

 

Emn2

    

  Qhntm pcó ç `i`vhtm ci _HN a`ii–cnv`stcd`nt a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm m thntm p pcó có emnv`nc`nt` shrê httuhrim httuhrim   @s. phf. ;;?

CI QHUUM CNQ@[NM AC [@NACD@NQM (QC[) Ci QC[ ç ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` eg` hnnuiih ci _HN. Xuhnam ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` sc htt`sth hi QC[ sc v`rcoceh aunqu` ih emnaczcmn` ac K@Z trh rcehvc ` emstc2 K 4 E Ç ih st`ssh omrduih ehiemihth nmn p`r c dh p`r QC[ ` pcó emdmahd`nt`2

8 8+      +  ∓ ……..  

  N`i ehsm ac un prmf`ttm s`dpice` ec shrê smim un–unceh smiuzcmn` emn vhimr` r`hi` pmsctcvm, ` ci QC[ hvrê amdcncm -8 9 QC[ 9 +  

∞

N`i ehsm ac prmf`ttc emdpi`ssc sc pmssmnm omrdhr` dmit`picec QC[ Emn prmf`ttc ac tcpm emdpi`ssm sc pmtrhnnm hv`r` pcó rhacec emn vhimr` r`hi` pmsctcvm cn r`ihzcmn` hi nud`rm ac ehdkchd`ntc ac s`fnm a`i oiussm ac ehssh. @s. phf. ;;7 Ci QC[ puû `ss`r` ehiemihtm hneg` suiih khs` a`i thssm ac r`nacd`ntm `st`rnm (Q@[). Z`r a`t`rdcnhr` ci Q@[ sc ehpcthiczzhnm c k`n`ocec hii–hnnm N ` sc httuhiczzhnm tuttc c emstc hii–hnnm t 4 :  :  Ci thssm ac cnt`r`ss` eg` r`na` ci O_ httuhiczzhtm ufuhi` h E ç a`nmdcnhtm thssm ac r`nacd`ntm `st`rnm (Q@[)2   Emn2 Q@[ 4 Qhssm ac [`nacd`ntm `st`rnm

  8+    

 

O_ 4 _himr` Outurm a`c rcehvc (m k`n`ocec) hii–hnnm N  N  E 4 _himr` httuhi` a`c emstc Q@[ sc ehiemih2

   −   8 

 

@s. phf. ;5:

I–CNACE@ AC [@AACQQC_CQ [@AACQQC_CQH H  Ci smff`ttm eg` a`v` a`eca`r` s` hee`tthr` m d`nm ci prmf`ttm sthkcicse` ac r`fmih un icv`iim dcncdm ac r`aactcvctê a`i ehpcthi` cnv`stctm. I–cnace` ac r`aacttcvctê sc ehiemih2  ehiemih2  

Emn2  4 Ehpcthi` cnv`stctm hii–hnnm t 4 :  : 



       

 

N`ii` hnhicsc hzc`nahic un cnace` hnhimfm h qu`iim ac r`aacttcvctê ç ci [MC ehiemihtm2

      

 

Ci [MC ç un phrhd`trm ac `str`dh rci`vhnzh hc ocnc a`iih vhiuthzcmn` a`ii` hit`rnhtcv` a–cnv`stcd`ntm p`r svhrcht` rhfcmnc, nmn ah uitcdm p`regã smnm acspmnckcic s`rc` stmrceg` a`c vhimrc eg` hssud` n`c vhrc s`ttmrc prmauttcvc. I–hnhimfch trh [MC ` C[ hpphr` a`i tuttm `vca`nt` cn quhntm hi a`nmdcnhtmr` ocfurh s`dpr` ci ehpcthi` cnv`stctm ` hi nud`rhtmr`, n`i prcdm ehsm, ci rcsuithtm mp`rhtcvm, n`i s`emnam ehsm ci prmocttm m ci k`n`ocecm n`ttm smechi`. @s phf. ;51 I–cnace` ac r`aactcvctê gh un ehdpm hddcssckci` emn ci _HN nmn n`fhtcvm2 n`fhtcvm2      

 ≠ C[ ≠ : 

Emn2  4 cnace` ac r`aacttcvctê s`dpice s`dpice`` emn rco`rcd`ntm hiih emnaczcmn` c 4 : Ahtm ci vhimr`  sthkcictm ahi a`ecsmr` ac a`t`rdcnh ci emrrcspmna`nt`



 a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm. a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm.  

 

  Ci Q@DZM AC [@EPZ@[M (Zhy Khel Z`rcma ― Z`rcma  ― ZKZ)  ZKZ) Ci ZKZ ca`ntcoceh ci nud`rm a`fic hnnc n`e`sshrcm p`r rhffcunf`r` ih emnaczcmn` ac r`eup`rm a`c emstc a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm,, mvv`rm ci phr`ffcm trh k`n`ocec ` emstc. Ci ZKZ rhppr`s`nt a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm rhppr`s`nthh ci nud`rm ac hnnc n`e`sshrcm p`r hv`r` _HN 4 :, t`n`nam cn emnsca`rhzcmn` ci phrhd`trm ac httuhiczzhzcmn` a`i oiussm ac ehssh. Ci ZKZ sc ehiemih2 Emn2

  

 4 t`dpm ac r`eup`rm s`dpice`  4 ehpcthi` cnv`stctm H 4 oiussm ac ehssh hnnum emsthnt` c4: OH 4 N

  

 

@s. phf. ;57 C prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm se`itc hppicehnam ci erct`rcm ac _HN dhsscdm ` ci erct`rcm a`i ZKZ dcncdm pmtr`kk` acv`rf`r`. Ih emstruzcmn` a`iih ounzcmn` ac smstctuzcmn` trh _HN ` ZKZ emns`nt` ac v`rcocehr` quhntm _HN sc p`ra` se`fic`nam ih smiuzcmn` emn un ZKZ dcnmr`. @scst` unh r`ihzcmn` str`tth trh ZKZ ` . Ci t`dpm t eg` pmrth ci vhimr` httuhi` a`c rcehvc ufuhi` hi emstm cnczchi` ç ci ZKZ2

  8+    ∓   ∓ 8 +   8   88  ∓         in8+

 

Amv` ac hrrcvh h ehiemihr` KZK2

 

Ahtm ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ah hppicehr` n`ii–httuhiczzhzcmn` a`c oiussc ac ehssh, sc ehiemih prcdh ci ` pmc sc hppiceh acr`tthd`nt` i–`quhzcmn` smprh omrdhiczzhth.  omrdhiczzhth. 



CXu`stm [HZZM[QC EMUQM K@N@OCNC rhppmrtm `sprcd` i–`oocec`nzh a`i prmf`ttm. Qhntm pcó `i`vhtm ç ci rhppmrtm K/E thntm pcó un–unctê ac dmn`th cnv`stcth n`i prmf`ttm prmaurrê k`n`ocec.  k`n`ocec. 

     +      + 8

 

6.0 Emnormntm trh hit`rnhtcv` prmf`ttuhic eg` sc `seiuamnm r`ecprmehd`nt` I–HKE sc hppiceh cn emner`tm n`iih se`ith trh prmf`ttc prmf`tt c hit`rnhtcvc m, dutuhid`nt` `seiua`ntcs `seiua`ntcsc.c. Ci a`ecsmr` ç egchdhtm h se`fic`r` unh smih hit`rnhtcvh prmf`ttuhi`. Uuppmnchdm eg` ci a`ecsmr` sch egchdhtm ha `oo`ttuhr` ih se`ith trh au` prmf`ttc hit`rnhtcvc. I–cnace` ac prmf`ttc ç omrdhiczzhkci` n`c t`rdcnc2  t`rdcnc2 

  /

 

 

 

  /

 

Hoormntchdm ih se`ith emnsca`rhnam tr` ehsc2 h)  I` hit`rnhtcv` ghnnm ehpcthi` cnv`stctm ` aurht` ufuhic2  4 ,  4   k)  I` hit`rnhtcv` ghnnm un ehpcthi` cnv`stctm acoo`r`nt` dh aurht` ufuhic2     ,  4   e)  I` hit`rnhtcv` ghnnm ehpcthi` cnv`stctm ufuhi` dh aurht` acoo`r`ntc2  4 ,      

     ≪ ≪ 

EHUM H Xuhnam tutt` i` hit`rnhtcv` a–cnv`stcd`ntm ghnnm ufuhi` aurhth, ci d`a`scdm ohkkcsmfnm ac ehpcthi` cnv`stctm ` omrncsemnm oiussc ac ehssh emsthntc ih vhiuthzcmn` acv`nth dmitm s`dpice`. Pnm a`fic cnv`stcd`ntc amdcnh tuttc fic hitrc. Uc se`fic` i–cnv`stcd`ntm emn _HN pcó `i`vhtm smttm ci vcnemim eg` i–cnace` ac r`aactcvctê sup`rc ci vhimr` dcncdm pr`ocsshtm.  pr`ocsshtm.  U` ci  > hiimrh ci prmf`ttm W amdcnh ci prmf`ttm S. Ci a`ecsmr` gh ocsshtm un cnace` ac r`aacttcvctê dcncdm eg` fic cnv`stcd`ntc a`vmnm rcsp`tthr`, nmn tuttm ci amdcncm a`i prmf`ttm W shrê hddcssckci`. Ci prmf`ttm W shrê hee`tthtm smim s` emns`fu` un cnace` ac r`aacttcvctê sup`rcmr` hi icdct` m hi icdct` ufuhi` hi prmocttm. N`ii–cpmt`sc eg` ci a`ecsmr`

 

hkkch ocsshtm un cnace` ac prmoctthkcictê dcncdm a`i 0% 0 % ci thssm ac cnt`r`ss` dhsscdm hee`tt hee`tthkci` hkci` r`ihtcvm hi prmf`ttm W shrê phrc h ?% Emn2

 

 4 cnace` ac r`aactcvctê dcncdm eg` ci prmf`ttm a`v` emns`fucr`  4 thssm ac cnt`r`ss` dhsscdm p`r i–hee`tthzcmn` a`i prmf`ttm  prmf`ttm   > :  9 QC[

C[dcn sc ehiemih2

  / 

 

@s. phf. ;18 I–hnhicsc emdphrhth a`ii` hit`rnhtcv` hit`rnhtcv` `vca`nzch eg`2 -  @scst` un thssm ac cnt`r`ss`  eg` r`hiczzh ih emnaczcmn` _HNx 4 _HNy -  Z`r thssc ac cnt`r`ss` emdpr`sc trh : `  ci prmf`ttm S ç pcó emnv`nc`nt` cn quhntm gh un _HN dhffcmr` -  Z`r thssc ac cnt`r`ss` emdpr`sc trh  `  ci prmf`ttm W ç qu`iim pcó emnv`nc`nt`

    

 

 

Omrdhid`nt` s`2 -  :  c   -  C 4   - 

  sc se`fic` ci prmf`ttm S    c W ` S smnm ufuhic ≡ 9≡  9   scprmf`ttc se`fic` ci prmf`ttm W Z`r ehiemihr`   sc pmn`     @s. phf. ;11

6.7 Cnv`stcd`ntm cn un cdpchntm omtmvmithcem2 v`rcoceh a`iih emnv`nc`nzh ` ehiemim a`i vhimr` cdpicectm ac unh tmnn`iihth ac EM;  Hssudchdm eg` i–cdpchntm omtmvmithcem ah csthiihr` hkkch unh pmt`nzh nmdcnhi` cno`rcmr` h ;:Lwp. Z`r pmt`nz` nmdcnhic sup`rcmrc shr`kk` n`e`sshrcm hssud`r` hitrc ahtc rcsp`ttm h qu`iic ac s`fuctm utciczzhtc. Quttc c vhimrc emnsca`rhtc smnm `spr`ssc h pr`zzc emsthntc a`ii–hnnm cnczchi`. cnczchi`.   I–cnv`stcd`ntm I–cnv`stcd`nt m ac ehpcthi` rcegc`stm ahii–cdpchntm omtmvmithcem sc htt`sth h  4 50:: `urm/Lwp. Emn un cdpchntm ah 8 lVp ac pmt`nzh ac pceem (nmdcnhi`) cn Cthich sc prmauemnm cn d`ach S 4 81:: lVg/hnnm2 Emn2  4 emstm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm cnczchi`  cnczchi`  N 4 nud`rm ac hnnc ac vcth utci`  4 emstm vhrchkci` ac dhnut`nzcmn` n`ii–hnn n`ii–hnnm m tt   C 4 thssm ac cnt`r`ss` E 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`c emstc



  

`n`rfchac`i`ttrceh n`ii–hnnm t    t  Z 4 4pr`zzm d`rehtmprmamtth a`ii–`n`rfch `i`ttr `i`ttrceh ceh   4 rcehvm a`iih v`nacth ac `n`rfch `i`ttrceh n`ii–hnnm t  t  [ 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`c rcehvc Hssudchdm eg`2 -  ci pr`zzm ac d`rehtm a`iih `n`rfch `i`ttrceh sch Z 4 :.83 `urm/lVg -  ih aurhth a`c dmauic omtmvmithcec, eg` rhppr`s`nthnm c emdpmn`ntc `emnmdcehd`nt` pcó rci`vhntc a`ii–cdpchntm, sch N 4 ;: hnnc. Ahi puntm ac vcsth a`ii–usurh a`c emdpmn`ntc a`ii–cdpchntm omtmvmithcem, ih aurhth fhrhntcth a`c prmauttmrc rhffcunf` ac r`fmih c ;0 hnnc, cnv`rt`r cneiusm -  ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` r`hi` sui ehpcthi` cnv`stctm p`r ci trhso`rcd`ntm a`c vhimrc sch c 4 :.:5 :.:5   -  ci s`ttmr` pukkicem emne`ah un cne`ntcvm hiih prmauzcmn` ac `n`rfch rcnnmvhkci` emn phnn`iic omtmvmithcec phrc h :.:8 `urm/lVg -  ci s`ttmr` pukkicem emns`nth ac a`trhrr` cn s`a` ac acegchrhzcmn` a`c r`aactc ci 0:% a`i emstm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm a`ii–cnv`stcd`nt m cnczchi` suaacvcsm cn ac`ec rht` rht`  

 

suiih khs` a`c ahtc smprh `spmstc sc pmssmnm sp`ecocehr` 5 se`nhrc, au` a`c quhic rco`rctc h unh vhiuthzcmn` n`ii–mttceh prcvhth ` unm rco`rctm hiih vhiuthzcmn` n`ii–mttceh pukkiceh2  pukkiceh2  8)  cnv`stcd`ntm prcvhtm cn hss`nzh ac hcutc pukkicec ;)  cnv`stcd`ntm prcvhtm emn hcutc pukkicec 5)  vhiuthzcmn` pukkiceh a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm prcvhtm  prcvhtm  N`i prcdm se`nhrcm sc ehiemih i–utci` m ih p`racth ` i–`v`ntuhi` hcutm pukkicem eg` shr`kk` n`e`sshrcm p`r pmrthr` cn phr`ffcm ci kcihnecm `emnmdcem a`ii–cdpchntm omtmvmithcem.  omtmvmithcem.   N`i s`emnam se`nhrcm sc ehiemih i–utci` emns`fuctm emn i–cnv`stcd`ntm smst`nutm ah hcutc pukkicec  pukkicec  N`i t`rzm se`nhrcm sc ehiemih ci pr`zzm cdpicectm a`i rcsphrdcm ac EM ; eg` i–cdpchntm omtmvmithcem emns`nt` ac emns`fucr` ` i–cnace` ac `oocec`nzh `n`rf`tceh `n`rf`tceh   UE@NH[CM 8 [CUPIQHQC @EMNMCEC CN HUU@NRH AC HCPQC ZPKKICEC Uc sp`ecoceh, p`r mfnc hnnm a`i p`rcmam ac vcth a`i phnn`iim omtmvmithcem, o mtmvmithcem, ih prmauzcmn` ac `n`rfch `i`ttrceh2  4 81:: lVg/hnnm



Uc hssud` eg` ih prmauzcmn` ac `n`rfch rcdhnfh emsthnt` n`i emrsm a`fic hnnc ac vcth utci` a`ii–cdpchntm, cn r`hitê sc mss`rvh un a`eicnm a`iih prmauzcmn` h ehush a`iih p`racth prmfr`sscvh ac `oocec`nzh t`enceh a`i phnn`iim omtmvmithcem. Uc ehiemih ci rcehvm hnnum ` sc emstrucse` ih dhtrce` a`c oiussc ac ehssh   Uc httuhiczzh… httuhiczzh…   Um emnsca`rhnm c emstc a–cnv`stcd`ntm. Ci emstm hnnum sc ehiemih hppicehnam unh p`re`ntuhi` p`re`ntuhi`     Uc httuhiczzh…  httuhiczzh…    Emn2 HE_ 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`c emstc ac dhnut`nzcmn`

   ∓     ∓ %   

Z[ME@ACD@NQM   h) sc ih qumth `qucvhi`nt` hnnuh a`i emstm cnczchi`2 HEehiemih cn `urm/hnnm k)  sc smddh hiih qumth hnnuh a`i emstm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm ci emstm hnnum ac dhnut`nzcmn` ` sc mttc`n` ci emstm d`acm hnnum2 EDH cn `urm/hnnm e)  sc smttrh` hi rcehvm d`acm hnnum ci emstm d`acm hnnum mtt`n`nam ci oiussm ac ehssh n`ttm d`acm hnnum2 H cn `urm/hnnm a)  sc ehiemih ci _HN httuhiczzhnam ih s`rc` v`nt`nnhi` a`i oiussm ac ehssh d`acm hnnum2 _HN cn `urm UE@NH[CM ; [CUPIQHQC @EMNMDCEC EMN HCPQC ZPKKICEC Ci s`ttmr` pukkicem, trhdct` ci f`stmr` FU@ eg` hequcsth i–`n`rfch `i`ttrceh prmamtth ahi phnn`iim phn n`iim omtmvmithcem, emne`a` cn qu`stm se`nhrcm un cne`ntcvm p`r mfnc lVg ac `n`rfch `i`ttrceh prmamtth

 

ahi phnn`iim omtmvmithcem. Mitr` hi oiussm ac rcehvc fcê emdputhtm n`iim se`nhrcm 8 s` n` omrdh unm hffcuntcvm a`rcvhnt` ahii–cne`ntcvm pukkicem.  pukkicem.  Uc ehiemih ehiemih i–cne`ntcvm hnnuhid`nt` emne`ssm ahi FU@ FU@     Emn2  4 cne`ntcvm hnnum suiih prma. @ t 4 8,;…  8,;…   4 cne`ntcvm uncthrcm

 Μ   ∓ θ θ 0:%/8: 

  . .  ℎℎ ∓ 

Ci s`ttmr` pukkicem emne`a` cnmitr` hii–cnv`stctmr` ac a`trhrr` cn s`a` ac acegchrhzcmn` a`c r`aactc ci 0:% 0:% a`i emnsm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm rcphrtctm cn 8: qumt` hnnu` emsthntc h phrtcr` ahi prcdm hnnm. N`c prcdc ac`ec hnnc i–cnv`stctmr` d`tt` p`rthntm cn a`trhzcmn` un cdpmrtm hnnum phrc h2 h2    4      cn `urm/hnnc Emn2 t 4 8,;… 8:  8:   4    

Uc ehiemih ci vhimr` httuhi` a`c rcehvc cneiua`nam i–cne`ntcvm2 i–cne`ntcvm2   [4 Uc ehiemih ci vhimr` httuhi` a`ii` qumt` ac a`trhzcmn` ocsehi`2 HA 4 Emn2 HA 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`ii` 8: rht` ac a`trhzcmn` a`i 0:% a`i emstm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm   Ih a`trhzcmn` puû `ss`r` emdputhth cn rcauzcmn` ahi ihtm a`c a `c emstc m hit`rnhtcvhd`nt` cn hud`ntm ahi ihtm a`c rcehvc. Ih prcdh cpmt`sc s`dkrh qu`iih pcó emnsmnh. Ehiemichdm ci vhimr` httuhi` a`c emstc hi n`ttm a`iih a`trhzcmn`2 E 4  + HE_ ― HE_ ― HA  HA



I–utci` emns`fuctm2  emns`fuctm2   4 [ ― [ ― E  E

ϊ

_`achdm ci ZKZ a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm n`i phnn`iim omtmvmithcem ` ci nud`rm ac hnnc eg` smnm rcegc`stc p`r rhffcunf`r` ci puntm K@Z ` r`eup`rhr` c emstc2 [4 ZKZ4 Ci pr`zzm a`ii–`n`rfch `i`ttrceh eg` pmrt`r`kk` ci K@Z sc ehiemih n`i s`fu`nt` dmam2  dmam2   [4  4



U` cici pr`zzm ac d`rehtm a`ii–`n`rfch `i`ttrceh se`na` smttm ih smfich ac phnn`iim omtmvmithcem vh cn p`racth n`ii` emnaczcmnc smprh cpmtczzht`. UE@NH[CM 5 _HIPQHRCMN _HIPQHRCMN@@ ZPKKICEH A@II–CN_@UQCD@NQ A@II–CN_@UQCD@NQM M 



 i–cnv`stcd`ntm n`i

 

Ih vhiuthzcmn` n`ii–mttceh pukkiceh vh emnamtth cn t`rdcnc ac k`n`ocec ` nmn ac rcehvc, cn quhntm ci phnn`iim omtmvmithcem f`n`rh un–`st`rnhictê pmsctcvh frhzc` hiih rcauzcmn` a`ii` `dcsscmnc ac EM; n`fic hnnc ac vcth utci` u tci` a`ii–cnv`stcd`nt a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm, m, rcsp`ttm hii–hit`rnhtcvh ac utciczzhzcmn` ac emdkustckcic em dkustckcic omsscic. I–cne`ntcvm pukkicem hiih prmauzcmn` ac `n`rfch `i`ttrceh rcnnmvhkci` ç emne`ssm p`r emdp`nshr` qu`sth `st`rnhictê pmsctcvh. Cnacegchdm emn X ih quhntctê ac EM; hnnuhid`nt` nmn `d`ssh cn hrch rcsp`ttm hii–hit`rnhtcvh a–cdpc`fm ac emdkustckcic omsscic. Ci vhimr` v himr` dmn`thrcm hnnum a`ii–`st`rnhictê a`ii–`st`rnhictê pmsctcvh ç ehiemihtm dmitcpicehnam ih quhntctê ac EM; nmn `d`ssh p`r ci sum pr`zzm cdpicectm.   Emn2 @p 4 vhimr` v himr` hnnum a`ii–`st`rnhictê pmsctcvh pmsctcvh   X 4 quhntctê ac EM; hnnuhid`nt` `vcthth  4 pr`zzm cdpicectm a`iih EM; `vcthth

   ∓ 



Uc ehiemih ci vhimr` httuhi` a`i oiussm ac `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` hssud`nam eg` sch ufuhi` hi vhimr` httuhi` a`ii–cne`ntcvm pukkicem emne`ssm hiih prmauzcmn` ac `n`rfch `i`ttrceh `i`ttrceh   _@p 4 C 4 Emn2 _@p 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`ii` `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` C 4 vhimr` httuhi` a`ii–cne`ntcvm a`i FU@  FU@   I–hcutm pukkicem emne`ssm ahi FU@ p`r smst`n`r` i` `st`rnhictê pmsctcv` n`ii–cnt`rm p`rcmam ac vcth a`i phnn`iim omtmvmithcem gh un vhimr` httuhi` Z`r ehiemihr` ih quhntctê ac EM; hnnuhid`nt` `vcthth a`i phnn`iim omtmvmithcem sc phrt` ahiih emnsththzcmn` eg` mfnc tcpm ac `n`rfch ç sp`ecocehkci` cn t`rdcnc ac tmnn`iiht` `qucvhi`nt `qucvhi`ntcc ac p`trmicm (Q`p) 8 DVg 4 :.;0 Q`p Cn tmnn`iiht` :,:::;0 Q`p 8 Q`p 4 ;,78 E:; Ih quhntctê ac p`trmicm (Q) hnnuhid`nt` rcsphrdchth frhzc` hi ounzcmnhd`ntm ac un cdpchntm omtmvmithcem2 Q 4 prma.  Q`p  Q`p Q X 4 EM; cn t   Q

∓∓

[`nacd`ntm `n`rf`tcem `n`rf`tcem22 `4  

  Emn2

` 4 r`nacd`ntm `n`rf`tce `n`rf`tcem m  4 rcsphrdcm ac `n`rfch omssci`  4 acsp`nacm ac `n`rfch omssci`



Ci r`nacd`ntm `n`rf`tcem a`i ehpcthi` cnv`stctm2

 

ΰ ∛  ΰ    4

 

Emn2  4 r`nacd`ntm `n`rf`tce `n`rf`tcem m a`i ehpcthi` cnv`stctm  4 rcsphrdcm n`ttm ac `n`rfch omssci` Ohttmrc ac cne`rt`zzh2   - ih aurhth `oo`ttcvh a`i phnn`iim puû acv`rf`r` a`c ah Nphnn`iic 4 ;: hnnc cn str`ttm  rhppmrtm emn i–cnnmvhzcmn` a`ii`omtmvmithcem t`enmimfc` ac prmauzcmn` omtmvmithcec omtmvmithcec  -  i` emnaczcmnc d`t`r`mimfceg` pmssmnm ohr vhrchr` ci nud`rm `oo`ttcvm a`c lVg hnnuhid`nt` prmamttc ahii–cdpchntm  ahii–cdpchntm  -  Ci thssm a–cnt`r`ss` ocssm r`hi` phrc hi 5% puû vhrchr` h s`emnah a`ii` emnaczcmnc ac d`rehtm a`i er`actm m hi emstm mppmrtunctê h s`emnah a`ii` emnaczcmnc ac d`rehtm a`i er`actm m hi emstm mppmrtunctê a`i a`nhrm h acspmsczcmn` a`ii–cnv`stctmr`. a`ii–cnv`stctmr`.   -  Ci pr`zzm a`iih emrr`nt` `i`ttrceh pmtr`kk` ehdkchr` n`i emrsm a`fic hnnc -  @scstmnm rcsegc ac p`racth a`ii–cnv`stcd`ntm h ehush ac `v`ntc omrtuctc  omrtuctc 

 

EHZCQMIM 7 F`stcmn` a`i rcsegcm, a`ii–cne`rt`zzh ` a`ii` s`qu`nz`  s`qu`nz` 

7.8 _hrchkcic ehsuhic m hi`htmrc` Ç a`ocncth ehsuhi` m hi`htmrch ih vhrchkci` eg` ç f`n`rhth ah un o`nmd`nm ocscem, `emnmdcem, smechi` ac euc nmn schdm cn frham ac pr`v`a`r` i–`sctm emn e`rt`zzh. Ih vhrchkci` ehsuhi` nmn hssud` un vhimr` nmtm n`i dmd`ntm cn euc sc a`v` hssud`r` ih a`ecscmn` suii–hit`rnhtcvh prmf`ttuhi`. prmf`ttuhi`. Pnh tcpceh vhrchkci` ehsuhi` ç emstctucth ahi nud`rm a`c fcmrnc ac pcmffch mss`rvhtc cn un cnt`rvhiim ac t`dpm. Nmnmsthnt` nmn sc emnmseh i–`sctm, amv`nam hssud`r` unh a`ecscmn` suiih aurhth ac `s`euzcmn` ac un–httcvctê prmauttcvh emnaczcmnhth ahi a hi icv`iim ac pcmvmsctê, pmtr`ddm hvhnzhr` unh pr`vcscmn` khshnamec su un–hsp`tthtcvh, p`r `s`dpcm sui vhimr` htt`sm a`i nud`rm ac fcmrnc ac pcmffch.

7.; Ehdpm ac vhrchzcmn`, d`ach, vhrchnzh ` sehrtm quharhtcem d`acm Emnsca`rchdm c vhimrc a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms`. 8)  Ci ehdpm ac vhrchzcmn` a`iih pcmvmsctê ç ca`ntcocehtm ahi vhimr` dcncdm ` ahi vhimr` dhsscdm a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms` n`i p`rcmam ac rci`vhzcmn`2  

 , 

Emn2  4 dciicd`trc ac pcmffch ehautc a`i d`s` n`ii–hnnm cc   C 4 8,;… N 4 hnnc 4 hnnc ac rci`vhzcmn` a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc  4 vhimr` dcncdm ` dhsscdm a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms`

    

;)  Ih d`ach a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc ehiemihth acvca`nam ih smddh a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc p`r ci nud`rm a`ii` mss`rvhzcmnc (rcv`ihzcmnc)2

   ∘4 / 

Emn  

ι  d`ach a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms`.  /   ∘      4 υυ sehrtm quharhtcem d`acm m a`vchzcmn` sthnahra

5)  Ih vhrchnzh ` ih a`vchzcmn` sthnahra a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms`  

Emn2  4 vhrchnzh

 

Ih vhrchnzh ` ih a`vchzcmn` sthnahra dcsurhnm ih acsp`rscmn` a`c vhimrc httmrnm hiih d`ach. N`iih stcdh a`iih vhrchnzh suiih khs` ac pceemic p ceemic ehdpcmnc ih vhrchnzh ` ih a`vchzcmn` sthnahra smnm emrr`tthd`nt` sp`ecoceht` sp`ecoceht` pmn`nam hi a`nmdcnhtmr` N N ―  ― 8  8 Ih d`ach a`iih pcmvmsctê ehiemihth suc ahtc a`ii` rci`vhzcmnc rcpmrtht` rhppr`s`nth ci vhimr` htt`sm a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc h emnaczcmn` eg` ci d`eehncsdm ac f`n`rhzcmn` a`ii–`v`ntm pcmffch rcdhnfh cnhit`rhtm n`i t`dpm ` eg` ih acstrckuzcmn` a`iih pcmvmsctê sch ac tcpm ’fhusschnm—. ’fhusschnm—.  

 

Umicthd`nt` p`r ohr` unh stcdh a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms` sc utciczzhnm c ahtc a`fic uitcdc 0 hnnc. Ci erct`rcm tr` a`ii` uitcd` ecnqu` mss`rvhzcmnc ç unh vhrchnt` a`ii` hsp`tthtcv` `strhpmihtcv` eg` a`t`rdcnhnm ci vhimr` htt`sm a`iih vhrchkci` hi`htmrch suiih khs` a`c vhimrc eg` gh g h hssuntm n`i phsshtm pcó r`e`nt`.

7.5 I` prmkhkcictê a`fic se`nhrc Ih prmkhkcictê ç ci nud`rm purm emdpr`sm orh : ` 82

: ≡  ≡ 8

Emn2



 

 4 prmkhkcictê eg` ih vhrchkci` U hssudh ci vhimr` b. U` ih prmkhkcictê omss` 8, cn tuttc fic hnnc a`iih s`rc` stmrceh emdphrcr`kk` s`dpr` im st`ssm vhimr` a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms`. Emn pcmffch h 1:dd sc pmssmnm emnsca`rhr` acechdm 1 se`nhrc ac pcmvmsctê rhffrupphnam i` pr`ecpcthzcmnc cn 1 eihssc2 8)   pcmvmsctê khssh b 9 1: 6 mss`rvhzcmnc ;)   pcmvmsctê d`ach 1: 9 b 97: 88 mss`rvhzcmnc 5)   pcmvmsctê hith 7: 9 b 9 8;: 8: mss`rvhzcmnc 1)   pcmvmsctê dmitm hith b > 8;: 0 mss`rvhzcmnc

 

Ih smddh a`ii` or`qu`nz` ç p`r emstruzcmn` ufuhi` hi nud`rm a`ii` mss`rvhzcmnc2

Emn2  4 or`qu`nzh a`iih eihss` ac pcmvmsctê Ub N 4 nud`rm ac mss`rvhzcmnc



∘     

 

Ih prmkhkcictê eg` sc v`rcocegc un icv`iim ac pr`ecpcthzcmn` rc`ntrhnt` n`iih eihss` b sc ehiemih acvca`nam ih or`qu`nzh ac qu`sth eihss` p`r ci nud`rm tmthi` a`ii` mss`rvhzcmnc2 Emn2

()   

 

 4 prmkhkcictê a`iih eihss` ac pcmvmsctê Ub   

Ih smddh a`ii` prmkhkcictê a`ii` eihssc ac pcmvmsctê ç ufuhi` h 8.

Ci d`tmam a`fic se`nhrc ç hppicehkci` hneg` h vhrchkcic ehsuhic ac tcpm `emnmdcem emd` pr`zzc, c thssc a–cnt`r`ss`, c emnsudc. emnsudc. Hiih aczcmn` se`nhrc a`iih pcmvmsctê m pcó cn f`n`rhi` h qu`iih ac sthtc a`iih nhturh pmtr`ddm p`recû smstctucr` qu`iih ac se`nhrc ac d`rehtm. Mitr` hiih d`ach a`iih vhrchkci` ehsuhi` sc a`ocncse` ih dmah, cnacehth emn ih i`tt`rh d, eg` emrrcspmna` hiih or`qu`nzh pcó `i`vhth. Ih dmah emrrcspmna` s`dpr` hi pceem a`iih acstrckuzcmn` a`iih vhrchkci` ehsuhi`. Ih d`achnh a`iih acstrckuzcmn` cnacehth emn v, ç ci vhimr` a`iih vhrchkci` ehsuhi` eg` acvca` ih acstrckuzcmn` cn au` phrtc ufuhic2 ci 0:% a`ii` mss`rvhzcmnc sc emiimeh hi ac smttm a`iih d`achnh ` ci r`sthnt` 0:% hi ac smprh ac `ssh. Xuhnam ih acstrckuzcmn` ac or`qu`nzh ç scdd`trceh, d`ach, dmah ` d`achnh emcnecamnm Xuhnam ih acstrckuzcmn` ç hscdd`trceh, d`ach, dmah ` d`achnh acv`rfmnm. U` ih acstrckuzcmn` ç2

 

8)  Hscdd`trceh pmsctcvh2 dmah 9 d`achnh 9 d`ach ;)  Hscdd`trceh n`fhtcvh2 dmah > d`achnh > d`ach

7.1 A`ecscmnc cn emnaczcmnc ac rcsegcm



Cnacegchdm emn  c prmf`ttc a–cnv`stcd`ntm ah smttmpmrr` h vhiuthzcmn` `emnmdceh. Ci prmf`ttm vc`n` trhtthtm emd` un fcmem `emnmdcem ` p`r qu`stm dmtcvm ç cnacehtm emn ih i`tt`rh F. Uchnm2



 4 prmf`ttc (m fcmegc) I–hssunzcmn` eg` c prmf`ttc ah vhiuthr` schnm tr` ç egchrhd`nt` hrkctrhrch. Ci nud`rm a`c prmf`ttc ah emnsca`rhr` nmn ç a`ocnctm h prcmrc dh acp`na` ahi emnt`stm a`ii–hnhicsc. N`ii–`s`dpicoce N`ii–`s`dpicocehzcmn` hzcmn` s`fu`nt` ec smnm tr` prmf`ttc ` quhttrm se`nhrc ac pr`ecpcthzcmnc2 pcmvmsctê khssh, d`ach, hith, dmitm hith. Emn2  4 prmocttm a`i prmf`ttm c s` emdphr` im se`nhrcm b  4 prmkhkcictê eg` sc ca`ntcocegc im se`nhrcm b

 

U` ih vhiuthzcmn` hssud` un–mttceh prcvhth sc oh rco`rcd`ntm hc prmocttc, s` ih vhiut vhiuthzcmn` hzcmn` heemfic` i–mttceh smechi` hnzcegã c prmocttc sc emnsca`rhnm c k`n`acec n`ttc a`c prmf`ttc. Ih dhtrce` d`tt` cn r`ihzcmn` c prmf`ttc ah vhiuthr` emn fic se`nhrc ac pcmvmsctê. Cn emnaczcmnc ac rcsegcm ih vhrchkci` a`ecscmnhi` ç emstctucth ahi vhimr` htt`sm. Ci vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm a`i f`n`rcem prmf`ttm c sc ehiemih smddhnam c prmocttc eg` emns`fu` cn mfnc se`nhrc ac pcmvmsctê dmitcpicehtm p`r ih prmkhkcictê eg` emdphch im se`nhrcm d`a`scd d`a`scdm2 m2

  ∘   ∓

Emn2



 

 4 vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm a`i prmf`ttm c

Ci erct`rcm ac se`ith ç ac cdd`achth emdpr`nscmn` emdpr`nscmn`22 sc se`fic` ci prmf`ttm eg` emns`fu` ci pcó `i`vhtm   vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm2 dhx



@s. phf. ;66-;67 Acspmrr` ac un s`rvczcm ac pr`vcscmnc `shtt` a`ii` pr`ecpcthzcmnc pcmvms` nmn cneca` mvvchd`nt` suii` prmkhkcictê a`fic se`nhrc. [`ct`rhnam ih pr`vcscmn` d`t`r`mimfceh sc mtt`nfmnm a`ii` or`qu`nz` a`fic se`nhrc em`r`ntc emn i` prmkhkcictê cnczchi` h `ss` hssmecht`.

7.1.8 Ih ormntc`rh r`nacd`ntm-rcsegcm mvv`rm @ -



 

Ue Ue`fic`r` `fic`r` i–cnv`stcd`ntm suiih khs` a`i vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm m a`i _HN pr`s`nth un frmssm icdct`2 cfnmrh ih vhrchnzh ` emn `ssh ih rcspmsth a`i a`ecsmr` hi rcsegcm Z`r trhtthr` ci prmki`dh ac f`stcmn` a`i rcsegcm emnsca`rchdm un prmki`dh ac se`ith trh quhttrm prmf`ttc cnacp`na`ntc eg` emns`fumnm a`c prmocttc vhrchkcic h s`emnah a`fic se`nhrc eicdhtcec eg` sc v`rcocehnm. Ehiemichdm ci vhimr` htt`sm a`c prmocttc a`c prmf`ttc shp`nam eg` ghnnm im st`ssm ohkkcsmfnm ac ehpcthi` cnczchi`.

 

Ci prmf`ttm F8 gh vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm pcó `i`vhtm phrc h 58 `urm. U` sc pr`secna` ahi rcsegcm v` pr`o`rctm hfic hitrc. Xu`stm prmf`ttm emns`fu` p`rû un prmocttm n`fhtcvm a`i 0:% a`c ehsc. C vhimrc n`fhtcvc smnm mff`ttm ac phrtcemihr` htt`nzcmn` ah phrt` a`i a`ecsmr`. Ci prmf`ttm F; gh ci vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm pcó khssm dh emns`fu` n`i ehsm p`ffcmr` un prmocttm pmsctcvm. C prmf`ttc F5 ` F1 ghnnm ufuhi` vhimr` htt`sm dh c ehdpc ac vhrchzcmn` a`c prmocttc a`c prmf`ttc acv`rfmnm. Ehiemichdm ih vhrchnzh a`c prmocttc a`c prmf`ttc2 h phrctê ac prmocttm htt`sm, ci a`ecsmr` pr`o`rcse` ci prmf`ttm emn vhrchnzh dcnmr`. Ci prmf`ttm F8 gh unh vhrchnzh a`ecshd`nt` sup`rcmr` h qu`iih a`fic hitrc. Ci prmf`ttm F; gh ci icv`iim pcó khssm cn hssmiutm sch a`iih vhrchnzh, sch a`i vhimr` htt`sm a`i prmocttm. Ci prmf`ttm F5 gh unh vhrchnzh sup`rcmr` hi prmf`ttm F1 h phrctê ac vhimr` st`ssm.

Ih ocfurh vcsuhiczzh ci prmki`dh ac se`ith mv` sc emnsca`rc sch ci vhimr` v himr` htt`sm, pmstm suii` mracnht`, sch ih vhrchnzh a`i prmocttm, pmsth suii` hsecss`. Emii`fhnam frhocehd`nt` frhocehd`nt` c puntc sc mttc`n` ih ormntc`rh H K A eg` ehtturh i` emdkcnhzcmnc `oocec`ntc a`iih emppch d`ach vhrchnzh a`i prmocttm `a ç a`nmdcnhth ormntc`rh r`nacd`ntm rcsegcm a`c prmf`ttc (@ - ) Zrmf`ttm F1 -> K Zrmf`ttm F5 -> E F5 gh vhrchnzh dhffcmr` ac F1 dh st`ssm ehimr` htt`sm

υ

C prmf`ttc F5 ` F1 smnm `qucvhi`ntc smttm ci prmocim `emnmdcem smim s` sc hssud` eg` ci a`ecsmr` nmn emnsca`rc ih vhrchnzh.

7.1.; Hik`rc a`ii` a`ecscmnc prmkhkcicstceg` Ci prmki`dh ac se`ith trh hit`rnhtcv` cn emnaczcmn` ac rcsegcm ç rhppr`s`nthkci` frhocehd`nt` frhocehd`nt` emn i–hik`rm a`ii` a`ecscmnc prmkhkcicstceg`. prmkhkcicstceg`.   Ih a`nmdcnhzcmn` a`iim strud`ntm, hik`rm a`ii` a`ecscmnc, a `ecscmnc, trmvh egchrh spc`fhzcmn` n`iih rhppr`s`nthzcmn`.

 

 

Uc mss`rvh unh emstruzcmn` ha hik`rm emn ci trmnem sctuhtm h scncstrh ` suee`sscv` acrhdhzcmnc. Ih acspmsczcmn` mrczzmnthi` a`ii–hik`rm hf`vmih ih spc`fhzcmn` a`i prme`acd`ntm ac se`ith trh i` hit`rnhtcv` cn emnaczcmnc ac rcsegcm. I` hit`rnhtcv` h mfnc dmam a`ecscmnhi` sc `seiuamnm dutuhid`nt`, emsc eg` i–heemficd`ntm ac un–hit`rnhtcvh emdpmrth hutmdhtcehd`nt` i–`seiuscmn` ac tutt` i` hitr`. Zhrt`nam ahii` acrhdhzcmnc pcó h a`strh sc i`ffmnm p`r p `r sthac suee`sscvc i` hit`rnhtcv` ah emnormnthr`, ocnm h fcunf`r` hiih s`i`zcmn` s`i`zcmn` a`ii–hit`rnhtcvh vcne`nt` cn ecdh hi trmnem. Pnh a`ii` hit`rnhtcv` pmst` h emnormntm hssud` ih a`nmdcnhzcmn` ac mpzcmn` z`rm. Uc trhtth a`ii–hit`rnhtcvh ac nmn cnv`stcd`ntm. C rcsuithtc `emnmdcec a`ii` hitr` hit`rnhtcv` smnm emdputhtc, shivm acv`rsh cnacehzcmn`, cnac ehzcmn`, rcsp`ttm hii–mpzcmn` z`rm.  z`rm.  I–hik`rm a`ii` a`ecscmnc `spmn` hieunc trhttc frhocec2 frhocec2   -  Ci nmam ac pmssckcictê rhppr`s`nt rhppr`s`nthtm htm ah un e`regcm -  Ci nmam ac a`ecscmn` fcê hssunth rhppr`s`nth rhppr`s`nthtm tm ah un r`tthnfmim -  Ih or`eech eg` emii`fh c nmac -  Ih amppch cnt`rruzcmn` cnt`rruzcmn` a`iih or`eech, a`nmdcnhth pmthturh, eg` cnaceh i–hit`rnhtcvh sehrthth h qu`iim sthacm a`ecscmnhi` @s. phf. ;7?

7.0 A`ecscmnc cn emnaczcmnc ac cne`rt`zzh Ocnmrh hkkchdm hssuntm eg` h mfnc se`nhrcm sch hssmechkci` unh prmkhkcictê. Uc trhtth ac un–hssunzcmn` nmn s`dpr` hee`tthkci`. Xuhnam ci prmf`ttm a–cnv`stcd`ntm pmssc`a` r`qucsctc a`i tuttm cnnmvhtcvc, ci t`encem eg` emnaue` i–hnhicsc nmn acspmn` ac ahtc sthtcstcec m ac mss`rvhzcmnc `dpcrceg` p`r a`ocncr` i` prmkhkcictê mff`ttcv` a`fic se`nhrc< cn scdcic ecremsthnz` c erct`rc ac a`ecscmn` cn emnaczcmnc ac rcsegcm acv`nthnm cnhppicehkcic. Xuhnam dhnehnm i` prmkhkcictê mff`ttcv` a`fic se`nhrc, ih a`ecscmn` sc emiimehnm cn un emnt`stm `emnmdcem acv`rsm a`nmdcnhtm emnaczcmn` ac cne`rt`zzh. Ih acsercdcnhnt` trh rcsegcm `a cne`rt`zzh ç aunqu` emstctucth ahiih emnmse`nzh a`iih prmkhkcictê a`fic se`nhrc. U` ç ca`ntcocehkci` ih prmkhkcictê mff`ttcvh sc emnocfurh unh emnaczcmn` ac rcsegcm, hitrcd`ntc unh emnaczcmn` a–cne`rt`zzh. Cn emnaczcmnc a–cne`rt`zzh ih a`ecscmn` a`ecscmn` sui prmf`ttm ah httuhr` s`fu` un hpprmeecm omnahtm sui kcnmdcm mttcdcsdm p`sscdcsdm. C erct`rc ac a`ecscmn` cn emnaczcmnc a–cne`rt`zzh smnm c s`fu`ntc2  s`fu`ntc2  -  Dcncdhx (p`sscdcsdm) -  Dhxcdhx (mttcdcsdm) -  Gurwcez (emdkcnh mttcdcsdm ` p`sscdcsdm cntrmaue`nam ci em`oocec`nt` ac mttcdcsdm m p`sscdcsdm) -  Z`ntcd`ntm Dcncdhx (p`sscdcsdm dh n`c emnormntc ac a`ecscmnc eg` acdmstrcnm `x pmst skhficht`) CI DCNCDHW Emn ci erct`rcm ac dcncdhx sc `strh` ah mfncemimnnh rcfh ci vhimr` dhsscdm ` sc emstrucse` ci v`ttmr` emimnnh emrrcspmna`nt`. Zmc sc `strh` a`i v`ttmr` ci vhimr` dhsscdm CI DHWCDCN

 

Emn ci erct`rcm a`i Dhxcdcn sc `strh` ah mfnc rcfh ci vhimr` dcncdm ` sc emstrucse` ci v`ttmr` emimnnh emrrcspmna`nt`. Zmc sc `strh` ahi v`ttmr` emimnnh ci vhimr` dhsscdm Gurwcez Z`r hppicehr` ci erct`rcm ac Gurwcez sc a`ocncse` cnnhnzctuttm ci em`oocec`nt` ac mttcdcsdm   Emn2  4 em`oocec`nt` ac mttcdcsdm

θ

:≡≡8

Ci em`oocec`nt` hssud` vhimr` ufuhi` h 8 s` ci a`ecsmr` ç mttcdcsth, emd` n`i ehsm a`i dhxcdhx, ` un vhimr` ufuhi` h : s` ç p`sscdcsth, emd` n`i ehsm a`i dhxcdcn. Mp`rhtcvhd`nt`` sc ehiemih ci vhimr` a`i phrhd`trm G ac Gurwctz emdkcnhnam c au` v`ttmrc fcê Mp`rhtcvhd`nt ca`ntcocehtc a`i dhxcdhx ` a`i dhxc dcn trhdct` ci em`oocec`nt` ac mttcdcsdm2   Uc rci`vh eg` emn  4 8 ih se`ith emnv`rf` sui Dhxcdhx ` emn   Emn un acv`rsm em`oocec`nt` ci prmf`ttm dcficmr` shrê qu`iim emn G dhffcmr`.

      ∓ ∓       +8∓        θ θ  : sui Dhxcdcn

Z`r ca`ntcocehr` c ehdpc ac pr`vhi`nzh a`c prmf`ttc cn ounzcmn` a`i thssm ac mttcdcsdm sc prme`a` h ehiemihr` ci em`oocec`nt` ac mttcdcsdm eg` pmrth i` au` hit`rnhtcv` nmn amdcnht` hi K@Z2   ahi vhimr` ac hioh sc ehpcse` quhi` prmf`ttm se`fic`r`.

ϊ  ϊ

CI Z@NQCD@NQM DCNCDHWDcncdhx scduih ih r`hzcmn` a`i a`ecsmr` `x pmst ampm eg` ih a`ecscmn` ç Ci erct`rcm a`i p`ntcd`ntm sthth hssunth. Zmtr`kk` `d`rf`r` eg` un prmf`ttm acv`rsm ah qu`iim se`itm hvr`kk` emns`fuctm un rcsuithtm dcficmr`. Z`r cdpi`d`nthr` ci erct`rcm a`i p`ntcd`ntm dcncdhx meemrr` cnnhnzctuttm trhsomrdhr` ih dhtrce` ac khs` ` emstrucr` ih dhtrce` a`i p`ntcd`ntm. Ampm hv`r cnacvcauhtm ci vhimr` dhsscdm ac mfnc se`nhrcm sc smttrh` ha `ssm mfnc vhimr` mss`rvhtm suiih emimnnh a`iih dhtrce` ac khs`. Ih acoo`r`nzh trh ci vhimr` dhsscdm eg` pmtr`kk` `ss`r` rhffcuntm h qu`iim `oo`ttcvhd`nt `oo`ttcvhd`nt`` emns`fuctm ahi prmf`ttm dcsurh ci p`ntcd`ntm. Mfnc emimnnh a`iih dhtrce` a`i p`ntcd`ntm a`v` emdphrcr` hid`nm unh vmith un vhimr` nuiim, pmstm eg` unm a`c prmf`ttc emns`fu` n`e`sshrch n`e`sshrchd`nt` d`nt` ci ehimr` dhsscdm. Z`r ca`ntcocehr` ci prmf`ttm dcficmr` c `strh` ah mfnc rcfh a`iih dhtrce` a`i p`ntcd`ntm ci vhimr` pcó `i`vhtm sc emstrucse` ci v`ttmr` Dhx. Cnocn` sc `strh` ahi v`ttmr` a`c Dhe ci prmf`ttm eg` dcncdczzh ci p`ntcd`ntm.

7.?

 

7.6 Achfrhddh ac Fhntt Ci achfrhddh ac Fhntt vcsuhiczzh ci ermnm-prmfrhddh ac svmifcd`ntm a`ii` httcvctê a`i ehntc`r`. Pn ehntc`r` puû `ss`r` semdpmstm cn scnfmi` httcvctê eg` unh vmith r`hiczzht` s`qu`nzchid`nt` emns`ntmnm ac pmrthrim h emdpcd`ntm. N`iih i`tt`rhturh dhnhf`rchi` sc utciczzh ih t`enceh VKU p`r `oo`ttuhr` ih semdpmsczcmn` a`i prmf`ttm cn httcvctê h ehsehth cn emdpctc sp`ecocec p`r fruppc m scnfmic haa`ttc. Ec smnm thntc dmac p`r semdpmrr` un prmf`ttm cn scnfmi` httcvctê. Omnahd`nthi` cdpmrthnzh hssud` i–hpprmeecm s`qu`nzchi` eg` im semdpmn` cn httcvctê httcvctê  ermnmimfcehd`nt` suss`fu`ntc h dcsurhkcic cn t`rdcnc ac t`dpm n`e`sshrcm p`r svmif`ri` ` ac rcsmrs` udhn` ah cdp`fnhr`. Z`r emstrucr` ci achfrhddh ac Fhntt meemrr`2 -  Ut`na`r` ih icsth a`ii` httcvctê ah `s`fucr` p`r pmrthr` h emdpcd`ntm ci prmf`ttm -  A`ocncr` i–mracn` ermnmimfcem ac svmifcd`ntm a`ii` httcvctê pr`ecshnam p`r mfnunh c pr`a`e`ssmrc ` c suee`ssmrc -  Ocsshr` p` mfnc httcvctê i` aht` ac cnczcm ` ac emneiuscmn` ` qucnac i` imrm aurht` -  Httrckucr` hii` httcvctê mracnht` s`qu`nzchid`nt` un emace` ca`ntcocehtcvm hiohk`tcem m hiohnud`rcem -  Emiimehr` i` httcvctê n`i ehi`nahrcm s`ttcdhnhi` pr`ecshnam quhic fcmrnc smnm ihvmrhtcvc ` quhic nm -  Uthkcicr` i` emneht`nhzcmnc `scst`ntc trh i` httcvctê s`emnam fic seg`dc cnacehtc -  Uthkcicr` ih ahth a–cnczcm ` ac emneiuscmn` a`i prmf`ttm Pnh vmith emdpi`tht` i` mp`rhzcmnc pr`icdcnhrc, p`r emstrucr` ci achfrhddh ac Fhntt sc prme`a` h2 -  Cns`rcr` suii–hss` mrczzmnthi` ci ehi`nahrcm rco`rctm hc fcmrnc m hii` s`ttcdhn` ac `s`euzcmn` a`i prmf`ttm -  [cpmrthr` suii–hss` v`rtcehi` v`rtcehi` i` httcvctê ah svmif`r` rcsp`tthnam ih s`qu`nzh cdpmsth ahc pr`a`e`ssmrc, mfnc httcvctê ç ca`ntcocehth ah un kimeem mrczzmnthi`. -  Hii–cnt`rnm a`i kimeem sc puû s`fnhihr`, emn unh icn`h n`rh, im sthtm ac hvhnzhd`ntm a`ii–httcvctê (ocnctm -> tutth ih icn`h, cnczchtm -> hi dcncdm). Ci achfrhddh emns`nt` cn prcdm iumfm ac f`stcr` c t`dpc ` i` emneht`nhzcmnc a`ii` httcvctê rcegc`st` ahii–`s`euzcmn` a`i prmf`ttm. Dh ci achfrhddh omrncse` hneg` un cdpmrthnt` huscicm hiih stcdh a`c emstc a`ii` httcvctê. H thi ocn` sc hssmech h mfnc httcvctê emdpr`sh n`i ermnmprmfrhddh un emdputm d`trcem `stcdhtcvm. Uc stcdhnm ac r`fmih s`phrhthd`nt` c emstc hoo`r`ntc hii` dht`rc` prcd` ` qu`iic hoo`r`ntc hi ihvmrm. Umddhnam c emstc a`ii` scnfmi` vmec sc mttc`n` ci emstm ac mfnc httcvctê. H suh vmith vc`n` stcdhtm ci emstm emdpi`sscvm a`i prmf`ttm. Ci achfrhddh ac Fhntt trmvh cdpc`fm hneg` n`iih st`surh a`i pchnm ac sceur`zzh. Ci prcnecphi` puntm ac omrzh a`i achfrhddh ac Fhntt ç emstctutm ahiih s`dpicectê a`iih serctturh.

7.7 D`tmam a`i p`remrsm erctcem

 

 

 

 

 

 

EHZCQMIM 0

 

 

EHZCQMIM 6

 

 

EHZCQMIM 7