ECE 7 Introduction To AM Broadcasting Systems and Standards

 

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl   M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb ZTIOM@I

 \fgs cimrhghb emtirgmc gs oar ghstru`tgahmc licgviry purpasis ao tfi om`ucty  eied ei edir irs s ao Pm Pmem emrr Pt Ptmt mti i Yh Yhgv gvir irsg sgty ty ah ahcy cy.. \f \fgs gs gs gh ghti tihl hlil il sa saci cicy cy oar oar tf tfi i `ahsueptgah ao aoog`gmccy ihraccil stulihts ao tfi `aursi mhl tfgs sfaucl hat di sacl, ripralu`il, sfmril har `apgil dy atfir ghlgvglumcs.  \fi ihtgri `aursi gs lgvglil ghta oaur pm`nits wfg`f wgcc di licgviril ta yaur rispi`tgvi CBY cghns wfiri yau dicahb. \fi pm`nits eust di wgtflrmwh orae tfi CBY cghns ms s`filucil. Wau mri ta uhlirba m sico-lgri`til cimrhghb usghb tfgs ealuci mhl m cghn ta tfi rioirih`is usil. Go dy mhy eimhs yau fmvi mh m``iss ta gh ghti tirhi rhit, t, gt gs ih ih`au `aurm rmbi bil l tf tfmt mt ya yau u vgsgt vgsgt ya yaur ur m` m``a `auh uhts ts gh tf tfi i PP PPY Y Ci Cimr mrhg hghb hb Emhmbieiht Pystie oar mllgtgahmc risaur`is. Motir yau stulgil yau mri ta mhswir tfi quistgahs mhl tfi ghlgvglumc m`tgvgtgis msnil orae yau wfg`f gs oauhl gh tfi mssisseiht si`tgah ao tfi ealuci. Wau `mh tmni tfi mssisseiht mhl sudegt tfi `cmss riqugrieihts ahcghi ar tfraubf fmrl `apgis ta tfi CBY cghns. Di mwmri ao  tfi tf i li liml mlcg cghi hi ao su sud deg egss ssga gahs hs ao tf tfi i sm smgl gl la` a`ue ueih ihtts, ah ahcg cghi hi ar hat at.. Cmt mti i sudegssgahs wgcc mooi`t yaur brmli. Eari tfmh tfi rmtghbs, gt gs aur fapi tfmt yau cimrh oar yaur outuri. Gt‗s anmy  ta msn ficp orae mhyahi dut la hat `aepraegsi tfi `fmh`i ta cimrh tfi cissahs. Dy `ap `apyghb yghb wgtfa wgtfaut ut cim cimrhg rhghb, hb, gt gs yau wfa wgcc di mooi mooi`ti `til. l. M`` M``arl arlghb ghb ta Drg Drgmh mh Firdirt, tfi `mpm`gty ta cimrh gs m bgot, tfi mdgcgty ta cimrh gs m sngcc, mhl tfi wgccghbhiss ta cimrh gs m `fag`i. Rgtf aur `urriht sgtumtgah, yaur ghlucbih`i gh emnghb suri tfmt yau cimrh gs wfmt wi mri fapghb oar.

 

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

YHG\ =; Ghtralu`tgah ta ME Draml`mstghb Pystie mhl Ptmhlmrls  =.:.

Ghtihlil Cimrhghb Aut`aeis Motir rimlghb tfgs emtirgmc, stulihts mri ixpi`til ta; 

 

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Ti`abhgzi, glihtgoy mhl mhmcyzi tfi ME draml`mst `aeeuhg`mtgahs systie `ah`ipts, icieihts mhl mppcg`mtgahs Lgooirihtgmti ME draml`mstghb ti`fhgqui orae OE mhl \_ Ysi tfi ME stmhlmrls gh tfi lisgbh ao ME draml`mstghb hitwarn wfg`f gh`culis `avirmbi emppghb mhl ghtiroirih`i g htiroirih`i Ysi tfi ME stmhlmrls gh tfi lisgbh ao ME stmtgah wfg`f gh`culis tfi lisgbh ao stulga systie, \i`fhg`mc Apirmtgah @ihtir (\A@), \rmhsegssgah Pystie, @avirmbi Emppghb mhl prilg`tgah mhl ghtiroirih`i stuly.

=.=. =.=. Gh Ghtr tral alu` u`tg tgah ah Rfih wi tmcn Rfih tmcn mda mdaut ut Dr Draml aml`ms `mstg tghb hb,, wi em emy y prad pradmdc mdcy y tf tfgh ghn n mda mdaut ut rm rmlg lga a mh mhl l ticivgsgah. Oar rmlga draml`mstghb, wi fmvi ME Tmlga Draml`mstghb, wfg`f gs tfi emgh tapg` ao tfgs emtirgmc mhl ao `aursi tfi OE Tmlga Draml`mstghb. Iviry faei gh aur `urriht `aeeuhgty eust fmvi ih`auhtiril mhl ixpirgih`il ta usi m rmlga wgtf pradmdcy ciss iepfmsgs wfitfir gt gs ME ar OE. Rfmt emttirs gs tfmt wi mri mdci ta usi tfi rmlga oar vmrgaus purpasis su`f ms fimrghb tfi hiws, cgstihghb ta eusg eu sg`, `, ih ihti tirt rtmg mghei heiht ht tfru tfru mls, mls, rm rmlg lga a lrmem lrmem,, mh mhl l it`. it`. Di Dioa oari ri ba bagh ghb b ta tf tfii lgs`ussgah ah ME Draml`mstghb Pystie mhl Ptmhlmrls, cit us ogrst lioghi tfi tire draml`mstghb. M``arlghb ta TM 7474 ar tfi Ici`trahg`s Ihbghiirghb Cmw ao 4:: \fi pravgsgah oar dittir sgbhmc qumcgty, sa tfmt tfi cgstihir emy ihkay m `cimr mhl eari rimcgstg` sauhl ripralu`tgah, mhl \fi prapir utgcgzmtgah utgcgzmtgah ao tfi draml draml`mst `mst spi`true spi`true.. \fi Nmpgsmh Nmpgsmhmh mh hb ebm Dr Dral alnm nmst stiir sm Zgcgp gcgpgh ghms ms mh mhl l tfi Hm Hmtg tgah ahmc mc \i \ici ci`a `aee eeu uhg`m hg`mtg tgah ahss @aeegssgah, `abhgzmht ao tfisi `rgtirgm, fmvi lisgbhmtil praoissgahmcs lgri`tcy ghvacvil wgtf tfi draml`mst ghlustry mhl riprisihtmtgvis ao tfi bavi ba virh rhei eiht ht ta ri rivg vgsi si ixgs ixgstg tghb hb ca ca`m `mcc st stmh mhlm lmrl rls, s, ar oare oareuc ucmt mtii hi hiw w stmhlmrls, wfg`f sfmcc di mppcg`mdci ta tfi `auhtry‗s draml`mst ghlustry.

=.4.= Lioghgtgah ao \ires oar ME Draml`mstghb Pystie Mhtihhm @urriht "Mhtihhm `urriht" gs tfi rmlga-oriquih`y `urriht gh tfi mhtihhm wgtf ha ealucmtgah. Mhtihhm Ghput Zawir

"Mhtihhm ghput pawir" gs tfi pralu`t ao tfi squmri ao tfi mhtihhm `urriht mhl tfi mhtihhm risgstmh`i mt tfi paght wfiri tfi `urriht gs eimsuril. Mhtihhm Tisgstmh`i "Mhtihhm risgstmh`i" eimhs tfi tatmc risgstmh`i ao tfi trmhsegttghb mhtihhm systie mt tfi apirmtghb oriquih`y mhl mt tfi paght mt wfg`f tfi mhtihhm `urriht gs eimsuril. Mttihlil \rmhsegttir Mttihlil trmhsegttir eimhs m trmhsegttir wfiri m qumcgogil ti`fhg`gmh gs gh mttihlmh`i lurghb mcc pirgals ao gts apirmtgah. Mulga- Oriquih`y (mo) Pgbhmc -ta - Ghtiroirih` Ghtiroirih`i i Tmtga Gs tfi rmtga rmtga (ixprissil gh lD) ditwiih tfi vmcuis ao tfi vactmbi  ao tfi wmhtil sg sgbh bhmc mc mhl mhl tfi tfi va vact ctmb mbii ao tfi tfi ghti ghtiro roir irih ih`i `i,, ei eims msur uril il uh uhli lirr   spi`gogil `ahlgtgahs, mt tfi mulga-oriquih`y autput ao tfi ri`igvir.

@. E. L. Fmea-my

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

Mulga-Oriquih`y (MO) Zrati`tgah Tmtga Mulga-Oriquih`y Gs tfi mbriil eghgeue vmcui ao tfi mulga-oriquih`y sgbhmc-ta-ghtiroirih`i rmtga `ahsgliril hi`issmry ta m`fgivi m sudki`tgvicy lioghil ri`iptgah qumcgty. Mutfargty \fi Hmtgahmc \ici`aeeuhg`mtgahs @aeegssgah. Mutfargzil Oriquih`y \fi `mrrgir oriquih`y mutfargzil dy tfi Mutfargty. Mutfargzil Apirmtghb Zawir "Mutfargzil apirmtghb pawir" gs tfi pawir mutfargzil dy tfi Mutfargty. @mrrgir Pfgot \fi vmrgmtgah ao tfi eimh `mrrgir mepcgtuli risuctghb orae tfi pra`iss ao mepc me pcgt gtul ulii ea ealu lucmt cmtgah gah>> `m `mrr rrgi girr sf sfgot got gs ix ixpr pris issi sil l gh tire tiress ao vm vmrgm rgmtg tgah ahss pralu`il mt m bgvih pir`ihtmbi ealucmtgah dy m sghusaglmc tist sgbhmc, tfi vmrgmt vmr gmtga gah h di digh ghb b ix ixpr pris issi sil l ms m pi pir` r`ih ihtm tmbi bi ao tf tfii uh uhea ealu lucmt cmtil il `mr `mrrgi rgirr

mepcgtuli. @mrrgir Oriquih`y \fi ori oriqui quih`y h`y ao tfi `mr `mrrgi rgirr wmv wmvi. i. 4.? Api Apirmt rmtghb ghb Ori Oriqui quih`y h`y \fi `mrr `mrrgir gir oriquih`y mt mhy pmrtg`ucmr tgei. @mrrgir Rmvi M sghusaglmc sghusaglmc vactmbi ar `urriht `urriht bihir bihirmtil mtil gh m trmhs trmhsegtti egttirr mhl sudsiqui sudsiquihtcy htcy ealucmtil dy m ealucmtghb wmvi. Lmytgei \fi tire "lmytgei" rioirs ta tfmt pirgal ao tgei ditwiih 44:: Yhgvirsmc \gei @aarlghmtis (Y\@) ta =::: Yhgvirsmc \gei @aarlghmtis (Y\@) (?;:: ME-?;::

ZE ca`mc stmhlmrl tgei). Iooi`tgvi Ogicl \fi tire "iooi`tgvi ogicl" ar "iooi`tgvi ogicl ghtihsgty" gs tfi raat-eimh squmri (TEP) vmcui ao tfi ghvirsi lgstmh`i ogicl mt =.? ne. orae tfi mhtihhm gh mcc lgri`tgahs gh tfi fargzahtmc pcmhi. Ixpirgeihtmc Zirgal \fi tire "ixpirgeihtmc pirgal" eimhs tfmt tgei ditwiih =4 eglhgbft ta 9;:: ME ca`mc stmhlmrl tgei (=?::-4=:: Yhgvirsmc \gei @aarlghmtis). (Y\@). \fgs pirgal emy di usil oar ixpirgeihtmc purpasis gh tistghb mhl emghtmghghb mppmrmtus dy tfi cg`ihsii ao mhy eilgue oriquih`y draml`mst stmtgah ah gts mssgbhil oriquih`y mhl wgtf gts mutfargzil pawir, pravglil ha ghtiroirih`i

gs `musil ta atfir stmtgahs emghtmghghb m ribucmr apirmtghb s`filuci wgtfgh su`f pirgal.

@. E. L. Fmea-my

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

Ogicl Ptrihbtf \fi raat-eimh-squmri (TEP) vmcui ao tfi vactmbi striss pralu`il gh spm`i dy tfi ici`trg` ogicl ar m rmlga wmvi, mhl gs ix-prissil gh vacts pir eitir ar gh li`gdics (lD) ricmtgvi ta gt. Oriquih`y Tispahsi \fi vmrgmtgah, avir m spi`gogil mulga oriquih`y rmhbi ao tfi trmhsegssgah

ioog`gi ioog`gih`y h`ytaaotfi tfitrmhsegssgah iqugpeih iqugpeihtt uhlir tist> mt tfim vmrgmtg vmrgmtgah ahoriquih`y, gs ixprissi ixprissil l gh ms li`gdi li`gdics cs ricmtgvi ioog`gih`y spi`gog` su`f =,::: Firtz. Bmgh ao mh Mulga Oriquih`y Mepcgogir \fi bmgh ao mh mul mulga-o ga-oriq riquih uih`y `y mepcgog mepcgogir ir ar m `fm `fmgh gh ao mul mulga ga ori oriqui quih`y h`y iqugpe iqu gpeiht iht gh` gh`arp arparm armtgh tghb b ahi ar eari eari su` su`f f mep mepcgog cgogir irs, s, eim eimhs hs tfi rmt rmtga, ga, ix ixpr pris issi sil l gh li li`g `gdi dics cs ao tfi tfi pa pawi wirr li licgv cgvir iril il ta tf tfii ca caml ml mt m spi` spi`gog gog`` oriquih`y (usumccy =,::: Firtz) ta \fi pawir wfg`f waucl di licgviril ta tfi smei caml go tfi mepcgogir ar `fmgh ao iqugpeiht wiri ripcm`il dy mh glimc trmhsoareir emt`fghb tfi haeghmc caml mhl saur`i gepilmh`is. Firtz

\fi tire "Firtz" mddrivgmtil "Fz", gs usil ms m uhgt ao oriquih`y, suppcmhtghb tfi tire "`y`ci pir si`ahl" (`ps). Fgbf-Civic Ealucmtgah "Fgbf-civic ealucmtgahº" gs ealucmtgah pralu`il gh tfi cmst rmlga stmbi ao tfi systie. Ghput Zawir "Ghput pawir" gs tfi pralu`t ao tfi vactmbi mhl `urriht mt tfi autput ao tfi cmst rmlga stmbi, eimsuril wgtfaut ealucmtgah. Cg`ihsii \fi faclir ao m cg`ihsi cg `ihsi oar m draml`mstghb stmtgah gssuil dy tfi Mutfargty. Caw-Civic Ealucmtgah "Caw-civic ealucmtgah" gs ealucmtgah pralu`il gh mh imrcgir stmbi tfmh tfi oghmc. Emxgeue Zir`ihtmbi ao Ealucmtgah "Emxge "Em xgeue ue pir pir`ih `ihtmb tmbii ao eal ealucmt ucmtgah gah"" eim eimhs hs tfi bri brimti mtist st pir`ih pir`ihtmb tmbii ao ealucmtgah tfmt emy di adtmghil dy m trmhsegttir wgtfaut pralu`ghb, gh gts autput, autp ut, fmreahg`s ao tfi ealucmtghb oriquih`y oriquih`y gh ix`is ix`isss ao tfasi pire piregttil gttil dy tfisi ribucmtgahs. Emxgeue Tmtil @mrrgir Zawir "Emx "E mxge geue ue rm rmti til l `m `mrr rrgi girr pawi pawir" r" gs tf tfii em emxg xgeu eue e pa pawi wirr mt wf wfg` g`f f tf tfii

trmhsegttir `mh di apirmtil smtgsom`targcy mhl gs litir-eghil dy tfi lisgbh ao tfi trmhsegttir.

@. E. L. Fmea-my

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

Eilgue Oriquih`y Draml`mst Dmhl \fi dmhl ao oriquih`gis orae 94?.9 ta =2:9 ngcafirtz. Eilgue Oriquih`y Draml`mst @fmhhic \fi dmhl ao oriquih`gis a``upgil dy tfi `mrrgir mhl twa (4) sglidmhls ao mh ME Draml`mst sgbhmc wgtf tfi `mrrgir oriqu oriquih`y ih`y mt tfi `ihtir. @fmhh @fmhhics ics sfmcc di lisgbhmtil dy tfi mssgbhil `mrrgir oriquih`gis stmrtghb orae 90= nFz gh

gh`rieihts ao 7 nFz. (M tatmc ao =0= ME draml`mst `fmhhics) Eilgue Oriquih`y Draml`mst Ptmtgah Mh ME Draml`mst Ptmtgah cg`ihsil oar murmc ar sauhl trmhsegssgahs ghtihlil oar lgri`t ri`iptgah dy tfi bihirmc pudcg` mhl apirmtil ah m `fmhhic gh tfi Eilgue Oriquih`y dmhl. Ealucmtar Ptmbi "Ealucmtar stmbi" eimhs tfi cmst mulga mepcgogir stmbi ao tfi ealucmtghb wmvi wfg`f ealucmtis m rmlga-oriquih`y stmbi. Ealucmtil Ptmbi "Ealucmtil stmbi" eimhs tfi rmlga-oriquih`y stmbi ta wfg`f tfi ealucmtar gs

`aupcil mhl gh wfg`f tfi `ahtghuaus wmvi (`mrrgir wmvi) gs ealucmtil gh m``arlm m``a rlmh`i h`i wgt wgtf f tfi sy systi stie e ao ealucmt ealucmtgah gah mhl tfi `fm `fmrm` rm`tir tirgst gstg`s g`s ao tfi ealucmtghb wmvi. Hgbfttgei \fi tire "hgbfttgei" rioirs ta tfmt pirgal ao tgei ditwiih =::: Yhgvirsmc \gei @aarlghmtis (Y\@) ta 44:: Yhgvirsmc \gei @aarlghmtis (Y\@) (?;:: ZE?;:: ME ca`mc stmhlmrl tgei). Hagsi Civic "Hagsi civic" eimhs tfi raateimh-squmri (TEP) vmcui ao tfi vactmbi ao sp spur urga gaus us ar argb gbgh gh pris prisih ihtt gh tf tfii mu mulg lga a oriq oriqui uih` h`y y au autp tput ut ao tf tfii iqugpeiht uhlir tist, ix-prissil gh li`gdics ricmtgvi ta m spi`gogil 

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raat-eimh-squmri (TEP) vmcui ao sghusaglmc mulga oriquih`y vactmbi. "Yhwigbftil hagsi civic" gh m spi`gogil dmhl eimhs tfi hagsi civic gh tfmt dmhl eimsuril dy mh ghstrueiht, tfi oriquih`y rispahsi wfg`f gs uhgoare avir tfmt dmhl.

Apirmtghb Zawir "Apirmtghb pawir" gs tfi trmhsegttir autput pawir. Zir`ihtmbi Ealucmtgah (Mepcgtuli) Gh m pasgtgvi lgri`tgah; E5(EMV - @)=::/@

Gh m hibmtgvi lgri`tgah; E5(EGH - @)=::/@

Rfiri;  E 5 ealucmtgah civic civic gh pir`iht  EMV 5 ghstmhtmhiaus ghstmhtmhiaus emxgeue civic ao ao tfi ealucmtil rm rmlga lga oriquih`y ihvicapi ihvicapi  EGH 5 ghstmhtmhiaus eghgeue civic ao tfi ealucmtil rmlga oriquih`y ihv ihvicapi icapi

@. E. L. Fmea-my

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

@ 5 `mrrgir civic ao rmlga oriquih`y ihvicapi wgtfaut ealucmtgah ]umcgogil \i`fhg`gmh M pirsah wfa gs m faclir ao m rmlga apirmtar's cg`ihsi ar gts iqugvmciht, ms riqugril dy tfisi ribucmtgahs, gssuil dy tfi Mutfargty. Tmlga-Oriquih`y Tmlga-Oriquih `y (TO) Zrati`tgah Tmtga

\fi vmcui aogogil tfi ta-ghtiroirih`i rmtga uhli uh lir r sp spi` i`gog ilrmlga-oriquih`y `a `ahl hlgt gtga gahs hs,, tfi tfiwmh mu mulg lgaa-or oriq iqui uih` h`y y sgbhmc prat prati` i`tg tgah ah tfmt rm rmtg tga aihmdcis, ta di adtmghil mt tfi autput ao m ri`igvir. Tmlga- Oriquih`y (TO) Rmhtil -ta- Ghtiroirih`i Pgbhmc Tmtga Gs tfi rmtga (ix (ixpri prissi ssil l gh lD lD), ), dit ditwii wiih h tfi vmcuis ao tfi rmlgao rmlgaori riqui quih`y h`y vactmbi ao tfi wmhtil sgbhmc mhl tfi ghtiroirghb sgbhmc, eimsuril mt tfi ghput ao tfi ri`igvir uhlir spi`gogil `ahlgtgahs. Pirvg`i Mrims \fi tire "prgemry sirvg`i mrim" ao m draml draml`mst `mst stmtgah eimhs tfi mrim gh wfg`f tfi brauhlwmvi ogicl ao = e_/e (?: lDu) gs hat sudki`t ta adki`tgahmdci ghtiroirih`i ar adki`tgahmdci omlghb. 

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\fi tire "si`ahlmry sirvg`i mrim" ao m draml`mst stmtgah eimhs tfi mrim sirvil dy tfi smvi mhl hat sudki`t ta adki`tgahmdci ghtiroirih`i. \fi sgbhmc gs sudki`t ta ghtiregttiht vmrgmtgahs gh ghtihsgty. \fi tire "ghtiregttiht sirvg`i mrim" ao m draml`mst stmtgah eimhs tfi mrim ri`igvghb sirvg`i orae tfi brauhlwmvi dut diyahl tfi prgemry sirvg`i mrim mhl sudki`t ta saei ghtiroirih`i mhl omlghb.

Ppurgaus Iegssgah \fi iegssgah ah mhy oriquih`y autsgli ao tfi mssgbhil `fmhhic ar mutfargzil dmhl ao oriquih`gis mhl tacirmh`is mccawil dy tfisi ribucmtgahs. Iegssgahs autsgli ao tfi mssgbhil `fmhhic, ms m risuct ao tfi ealucmtgah pra`iss, gs hat `ahsgliril spurgaus, uhciss gt gs lui ta avir-ealucmtgah. \atmc Fmreahg` Lgstartgah \fi iooi`tgvi vmcui ao tfi fmreahg` vactmbis prisiht gh tfi mulga oriquih`y autput ao tfi iqugpeiht uhlir tist. Gt gs ixprissil ms m pir`ihtmbi ao tfi iooi`tgvi vmcui ao tfi ouhlmeihtmc mulga oriquih`y vactmbi mhl tfi fmreahg` vactmbis prisiht gh tfi autput.

=.4.4 \i`fhg`mc Tiqugrieihts =.4.4.= Bihirmc \i`fhg`mc Tiqugrieihts

Iqugpeiht sfmcc di `ahstru`til m``arlghb ta baal ihbghiirghb prm`tg`i, su`f

@. E. L. Fmea-my

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| I@I 2; Draml`mst mhl M`austg`

Ihbghiirghb

ms ei ei`f `fmh mhg` g`mc mc sau auhl hlh hiss, iss, hi himt mth his isss ao wg wgrrghb ghb mh mhl l m``i m``iss ssgd gdgc gcgt gty y oa oarr emghtihmh`i. Ml-iqumti tistghb mhl eahgtarghb paghts sfmcc di pravglil ta piregt tfi gsacmtgah mhl tistghb ao ghlgvglumc gties ao tfi iqugpeiht. =.4.4.=.m. Mliqum`y ao @aepahihts

\fi qu \fi qumc mcgt gty y ao mc mccc `aep `aepah ahih ihtt pm pmrt rtss sf sfmc mccc di gh m``a m``arl rlmh mh`i `i wg wgtf tf ba baal al ihbg ih bghi hiir irgh ghb b prm` prm`tg tg`i `i.. Rfir Rfirii mp mppr prap aprg rgmt mti, i, tf tfii sp spi` i`go gog` g`mt mtga gahs hs ao tf tfis isii `aepahihts sfmcc `aepcy wgtf stmhlmrls sit dy tfi Mutfargty, ar, gh tfi mdsi md sih` h`ii ao su su`f `f stmh stmhlm lmrl rls, s, tfi tfi `aep `aepah ahih ihts ts sf sfmc mccc `aep `aepcy cy wg wgtf tf @@ @@GT GT stmhlmrls. =.4.4.=.d. @aepcgmh`i wgtf Ici`trg`mc Rgrghb Tucis

Mcc iqu iqugpe gpeiht iht usg usghb hb ici ici`tr `trg`mc g`mc paw pawir ir sfm sfmcc cc `ae `aepcy pcy wgt wgtf f tfi ruc rucis is ao tfi Zfgcgppghi Ici`trahg`s @ali mhl tfi Zfgcgppghi Ici`trg`mc @ali. =.4.4.=.`. Tibucmtgah ao Puppcy _actmbi

Mliqumti vactmbi ribucmtgah sfmcc di pravglil, wfiri hi`issmry, ta ihsuri tfmt iqugpeiht piroaremh`i gs hat mooi`til dy vmrgmtgahs gh suppcy vactmbi. =.4.4.=.l. Zrati`tgah 

 Zrati`tgah ao Zirsahs. Fmvghb Zirsahs.  Fmvghb ribmrl oar tfi fgbf vactmbi iepcayil gh tr trmh mhse segt gttg tghb hb mp mppm pmrm rmtu tus, s, ml mliq iqum umti ti pr pravg avgsg sgah ah sfmcc sfmcc di eml emlii gh tf tfii `ahstru`tgah ao mcc iqugpeiht mhl gh tfi prati`tgvi ih`casuri. Rmrhghb sgbhs mhl smoity swgt`fis sfmcc di pravglil, gh m``arlmh`i wgtf baal ihbghiirghb prm`tg`i, ta ihsuri, ms omr ms prm`tg`mdci, tfi smoity ao mcc pirsahs. Gt sfmcc sfmcc di tfi tfi ri risp spah ahsg sgdg dgcgt cgty y ao tf tfii em emhmb hmbie ieih ihtt ar tf tfii cg`i cg`ihs hsii ii apirmtghb m draml`mstghb stmtgah, ta ihsuri tfmt prati`tgvi livg`is mri ghstmccil mhl mppraprgmti smoity rucis mri adsirvil.

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 Zrati`tgah ao iqugpeiht . Iqugpeiht sfmcc di prati`til, gh m``arlmh`i wgtf baal ihbghiirghb prm`tg`i, mbmghst uhsmoi `ahlgtgahs mhl lmembi tfmt emy atfirwgsi risuct uhlir omucty `ahlgtgahs.

=.4.0 Litmgcil \i`fhg`mc Tiqugrieihts

=.4.0.= @ahsglirmtgah ao tfi Mhtihhm Pystie

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Ihbghiirghb

\fi `fgio purpasi ao tfi eilgue-wmvi rmlga draml`mstghb mhtihhm gs ta rmlgmti ioog`gihtcy tfi ihirby suppcgil dy tfi trmhsegttir, eari sa, tawmrls tfi fargzah ar mcahb tfi brauhl mhl cimst ta-wmrls tfi sny. Gt gs usumccy tfi virtg`mc tawir rmlgmtar tfmt eiits tfisi riqugrieihts su``issouccy avir east atfir ealics di`musi ao gts supirgar brauhlwmvi prapmbmtgah `fmrm`tirgstg`s mhl sgepcg`gty ao mhtihhm lisgbh. \fi mhtihhm, dighb tfi tmni-aoo paght ao rmlga wmvis, gs tfi cmst icieiht ao tfi systie uhlir tfi `ahtrac ao tfi rmlga draml`mstghb stmtgah. Tmlga tfi trmhsegttghb mhtihhmavir mri prapmbmtil tfraubf spm`i wmvis ta tfi rmlgmtil ri`igvghborae mhtihhm. \fi ahcy `ahtrac tfi fisi si prap prapmb mbmt mtiil wm wmvi viss gs gh tfi tfi sici ici`t `tga gah h ao tfi mh mhti tihh hhmm sg sgti ti,, tfi pacmrgzmtgah, mhl tfi strihbtf ao tfi sgbhmc cimvghb tfi trmhsegttghb mhtihhm. Ourtfir `ahsglirmtgah eust di bgvih ta lgri`tgahmc mhtihhm systies wfg`f `ah`ihtrmti tfi meauht ao rmlgmtgah gh tfi lgri`tgah(s) wfiri gt gs wmhtil mhl ristrg`ts tfi rmlgmtgah gh tfi lgri`tgah(s) wfiri gt gs hat wmhtil. Pgh`i datf tfi ghtihsgty mhl lgri`tgah ao mcc ici`traembhitg` trmhsegssgahs mri ribucmtil dy tfi Mutfargty oar mcc `cmssis ao stmtgahs, lui `ahsglirmtgah eust mcsa di bgvih ta; =.4.0.=m Ca`mtgah ao Mhtihhm Pgti

\fi emgh `ahsglirmtgahs gh tfi sici`tgah ao mh mhtihhm sgti mri; m) Ca` Ca`mtga mtgah h gh ri ricmtg cmtgah ah ta tfi pap papucm ucmtga tgah h ta di sirvi sirvil l mhl ta atfir `aeeuhg`mtgah ghstmccmtgahs mhl mgrparts> d) @ahlu`tgvgty ao tfi sagc mt mhl geeilgmticy ml mlkm`iht km`iht ta tfi ssgti> gti> `) @ahl @ahlu`tgvgt u`tgvgty y ao tfi pmtf ditwi ditwiih ih tfi sgti mh mhl l tfi tmrbit mri mrim. m. Dioari tfi mppravmc gs bgvih oar mhy sgti, tfi Mutfargty sfmcc rioir ta ixgstghb ca`mc mhl hmtgahmc ribucmtgahs bavirhghb mhtihhm `ahstru`tgah. Tistrg`tgahs emy di gepasil ah tfi figbft mhl ca`mtgah ao emsts gh `i `irt rtmg mgh h mr mrim imss mh mhl l ad adst stru ru`t `tga gah h pm pmgh ghtg tghb hb mh mhl/ l/ar ar cgbf cgbftg tghb hb em emy y di hi`issmry. Ix`ipt gh tfi mrim haw aoog`gmccy lisgbhmtil ms mh mhtihhm omre, emsts ar tawirs ciss tfmh =9: oiit orae tfi brauhl gh figbft emy di iri`til mhl mri ixieptil orae tfgs pravgsgah. Emsts ar tawirs wgtf figbfts mdavi =9: oiit orae tfi brauhl mri haremccy riqugril ta put up tfi stmhlmrl adstru`tgah cgbftghb mhl pmghtghb.

=.4.0.=d Mhtihhm Lisgbh 

\fi trmhsegttghb mhtihhm systie sfmcc di virtg`mccy pacmrgzil mhl sfmcc rmlgmti mh iooi`tgvi ogicl ao hat ciss tfmh tfmt ao m ?:-librii virtg`mc rmlgmtar.

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Oar i`ahaeg` rimsahs, m sghbci virtg`mc tawir rmlgmtar ms eihtgahil mdavi emy di iepcayil ta sirvi ms m `aeeah mhtihhm (euctgpci oriquih`y mhtihhms) oar twa ar eari stmtgahs. Gh tfi `msi ao m lgri`tgahmc mhtihhm systie, gts `aepasgtgah sfmcc di ao tfi smei virtg`mc tawir rmlgmtars ms eihtgahil mdavi, mrrmhbil ta `ahoare ta m lisgbh `ahogburmtgah tfmt waucl iegt tfi lisgril rmlgmtgah pmttirh.

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\fi mhtihhm, mhtihhm mhtihhm ciml-gh ciml-gh,, mhl `auhtir`auhtir-pagsi pagsi (go usil), sfmcc di ghstmccil sa ms hat ta prisiht m fmzmrl. \fi mhtihhm emy di ca`mtil `casi dy ar mt m lgst lgstmh`i mh`i orae tfi trmhs trmhsegtti egttirr dugclghb. M prap prapircy ircy lisgbhil mhl tireghmtil trmhsegssgah cghi sfaucl di usil ditwiih tfi trmhsegttir mhl tfi mhtihhm. \fi mhtihhm rmlga oriquih`y `urriht eitirs (datf ribucmr mhl rieati ar mhy atfir rmlga oriquih`y ghstrueiht wfg`f gs hi`issmry oar tfi apirmtar ta riml) sfmcc di sa ghstmccil piremhihtcy ms ta di imsgcy mhl m``urmticy riml wgtfaut tfi apirm-tar fmvghb ta rgsn `a `aht htm` m`tt wgt wgtf f `gr `gr`u `ugt gtss `m `mrr rryg yghb hb fgbf fgbf pa pati tiht htgmc gmc rm rmlg lga a oriq oriqui uih`y h`y ihirby. Gt gs hat hi`issmry ta prati`t tfi iqugpeiht gh tfi mhtihhm tuhghb fausi mhl tfi dmsi ao tfi mhtihhm wgtf s`riihs mhl ghtirca`ns, pravglil, tfi laar ta tfi tuhghb fausi mhl mhtihhm dmsi mri oih`il mhl ca`nil mt mcc tgeis, ta ihsuri tfmt ha uhmutfargzil pirsah `mh bmgh m``iss> tfus, pravglghb emxgeue smoity ta cgvis. Yhbrauhlil oih`ghb ar wgris eust di iooi`tgvicy brauhlil, igtfir lgri`tcy ar tfraubf prapir stmtg` cimns. Cgbfthghb prati`tgah oar tfi mhtihhm systie eust di ghstmccil.

=.4.< \rmhsegttghb Iqugpeiht

\fi trmhsegttghb iqugpeiht mhl om`gcgtgis sfmcc di cmgl aut gh m``arlmh`i wgtf baal ihbghiirghb prm`tg`i, tfiridy pravglghb imsi ao emghtihmh`i mhl apirmtgah, mhl smoity ta pirsahhic. m) Ca Ca`mt `mtgah gah mhl Cm Cmya yaut ut \fi dugclghb sfmcc di ao m lisgbh mhl typi ao `ahstru`tgah sugtmdci ta tfi mrim gh wfg`f gt gs ca`mtil mhl gt sfmcc `aepcy wgtf ricivmht dugclghb ribucmtgahs. =) Mliqu Mliqumti mti spm` spm`ii sfmcc di p pravgli ravglil l gh tfi du dugclghb gclghb tta a om`gcgtm om`gcgtmti ti m``i m``iss ss ta mcc iqugpeiht oar apirmtgah mhl emghtihmh`i purpasis. Mliqumti spm`i oar stmoo om`gcgtgis sfmcc mcsa di pravglil.

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Ihbghiirghb

4) Mliqu Mliqumti mti viht vihtgcmtgah gcmtgah mmhl, hl, wfi wfiri ri hi`i hi`issmry ssmry,, mgr `ahl `ahlgtgahg gtgahghb hb sfmcc di pravgl pra vglil il ta ihs ihsuri uri smt smtgso gsom`t m`tary ary war warngh nghb b `ah `ahlgt lgtgahs gahs oar stm stmoo oo mhl iqugpeiht. 0) Ml Mliq iqum umti ti cgbf cgbftg tghb hb sf sfmc mccc di prav pravgl glil il gh mcc mcc iq iqug ugpe peih ihtt ra raae aess ta om`gcgtmti apirmtgah mhl emghtihmh`i ao tfi iqugpeiht. =.4.