EC6009 UNIT-1

EC6009 ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER DESIGN

Review of fundamentals of CPU, Memory and IO - Trends in Technology, Power, Energy and Cost, e!enda"ilityPerformance Evaluation#

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$%&'( years "ac) the *rst general !ur!ose electronic com!uter was created#  Today  T oday less than +%((, mo"ile com!uter that has more !erformance, more main memory and more dis) storage than a com!uter in .% for + million#  This ra!id im!rovement has come "oth from advances in the technology used to "uild com!uters and from innovations in com!uter design# RI/C "ased machine focused on two critical !erformance techni0ues# E1!loitation of Instruction 2evel Pa Parallelism rallelism 3initially through !i!elining and later through multi!le instruction issue4 Use of Caches# 5or many a!!lications, the highest !erformance micro!rocessors of today out!erform the su!ercom!uter of less than ( years ago# ramatic im!rovement in cost-!erformance leads to new classes of com!uters#

INTRODUCTION •

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$%&'( years "ac) the *rst general !ur!ose electronic com!uter was created#  Today  T oday less than +%((, mo"ile com!uter that has more !erformance, more main memory and more dis) storage than a com!uter in .% for + million#  This ra!id im!rovement has come "oth from advances in the technology used to "uild com!uters and from innovations in com!uter design# RI/C "ased machine focused on two critical !erformance techni0ues# E1!loitation of Instruction 2evel Pa Parallelism rallelism 3initially through !i!elining and later through multi!le instruction issue4 Use of Caches# 5or many a!!lications, the highest !erformance micro!rocessors of today out!erform the su!ercom!uter of less than ( years ago# ramatic im!rovement in cost-!erformance leads to new classes of com!uters#

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 The last decade saw the rise of smart cell !hones and ta"let com!uters, which are many !eo!le are using as their !rimary com!uting !latform instead of PC s#  These mo"ile client devices are increasingly using the internet to access warehouses containing tens of thousands of servers# Mainframe com!uters and high !erformance /u!ercom!uters all are collections of micro!rocessors#  Today  T oday the nature na ture of a!!lication also a lso changes# chang es# /!eech, sound, images and videos are "ecoming increasingly im!ortant along with !redicta"le res!onse time that is so critical to the user e1!erience# An inspiring exap!e is G""g!e G"gg!es#

 This a!!lication lets you hold u! your cell !hone to !oint its camera at an o"6ect, o" 6ect, and the image is sent wirelessly over the internet to a 7/C that recogni8e the o"6ect and tells you interesting information a"out it# Read the "ar code on a "oo) cover to tell you if a "oo) is availa"le online and its !rice# /ince 9((:, single-!rocessor !erformance im!rovement has dro!!ed to less than 99; !er year due to the twin hurdles of ma1imum !ower dissi!ation and the lac) of more I2P# In 9((?7 and /?7#

Ari'-e'i. an/ L"gi. Uni'

 The =2U has hardware circuits which !erform !rimitive arithmetic and logical o!erations# The >?7 sections in =2U are # =dder 9# =ccumulator :# @eneral Pur!ose Register ?7 resources and not addressa"le "y !rogram# S-i3'er an/ C"p!een'er A The shifter !rovides left and right shift re0uired for various o!erations# The com!lementer !rovides 9Bs com!lement of "inary num"ers#

REVIE$ OF FUNDAMENTALS OF CPU CONTROL UNITA  The control unit is the most com!le1 unit in a com!uter# Its main functions are # 5etching instructions 9# =naly8ing the OPCOE :# @enerating control signals for !erforming various o!erations# H4$ res"+r.es "3 a ."n'r"! +ni' Pr"gra C"+n'er "r Ins'r+.'i"n A//ress C"+n'er 1IAC2

I=C contains the memory address of the ne1t instruction to "e fetched# 7hen an instruction is fetched, the I=C is incremented so that it !oints to the address of the ne1t instruction# Every instruction contains an o!code# In addition it may contain one or more of the following# # O!erand 9# O!erand address :# Register address PS$ Regis'er  It contains various status "its descri"ing the current condition of the CPU#  These are )nown as Dags# Two such Dags are *# In'err+p' Ena5!e 7hen this "it is , CPU will recogni8e interru!t re0uests# 7hen this "it is (, interru!t re0uests will "e ignored "y the CPU and they remain !ending# The MI is an e1ce!tion to this# &# Oer7"8 7hen this "it is , it indicates there is an overDow condition in =2U in the !revious =rithmetic o!eration#

MEMOR AND IO  The Memory is organi8ed in to locations# Each memory location is )nown as one Memory 7ord# Me"r) T)pes O!/er ."p+'ers +se agne'i. ."re e"r) 8-i!e '-e presen' /a) 8e +se Sei."n/+.'"r Me"r)#

Core memory is non-volatile where semiconductor memory is volatile# semiconductor memory is of two ty!esA /R=M and R=M# /R=M !reserves the contents of all the locations as long as the !ower su!!ly is !resent# R=M memory can retain the content of any location only for a few milliseconds# Ran/" A..ess an/ Se:+en'ia! A..ess Me"ries

In a R=M access time is same for all locations# 3Core and /emiconductor Memories are R=M4 In a se0uential access memory, the read or write access is se0uential# The time ta)en for accessing the *rst location is the shortest and the time ta)en for the last location is the 2ongest# 3Magnetic ta!e4

MEMOR AND IO Memory Organi8ationA  The Memory unit consists of the following sectionsA # Memory =ddress Register 3M=R4 9# Memory ata Register 3MR4 :# Memory Control 2ogic ard dis) drive, magnetic ta!e drive and o!tical dis) drive, etc#

CLASSES OF COMPUTERS PERSONAL MO;ILE DEVICES 1PMD2

Collection of wireless devices with multimedia user interfaces - cell !hone and ta"let com!uters# • Price of a system is +((- +((( and !rice of ! +(-+((# • Energy and si8e re0uirements lead to use of Dash memory for storage instead of magnetic dis)s# • Res!onsiveness and Predicta"ility are )ey characteristics for media a!!lications# • 5or e1am!le !laying a video on a PM, the time to !rocess each video frame is limited, since the !rocessor must access and !rocess the ne1t frame shortly# •  The memory can "e su"stantial !ortion of the system cost and it is im!ortant to o!timi8e the memory# •

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TRENDS IN TECHNOLOG  SEMICONDUCTOR FLASH 1E!e.'ri.a!!) Erasa5!e Pr"graa5!e Rea/@ On!) Me"r)2 • on-Jolatile semiconductor memory & standard storage device in PMBs# • Ca!acity !er 5lash chi! has increased "y a"out %(; to $(; !er year recently, dou"ling roughly every two years # • 5lash memory is % to 9( times chea!er !er "it than R=M# MAGNETIC DIS< TECHNOLOG • Prior to (, density increased "y a"out :(; !er year, dou"ling in : years# Increased ((; !er year in $# /ince 9((