Ebook Trading Vaguesd Eliott

 

 

Pãsukã Hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs slbt ubf strdtãicf trïs plpuhdcrf, kdcs quf pfu sdvfbt utchcsfr alrrfatfkfbt. Fhhf tcfbt fb fggft alkptf mf mcggãrfbts ãhãkfbts trïs ckplrtdbts ê alkprfbmrf  plur h–utchcsfr mf hd kdbcïrf hd phus fggcadaf. Fb fggcadaf.  Fb af sfbs, fhhf prfbm blb sfuhfkfbt fb alkptf  phuscfurs prcbacpfs glbmdkfbtdux mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, kdcs dussc hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs. Afs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs, dppfhãfs phus alkkubãkfbt hfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt, slbt cbspcrãfs mf pchcfrs mdbs hf klbmf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, tfhs quf Aodrhfs M LY ft sfs prcbacpfs glbmdkfbtdux, lu fbalrf Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC ft sfs rdtcls m–lr. m–lr.   Qtrdtãicf trïs utchcsãf pdr afrtdcbs, fhhf h–fst `fdualup klcbs pdr m–dutrfs. Ch pdrdât mlba numcacfux m–fb ãtumcfr hfs rfbmfkfbts qu–fhhf iãbïrf pdr hfs dbdhystfs quc utchcsfbt afttf kãtolmf.  Alkkfbt utchcsfr afttf kãtolmf mf kdbcïrf lptckdhf ft qufhs rfbmfkfbts iãbïrf-t-fhhf < A–fst af quf sf  prlplsf m–dbdhysfr m–dbdh ysfr aft aft F`lle.

D`strdat Mfalkplscbi wdvfs drf d vfry plpuhdr strdtfiy, `ut kdby pflphf mlb't rfdhhy eblw olw tl usf tofk prlpfrhy. ]ocs strdtfiy tdefs cbtl daalubt bukfrlus ckplrtdbt fhfkfbts todt odvf tl  `f ubmfrstllm sl ds tl usf ct ds fggcacfbthy ds plssc`hf. ]ofrf`y, ct albscsts lg kdby gubmdkfbtdh tfbfts lg tfaobcadh dbdhyscs ds wfhh ds cbvfstlrs' psyaolhliy. ]ofsf mfalkplscbi wdvfs, dhsl alkklbhy adhhfm Fhhcltt Ydvfs, drf cbspcrfm `y cbghufbtcdh pclbffrs lg tfaobcadh dbdhyscs, suao ds Aodrhfs MLY wcto cts gubmdkfbtdhs prcbacphfs, lr fvfb Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC wcto cts ilhmfb rdtcl. Lgtfb usfm `y slkf, ct cs blt tof adsf glr ltofrs. Ct kciot  `f numcaclus numc aclus tl stumy ifbfrdtfm i fbfrdtfm ycfhms `y ` y slkf wol usf tocs kftolm. kf tolm. Olw tl usf ct lptckdhhy dbm wodt drf tof ifbfrdtfm ycfhms< ]ocs cs wodt tocs Kdstfr–s ]ofscs Pfsfdrao cs prlplscbi tl dbdhyzf.

 

 

Qlkkdcrf

.................................................................................................................................................... 4 Pãsukã .................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... ............. 4 D`strdat ................................................................  ............................................................................................................................................. ................ 1 Cbtrlmuatclb .............................................................................................................................

4. 

 ............................................................................................. ................ 6 H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf > drt lu sacfbaf pfut-lb vrdckfbt prãvlcr hfs alurs hf prfkcfr rfhïvf mf af quf afrtdcbs dppfhhfbt « h–drt mcvcbdtlcrf µ dvfa hd toãlrcf mf Aodrhfs MLY, hf sfalbm fst `dsã sur ub glbmfkfbt phus sacfbtcgcquf dvfa hfs rdtcls mf Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC ft sfs blk`rfs prfkcfrs. Hfs trdvdux mf rfaofraof mf aft F`lle sfrlbt cssus m–luvrdifs lu pdpcfrs mf rfaofraof m–dutfurs quc glbt rãgãrfbaf mdbs hf klbmf mf hd Gcbdbaf, kdcs dussc mf hd psyaolhlicf (Nlob N. KVPZOS, ]ocfrry @FAOV, Pl`frt ZPFAO]FP, Mdbcfh EDOBFKDB, Dkls ]WFPQES, Iustdvf HF@LB, fta.), dcbsc quf mfs rfaofraofs sur mfs sctfs Cbtfrbft nuiãs gcd`hfs (albgrlbtdtclb dvfa mcggãrfbts sctfs...). Afttf strdtãicf glbatclbbf-t-fhhf vrdckfbt < Zlurqulc s–fst-fhhf s–fst-fhhf glrtfkfbt plpuhdrcsãf < Zlurqulc afrtdcbs dbdhystfs fb glbt hfur spãacdhctã < Zhus albarïtfkfbt, hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb 1

 

 

vdiufs iãbïrfbt-fhhfs iãbïrfbt-fh hfs mfs rfbmfkfbts rãaurrfbts rãau rrfbts plur afux quc hfs utchcsfbt < Fb fggft, hd qufstclb mfs rfbmfkfbts b–d ndkdcs ãtã d`lrmãf. A–fst vãrctd`hfkfbt plur dvlcr hd rãplbsf ê afs qufstclbs quf af trdvdch mf rfaofraof d ãtã fbtrfprcs. fbtrfprcs . H–l`nfatcg mf aft F`lle fst mf glurbcr du hfatfur ubf vuf toãlrcquf, quc huc pfrkfttrd mf albbdâtrf hfs glbmfkfbts mf afttf kãtolmf ft mf mãvfhlppfr sd auhturf gcbdbacïrf, kdcs dussc ubf vuf prdtcquf pdr h–ãtd`hcssfkfbt mf rïihfs m–utchcsdtclb ft m–cbtfrprãtdtclb quc huc pfrkfttrd ubf kcsf fb őuvrf mcrfatf mf afttf strdtãicf. A–fst plurqulc plurqulc mfs rdppfhs glbmdkfbtdux sfrlbt fggfatuãs du mã`ut mf aft F`lle sur h–dbdhysf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, dcbsc quf hfs prcbacpfs y dggãrfbts. Ch sfk`hf fb fggft numcacfux m–fggfatufr afs rdppfhs, bltdkkfbt pdraf quf blk`rfusfs slbt hfs pfrslbbfs quc utchcsfbt h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf t faobcquf sdbs rãfhhfkfbt albbdâtrf slb lrcicbf ft sfs prcbacpfs mf `dsf, dhlrs qu–chs bf pfuvfbt qu–îtrf utchfs ê hd `lbbf alkprãofbsclb mu glbatclbbfkfbt mfs kdraoãs rfghãtã sur hfs irdpocqufs ft ê hd kcsf fb phdaf mf strdtãicfs. Hd gcbdbaf alkplrtfkfbtdhf fst ubf bltclb glbmdkfbtdhf fb dbdhysf tfaobcquf tfaobcquf pucsqu–fhhf rfghïtf hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs mdbs hfs alurs. ]lut cbvfstcssfur dvfrtc sdct `cfb quf afrtdcbs poãblkïbfs cbfxphcquãs bf pfuvfbt quf prlvfbcr mf  `cdcs psyaolhlicqufs lu alibctcgs > `uhhfs spãauhdtcvfs, alkplrtfkfbts klutlbbcfrs, fupolrcf, fta. Hf mãvfhlppfkfbt mf afs pdrtcfs pfrkfttrd mf gdcrf hf hcfb dvfa hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs, dppfhãfs phus alurdkkfbt > vdiufs m–Fhhcltt. Albbdâtrf h–lrcicbf h–lrci cbf mf afttf kãtolmf dcbsc quf hfs prãaursfurs quc lbt pfrkcs mf albstctufr hfs glbmfkfbts mf mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs fst ub prãrfqucs. Blus fxplsfrlbs fbgcb hfs pfrglrkdbafs iãbãrãfs  pdr mfs dbdhystfs albgcrkãs albgcrk ãs ft hfs dbdhysfrlbs.

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4. H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf > drt lu sacfbaf < 4.4.  Tu–fst-af quf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf < 4.4.4.  Mãgcbctclb

Dvdbt m–dhhfr mdbs hfs mãtdchs, m–ãtd`hcr tfhhf lu tfhhf strdtãicf, ch fst bãafssdcrf mf rfvfbcr sur hfs tfbdbts ft hfs d`lutcssdbts mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, tfaobcquf, mf slb lrcicbf, mfs arctcqufs ãkcsfs ê slb ãidrm ft mf sd phdaf mdbs hf klbmf gcbdbacfr datufh. Fb fggft, plur ubf dpphcadtclb prãacsf ft fggcacfbtf mf h–dbdhysf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, ch fst ckplrtdbt mf alkprfbmrf sd pochlslpocf.

H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf tfaobcquf d alkkfbaã ê îtrf utchcsãf du _WCCf scïahf pdr hfs ndplbdcs plur prãvlcr h–ãvlhutclb mfs alurs mu rcz.  rcz.  Kubfocsd OLKKD, albscmãrã alkkf ãtdbt hf « mcfu mfs kdraoãs µ, s–fst rfbmu alkptf quf hd psyaolhlicf ft hfs ãkltclbs dvdcfbt ub afrtdcb ckpdat sur hfs kdraoãs. Hfs prcx mfs rãalhtfs pluvdcfbt dvlcr mfs vdhfurs `cfb mcggãrfbtfs fb glbatclb mf hd pfrafptclb mf afs rãalhtfs pdr hfs cbtfrvfbdbts. Aft olkkf durdct ãtã h–dutfur mfs rfprãsfbtdtclbs irdpocqufs fb aodbmfhcfrs ndplbdcs, tfaobcquf quc sfrd plpuhdrcsãf pdr Qtfvf  BCQLB suctf ê ub vlydif prlgfssclbbfh du Ndplb ê hd gcb mfs dbbãfs 433:, mdbs slb hcvrf cbtctuhã  Ndpdbfsf Adbmhfstcaes Aodrtcbi Aodrtcbi ]faobcqufs. D hd gcb mu _C_f scïahf, mf irdbmfs toãlrcfs glbt hfur dppdrctclb, bltdkkfbt hd toãlrcf mf Aodrhfs MLY, albscmãrã alkkf ãtdbt hf « pïrf µ mf h–dbdhysf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf. Ch d vãrctd`hfkfbt  plsã hfs `dsfs ` dsfs mf afttf mcsacphcbf, bltdkkfbt bl tdkkfbt du trdvfrs mf sfs blk`rfux drtcahfs drtc ahfs pu`hcãs mdbs hf Ydhh Qtrfft Nlurbdh. Pl`frt POFD rãvïhfrd du irdbm pu`hca ubf glrkdhcsdtclb ahdcrf mf hd toãlrcf mf MLY fb 4310.

H– H–dbdhysf dbdhysf tfaobcquf tfaobcquf d plur l`nfatcg mf prãvlcr ft m–dbtcacpfr h–ãvlhutclb m–ub kdraoã  kdraoã   sur hd  `dsf mf h–dbdhysf m–ub m –ub irdpocquf. irdpoc quf. Ch pfrkft phus prãacsãkfbt m–dbtcacpfr m– dbtcacpfr hfs hf s tfbmdbafs guturfs  guturfs   6

 

 

mfs alurs `lurscfrs. H–dbdhystf H–dbdhystf   mcsplsf plur afhd fssfbtcfhhfkfbt mfs prcx ft mfs vlhukfs, kdcs dussc mfs phus oduts ft hfs phus `ds mfs sãdbafs dvfa hfs alurs m–luvfrturf ft mf ahýturf fb glbatclb mu typf mf irdpocquf utchcsã (hcibf albtcbuf, `dr aodrt  lu  lu aodbmfhcfr ndplbdcs).

M–d`lrm, h–dbdhysf mf h–ãvlhutclb mu  mu  kdraoã pfut plrtfr sur tlutf ahdssf m–datcgs > m–datcgs  > datclbs, cbmcafs, kdtcïrfs prfkcïrfs, mfvcsfs, tdux, kdcs ãidhfkfbt dux albtrdts ê tfrkf, lptclbs, fta. Fbsuctf, h–dbdhysf h–dbdhysf mu kdraoã sur hd `dsf m–ub irdpocquf alkplrtf mfux dspfats  dspfats  > h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf aodrtcstf ft h–dbdhysf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf  tfaobcquf stdtcstcquf. Qc hf prfkcfr albafrbf hd rfprãsfbtdtclb mf mcggãrfbtfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs (gciurfs fb ãpduhfs-tîtf-ãpduhf, trcdbihfs, mrdpfdu,  `csfdu, mlu`hf-tlp, fta.), fta.), hf sfalbm s–dttdaof mdvdbtdif ê utchcsfr hfs cbmcadtfurs tfaobcqufs quc  `ãbãgcacfbt m–ub afrtdcb dspfat sacfbtcgcquf, ft af, bltdkkfbt iràaf ê h–dvïbfkfbt mfs bluvfhhfs tfaoblhlicfs (systïkfs mf trdmcbi, kãtolmfs mf gchtrdif, lsachhdtfurs, fta.). Fbgcb,  prãvlcr hfs alurs albstctuf albstctuf hd vladtclb kîkf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf.  tfaobcquf.  A–fst ubf kãtolmf quc s–dttdaof mdvdbtdif ê af quc vd sf pdssfr qu–ê qu– ê af quc s–fst  prlmuct mdbs hf pdssã, kîkf sc h–ocstlrcquf albsfrvf tlutf slb ckplrtdbaf. Fb fggft, a–fst ê pdrtcr mf af quc s–fst prlmuct quf  quf   h–dbdhystf h–dbdhys tf tfaobcquf pfut fb prãmcrf hf gutur.

Hfs adpdactãs prãmcatcvfs lggfrtfs pdr h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf pfuvfbt dvlcr ub ckpdat `fdualup  phus ckplrtdbt quf h–lb bf pfut ckdicbfr.  ckdicbfr.   Ch fst pdr fxfkphf plssc`hf m–fggfatufr mfs  prãvcsclbs sur h–ãalblkcf. Zdr fxfkphf, prãvlcr h–ãvlhutclb mu prcx mfs kdtcïrfs prfkcïrfs  pfrkft mf s–dttfbmrf ê ubf cbghdtclb phus lu klcbs glrtf.  glrtf.  Vbf dbtcacpdtclb mf `dcssf mf prcx mfs kdtcïrfs prfkcïrfs dbblbaf ub rdhfbtcssfkfbt mf h–ãalblkcf, dcbsc qu–ubf mckcbutclb mf h–cbghdtclb. h–cbghdtcl b. Hf sucvc mfs mfvcsfs lu dutrfs datcgs sur hfs kdraoãs ê tfrkf ( guturfs) mlbbf pdrglcs mfs cbmcadtclbs ãtlbbdbtfs, mf pdr sd sckchdrctã dvfa hfs kdraoãs du alkptdbt. Ch pfut mlba îtrf 7

 

 

trïs utchf mf sucvrf mf prïs afs kdraoãs ê tfrkf quc mlbbfbt dssfz sluvfbt mfs cbmcadtclbs dssfz prãacsfs mf af quc vd sf pdssfr mdbs hd rãdhctã.

Hd irdbmf glraf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf fst qu–fhhf pfrkft m–ãtumcfr tlutf ahdssf m–datcgs. D h–cbvfrsf mf h–dbdhystf glbmdkfbtdhf quc mlct sf spãacdhcsfr sur ub sfatfur fb pdrtcauhcfr pdrt cauhcfr dvfa ub afrtdcb blk`rf mf tctrfs (plur `cfb albbdctrf hfs glbmdkfbtdux mfs slacãtãs qu–ch dbdhysf, dbdhysf , ch mlct gdcrf hd pdrt mfs aolsfs), aolsfs ), h–dbdhystf tfaobcquf pfut fggfatufr mfs dbdhysfs sur hfs datclbs, hfs tdux, hfs kdtcïrfs prfkcïrfs, hfs mfvcsfs, m ïs ïs hlrs qu–ch d ê sd mcsplsctclb h–ocstlrcquf mfs alurs (dvfa hfs vlhukfs, fta.).

Ch bf sfrdct pds cbnustf mf mcrf quf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf rfhïvf mf h–drt, ãtdbt mlbbã hd pdrt ckplrtdbtf mf su`nfatcvctã quc `cdcsf h–cbtfrprãtdtclb m–ub kîkf irdpocquf  irdpocquf   m–ub dbdhystf ê ub dutrf. Fb fggft, tlus hfs dbdhystfs dicssfbt ft pfbsfbt mf kdbcïrf mcggãrfbtf. Ft kîkf sc, hd  phupdrt mfs dbdhystfs sf rfnlcibfbt sur tfhhf lu tfhhf prãvcsclb, prãvcsclb , chs b–cbtfrvcfbmrlbt pds sur hf kdraoã mf hd kîkf kdbcïrf ft du kîkf klkfbt. Zdr fxfkphf, afrtdcbs cbtfrvfbdbts daoïtfrlbt ê hd adssurf m–ubf rãscstdbaf dhlrs quf m–dutrfs dttfbmrlbt ub  puhh-`dae   dvdbt m–fbtrfr sur hf kdraoã. Hf kdraoã. Hf prlgch mfs cbtfrvfbdbts fst mcggãrfbt > afrtdcbs cbtfrvcfbbfbt ê alurt tfrkf, m–dutrfs ê phus hlbi tfrkf, afrtdcbs slbt lpplrtubcstfs, m–dutrfs phus dirfsscgs.   Kdcs  pdr-mfssus  pdrmfssus tlut, ch fst ckplrtdbt mf idrmfr ê h–fsprct quf h–ãvlhutclb mfs alurs fst rãicf pdr hd hlc mf h–lggrf ft mf hd mfkdbmf. Ch fst qudsckfbt ckplssc`hf pdr h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf mf  prlvlqufr mfs kluvfkfbts mf kdssf (kdbcpuhdtclb mf alurs). Zlur adusf, sc hfs dbdhystfs tfaobcqufs dvdcfbt hd plssc`chctã mf hf gdcrf, chs durdcfbt mãnê ãtã trïs rcaofs. Zlur hf klkfbt, ch dppdrdât phus nustf mf mcrf quf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf rfhïvf mf h–drt phutýt quf mf hd sacfbaf.

9

 

 

Afpfbmdbt, afrtdcbfs arctcqufs slbt ãkcsfs ê h–ãidrm mf afttf kãtolmf m–dbdhysf, pdrkc hfsqufhhfs hd prlpoãtcf dutl-rãdhcsdtrcaf ft hd toãlrcf mf hd kdraof dhãdtlcrf dppfhãf ]of   Pdbmlk Ydhe ]oflry ]oflry.

Hd toãlrcf mf hd kdraof dhãdtlcrf rfplsf sur h–Oypltoïsf m–Fggcacfbaf mfs Kdraoãs  Kdraoãs  (Fuifbf GDKD) sfhlb hfqufh hf kdraoã prfbm tlut fb alkptf. Mïs hlrs, hfs kluvfkfbts mfs alurs slbt tltdhfkfbt frrdtcqufs ft ch fst ckplssc`hf mf prãvlcr af quc vd sf pdssfr. Hd kfchhfurf slhutclb albscstfrdct ê daoftfr ft albsfrvfr ( @uy  @uy dbm olhm ) adr ch fst ckplssc`hf mf `dttrf hf kdraoã. Afttf pdrt dhãdtlcrf mfs ghuatudtclbs mfs alurs b–fst pds bãihciãf pdr h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, kdcs sluhcibf qu–ch b–fst pds rãdhcstf quf hfs alurs sucvfbt ub prlafssus tltdhfkfbt dhãdtlcrf. Fb fggft, alkkfbt pfut-lb fxphcqufr hfs `lbbfs pfrglrkdbafs rãdhcsãfs pdr hfs cbtfrvfbdbts utchcsdbt mfs strdtãicfs trfbm-glhhlwcbi < Alkkfbt pfut-lb pfut-lb cmfbtcgcfr m–ub alup m–őch, sc ub kdraoã fst odusscfr lu `dcsscfr. Ch `dcsscfr.  Ch sfrdct mcggcachf plur hfs pdrtcsdbs mf hd kdraof dhãdtlcrf mf mãklbtrfr quf hf irdpocquf ac-mfsslus (vlcr Irdpocquf 4) 4 ) b–d pds mf rãfhhfs rãfhh fs tfbmdbafs cmfbtcgcãfs.

Irdpocquf 4 > Irdpocquf of`mlkdmdcrf mf h–cbmcaf Mlw Nlbfs.  ?

 

 

Qc hfs kdraoãs ãtdcfbt rãfhhfkfbt tltdhfkfbt dhãdtlcrfs, ch bf sfrdct pds plssc`hf m–ãtd`hcr mfs strdtãicfs mf prãvcsclb. Hfs ghuatudtclbs pfuvfbt pdrdâtrf tltdhfkfbt dhãdtlcrfs plur mfs  pfrslbbfs blb dvfrtcfs. Af odsdrm sfk`hfrd prfbmrf mf klcbs fb klcbs mf phdaf du gur ft ê kfsurf quf afttf afttf pfrslbbf daqufrrd mfs albbdcssdbafs m–dbdhysf tfaobcquf ft irdpocquf.  irdpocquf.  

Hf hfatfur mf aft F`lle fst pdr albsãqufbt sur hd `lbbf vlcf plur dkãhclrfr sd alkprãofbsclb dcbsc quf sd hfaturf irdpocquf ft phus pdrtcauhcïrfkfbt mdbs hf mlkdcbf mfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs.

H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf fst ubf mcsacphcbf quc rfplsf sur phuscfurs prcbacpfs sdbs ãqucvlqufs ft qu–ch albvcfbt mf rfspfatfr, lu mu klcbs, mf  prfbmrf fb alkptf hlrsquf h–lb sluodctf mãvfhlppfr sfs strdtãicfs.

4.4.0.  Irdbms prcbacpfs

Fb `lursf, hf tckcbi fst prcklrmcdh. A–fst plurqulc h–dbdhysf glbmdkfbtdhf pfrkft mf sdvlcr « Qc µ ch gdut daoftfr ub tctrf, dhlrs quf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf pfrkft mf sdvlcr «  qudbm µ ch gdut daoftfr af tctrf. Fb fggft, hfs dbdhystfs glbmdkfbtdux sf `dsfbt sur hfs rãsuhtdts gcbdbacfrs (ãtdts gcbdbacfrs, rdpplrts gcbdbacfrs, fstckdtclbs, fta.) mfs fbtrfprcsfs mu sfatfur qu–chs aluvrfbt. Chs prfbbfbt fb alkptf hd bltclb mf vdhfur toãlrcquf ft s–dttdaofbt ê fstckfr fstckfr hfs rãsuhtdts guturs m–ubf slacãtã (tdux m–datudhcsdtclb…), plur hfs alkpdrfr du alurs mu tctrf fggfatcvfkfbt altã sur hf kdraoã. Chs glbmfbt dcbsc hfurs rfalkkdbmdtclbs ê h–daodt lu ê hd vfbtf fb glbatclb mfs rãsuhtdts l`tfbus. H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, fhhf, fhhf, rfplsf trlcs irdbms prcbacpfs mlbt ch fst mcggcachf mf sf mãgdcrf hlrsqu–ubf hlrsqu– ubf pfrslbbf sluodctf sf glrkfr ê afttf mcsacphcbf > Hfs kdraoãs slbt fggcacfbts, hfs alurs ãvlhufbt fb tfbmdbaf ft h–ocstlcrf sf rãpïtf.  rãpïtf.  

3

 

 

Hfs kdraoãs slbt fggcacfbts Dvdbt tlut, hfs kdraoãs slbt albscmãrãs alkkf ãtdbt fggcacfbts. Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, hfs kdraoãs fsalkptfbt tlutf h–cbglrkdtclb mcsplbc`hf. Ch s–dict cac m–ub plcbt glbmdkfbtdh. Zdrtdbt mf af prcbacpf, ch b–fst phus utchf mf sf rãgãrfr ê hd kdarlãalblkcf pucsquf tlut fst cbahus mdbs hfs alurs. Hd sfuhf ãtumf mu prcx mu tctrf fst bãafssdcrf. Af prcbacpf gdct ãidhfkfbt h–ub mf sfs mãgduts mãgduts pucsqu–ub pucsqu–ub kluvfkfbt `rusquf sur hfs alurs bf blus mct rcfb sur af quc s–fst rãfhhfkfbt  pdssã (pfut-îtrf y d-t-ch fu ub  prlgct wdrbcbi < ub aodbifkfbt mf plhctcquf klbãtdcrf < ubf adtdstrlpof bdturfhhf < ubf rïihfkfbtdtclb albtrdcibdbtf sc hfs prcx duikfbtfbt, afhd scibcgcf quf h–lggrf fst cbgãrcfurf ê hd mfkdbmf   ft hfs cbtfrvfbdbts slbt `uhhcso. D h–cbvfrsf, sc hfs prcx mckcbufbt, h–lg grf grf fst supãrcfurf ê hd mfkdbmf ft hfs cbtfrvfbdbts slbt `fdrcso. Kdcs hfs dbdhystfs b–ãtumcfbt afs glbmdkfbtdux qu–cbmcrfatfkfbt. Hfs irdpocqufs `lurscfrs bf slbt fb rcfb ê h–lrcicbf mfs kluvfkfbts mfs prcx, kdcs slbt sckphfkfbt hf rfghft mf hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs. H–dbdhystf b–d pds `fslcb mf sdvlcr  plurqulc tfh tctrf fst fb odussf lu fb `dcssf bc plurqulc ch ãvlhuf mf tfhhf tf hhf lu tfhhf kdbcïrf, adr afhd bf huc fst pds bãafssdcrf mdbs hf prlafssus mf prãvcsclb mfs alurs.

Hfs alurs ãvlhufbt fb tfbmdbaf Hf mfuxcïkf prcbacpf blb bãihcifd`hf blus cbmcquf quf hfs alurs ãvlhufbt cbãhuatd`hfkfbt mdbs mfs tfbmdbafs. Hd mcggcauhtã rãscmf mdbs hf gdct mf mãtfrkcbfr h–olrczlb tfkplrfh mdbs hfqufh h–cbvfstcssfur cbtfrvcfbt sur hfs kdraoãs.  kdraoãs.  Qur ub olrczlb dbbufh, hfs alurs pfuvfbt ãvlhufr fb tfbmdbaf odusscïrf, kdcs sfrlbt plbatuãs mf phuscfurs tfbmdbafs `dcsscïrfs sur ub olrczlb phus alurt tfrkf. Afhd fst kîkf qudsc-systãkdtcquf ãtdbt mlbbã h–fxcstfbaf mf podsfs

4:

 

 

mf albslhcmdtclbs > hfs alurs bf pfuvfbt pds ãvlhufr cbgcbckfbt ê hd odussf lu ê hd `dcssf. Hf kluvfkfbt su`ct l`hcidtlcrfkfbt mfs alrrfatclbs. Alkkf hf mct hf aãhï`rf prlvfr`f > « hfs dr`rfs bf klbtfbt ndkdcs nusqu–du acfh  acfh µ. Cmfbtcgcfr hd tfbmdbaf tfbmdba f fst mlba prcklrmcdh prc klrmcdh ft cbtfrvfbcr sur hfs kdraoãs albtrf hd tfbmdbaf fst ub rcsquf ê bf pds bãihcifr. Iflrif HDBF mcsdct m–dchhfurs « Hd tfbmdbaf fst vltrf kfchhfurf dkcf µ. M–dchhfurs, hd phupdrt mf tfaobcqufs utchcsãfs  pdr hfs cbtfrvfbdbts utchcsfbt h–dpprlaof trfbm-glhhlwcbi  quc scibcgcf hcttãrdhfkfbt « sucvrf hfs tfbmdbafs fxcstdbtfs µ. Zdr mãgcbctclb, ubf tfbmdbaf d vladtclb ê plursucvrf slb ãvlhutclb sur afttf tfbmdbaf nusqu–ê prfuvf mu albtrdcrf, a–fst-êa–fst -ê-mcrf mcrf nusqu–ê af qu–ch y dct mfs scibdux mf rftlurbfkfbts. Lb pfut gdcrf rãgãrfbaf pdr fxfkphf ê hd prfkcïrf hlc mf Bfwtlb mdbs hdqufhhf ch ãblbaf quf hf kluvfkfbt m–ub alrps rfstf cbaodbiã, ê klcbs qu–ubf glraf bf huc albtrdcibf ê aodbifr m–ãtdt.  m–ãtdt.   Qucvrf hd tfbmdbaf nusqu–ê af quf h–lb cmfbtcgcf mfs scibfs mf rftlurbfkfbts albstctuf hd `dsf mf af prcbacpf (vlcr irdpocquf 0).

Irdpocquf 0 > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu Q&Z 6::. Hd tfbmdbaf odusscïrf fst `cfb cmfbtcgcãf mfpucs gcb 0:40. 

44

 

 

H–ocstlcrf sf rãpïtf  rãpïtf  Hf mfrbcfr prcbacpf, quc b–fst pds mfs klcbmrfs, slus -tfbm quf h–ocstlcrf sf rãpïtf. Hfs rãpïtf. Hfs alurs rfghïtfbt hfs sfbtckfbts ft hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs. Hfs irdpocqufs slbt hf rfghft mf af quf pfbsfbt hfs cbvfstcssfurs, mf hfur cbtfrprãtdtclb mu kdraoã, mf hfur ardcbtf, mf hfur fbtoluscdskf. Afttf psyaolhlicf oukdcbf d ãtã ãtumcãf murdbt mf trïs blk`rfusfs dbbãfs ft ch fb rfsslrt quf afhhf-ac fst rfhdtcvfkfbt std`hf mdbs hf tfkps. Hf plstuhdt sfhlb hfqufh h–ãtumf mfs ãvïbfkfbts mu pdssã pfrkft m–dbtcacpfr h–dvfbcr s–fst dhlrs albstruct.  albstruct.   Blus pluvlbs prfbmrf plur fxfkphf hfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs (gciurfs) dppfhãfs ãidhfkfbt aodrt pdttfrbs, quc rfghïtfbt hd psyaolhlicf odusscïrf lu `dcsscïrf mfs cbtfrvfbdbts. Hd rãaurrfbaf mfs rãsuhtdts l`tfbus pdr h–utchcsdtclb mf afs aodrt pdttfrbs blus cbmcquf quf mfs ãvïbfkfbts mu pdssã pfuvfbt sf rfprlmucrf mdbs hf gutur.

Hd psyaolhlicf laaupf mlba ubf phdaf fssfbtcfhhf mdbs h–ãtumf m–ub  m–ub  irdpocquf. Kdcs aft dspfat fst trlp sluvfbt bãihciã pdr bãihciã  pdr hfs cbtfrvfbdbts, c btfrvfbdbts, af quc pfut pfu t adusfr hd rucbf m– m–cbvfstcssfurs cbvfstcssfurs blb dvfrtcs.

4.0.  Gcbdbaf alkplrtfkfbtdhf ft dbdhysf tfaobcquf 4.0.4.  Zsyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs ft kluvfkfbts mf gluhfs

Hfs alurs slbt hf vãrctd`hfkfbt rfghft mf hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs. Fb fggft, mfrrcïrf hfs lrmcbdtfurs, `cfb qu–chs slcfbt fb pdrtcf dutlkdtcsãs, sf adaofbt mfs cbmcvcmus quc prf bbfbt mfs mãacsclbs fb glbatclb mf hfurs sdvlcrs ft mf hfurs albvcatclbs, kdcs ãidhfkfbt mf hfur oukfur hlrs mf hd prcsf mf mãacsclb.

40

 

 

H–Oypltoïsf m–Fggcacfbaf mfs Kdraoãs, albafpt ãhd`lrã pdr Fuifbf GDKD hlrs mf sfs trdvdux sur hf KFMDG (Klmïhf m–Fvdhudtclb m–Fvdhudtclb Mfs  Mfs Datcgs Gcbdbacfrs), slus-tfbm quf hfs alõts mf trdbsdatclbs slbt buhs, quf tlutf h–cbglrkdtclb mcsplbc`hf fst irdtuctf ft quf tlus hfs difbts dicssfbt mf kdbcïrf rdtclbbfhhf, qu–chs dbdhysfbt hfs mlbbãfs grlcmfkfbt sdbs duaubf ãkltclb, af quc hfur pfrkft mf kdxckcsfr hfur fspãrdbaf mf idcb. Kdcs s–ch fst vrdc quf hfs kdraoãs bf  pfuvfbt îtrf tltdhfkfbt fggcacfbts mu gdct mf hd psyaolhlicf ft mfs mcggãrfbts `cdcs quc cbtfrvcfbbfbt hlrs mf hd prcsf mf mãacsclb, afttf fggcacfbaf fst `cfb prãsfbtf hlrs mf afrtdcbfs  podsfs mf kdraoãs. Afs podsfs alrrfsplbmfbt alrrfsplbmfb t du Ayahf m–Daaukuhdtclb-Mcstrc`utclb m–Daaukuhdtclb -Mcstrc`utclb mãvfhlppã pdr Aodrhfs MLY ft quf blus mãvfhlppfrlbs phus tdrm mdbs aft F`lle (vlcr pdrtcf 0.4.4.).

Hd gcbdbaf alkplrtfkfbtdhf nluf ub rýhf trïs ckplrtdbt mdbs hd alkprãofbsclb mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, adr fhhf pfrkft ubf kfchhfurf cbtfrprãtdtclb mf tfh lu tfh ãvïbfkfbt, alkkf hf grdbaocssfkfbt m–ub supplrt lu m–ubf rãscstdbaf kdnfurf, lu fbalrf  fbalrf   tfhhf lu tfhhf albgciurdtclb irdpocquf.

Hfs `cdcs hfs phus alurdbts fb gcbdbaf alkplrtfkfbtdhf slbt hfs kluvfkfbts mf gluhfs. A–fst ub albafpt prcklrmcdh qu–ch albvcfbt mf `cfb mãgcbcr   du sfbs psyaolhlicquf. Vbf gluhf b–fst  pds qu–ub sckphf rdssfk`hfkfbt m–cbmcvcmus.  m–cbmcvcmus.   Hd gluhf ãhckcbf tlutf pfrslbbdhctã mfs cbmcvcmus hd alkplsdbt ft albstctuf hf rfghft kîkf mf h–cbalbsacfbt.  h–cbalbsacfbt.   Hfs albvcatclbs cbmcvcmufhhfs slbt rfkcsfs fb adusf ft ubf cmãf mcrfatrcaf iucmf h–àkf   alhhfatcvf mf hd gluhf. A–fst af quf Iustdvf HF @LB dppfhhf « hd hlc mf h–ubctã kfbtdhf mfs gluhfs gluhfs µ  µ4. Fb af sfbs, ubf mczdcbf mf pfrslbbfs rãubcfs mdbs ub `ut prãacs dvfa ubf kîkf cmãf mcrfatrcaf ft mlba sdbs pfrslbbdhctã albsacfbtf cbmcvcmufhhf, plurrd albstctufr ubf gluhf du plcbt mf vuf 4 HF

@LB I. (43:6), Zsyaolhlicf mfs gluhfs, Gãhcx Dhadb, 3 ïkf ãmctclb, Zdrcs

41

 

 

 psyaolhlicquf. Fb rfvdbaof, ub kchhcfr mf pfrslbbfs rãubcfs pdr pur odsdrm bf hf sfrd pds, ãtdbt mlbbã hd pfrslbbdhctã prlprf ê aodaubf mfs pfrslbbfs. Zlur rãsukfr af plcbt, ubf gluhf fst albstctuãf m–cbmcvcmus quc lbt mfs pfbsãfs, mfs laaupdtclbs, mfs styhfs mf vcf, mfs adrdatïrfs ft mfs albvcatclbs mcvfrifbtfs, kdcs quc sucvfbt ubf sfuhf ft kîkf cmãf mcrfatrcaf fb dicssdbt mcggãrfkkfbt mf hd kdbcïrf m lbt lbt chs durdcfbt dic s–chs ãtdcfbt sfuhs.  sfuhs.   Af quf h–lb pfut dnlutfr, a–fst quf `cfb quf mfux pfrsl bbfs pucssfbt dvlcr ub bcvfdu cbtfhhfatufh trïs mcggãrfbt h–ub h–ubff mf h–dutrf, hfur mcggãrfbaf mf adrdatïrf (pdssclb, sfbtckfbts…)  pfut îtrf qudsc-buhhf. A–fst af af quc pfut fxphcqufr hfs kluvfkfbts mf gluhfs, mdbs hfsqufhs s–ãvdblucssfbt hfs dptctumfs dptctumfs cbtfhhfatufhhfs mf aodaub.

Mu alkplrtfkfbt mfs gluhfs mãaluhf hfs alkplrtfkfbts klutlbbcfrs. Vb cbtfrvfbdbt d tlunlurs tfbmdbaf ê sucvrf ubf dutrf  pfrslbbf qu–ch qu– ch pfbsf phus qudhcgcãf. Qlct afttf pfrslbbf mcsplsf rãfhhfkfbt m–ubf m–ubf cbglrkdtclb vdhd`hf ft mlba h–cbtfrvfbdbt h–cbtfrvfbdbt d `cfb gdct mf hd sucvrf, slct hd pfrslbbf sucvcf d prcs ubf kduvdcsf mãacsclb ft dhlrs h–cbtfrvfbdbt sf trluvfrd mdbs hd kîkf sctudtclb. H–dbdhysf H–dbdhysf   tfaobcquf d plur prcbacpf h–fggcacfbaf mfs kdraoãs (alkkf mãarct  phus odut). Kdcs sc hfs alurs fsalkptfbt tlutf h–cbglrkdtclb mcsplbc`hf, tlutf cbglrkdtclb bluvfhhf fst ckprãvcsc`hf. Ch fst mlba cbnustf mf pfbsfr quf qu–ubf dutrf pfrslbbf d hd adpdactã mf prãvlcr qufhquf ãvïbfkfbt quf af slct. Hf kckãtcskf fst pdrtcauhcïrfkfbt prãsfbt dvfa hf albafpt mf « albsfbsus mf kdraoã µ.

Hd phupdrt mfs cbtfrvfbdbts dicssfbt mf hd kîkf kdbcïrf dux albsfbsus ft dux bluvfhhfs m–lrmrfs kdarlãalblkcqufs lu kcarlãalblkcqufs. kcarlãalblkc qufs. Qc hfs rãsuhtdts m–ubf slacãtã  slacãtã  slbt supãrcfurs du albsfbsus mf kdraoã, dhlrs tlut hf klbmf dmlptf hd kîkf plsturf ft slbt pdr fxfkphf, hlbi  sur hf tctrf fb qufstclb. Cbvfrsfkfbt, fb ads mf rãsuhtdts cbgãrcfurs du albsfbsus, chs sfrlbt mdvdbtdif solrt . Hf gdct mf rfafvlcr mfs cbglrkdtclbs alrrãhãfs cbactf ê

4=

 

 

dicr mf hd kîkf kdbcïrf. Hf prl`hïkf quc sf plsf dhlrs fst hf tckcbi, adr afs ãvïbfkfbts slbt cbtãirãs trïs rdpcmfkfbt dux dux alurs (prcbacpf m–fggcacfbaf) ft m–fggcacfbaf)  ft ch fst dhlrs mcggcachf mf prlgctfr mf tlutff h–dkphfur mu kluvfkfbt. tlut Hfs dbdhysfs irdpocqufs fggfatuãfs pdr hfs dbdhystfs lbt dussc ub irdbm ckpdat sur hf alkplrtfkfbt klutlbbcfr mfs cbmcvcmus. Zdr fxfkphf, sc phuscfurs dbdhystfs mãgcbcssfbt ub sfuch kdnfur, pdr fxfkphf ubf rãscstdbaf kdnfur ê 44:.34 plur hd pdcrf FVP/SFB, tlus hfs cbtfrvfbdbts quc sucvfbt afs dbdhysfs durlbt tfbmdbaf ê rãdicr ê h–dpprlaof h– dpprlaof mf af sfuch > prcsf mf `ãbãgcafs ê h–dpprlaof mf hd rãscstdbaf, lu  prcsf mf  plsctclb ê h–daodt fb ads ads mf grdbaocssfkfbt mf af sfuch (vlcr irdpocquf 1).

Irdpocquf 1 > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mf h–FVP/SFB. Tufhhf gfrdct h–cbvfstcss h–cbvfstcssfur fur ê af klkfbt du  albtdat mf hd rãscstdbaf kdnfur ft hê prãacs < Lb s–dttfbm ê af quf hfs alurs vcfbbfbt du  rfpdrtfbt ê hd `dcssf. Hd kdnlrctã mfs cbtfrvfbdbts prlgctfrlbt mf af klkfbt plur prfbmrf hfurs `ãbãgcafs lu plur vfbmrf ê mãaluvfrt.  

Wlcac alkkfbt hfs alurs lbt ãvlhuãs pdr hd suctf (vlcr irdpocquf =). Qfuhs hfs dstuacfux lbt su dttfbmrf hf `lb klkfbt dvdbt m–fbtrfr fb plsctclb (grdbaocssfkfbt mf hd rãscstdbaf).   46

 

 

Irdpocquf = > Quctf mu irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mf h–FVP/SFB. Hfs alurs lbt trdvfrsãs hd rãscstdbaf kdnfurf dvdbt mf plursucvrf slb kluvfkfbt ê hd odussf.  

Afs mfux irdpocqufs klbtrfbt `cfb quf hd gcxdtclb mf afttf rãscstdbaf mdbs afttf zlbf-hê d albstctuã ubf zlbf mf prcsf mf mãacsclb, dussc `cfb plur hfs cbtfrvfbdbts `uhhcso quf `fdrcso. M–dutrfs dbdhystfs durlbt vu ubf dutrf rãscstdbaf kdnfurf  kdnfurf   (pdr fxfkphf hf supplrt nustf fbmfsslus), pds l`hcidtlcrfkfbt phdaãf ê af kîkf bcvfdu prãacs. Hfs cbtfrvfbdbts quc sucvfbt afs dutrfs dbdhystfs durdcfbt ãtd`hc mfs strdtãicfs mcggãrfbtfs. Hfs rfalkkdbmdtclbs ãkcsfs pdr hfs dbdhystfs vlbt `cfb ãvcmfkkfbt mdbs af sfbs. Ft phus afs rfalkkdbmdtclbs prlvcfbbfbt m–dbdhystfs rfalbbus (mf irdbmfs `dbqufs cbtfrbdtclbdhfs pdr fxfkphf), phus fhhfs durlbt mf aodbafs m–îtrf sucvcfs.  sucvcfs. 

Fb lutrf, ub cbtfrvfbdbt sur hf kdraoã prãgïrf tlunlurs dvlcr tlrt alhhfatcvfkfbt quf rdcslb. Fb fggft, hf rcsquf qu–ch rfssfbt, s–ch dmlptf ub alkplrtfkfbt ãhlcibã mf afhuc mfs dutrfs cbtfrvfbdbts mu kdraoã, fst `fdualup phus ãhfvã quf s–ch sucvdct hfs dutrfs, kîkf fb dydbt dydb t sfs  prlprfs albvcatclbs. Fb ads m–frrfur, ch ckputfrd vlhlbtcfrs afttf pfrtf ê ub kduvdcs scibdh 47

 

 

rféu pdr rféu  pdr h–fbsfk`hf h–fbsfk`h f mfs cbtfrvfbdbts c btfrvfbdbts ft  ft bf rfkfttrd pds fb adusf sd alkpãtfbaf. Af `cdcs pfut îtrf mãvdstdtfur.

HDELBCQOLE, QOHFCGFP ft WCQOBS lbt mãgcbc ubf kfsurf stdtcstcquf, dppfhãf HQW, rfprãsfbtdbt hd tfbmdbaf klyfbbf m–ub irlupf ê dmlptfr ub alkplrtfkfbt kckãtcquf. Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, hfur tfbmdbaf ê daoftfr sckuhtdbãkfbt mfs datclbs dhlrs qu–chs b–durdcfbt pds dic mf afttf kdbcïrf cslhãkfbt. Lb pfut mlba kfsurfr af alkplrtfkfbt mf hd kdbcïrf sucvdbtf >

 | )| ∐  (, )  ;  | (, ) ∐ ()|  ∐ (, (, )  ló (, )  ; (, )/( )/((, ) + ((, ((, ))  )) 

Dvfa  @(c,t)  ft Q(c,t) hf blk`rf m–cbvfstcssfurs quc daoïtfbt (lu vfbmfbt) c  rfprãsfbtdbt hfs datclbs daoftãfs (lu vfbmufs), t  hf  hf trckfstrf,  O(c,t) hd kfsurf mu alkplrtfkfbt kckãtcquf pdr rdpplrt ê h–datclb c plur hf trckfstrf t . p(c,t) rfprãsfbtf hd prlplrtclb mfs cbvfstcssfurs daoftdbt mfs datclbs c  ft  p(t)alrrfsplbm ê hd klyfbbf mf  p(c,t)  sur h–fbsfk`hf mfs datclbs c  qu–ub du klcbs mfs cbtfrvfbdbts d bãilacã. Zlur tfrkcbfr,  DG(c,t)  rfprãsfbtf hf gdatfur m–dnustfkfbt  pluvdbt îtrf mãgcbc mf hd h d kdbcïrf sucvdbtf >

  (, )  ; U |(, ) ∐  ()|[ 

Lb albscmïrf quf h–fspãrdbaf fst adhauhãf sdbs d`sfbaf mf kckãtcskf. Fb kckãtcskf.  Fb albsãqufbaf, @(c,t)  suct ubf hlc @cblkcdhf mf pdrdkïtrf p(t).

49

 

 

Hf gdatfur m–dnustfkfbt  DG(c,t)  fst buh sc  (, )  ;  (, ) + (, (, ) )   fst ãhfvã, adr  p(c,t)  tfbm vfrs  p(t) qudbm hf blk`rf m–cbtfrvfbdbts s–daarlât sur hf kdraoã. Fb kdraoã.  Fb rfvdbaof, hlrsquf (, )  fst gdc`hf, hf gdatfur m–dnustfkfbt fst plsctcg.  plsctcg.  Ch fst plssc`hf m–cbtfrprãtfr mfs alkplrtfkfbts kckãtcqufs hlrsquf O(c,t) mlbbf mfs vdhfurs trïs mcggãrfbtfs mf zãrl.

Afs alkplrtfkfbts slbt hf rfghft m–ubf `lbbf pdrtcf mfs cbtfrvfbdbts sur hfs kdraoãs,   dhlrs qudhcgcãs mf « sucvfurs µ. Kdcs ch dppdrdât ckplrtdbt mf prãacsfr quf `lb blk`rf m–dutrfs gdatfurs fbtrfbt fb alkptf hlrs mf hd prcsf mf mãacsclb m–ub cbmcvcmu, fb pdrtcauhcfr hfs `cdcs hcãs ê h–ãtdt h–ãtdt kîkf mf hd pfrslbbf.

 

4.0.0. @cdcs alibctcgs ft ãkltclbbfhs

Ch fxcstf mfux adtãilrcfs mf `cdcs psyaolhlicqufs > hfs `cdcs alibctcgs ft hfs `cdcs ãkltclbbfhs. Hfs prfkcfrs plrtfbt sur hfs albbdcssdbafs ft hfs arlydbafs mf h–cbmcvcmu quc cbghufrlbt cbgh ufrlbt sur sd  prcsf mf mãacsclb ft hfs sfalbms albafrbfbt h–cbghufbaf m–ãtdts m–ãtdts ãkltclbbfhs ubcvfrsfhs.

@cdcs alibctcgs Hfs `cdcs alibctcgs plrtfbt sur hfs arlydbafs ft hfs albbdcssdbafs mf h–cbtfrvfbdbt quc hf albmucrlbt ê prfbmrf mfs mãacsclbs crrdtclbbfhhfs. H–ãmuadtclb mf h–cbtfrvfbdbt, hfs albbdcssdbafs qu–ch d daqucsfs, slb bcvfdu mf glrkdtclb ft sfs mcggãrfbtfs fxpãrcfbafs  prlgfssclbbfhhfs durlbt ub ckpdat ckplrtdbt sur sfs prcsfs mf mãacsclb. ]lus afs ãhãkfbts durlbt plur albsãqufbaf m–dkfbfr h–cbtfrvfbdbt ê bf vlcr quf af qu– ch d dpprcs ê vlcr. Dcbsc,  plur

ubf

kîkf

sctudtclb,

mfux

cbmcvcmus

h–cbtfrprïtfrlbt   mcggãrfkkfbt. h–cbtfrprïtfrlbt

Mdbcfh

EDOBFKDB, fxpfrt fb psyaolhlicf alibctcvf ft Dkls ]WFPQES, ]WFPQES, fxpfrt fb psyaolhlicf kdtoãkdtcquf, lbt mãklbtrã quf hfs cbtfrvfbdbts ãtdcfbt slukcs ê mfs aofkcbfkfbts cbtfhhfatufhs quc vcfbbfbt `cdcsfr hfur prcsf mf mãacsclb. 4?

 

 

Hd kdnlrctã mfs cbtfrvfbdbts slbt pdr fxfkphf slukcs ê ubf glrkf m–ofurcstcquf mf mcsplbc`chctã mdbs hdqufhhf chs glbt dppfh ê mfs rdaaluracs kfbtdux, bltdkkfbt plur ãhckcbfr hd mluhfur prlaurãf pdr hf prlafssus alkphfxf mf trdctfkfbt mf h–cbglrkdtclb.  h–cbglrkdtclb.  Chs prãgïrfbt dmlptfr mcrfatfkfbt hf kîkf alkplrtfkfbt quf af qu–chs lbt mãnê vãau plur ubf sctudtclb sckchdcrf, sluvfbt pdr kdbquf m–cbglrkdtclb. m–cbglrkdtclb.  Zdr fxfkphf, chs fbtrfbt fb plsctclb ê h–daodt sur ub tctrf dprïs hd odussf m–ub tctrf alkpdrd`hf.  alkpdrd`hf.  Chs glbt dppfh ê ubf cbglrkdtclb gdachfkfbt daafssc`hf, rãafbtf, pfrslbbfhhf du hcfu m–fssdyfr m–dbdhysfr hd sctudtclb grlcmfkfbt mf kdbcïrf l`nfatcvf. ]lutfs hfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs mlcvfbt îtrf dbdhysãfs l`nfatcvfkfbt, dcbsc quf hf trdaã mfs hcibfs mf supplrts ft rãscstdbafs. ]rdafr ubf hcibf mf supplrt pdraf quf h–lb sf albvdcba quf hfs alurs vlbt s–drrîtfr ê af bcvfdubcvfdu -hê b–fst pds tlut tlut ê gdct l`nfatcg.

Hf `cdcs mf albsfrvdtcskf ft hf `cdcs mf albgcrkdtclb slbt dussc trïs prãsfbts sur hfs kdraoãs. Hfs cbmcvcmus vcatckfs mu `cdcs mf albsfrvdtcskf vlbt surplbmãrfr hfs ãhãkfbts quc vcfbbfbt albgcrkfr hfurs lpcbclbs. Zdr fxfkphf, sc ub cbtfrvfbdbt pfbsf qu–ub tctrf vd duikfbtfr glrtfkfbt, ch fbtrfrd fb plsctclb hlbi mïs quf hf tctrf durd alkkfbaã ubf pftctf odussf, ft af, sdbs kîkf dvlcr prcs fb alkptf hfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs l`nfatcvfs (mlu`hf tlp, trcphf tlp, ãpduhf-tîtf-ãpduhf, vlhukfs fb `dcssf mdbs ub kluvfkfbt odusscfr, trcdbihf mfsafbmdbt, rãscstdbaf, fta.). Zhus irdvf fbalrf, hfs cbmcvcmus vcatckfs mu `cdcs mf albgcrkdtclb bf vlbt rfaofraofr quf hfs cbglrkdtclbs vfbdbt vdhcmfr hfurs lpcbclbs ft aofraofbt ê ãvctfr tlutf cbglrkdtclb quc plurrdct îtrf albtrdcrf ê hfurs albvcatclbs. Ch s–dict m–ub `cdcs quf h–lb pfut qudhcgcfr mf « mcsslbdbaf «  mcsslbdbaf alibctcvf µ, µ, ló h–cbmcvcmu bf aofraof qu–ê qu– ê dvlcr rdcslb. Afttf dbdhysf tltdhfkfbt su`nfatcvf mfs kdraoãs pfut albmucrf ê hd rucbf sdbs mãhdc. Zdr fxfkphf, hlrs m–ub kluvfkfbt `dcsscfr, ub cbtfrvfbdbt quc d hd albvcatclb quf hf kdraoã vd rfpdrtcr ê hd odussf vd fbtrfr mcrfatfkfbt fb plsctclb ê h–daodt ê h–dpprlaof m–ub supplrt, sdbs dttfbmrf hf rf`lbm. Hf kdraoã albtcbufrd

43

 

 

ê hd `dcssf, grdbaocssdbt grdbaocssd bt hf supplrt ft albtcbudbt slb aofkcb. H–cbtfrvfbdbt, dydbt tlunlurs hd albvcatclb quf hf kdraoã vd sf rfmrfssfr ft plur ãvctfr hd mluhfur prlaurã pdr h–fbadcssfkfbt mf hd pfrtf (pdrtdbt mu prcbacpf « pds vfbmu pds pfrmu µ (blus ãtumcfrlbs af alkplrtfkfbt mdbs hd prlaodcbf slus-pdrtcf)), slus-pdrtcf)), alkkfbaf ê klyfbbfr ê hd `dcssf. A–fst afttf dttctumf mãvdstdtrcaf quc hf kïbfrd ê hd `dbqufrlutf. Ch gdut tlunlurs idrmfr ê h–fsprct quf « hf kdraoã  pfut dvlcr tlrt phus hlbitfkps hl bitfkps quf vlus bf pluvfz pluv fz vlus pfrkfttrf mf rfstfr rfst fr slhvd`hf µ.

@cdcs ãkltclbbfhs Hfs `cdcs ãkltclbbfhs  plrtfbt sur h–cbghufbaf mfs ãkltclbs dicssdbt sur hfs cbmcvcmus hlrs mf hfur prcsf mf mãacsclb. Mdbcfh EDOBFKDB ft Dkls ]WFPQES lbt mãklbtrã qu–ubf pfrtf rãdhcsãf pdr ub cbmcvcmu ãtdct pfréuf alkkf ãtdbt `fdualup phus mluhlurfusf quf hd sdtcsgdatclb prlaurãf pdr ub idcb mu kîkf lrmrf. A–fst af quc fxphcquf qu–fb ãtdbt mdbs ubf  podsf mf idcb, h–cbtfrvfbdbt h–cbtfrvfb dbt durd tfbmdbaf ê vluhlcr prfbmrf sfs `ãbãgcafs, dhlrs quf mdbs ubf  podsf mf pfrtf, h–cbtfrvfbdbt h– cbtfrvfbdbt bf sluodctf pds alupfr sd plsctclb ft hd hdcssf alurcr mdbs h–fsplcr mf hd vlcr rf`lbmcr ft rfvfbcr ê h–ãquchc`rf. h–ãquchc`rf. Af poãblkïbf d ãtã kcs fb ãvcmfbaf mdbs hd « ]oãlrcf mfs Zfrspfatcvfs µ mf Mdbcfh EDOBFKDB ft Dkls ]WFPQES fb 4393.

0:

 

 

Af irdpocquf cbmcquf ahdcrfkfbt hd gdélb mlbt sf alkplrtf ub cbmcvcmu hlrs mfs podsfs mf idcbs ft mf pfrtfs. Mdbs hd podsf mf idcb, h–cbmcvcmu fst rcsalpol`f ft prfbm rdpcmfkfbt sfs    `ãbãgcafs dhlrs qu–fb podsf p odsf mf pfrtfs, ch fst rcsalpochf rcsal pochf ft fspïrf ub rftlur ê h–ãquchc`rf. h–ãquchc`rf.  

D hd rfaofraof mu systïkf mf trdmcbi cmãdh Zlur chhustrfr af typf mf alkplrtfkfbt, vlcac ub fxfkphf. Lb prlplsf ê ub cbmcvcmu ub systïkf mf trdmcbi quc pfrm ? glcs sur 4:. Af systïkf sfrd-t-ch daafptã < Ch fst qudsckfbt afrtdcb quf hd kdnlrctã mfs cbmcvcmus slukcs ê af typf mf qufstclb rãplbmf blb. Lr, af systïkf b–fst pds phus ê rfnftfr qu–ub dutrf ft pfut kîkf s–dvãrfr   s–dvãrfr   trïs rfbtd`hf, `cfb sõr ê albmctclb qu–ch pfrkfttf mf idibfr fb klyfbbf du klcbs qudtrf glcs phus qu–ch bf gdct pfrmrf. Dcbsc, ub systïkf mf trdmcbi quc gdct pfrmrf 4 ::: $ pdr trdmf ? glcs ft quc iãbïrf = ::: $ mf idcb pdr trdmf 0 glcs, ãqucvdut du plcbt klrt (duaubf pfrtf, duaub idcb). Mïs hlrs quf hf systïkf pfrkft mf idibfr phus quf = glcs hf klbtdbt mfs pfrtfs, ch pfut îtrf numcacfux mf hf  prfbmrf fb alkptf.

Mdbs hd kîkf cmãf, ub systïkf mf trdmcbi quc pfrkft ê ub cbmcvcmu mf iãbãrfr 4 ::: $ mf idcb pdr trdmf ft quc gdct pfrmrf 4 6:: $ pdr trdmf fst-ch ub `lb systïkf < Fbalrf cac, hd kdnlrctã mfs cbmcvcmus rfnfttfrlbt hf systïkf sdbs mãhdc. Lr, ch suggct sckphfkfbt mf sf plsfr hd qufstclb mf sdvlcr sc hf systïkf pfrkft mf idibfr fb klyfbbf phus mf 1 glcs sur 6.

Ch fst mlba ahdcr pdr afs fxfkphfs quf h–cbmcvcmu d ubf prlpfbsclb bdturfhhf ê rfnftfr tlut systïkf quc huc gfrdct pfbsfr qu–ch pfrmrd mf h–drifbt, sdbs kîkf sdbs  kîkf prfbmrf hf tfkps mf sf plsfr hfs `lbbfs qufstclbs. Ch gdut idrmfr ê h–fsprct qu–ch b–fxcstf pds mf systïkf mf trdmcbi pdrgdct, quc pfrkft 4:: % mf rãussctf sdbs duaubf pfrtf. Afhd sf sdurdct.

04

 

 

Dhlrs, gdaf ê tlus afs `cdcs, qufh fst hf `lb alkplrtfkfbt ê dmlptfr < H–cbtfrvfbdbt sur hf kdraoã mlct dvdbt tlut sdvlcr quf hfs pfrtfs glbt pdrtcf cbtãirdbtf mf h–datcvctã `lurscïrf.  `lurscïrf.   Hf  phdafkfbt mfs stlps bf mlct fb duaub ads îtrf rfkcs fb adusf, kîkf sc hd pfrtf pfut pdrdâtrf mluhlurfusf. Ch mlct dussc sdvlcr quf trïs sluvfbt, hfs lpãrdtfurs pfrmfbt phus qu–chs bf idibfbt. Qckphfkfbt, hlrsqu–chs idibfbt, hf klbtdbt fst phus ckplrtdbt ckplrtdb t ft pfrkft mlba mf alkpfbsfr hfs pfrtfs ft kîkf m–fbirdbifr mfs `ãbãgcafs.  `ãbãgcafs.   Ch mlct tlunlurs vfchhfr ê dicr grlcmfkfbt hfs kdraoãs, mf kdbcïrf tltdhfkfbt l`nfatcvf. Cmãdhfkfbt, ubf pfrtf bf mlct dvlcr duaub fggft mf trdukdtcskf  plur h–cbtfrvfbdbt ft h–cbtfrvfbdbt  ft ub idcb bf mlct huc prlaurfr duaubf fupolrcf. A–fst fb prdtcquf ckplssc`hf, kdcs plur murfr sur hfs kdraoãs, ch gdut fssdyfr mf sf rdpprlaofr hf phus plssc`hf mf af alkplrtfkfbt. Hf rcsquf mlct ãidhfkfbt îtrf slb qultcmcfb. Ch mlct dpprfbmrf ê hf iãrfr ft blb ê hf gucr. Ch gdut ãidhfkfbt qu–ch sdaof rfstfr ouk`hf ft ãhckcbfr tlut fil. Bf pds aofraofr ê dvlcr rdcslb ê tlut prcx ft fssdyfr m–cmfbtcgcfr hfs lpplrtubctãs quc sf prãsfbtfbt (bf pds aofraofr ê hd arãfr) mlct iucmfr h–cbmcvcmu mdbs hf prlafssus mf prcsf mf plsctclb.  plsctclb.  

]lus afs ãhãkfbts, prcs fb alkptf, pfrkfttfbt mf kcfux dpprãofbmfr hfs kdraoãs ft m–ãtd`hcr mfs strdtãicfs fb tlutf sãrãbctã. Dbdhysfr hfs alurs, fssdyfr mf rfpãrfr mfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs, mf mã mãalkplsfr alkplsfr hd glrkdtclb mfs alurs, tlut afhd dkïbf h–cbmcvcmu ê fssdyfr mf trluvfr hd kfchhfurf strdtãicf. H–ubf mfs phus albbufs, kdcs pds hd phus utchcsãf, albafrbf al bafrbf hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdi vdiufs ufs mfs alurs `lurscfrs, ` lurscfrs, phus albbuf al bbuf slus slu s hf blk mfs « vdiufs m–Fhhcltt m–F hhcltt µ. Fb prfbdbt fb albscmãrdtclb tlut af quc d ãtã ãtumcã prãaãmfkkfbt, ê sdvlcr hfs glbmfkfbts mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbtfrvfbdbts quc s–y dpphcquf, bltdkkfbt du trdvfrs mf hd gcbdbaf alkplrtfkfbtdhf, ch fst plssc`hf m–ãtumcfr mf kdbcïrf lptckdhf hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs ft mf mãtfrkcbfr qufhhf fst hd kfchhfurf kdbcïrf m–utchcsfr m–ut chcsfr afttf strdtãicf, mfpucs hfs prãkcafs ê slb dpliãf.

00

 

 

0. Hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs > pfut-lb vrdckfbt prãvlcr hfs alurs < 0.4.  Hfs irdbms datfurs ft hfurs trdvdux 0.4.4.  P. B. FHHCL] ft sfs cbghufbafs

0.4.4.4. Pdhpo Bfhslb FHHCL]]

Hd strdtãicf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt fst surfkfbt h–ubf mfs phus albbufs ê af nlur, kdcs a–fst dussc h–ubf mfs phus alkphfxfs pdr sd kcsf fb őuvrf.  őuvrf.  D h–lrcicbf mf afttf strdtãicf, Pdhpo  Bfhslb FHHCL]], ub klmfstf alkptd`hf mdbs phuscfurs alkpdibcfs mf aofkcb mf gfr bã fb 4?94 dux Ftdts-Vbcs, pu`hcf dvfa Aodrhfs N. ALHHCBQ ]of Ydvf Zrcbacphf quc albstctuf hf  plcbt mf mãpdrt mf h–fxcstfbaf h– fxcstfbaf mf afttf strdtãicf. Kdcs afhd b–fst pds b–fst pds ãtã dussc sckphf plur huc.

Mdbs hfs dbbãfs 4303, P. B. FHHCL]] sluggrf m –ubf –ubf dbãkcf pfrbcacfusf quc hf hdcssf ahluã du hct. Ch fst mlba albtrdcbt ê ubf rftrdctf dbtcacpãf, dhlrs àiã mf 6? dbs. ]rïs sluggrdbt mf afttf kdhdmcf, ch aofraodct ê laaupfr slb fsprct. Ch mãacmdct dhlrs mf sf albsdarfr phfcbfkfbt ê h–dbdhysf mu alkplrtfkfbt mfs kdraoãs gcbdbacfrs. gcbdbacfrs . Ch dbdhysdct mfs irdpocqufs sur tlutfs hfs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps (dbbufhhf, kfbsufhhf, of`mlkdmdcrf, nlurbdhcïrf, fta.) mf mcggãrfbts cbmcafs sur ubf pãrclmf mf 96 dbs. Ch mãaluvrf dhlrs, fb prlaãmdbt mf hd slrtf, quf mfs kluvfkfbts kdnfurs fb cbahudcfbt m–dutrfs sur ubf ãaofhhf tfkplrfhhf phus rãmuctf. Afttf l`sfrvdtclb gdcsdct `cfb rãgãrfbaf ê hd iãlkãtrcf grdatdhf mfs alurs. Dprïs qufhqufs dbbãfs ê fssdyfr mf alkprfbmrf hf glbatclbbfkfbt mfs kdraoãs, ch mãacmf fb 431= mf prãsfbtfr sfs trdvdux ê du klcbs ub kfk`rf mf hd alkkubdutã gcbdbacïrf > Aodrhfs N. ALHHCBQ. Afhuc-ac, quc d plur od`ctumf mf rfplussfr hfs strdtãicfs quc huc slbt prlplsãfs du kltcg qu–ch b–y d pds dssfz mf prfuvf plur fb mãklbtrfr hd vãrdactã, vãrdactã , mfkdbmf dhlrs ê fb îtrf

01

 

 

albvdcbau. Murdbt afttf pãrclmf, h–cbmcaf MLY NLBFQ b–d afssã mf sf mãirdmfr nusqu–fb 4316. Fb kdrs 4316, dhlrs quf hf MLY NLBFQ rcsquf mf ahýturfr fbalrf du phus `ds mu nlur, P. B. FHHCL]] mãacmf m–fbvlyfr ub tãhãirdkkf ê Aodrhfs N. ALHHCBQ plur huc mcrf mc rf quf h–cbmcaf fst du phus `ds  `ds ft qu–ch b–crd pds phus hlcb. Mdbs hfs mfux klcs quc sucvfbt aft fbvlc, hf MLY NLBFQ d ahdcrfkfbt prcs hd mcrfatclb odusscïrf. ]rïs ckprfssclbbã pdr hd nustfssf mfs  prãvcsclbs ft pdr slb dumdaf, Aodrhfs N. ALHHCBQ daafptf gcbdhfkfbt mf alhhd`lrfr dvfa P.  B. FHHCL]] plur hd pu`hcadtclb mu aãhï`rf ]of Ydvf Zrcbacphf fb 431?.

]lus afs rfaofraofs ft dbdhysfs mf alkplrtfkfbt mfs kdraoãs mdbs hf `ut m–dggcbfr sd strdtãicf mf mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs, lbt d`lutc slus h–cbghufbaf mf mfux rãgãrfbafs klbmcdhfs mdbs hf klbmf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf > tfaobcquf > Aodrhfs MLY ft Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC.

0.4.4.0. Aodrhfs MLY

Aodrhfs MLY fst albscmãrã alkkf ãtdbt hf « pïrf « pïrf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf tfaobc quf µ.  µ. Hf 1 nuchhft 4??=, A. MLY pu`hcf hf prfkcfr cbmcaf alkplsã mf prcx mf ahýturf mf lbzf datclbs, mlbt bfug rfprãsfbtdcfbt mfs slacãtãs gfrrlvcdcrfs ft mfux mfs slacãtãs kdbugdaturcïrfs. Ch pfbsdct fb fggft quf afs mfux mfux sfatfurs ãtdcfbt rfprãsfbtdtcgs mf hd sdbtã mf h–ãalblkcf. Du h–ãalblkcf. Du gch mfs dbbãfs, A. MLY cbahut mfs slacãtãs fb gdcsdbt tlunlurs fb slrtf quf h–cbmcaf rfprãsfbtf du kcfux h–ãtdt mf h–ãalblkcf. Fb 430?, h–cbmcaf alkprfbm 1: datclbs  datclbs  ft quc rfprãsfbtf hf kîkf blk`rf qu–datufhhfkfbt.  Dunlurm–ouc, phus m–ub scïahf dprïs sd klrt, hf MLY NLBFQ CBMVQ]PCDH qu–datufhhfkfbt. DWFPDIF rfstf ub `drlkïtrf mf h–datcvctã mfs kdraoãs sucvc pdr hfs dbdhystfs mu klbmf fbtcfr. D sd mcspdrctclb, A. MLY bf hdcssf duaub luvrdif mfrrcïrf huc, kdcs ofurfusfkfbt, su`scstfbt mfs ãarcts pu`hcãs mdbs hf Ydhh Qtrfft Nlurbdh. Ch mãgcbct phuscfurs prcbacpfs glbmdkfbtdux quc albstctufbt hd toãlrcf mf MLY.

0=

 

 

0.4.4.1. Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC

Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC fst ub kdtoãkdtcacfb ctdhcfb bã ê Zcsf fb 4496. A–fst sdbs mlutf hf  phus irdbm kdtoãkdtcacfb mu _CCCf scïahf. ]rïs nfubf, ch daqucfrt ubf vãrctd`hf pdssclb plur hfs kdtoãkdtcqufs qu–ch mãaluvrf hlrs m–ub vlydif fb Dhiãrcf dvfa slb pïrf I. @LBDAAC. A–fst mdbs af pdys qu–ch glrif slb ãmuadtclb. Ch fxplrtfrd qufhqufs dbbãfs phus tdrm, vfrs 40::, hfs aocggrfs drd`fs ft hd bltdtclb dhiã`rcquf mdbs sd vchhf bdtdhf. Ch dttdaof ubf rãfhhf ckplrtdbaf du mãvfhlppfkfbt mfs kdtoãkdtcqufs ft fb pdrtcauhcfr, dux prlirïs mf h–dhiï`rf.  h–dhiï`rf.   Du alurs m–ubf blk`rfusf sãrcfs mf prl`hïkfs prl`hïkfs qu–ch sf plsf dgcb m–fssdyfr mf hfs rãslumrf  rãslumrf  (bltdkkfbt hf prl`hïkf mf rfprlmuatclb mfs hdpcbs), ch gdct ubf mãaluvfrtf quc kdrqufrd hfs kdtoãkdtcqufs ê ndkdcs > hd suctf mf GC@LBDAAC, lu phus alkkubãkfbt, hfs blk`rfs m–lr.  m–lr. 

0.4.0.  Hfs mãaluvfrtfs mf Aodrhfs MLY

0.4.0.4. Hf kdraoã fsalkptf tlut

H–ub mfs prfkcfrs prcbacpfs, quc albstctuf ãidhfkfbt h–ub mfs trlcs prcbacpfs mf `dsf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, ãblbaf quf hf kdraoã fsalkptf tlutf h–cbglrkdtclb mcsplbc`hf.  mcsplbc`hf.  Ch prfbm mlba plur oypltoïsf h–fggcacfbaf mfs kdraoãs adr hfs alurs rfghïtfbt hfs bluvfhhfs, hfs ãkltclbs kdcs ãidhfkfbt hfs dbtcacpdtclbs mf tlus hfs cbtfrvfbdbts mu kdraoã. Kîkf s–ch bf  pfut prãvlcr mfs ãvïbfkfbts alkkf hfs trfk`hfkfbts mf tfrrf ft dutrfs adtdstrlpofs bdturfhhfs, hf kdraoã cbtïirf trïs rdpcmfkfbt hfs cbglrkdtclbs quc vcfbbfbt ckpdatfbt hf prcx mfs datclbs. Hf kdraoã d fb albsãqufbaf tlunlurs rdcslb.

0.4.0.0. Hf kdraoã albbdât trlcs typfs mf tfbmdbafs

Aodrhfs MLY mãgcbc ãidhfkfbt trlcs typfs mf tfbmdbafs. Dvdbt mf mãvfhlppfr afs tfbmdbafs, ch albvcfbt mf sdvlcr af qu–fst ubf tfbmdbaf du sfbs mf A. MLY. Vbf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf fst

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glrkãf pdr mfs slkkfts ft mfs arfux mf phus fb phus odut. D h–cbvfrsf, ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf sfrd albstctuãf mf slkkfts ft mf arfux mf phus fb phus `ds. Wlcac ac-mfsslus ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf >

D h–cbvfrsf, ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf rfssfk`hfrd phutýt ê > ê  >

Qc ubf tfbmdbaf bf rfspfatf pds af prcbacpf, hd trdnfatlcrf mfs alurs fst supplsãf rfkcsf fb adusf (fsslugghfkfbt mf hd tfbmdbaf). Ch fst plssc`hf m–chhustrfr afhd dvfa hfs  gdchurf swcbi tlp  (slkkft cbgãrcfur du prãaãmfbt mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf) ft  gdchurf swcbi `lttlk  (arfux supãrcfur du prãaãmfbt mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf).

D pdrtcr mf afttf mãgcbctclb sfhlb hdqufhhf hfs vdrcdtclbs mf alurs mãtfrkcbfbt hd tfbmdbaf, ch fst  plssc`hf m–cmfbtcgcfr hfs trlcs tfbmdbafs kdnfurfs. Hd Hd   prfkcïrf tfbmdbaf fst dppfhãf « tfbmdbaf prckdcrf µ adr fhhf albstctuf hf kluvfkfbt kdnfur mfs alurs. Af kluvfkfbt fst fbtrfalupã m–dutrfs kluvfkfbts dppfhãs « tfbmdbaf « tfbmdbaf sfalbmdcrf µ adr ch s–dict mf kluvfkfbts cbtfrkãmcdcrfs. Fbgcb, mf hd kîkf gdélb, afs kluvfkfbts cbtfrkãmcdcrfs slbt plbatuãs mfs 07

 

 

kluvfkfbts kcbfurs quf h–lb dppfhhf

« tfbmdbaf tfrtcdcrf µ. Afs trlcs tfbmdbafs slbt

rfprãsfbtãfs sur hf saoãkd ac-mfsslus.

Af saoãkd klbtrf `cfb ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf kdnfurf. Afttf tfbmdbaf sf mfsscbf iãbãrdhfkfbt hlrs m–ubf  m–ubf  rfprcsf mf albgcdbaf mfs cbtfrvfbdbts sur hfs kdraoãs. Ch rfghïtf iãbãrdhfkfbt ubf ubf `lbbf  `lbbf sdbtã sdb tã mf h–ãalblkcf, dvfa dvf a mf `lbs ` lbs rãsuhtdts mf hd pdrt mfs fbtrfprcsfs ft ubf `lbbf datcvctã ãalblkcquf fb iãbãrdh. Afttf tfbmdbaf iãbãrdhf fst plbatuãf mf podsfs mf alrrfatclb quc rãsuhtfbt mf alkplrtfkfbts fupolrcqufs, dvfa ubf glrkf mf spãauhdtclb ft mf prcsfs mf mãacsclb odsdrmfusfs.

D h–cbvfrsf, ub kdraoã `dcsscfr bdâtrd m–dbtcacpdtclbs bãidtcvfs sur h–ãalblkcf. H–ãtdt mf h–ãalblkcf fst plbatuã mf rãsuhtdts mãafvdbts mf afrtdcbfs fbtrfprcsfs. Q–fbsuct dhlrs ubf  pãrclmf mf sfhh lgg , dutrfkfbt mct mf vfbtf kdsscvf m–datclbs m–fbtrfprcsfs mlbt hfs cbtfrvfbdbts dbtcacpfbt ubf plursuctf mu mãahcb. Af kluvfkfbt `dcsscfr kdnfur sfrd ãidhfkfbt plbatuã mf bluvfhhfs ãalblkcqufs plsctcvfs ft mf afrtdcbfs fbtrfprcsfs quc pu`hcfbt mf `lbs rãsuhtdts. 09

 

 

A. MLY alkpdrf afs trlcs kluvfkfbts ê mfs kdrãfs, mfs vdiufs ft mfs lbmuhdtclbs mf hd kfr. Hd tfbmdbaf prckdcrf alrrfsplbmdbt ê hd kdrãf, hd tfbmdbaf sfalbmdcrf rfprãsfbtf hfs vdiufs quc albstctufbt hd kdrãf ft fbgcb hd tfbmdbaf tfrtcdcrf dict alkkf mfs lbmuhdtclbs sur hfs vdiufs. Ch fst plssc`hf mf mãtfrkcbfr hd mcrfatclb mf hd kdrãf, ê sdvlcr sc fhhf fst fb trdcb mf klbtfr lu sc fhhf fst fb trdcb mf mfsafbmrf. Zlur afhd ch gdut l`sfrvfr hf phus odut plcbt dttfcbt  pdr hfs vdiufs suaafsscvfs sur hf sd`hf. sd`hf . Qc hd prlaodcbf prlaodc bf vdiuf dttfcbt dttfcb t ub plcbt supãrcfur ê afhuc afhu c fggfatuã pdr hd prãaãmfbtf vdiuf, hd kdrãf fst klbtdbtf. D albtrdrcl, sc hd prlaodcbf vdiuf dttfcbt ub plcbt cbgãrcfur ê afhuc mf hd prãaãmfbtf vdiuf, hd kdrãf fst mfsafbmdbtf. Afpfbmdbt, A. MLY dmkft ubf mcggãrfbaf dvfa hd kfr. Qc hd kdrãf bf murf quf qufhqufs ofurfs, hf kluvfkfbt mfs kdraoãs quc alrrfsplbmfbt ê hd kdrãf pfut murfr nusqu–ê ubf dbbãf, vlcrf phus. Hd tfbmdbaf sfalbmdcrf murf fb iãbãrdh fbtrf trlcs sfkdcbfs ft trlcs klcs. Af kluvfkfbt rftrdaf `cfb sluvfbt fbtrf ub-tcfrs ft mfux-tcfrs mu kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt. Fbgcb, hd tfbmdbaf kcbfurf bf murf quf qufhqufs nlurs ft murf `cfb sluvfbt klcbs mf trlcs sfkdcbfs.

0.4.0.1. Aodquf tfbmdbaf fst albstctuãf mf trlcs podsfs

Dutrf prcbacpf ckplrtdbt mãvfhlppã pdr A. MLY > hf ayahf m–Daaukuhdtclb m–Daaukuhdtclb ft mf Mcstrc`utclb, fbtrfalupã m–ubf podsf mf pdrtcacpdtclb mu pu`hca. Hlrsquf pu`hca.  Hlrsquf hf kdraoã ãvlhuf mdbs ub trdmcbi mcstrc`utclb. rdbif, ch pfut îtrf slct mdbs ubf podsf m–daaukuhdtclb, slct mdbs ubf podsf mf mcstrc`utclb. Zlur sdvlcr s–ch s–dict m–ubf podsf m–daaukuhdtclb lu m–  m–  ubf podsf mf mcstrc`utclb, ch gdut survfchhfr hd slrtcf mu rdbif.

Qc fhhf sf gdct pdr hf odut, a–fst qu–ch s–dicssdct m–ubf podsf m–daaukuhdtclb ló hfs daoftfurs slbt blk`rfux ft prfbbfbt hd kdcb sur hfs vfbmfurs. Afs daoftfurs slbt qudhcgcãs m– « dstuacfux µ. Chs « daaukuhfbt µ hfurs plsctclbs. A–fst ubf podsf ló hd mcggusclb mf h–cbglrkdtclb fst trïs gdc`hf ft qudsckfbt cbmcsplbc`hf du irdbm pu`hca.   0?

 

 

Du albtrdcrf, sc hd slrtcf s–fggfatuf pdr hf `ds, ch s–dict m–ubf podsf mf mcstrc`utclb ló hd  prfssclb mfs vfbmfurs fst dssfz glrtf plur albtrfr hf kluvfkfbt mfs daoftfurs. Hd podsf mf mcstrc`utclb drrcvf hlrsquf prdtcqufkfbt tlutfs hfs bluvfhhfs plsctcvfs slbt hdrifkfbt mcggusãfs, mdbs hfs kãmcds ft hfs nlurbdux, mf slrtf quf hf pu`hca cbtfrvcfbt fb kdssf (dvfa mfs vlhukfs glrts). Hfs « dstuacfux µ alkprfbbfbt quf hf kdraoã mfvcfbt odutfkfbt spãauhdtcg ft fb prlgctfbt plur hcqucmfr hfurs plsctclbs. Chs « mcstrc`ufbt µ hfurs plsctclbs.

Fbtrf afs podsfs, ch y d hd podsf mf pdrtcacpdtclb mfs prlgfssclbbfhs ft mu pu`hca dvfrtc. Afttf  podsf alrrfsplbm ê ubf pãrclmf ló hfs trfbm-glhhlwfrs  fbtrfbt fb plsctclb, ló h–ãalblkcf s–dkãhclrf ft ló hfs dbtcacpdtclbs sur hfs prcx slbt plsctcvfs.  plsctcvfs.   A–fst A–fst   ubf podsf ló h–cbglrkdtclb mfvcfbt ub pfu phus albscstdbtf, mf slrtf ê pluvlcr îtrf dbdhysãf pdr mfs prlgfssclbbfhs ft mfs cbvfstcssfurs cbctcãs. Af ayahf m–daaukuhdtclb ft mcstrc`utclb pfut îtrf rfprãsfbtã mf hd kdbcïrf sucvdbtf.

Hd toãlrcf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt albscmïrf `cfb h–fxcstfbaf mf trlcs podsfs mcstcbatfs mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf. Hd prfkcïrf podsf (daaukuhdtclb) alrrfsplbm ê hd podsf m–ckpuhsclb mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf (vdiuf 4), h–fbtrãf mfs prlgfssclbbfhs prlgfssclbbfhs alrrfsplbm ê hd vdiuf 1 (vdiuf trïs mybdkcquf) ft hd podsf mf mcstrc`utclb alrrfsplbm ê hd vdiuf 6. Afttf toãlrcf sfrd mãvfhlppãf ub pfu phus hlcb mdbs aft F`lle. 03

 

 

0.4.0.=. Hf vlhukf mlct albgcrkfr hd tfbmdbaf t fbmdbaf

Hf vlhukf b–fst pds dussc ckplrtdbt quf hfs prcx, kdcs albstctuf ub gdatfur kdnfur ê prfbmrf fb alkptf plur kcfux alkprfbmrf hd psyaolhlicf mfs kdraoãs ft dicr fb albsãqufbaf. Fb rïihf iãbãrdhf, hfs vlhukfs mlcvfbt ãvlhufr mdbs hf kîkf sfbs quf hd tfbmdbaf. Dcbsc, ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf mlct s–daalkpdibfr mf vlhukfs arlcssdbts arlc ssdbts ft ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf mlct vlcr sfs vlhukfs mckcbufr. Fb fggft, s–ch y d mfs daoftfurs quc slutcfbbfbt hf kdraoã,  hfs alurs ãvlhufbt ê hd odussf ft s–ch b–y d pds m–cbtfrvfbdbts lu pfu, hfs alurs bf pfuvfbt phus irckpfr.   Afpfbmdbt, glraf fst mf albstdtfr qu–ch drrcvf qu–ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf slct slc t daalkpdibãf mf glrts vlhukfs. Afac s–fxphcquf pdr ubf vfbtf kdsscvf mfs datcgs fb qufstclb (`fdualup mf vfbmfurs). Ch albvcfbt dhlrs m–îtrf trïs dttfbtcg.

Ch fst plssc`hf mf trdafr mfs hcibfs mf tfbmdbafs sur hfs vlhukfs dgcb mf hfs alkpdrfr mcrfatfkfbt dux alurs. Vbf mcvfrifbaf  `dcsscïrf sfrd albstctuãf hlrsquf h–lb l`sfrvf ubf  ubf  odussf mfs alurs ft mdbs hf kîkf tfkps ubf `dcssf mfs vlhukfs. Ch gdut mdbs af ads rfstfr trïs vcichdbt adr afs vlhukfs dbblbafbt ub rftlurbfkfbt prl`d`hf. Mdbs hf ads albtrdcrf, ló h–lb l`sfrvf ubf mcvfrifbaf odusscïrf sur hfs vlhukfs, ch gdumrd rfmlu`hfr mf vcichdbaf. Fb fggft, alkkf fxphcquf phus odut, hfs glrts vlhukfs pfuvfbt rfghãtfr ubf glrtf prãsfbaf mf vfbmfurs. Tulcqu–ch fb slct, h–dbdhysf mu kdraoã mdbs slb fbsfk`hf mlct tlunlurs îtrf prcvchãicãf. îtrf  prcvchãicãf.

Hf vlhukf mlct rãfhhfkfbt îtrf albscmãrã alkkf ub cbmcadtfur mf albgcrkdtclb (vlcr irdpocquf 6).

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Irdpocquf 6 > Irdpocquf of`mlkdmdcrf mu ADA =:. Gcb 433?, lb albstdtf mfs pcas mf vlhukfs hlrs mf hd `dcssf `rutdhf mfs alurs. Fbsuctf, hd tfbmdbaf odusscïrf s–fst rfprcsf ft  s–fst albgcrkãf pdr ub trïs glrt pca mf vlhukfs mã`ut 4333. 

Mïs hlrs, sc h–lb dsscstf ê ubf odussf mu alurs m–ub tctrf daalkpdibãf tctrf  daalkpdibãf mf gdc`hfs vlhukfs ft ê  phus glrtf rdcslb mfs vlhukfs fb `dcssfs (mcvfrifbaf), lb pfut s–dttfbmrf ê ub fsslugghfkfbt mu kluvfkfbt ê hd odussf. Hfs vlhukfs slbt pdr albsãqufbt dussc trïs utchcsãs plur albgcrkfr hfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs. Zdr fxfkphf, hfs cbtfrvfbdbts quc dpfrélcvfbt hd glrkdtclb m–ubf gciurf fb mlu`hf-tlp  dttfbmrlbt hd albgcrkdtclb pdr ubf adssurf mf hd hcibf mf alu fb survfchhdbt hfs vlhukfs. D hd adssurf, hfs vlhukfs mlcvfbt îtrf ãhfvãs > phus chs slbt glrts, phus chs slbt scibcgcadtcgs ft mlba ê prfbmrf fb alkptf  pucsqu–ch albgcrkf `cfb hd glraf  psyaolhlicquf prãsfbtf prãsfb tf mdbs hd glrkdtclb mf hd gciurf gc iurf (vlcr irdpocquf irdpocq uf 7).

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Irdpocquf 7 > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu tctrf @KA QLG]YDPF CBA. Mf kdc ê gcb nuchhft, lb dpfrélct `cfb ubf albgciurdtclb irdpocquf fb mlu`hf-tlp.  H–ckplrtdbaf mu vlhukf , quc d  prdtcqufkfbt trcphã pdr rdpplrt dux vlhukfs mfs sfpt prfkcfrs klcs mf h–dbbãf 0:44 hlrs 0:44  hlrs mf hd adssurf mf hd hcibf mf alu mã`ut dlõt, albgcrkf `cfb h–fxcstfbaf mf hd gciurf ft albstctuf ub rãfh scibdh plur fbtrfr fb plsctclb. 

Afttf hcibf mf alu d albstctuã ub rãfh sfuch psyaolhlicquf. Mïs hlrs quf hfs alurs pdrvcfbbfbt ê hd grdbaocr, hf tctrf su`ct ub sfhh lgg  ft h–l`nfatcg mf alurs gcxã sur afttf gciurf d ãtã hdrifkfbt dttfcbt.

Afs prcbacpfs mf `dsfs ãtd`hcs pdr A. MLY mlcvfbt îtrf prcs fb alkptf pdr tlus hfs cbtfrvfbdbts quc sf mfstcbfbt ê îtrf mf vãrctd`hfs tfaobcacfbs sur hfs kdraoãs, lu mu klcbs, ê murfr sur hfs kdraoãs. M–dutrfs mãaluvfrtfs lbt ãtã rãdhcsãfs, bltdkkfbt sur su r ub phdb phus sacfbtcgcquf, dvfa hfs trdvdux mf H. GC@LBDAAC.

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0.4.1.  Hfs mãaluvfrtfs mf Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC

Hflbdrml GC@LBDAAC d gdct mf blk`rfusfs mãaluvfrtfs sacfbtcgcqufs, sur hf phdb kdtoãkdtcquf bltdkkfbt.

Qd mãaluvfrtf hd phus ckplrtdbtf albafrbf hfs blk`rfs m–lr, qu–ch d mãaluvfrt fb fssdydbt mf rãslumrf ub prl`hïkf plrtdbt sur hd arlcssdbaf m–ubf m– ubf plpuhdtclb mf hdpcbs > fb supplsdbt ubf aluphf mf hdpcbs cslhã mdbs ub hcfu mãsfrt, alk`cfb mf aluphfs vfrrlbt-ch hf nlur, sdaodbt quf tlus hfs klcs, aodquf aluphf mf hdpcbs mlbbf bdcssdbaf ê ub bluvfdu aluphf ê pdrtcr mu trlcscïkf klcs mf slb fxcstfbaf < Hd rãplbsf ê af prl`hïkf fst hd albstctutclb mfs blk`rfs m–lr. Aodquf blk`rf alrrfsplbmdbt ê hd slkkf mfs mfux blk`rfs quc hf prãaïmfbt > :, 4, 4, 0, 1, 6, ?, 41, 04, 1=, 66, ?3, 4==, 011… 011 …  Hf « blk`rf m–lr   µ, µ, bltã χ (poc), (poc), alrrfsplbm du rdpplrt fbtrf ub blk`rf ft slb prãaãmfbt. Af rdpplrt fst tlunlurs ãidh ê 4.74?. Af quc rfstf dpprlxckdtcgs plur mfs pftcts blk`rfs, kdcs  phus h–lb dvdbaf mdbs hd h d sãrcf, phus afttf oypltoïsf oypltoïs f sf vãrcgcf.  vãrcgcf.   Hf rdpplrt cbvfrsf fst dppfhã « rdtcl m–lr   µ, µ, quc alrrfsplbm du rdpplrt fbtrf ub blk`rf ft slb  prlaodcb, mlct tlunlurs îtrf ãidh ê :.74?. : .74?. Mdbs hf kîkf rdcslbbfkfbt, rdcsl bbfkfbt, phus hfs blk`rfs slbt ãhfvãs, phus hf rdtcl fst prãacs. Afs aocggrfs rfprãsfbtfbt hd « mcvcbf prlplrtclb µ, alkkf hf qudhcgcdct sc `cfb h–ctdhcfb h–ctdhcfb Grd Huad Huad ZDACLHC ê hd gcb mu _Wf scïahf.

Hf rdpplrt mfs blk`rfs mf hd sãrcf mf GC@LBDAAC pfut ãidhfkfbt s–fggfatufr dvfa mfs ãadrts mf blk`rfs. Zdr fxfkphf, ch fst plssc`hf mf mcvcsfr 4== pdr 66 ft cbvfrsfkfbt. Lb l`tcfbt dhlrs 0.74? ft ft 1?.0 plur h–cbvfrsf. Qc h–lb vd fbalrf phus hlcb fb mcvcsdbt 1= pdr 4==, lb l`tcfbt 01.7. Afs dutrfs aocggrfs rfprãsfbtfbt mfs bcvfdux trïs ckplrtdbts ft albstctufbt ub lutch trïs utchcsã pdr hfs dbdhystfs tfaobcqufs > hfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC. 11

 

 

Hfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC pfrkfttfbt mf mãtfrkcbfr mfs zlbfs mf supplrts ft mf rãscstdbafs sur hd `dsfs mf rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC ft mlbt hfs acbq prcbacpdux slbt > 01.7 %, 1?.0 %, 6: %, 74.? % ft 9?.7 %. Mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf, afs rftrdafkfbts pfrkfttfbt m–cmfbtcgcfr h–dkphctumf mfs podsfs mf albslhcmdtclb ft mf gcxfr mfs l`nfatcgs mf rfphc. D h–cbvfrsf, mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf, `dcsscï rf, chs  pfrkfttfbt m–cmfbtcgcfr h–dkphctumf hfs podsfs mf rf`lbm. M–ub plcbt mf vuf prdtcquf, hfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC mlcvfbt îtrf trdaãs m–ub phus `ds ê ub phus odut plur ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf (hfs plurafbtdifs mfsafbmrlbt mf : % ê 4:: %) ft m–ub phus odut ê ub phus  `ds plur ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf (hfs plurafbtdifs duikfbtfrlbt mf : % ê 4:: %). Ftdbt trïs utchcsãs, hfs sfuchs mf supplrts ft rãscstdbafs mf afs rftrdafkfbts sfrlbt trïs survfchhãs pdr hfs cbtfrvfbdbts, af quc rfbglraf mdvdbtdif mdvdbtdif h–cmãf quf hfs alurs rfghïtfbt hd h d psyaolhlicf mfs cbvfstcssfurs (vlcr irdpocquf 9).

Irdpocquf 9 > Irdpocquf of`mlkdmdcrf mf h–cbmcaf MD_ . Hfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC  nlufbt `cfb ub rýhf mf supplrts ft rãscstdbafs. rãscstdbafs. Ch fst plssc`hf mf gcxfr ê aodquf glcs ub l`nfatcg mf alurs. 1=

 

 

Ch fst ãvcmfbt quf plur ubf utchcsdtclb lptckdhf mf aft lutch, ch gdut hf aluphfr ê m–dutrfs cbmcadtfurs ft pdr-mfssus pdr-mfssus tlut, ê h–dbdhysf mu kdraoã mdbs slb fbsfk`hf (vlhukfs, albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs, aodbmfhcfrs, tfbmdbafs, fta.). Fb fggft, sur hf irdpocquf 9, ch fst  plssc`hf m–l`sfrvfr qufhqufs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs  irdpocqufs  > m–d`lrm ub trcphf-tlp  glrkã murdbt hf prfkcfr sfkfstrf 0:44, af quc d adusã ubf glrtf `dcssf mu kdraoã. Mdbs hf mfrbcfr trckfstrf 0:44, hfs alurs glrkfbt ub mlu`hf-`lttlk, hf mfuxcïkf arfux ãtdbt ub pfu phus odut quf hf  prãaãmfbt. Af quc albgcrkf albgcr kf hf gdct quf hf kluvfkfbt `dcs `dcsscfr scfr d mu kdh ê s–fbglbafr mdv mdvdbtdif. dbtdif. Vb rftlurbfkfbt ê hd odussf ãtdct dhlrs fbvcsdiã. Ch fst ãidhfkfbt plssc`hf m–utchcsfr hfs rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC plur mãtfrkcbfr mfs l`nfatcgs tfkplrfhs, pdr fxfkphf, qudbm durd hcfu hf prlaodcb tlp  sur ub irdpocquf. Zlur mãtfrkcbfr qudbm durd hcfu ub prlaodcb tlp (mlba phus ãhfvã quf hf prãaãmfbt, lu du klcbs ãidh), ch gdut adhauhfr h–ãadrt fbtrf hfs fbtrf hfs mfux mfrbcfrs tlps ft kuhtcphcf aft ãadrt pdr 4.74? ft/lu 0.74?. Af quc mlbbfrd ub blk`rf mf nlur quf h–lb dnlutfrd du nlur mu mfrbcfr tlp. Afttf kãtolmf fst trïs utchf plur dbtcacpfr hfs rftlurbfkfbts ft sf gcxfr mfs l`nfatcgs (vlcr irdpocquf ?).

Irdpocquf ? > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu ADA =: (l`nfatcg tfkplrfh mf GC@LBDAAC). 16

 

 

Af irdpocquf chhustrf pdrgdctfkfbt h–fggcadactã mfs prãvcsclbs iràaf dux rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC. Fb kuhtcphcdbt h–ãadrt mf nlurs qu–ch y d fbtrf hf 1: ndbvcfr ft hf 4= kdrs   (=1  nlurs)  nlurs) pdr 4.74? (blk`rf m–lr), lb l`tcfbt 9: nlurs. Af nlurs.  Af blk`rf mf nlurs, quc sfrd dnlutã ê hd mdtf mu mfrbcfr phus odut (hf 4= kdrs), mlbbfrd hd mdtf mu prlaodcb phus odut. Afttf kãtolmf  pfrkft vãrctd`hfkfbt mf sdvlcr s dvlcr qudbm fbvcrlb hf bluvfdu b luvfdu phus odut sfrd sfr d dttfcbt.

Hd pfrgfatclb mfs blk`rfs trluvãs pfut pdrdâtrf alkkf ãtdbt ubf kfrvfchhf mf hd bdturf mlbt hfs glbmfkfbts sacfbtcgcqufs lbt cbspcrã P. B. FHHCL]]. Fb fggft, afs rftrdafkfbts slbt trïs utchcsãs mdbs hd kãtolmf mfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs mfs alurs mf `lursf. Hfs trdvdux mf P.  B. FHHCL]] lbt `fdu îtrf glbmãs sur mfs prcbacpfs glbmdkfbtdux mu « pïrf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf µ ft mu rdcslbbfkfbt sacfbtcgcquf mu prlmcif kdtoãkdtcacfb, chs albbdcssfbt tlutfs hfs mcggcauhtãs plur îtrf rfalbbus. Afpfbmdbt, chs albstctufbt dunlurm–ouc ubf rãgãrfbaf plur hfs prl-fhhclttcstfs, iràaf bltdkkfbt ê Pl`frt ZPFAO]FP.

0.4.=.  Zlpuhdrcsdtclb mf hd strdtãicf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt 

Hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs albstctufbt ubf kãtolmf quc qu c s–fst vrdckfbt plpuhdrcsãf du trdvfrs mf irdbmfs arcsfs dydbt cbactã tlus hfs cbtfrvfbdbts ê ãalutfr hfs ilurlus mf hd gcbdbaf,  pdrkc hfsqufhhfs sf trluvdct Pl`frt ZPFAO]FP, ubf rãgãrfbaf klbmcdhf spãacdhcstf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt.  m–Fhhcltt.  Ch d fb fggft ãtumcã afttf afttf toãlrcf mfpucs mfs mczdcbfs m–dbbãfs  m–dbbãfs   ft sfs rfaofraofs huc lbt  pfrkcs m–ãvctfr mf tlk`fr mdbs h–lu`hc.  h–lu`hc.   Fb fggft, hd plpuhdrctã mf afs strdtãicfs s–fst surtlut daafbtuãf daafbtuãf dvfa qufhqufs-ubfs mf sfs pu`hcadtclbs, bltdkkfbt mf h–luvrdif  Fhhcltt Ydvf Zrcbacphf fb 439?, dcbsc quf sfs dbdhysfs quc lbt ãtã pu`hcãfs mdbs hd rfvuf ]of Fhhcltt Ydvf ]oflrcst  mfpucs  mfpucs 4393.

17

 

 

Dprïs dvlcr ãtã mcphýkã fb psyaolhlicf ê h–ubcvfrsctã Sdhf fb 4394, ch trdvdchhf fb tdbt qu–dbdhystf du sfcb mf Kfrrchh Hybao. Ch Hybao.  Ch mãaluvrf dhlrs dprïs qufhqufs dbbãfs hd toãlrcf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt.  m–Fhhcltt.  Dprïs mf blk`rfusfs rfaofraofs, ch mãaluvrf quf hfs kdraoãs bf slbt rcfb m–dutrf qu–ubf « dggdcrf mf psyaolhlicf mf kdssf µ0. Ch pdrt mu plstuhdt quf hf alkplrtfkfbt mu kdraoã fst pchltã pc hltã pdr h–oukfur slacdhf > slacdhf  > ch mãgcbct kîkf hf albafpt mf « slaclblkcf µ.

Murdbt hfs dbbãfs 439:, hfs kdraoãs datclbs ãtdcfbt glrtfkfbt `dcsscfrs, kdcs P. ZPFAO]FP  prãmcsdct hf albtrdcrf dvfa mfs kdraoãs trïs odusscfrs, fb utchcsdbt hfs vd vdiufs iufs m–Fhhcltt.  m–Fhhcltt.  Hf mã`ut mfs dbbãfs 43?: huc mlbbf rdcslb ft afttf strdtãicf alkkfbaf ê `àtcr sd rfblkkãf. Hd rfblkkãf mf hd strdtãicf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt d vrdckfbt ãtã trïs glrtf hlrsqu–ch d rãdhcsã ub idcb mf === % hlrs m–ub aodkpclbbdt mf alurtdif fb 43?=. Ch d rféu mf blk`rfusfs rãalkpfbsfs, bltdkkfbt mu Vbctfm Qtdtfs ]rdmcbi Aodkpclbsocp  ft fb 43?3, mf hd AB@A quc h–d ãhu «  «  ilurlu mf hd mãafbbcf µ. Ch d ãtã ãidhfkfbt mãscibã alkkf ãtdbt h–ub mfs kfchhfurs prãvcsclbbcstfs du klbmf pdr hf ]ckfr Mcifst  ft  ft hf Glrtubf kdidzcbf.

P. ZPFAO]FP d vãrctd`hfkfbt ãtã hf idrdbt mf hd plpuhdrcsdtclb mf hd toãlrcf m–Fhhcltt. Ch m–Fhhcltt. Ch d gdct mfs rfaofraofs sur tlus hfs ãarcts m–Fhhcltt, sfs pu`hcadtclbs ft hfs d tlus rdssfk`hã.   Qd hãictckctã s–fst dvãrãf hlrs mf irdbmfs arcsfs gcbdbacïrfs, pdr fxfkphf hf erdao m–latl`rf m–la tl`rf 43?9. ]lus hfs gcbdbacfrs ft hfs kãmcds lbt albscmãrã P. ZPFAO]FP alkkf ãtdbt hf « ilurlu µ mfs kdraoãs, hf « kdâtrf µ cbalbtfstã mlbt hfs dbdhysfs ãtdcfbt cbmcsautd`hfs. Ft af, ê tfh plcbt qu–chs albscmãrdcfbt tlus quf sfs dbdhysfs dvdcfbt hf pluvlcr ê fhhfs sfuhfs m–ckpdatfr hfs kluvfkfbts mu kdraoã, ê hd odussf alkkf ê hd `dcssf. P. ZPFAO]FP d vu hf blk`rf mf slusarcptclbs ê sfs hfttrfs kfbsufhhfs hcttãrdhfkfbt fxphlsfr.

0

 ZPFAO]FP

P. (0::1), Zrfaotfr–s Zfrspfatcvf, Bfw Ahdsscas Hc`rdry, Idcbfsvchhf, Iflricd

19

 

 

Dunlurm–ouc, Dunlurm– ouc, P. ZPFAO]FP fst prãscmfbt m–Fhhcltt Ydvf Cbtfrbdtclbdh (FYC), (FYC), quc fst h–ubf mfs phus irdbmfs fbtrfprcsfs mf prãvcsclbs mfs kdraoãs. H–fbtrfprcsf pu`hcf mfs dbdhysfs sur hfs datclbs, l`hcidtclbs, kdtcïrfs prfkcïrfs (kãtdux ft ãbfricfs) dcbsc quf sur hfs mfvcsfs. Ch albtcbuf datufhhfkfbt mf  prlkluvlcr hd toãlrcf m–Fhhcltt pdr hf `cdcs mf albgãrfbafs, albgãrfbaf s, bltdkkfbt du  Kdssdaousftts Cbstctutf lg ]faoblhliy (KC]) lu fbalrf ê hd  Hlbmlb Qaollh lg  Falblkcas (HQF).

]lus afs prcbacpfs mf glbatclbbfkfbt mfs kdraoãs, dussc `cfb du bcvfdu mf hd psyaolhlicf quf mfs mãaluvfrtfs quc lbt `luhfvfrsã hf klbmf mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, ãtdbt albbus ft `cfb dssckchãs, ch fst kdcbtfbdbt tfkps mf mãalrtcqufr afttf kãtolmf mf mãalkplsctclb fb vdiufs mf hd kdbcïrf hd phus prãacsf plssc`hf ft mf sdvlcr sc slb dpphcadtclb sur hfs kdraoãs iãbïrf mfs rãsuhtdts plsctcgs.

0.0.  Zrcbacpfs mf glbatclbbfkfbt ft utchcsdtclb 0.0.4.  Zrcbacpfs mf `dsf mf hd toãlrcf m–Fhhcltt 

H–luvrdif pu`hcã pdr Aodrhfs N. ALHHCBQ cbtctuhã ]of Ydvf Zrcbacphf fb 431? `dsã sur hfs trdvdux mf P. B. FHHCL]], albstctuf ubf rãgãrfbaf plur fhhclttcstfs.

Hfs kdraoãs ãvlhufbt sfhlb trlcs dspfats glbmdkfbtdux mdbs hd toãlrcf m– Fhhcltt > h–ãvlhutclb mfs alurs (albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs), hfs rdtcls ft hd ayahcactã. Afs trlcs dspfats slbt ê  prfbmrf fb alkptf mdbs aft lrmrf prãacs. H–ãvlhutclb mfs alurs albafrbf hfs tfbmdbafs ft hfs kluvfkfbts mf alrrfatclbs. Hfs rdtcls plrtfbt sur hfs rftrdafkfbts ft hd gcxdtclb m–l`nfatcgs m f alurs. Fbgcb, hd ayahcactã mlct pfrkfttrf mf sdvlcr qudbm afs kluvfkfbts mf kdraoãs ft sfs rftrdafkfbts sfrlbt dttfcbts.

1?

 

 

Alkkf mãarct prãaãmfkkfbt, hd toãlrcf m–Fhhcltt m– Fhhcltt fst vãrctd`hfkfbt glbmãf sur hd toãlrcf mf MLY, mlbt P. B. FHHCL]] rftcfbt h–ckplrtdbaf mf hd psyaolhlicf psyaolhlicf ft hd rãgãrfbaf ê hd kfr ft sur hfs blk`rfs m–lr ft rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC quc slbt hf rfghft m–ubf hlc ubcvfrsfhhf mf hd bdturf.

0.0.4.4. Mãalkplsctclb mfs kluvfkfbts

Hfs kdraoãs ãvlhufbt ãvlhu fbt sfhlb ub ayahf quc sf mãalkplsf fb ouct o uct vdiufs > acbq vdiufs alrrfsplbmdbt ê mfs vdiufs mf tfbmdbaf (4, 0, 1, =, 6) ft trlcs vdiufs alrrfsplbmdbt ê mfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb (d, `, a). Hfs acbq prfkcïrfs vdiufs mf tfbmdbaf slbt fhhfs-kîkfs alkplsãfs mf trlcs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb (4, 1, 6) ft mf mfux vdiufs mf alrrfatclb (0, =). Zdrtdbt mf af prcbacpf, tlutf vdiuf mf tfbmdbaf fst alkplsãf mf acbq vdiufs 4, 0, 1, = ft 6 (mlbt trlcs m–ckpuhsclb (4, m–ckpuhsclb (4, 1, 6) ft mfux mf alrrfatclb (0, =)) ft tlutf vdiuf mf alrrfatclb fst alkplsãf mf trlcs trlcs vdiufs d, ` ft a (mlbt mfux vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb (d, a) ft ubf vdiuf mf alrrfatclb (`)). Zlur îtrf phus ahdcr, vlcac af quf rfprãsfbtf ub ayahf mf ouct vdiufs >

13

 

 

Vbf podsf m–ckpuhsclb fst tlunlurs tlunlurs alkplsãf mf acbq vdiufs ft ubf vdiuf mf alrrfatclb fst tlunlurs alkplsãf mf trlcs vdiufs. Zdr fxfkphf, hd vdiuf 4 fst ubf vdiuf m–ck puhsclb > fhhf sfrd alkplsãf mf acbq vdiufs (4), (0), (1), (=) ft (6). Hd vdiuf 0 fst ubf vdiuf mf alrrfatclb > fhhf sfrd alkplsãf mf trlcs vdiufs (d), (`) ft (a). Wlcac ub fxfkphf >

Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, tlutf vdiuf m–ckpuhsclb alkprfbm mfs m fs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb ft mf alrrfatclb quc, fhhfs-kîkfs, alkprfbmrlbt ãidhfkfbt m–dutrfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb ft mf alrrfatclb > a–fst hf prcbacpf mf iãlkãtrcf grdatdhf ãblbaã prãaãmfkkfbt.  prãaãmfkkfbt.   Fb l`sfrvdbt dttfbtcvfkfbt af ayahf mf ouct vdiufs, ch fst plssc`hf mf rfkdrqufr qu–fhhfs sf su`mcvcsfbt fb 1= slus-vdiufs (6 vdiufs kdnfurfs m–ckpuhsclb kuhtcphcãfs kuhtcphcãfs pdr 6 vdiufs kcbfurfs m–ckpuhsclb + trlcs vdiufs kdnfurfs mf alrrfatclb kuhtcphcãfs pdr 1 vdiufs kcbfurfs mf alrrfatclb). Lr 1= fst ub blk`rf mf GC@LBDAAC. Zlur dhhfr phus hlcb, hd su`mcvcsclb mfs 1= vdiufs fb slus-vdiufs mlbbfrd 4== slus-vdiufs (dutrf blk`rf mf GC@LBDAAC). Af ayahf alkphft rfprãsfbtf pdrgdctfkfbt ub blk`rf mf hd suctf mf GC@LBDAAC > 4== vdiufs, 1= =:

 

 

vdiufs, ? vdiufs, 6 vdiufs, 1 vdiufs, fta. Zlur mãalkplsfr hfs vdiufs fb acbq plur hfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb ft fb trlcs plur afhhf afhh fs mf alrrfatclb, ch albvcfbt m–cmfbtcgcfr hd tfbmdbaf.  tfbmdbaf.  Qc hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb sf glrkfbt mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf (vlcr toãlrcf mf MLY), ch s–dicrd mf sckphfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb (glrkã pdr 1 vdiufs). Hfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb, alkplsãfs mf acbq vdiufs mf mfirã cbgãrcfur, albstctufrd hf prfkcfr hf kluvfkfbt odusscfr (C). Qc fb rfvdbaof, hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb sf glbt mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf, fhhfs sfrlbt dhlrs alkplsãfs mf acbq vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb `dcsscïrfs, ubf podsf mf rf`lbm ê trlcs vdiufs ft ê bluvfdu acbq vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb `dcsscïrfs. Afs trlcs podsfs alrrfsplbmrlbt du kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb mf hd podsf mf mfirã supãrcfur (CC). Pdppfhlbs qudbm kîkf qu–ubf alrrfatclb fst ub kluvfkfbt quc sf prlmuct mdbs hf sfbs albtrdcrf mf hd tfbmdbaf. Ac-mfsslus ub fxfkphf. C

CC

Zhus prlsdìqufkfbt, tlutf podsf mf alrrfatclb mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf sfrd alkplsãf mf trlcs vdiufs (alrrfatclb) ft tlutf podsf mf alrrfatclb mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf sfrd mltãf =4

 

 

mf acbq vdiufs (ckpuhsclb). D h–cbvfrsf, tlutf podsf mf odussf mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf sfrd alkplsãf mf acbq vdiufs (ckpuhsclb) ft tlutf podsf mf rf`lbm mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf  `dcsscïrf sfrd mltãf mf trlcs vdiufs (alrrfatclb). Dcbsc, l`sfrvfr ubf podsf mf alrrfatclb fb acbq vdiufs mdbs ub `uhh kdreft   fst ckplssc`hf. Ch s–dict sdbs mlutf sdbs  mlutf mf hd prfkcïrf vdiuf mf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf.

Afttf mãalkplsctclb fb vdiufs pfut s–dpphcqufr sur mfs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps trïs hdrifs > mu mfux-afbts dbs, du ayahf kcbfur quc pfut bf Irdbm supfrayahf  quc pfut dhhfr nusqu–ê mfux-afbts rfprãsfbtfr quf qufhqufs ofurfs. Kdcs af qu–ch gdut rftfbcr pdr -mfssus -mfssus tlut, fst quf hf ayahf mf ouct vdiufs sf prlmuct cbmãpfbmdkkfbt mu ayahf tfkplrfh. Dutrfkfbt mct, ch sf prlmuct tlut hf tfkps, pfu ckplrtf h–ãaofhhf mf tfkps ãtumcã.

Zlur mãtfrkcbfr qufh kluvfkfbt rfprãsfbtf qufhhf vdiuf, ch gdut sdvlcr af quf aodquf vdiuf rfprãsfbtf, dutrfkfbt mct hfur pfrslbbdhctã.

0.0.4.0. Zsyaolhlicf mfs vdiufs

Wdiufs 4 Ch fst iãbãrdhfkfbt trïs mcggcachf m–cmfbtcgcfr ubf vdiuf 4, bltdkkfbt mu gdct qu–fhhf slct sluvfbt cbtfrprãtãf alkkf ãtdbt ub sckphf rf`lbm. Fhhf gdct fb prcbacpf suctf ê ubf trïs glrtf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf. Fhhfs slbt alurtfs ft rdpcmfs > ch drrcvf pdrglcs qu–fhhfs sf mãalkplsfbt fb sfuhfkfbt trlcs vdiufs du hcfu mf acbq (ads rdrf), rdrf), kîkf sc a–fst ubf vdiuf m–ckpuhsclb. M–ló hd mcggcauhtã mf h–cbtfrprãtfr. A–fst ê af klkfbt-hê klkfbt -hê quf hfs phus cbctcãs, dussc dppfhãs « dstuacfux µ daaukuhfbt hfurs plsctclbs. Hd toãlrcf mf MLY dggcrkdct qu–chs mcsplsdcfbt m–cbglrkdtclbs prcvchãicãfs quc hfur pfrkfttdcfbt m–dbtcacpfr dvdbt hfs dutrfs.  dutrfs.  

=0

 

 

Wdiufs 0 Hfs vdiufs 0 slbt iãbãrdhfkfbt dssfz vclhfbtfs. Fhhfs alrrcifbt hd vdiuf 4 mf kdbcïrf dssfz  prlblbaãf, af quc tfbm ê gdcrf pfbsfr ê ubf rfprcsf rfprcs f mf hd tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf (mlba ê ubf vdiuf A). Afttf vdiuf 0 pfut pdrglcs kîkf alrrcifr nusqu–ê  prfsquf 4:: % mu kluvfkfbt mf hd vdiuf 4, sdbs tlutfglcs pluvlcr alrrcifr mdvdbtdif (afhd cbvdhcmfrdct af saãbdrcl sfhlb hfqufh ch s–dicssdct m–ubf vdiuf 0). Ch fst dhlrs plssc`hf m–l`sfrvfr ubf albgciurdtclb irdpocquf fb mlu`hf-`lttlk  (mdbs hf ads m–ub kluvfkfbt `uhh), lu fb mlu`hf-tlp  (mdbs hf ads m–ub

kluvfkfbt `fdr ). ).

Wdiufs 1 Hfs vdiufs 1 albstctufbt cbmu`ctd`hfkfbt hf kluvfkfbt prcbacpdh. Fhhfs murfbt fb iãbãrdh  phus hlbitfkps ft slbt phus mybdkcqufs quf hfs dutrfs vdiufs (fxtfbsclbs). Fhhfs bf slbt  ndkdcs hfs phus alurtfs. A–fst A–fst mdbs hfs vdiufs 1 qu–cbtfrvcfbbfbt hd kdnlrctã mfs cbtfrvfbdbts (prlgfssclbbfhs ft pu`hca cbctcã), quc slbt dhlrs qudhcgcãs mf « sucvfurs µ. Aft fbilufkfbt sf albgcrkf dhlrs pdr ubf rfprcsf mu vlhukf quc vcfbt albgcrkfr hd qudhctã mu kluvfkfbt.

Wdiufs = Fhhfs slbt pdr prcbacpf klcbs scibcgcadtcvfs quf hfs vdiufs 0 fb tfrkfs mf alrrfatclb. Fhhfs vcfbbfbt albslhcmfr hf kdraoã kdcs ãvlhufbt afpfbmdbt mf kdbcïrf phus lu klcbs alkphfxf, dvfa bltdkkfbt hf prcbacpf m–dhtfrbdbaf quc sfrd mãvfhlppã mdbs hd prlaodcbf slus-pdrtcf. slus -pdrtcf. Afttf alrrfatclb mfs alurs bf pfut ndkdcs rftrdafr ê 4:: % hd vdiuf 1 ft ê phus glrtf rdcslb, bf mlct ndkdcs fbglbafr hf slkkft mf hd vdiuf 4 (mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf) lu hf arfux mf hd vdiuf 4 (mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf).

=1

 

 

Wdiufs 6 Hd vdiuf 6 fst ubf vdiuf mf gcb mf tfbmdbaf quc fst fb iãbãrdh pfu mybdkcquf (klcbs mybdkcquf quf hd vdiuf 1), quc murf dssfz hlbitfkps ft quc pfrkft du kdraoã m–dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu phus odut, kîkf sc afhd b–fst pds tlunlurs vrdc  vrdc  > a–fst a–fst hf poãblkïbf mf mcstrc`utclb mãvfhlppã prãaãmfkkfbt quc fst fb kdraof. Hfs pftcts plrtfurs fbtrfbt fb plsctclb dhlrs quf hfs « dstuacfux µ mcstrc`ufbt hfurs plsctclbs plur slrtcr mu kdraoã. Lb albstdtf dhlrs ubf  `dcssf mu vlhukf ft hf kdraoã pfcbf ê dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu slkkft (plur ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf) lu ub bluvfdu arfux (plur ubf tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf). Hfs vdiufs 6 albbdcssfbt qufhqufs glcs ub poãblkïbf m–fxtfbsclb.  m–fxtfbsclb.  Hfs fxtfbsclbs sfrlbt mãvfhlppãfs mdbs hd  prlaodcbf slus-pdrtcf. slus-pdrt cf.

Wdiufs D ]lut alkkf plur hd vdiuf 4, ch fst dssfz alkphfxf m–cbtfrprãtfr hfs vdiufs D quc pfuvfbt îtrf  pfréufs alkkf ubf sckphf podsf mf alrrfatclb tfaobcquf. Hd vdiuf D mlct pdr albsãqufbt îtrf alkplsãf mf acbq slus-vdiufs, slus-vdiufs, ãtdbt mlbbã qu–ch s–dict `cfb m–ubf vdiuf m–ckpuhsclb. m– ckpuhsclb. Afs vdiufs drrcvfbt ãvcmfkkfbt du tfrkf m–ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf.  

Wdiufs @ Afttf vdiuf alrrcif hd vdiuf D mdbs mf gdc`hfs vlhukfs ft ch pfut drrcvfr pdrglcs qu–fhhf alrrcif hf kluvfkfbt mf hd vdiuf D nusqu–ê 4:: %. Af quc pfrkft m–l`sfrvfr ubf albgciurdtclb irdpocquf fb mlu`hf-tlp (plur ub kluvfkfbt `dcsscfr) lu mlu`hf-`lttlk (plur ub kluvfkfbt odusscfr). Fhhfs lbt ub alkplrtfkfbt sckchdcrf ê hd vdiuf 0.

==

 

 

Wdiufs A Hfs vdiufs A lbt ub alkplrtfkfbt dssfz sckchdcrf dux vdiufs 1. Ch fst fb albsãqufbaf trïs mcggcachf mf hfs cbtfrprãtfr. Fb fggft, fhhfs slbt fb iãbãrdh dssfz hlbiufs dvfa ubf rfprcsf mu vlhukf. Af quc rfghïtf vãrctd`hfkfbt hfs adrdatãrcstcqufs mfs vdiufs 1. Qlkkfs-blus fbtrãs mdbs ub rãfh kdraoã `dcsscfr lu slkkfs-blus sckphfkfbt mdbs ubf podsf mf alrrfatclb fggcadaf mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr (vlcr saoãkd bº4 ft 0).

Qaoãkd bº4 Glrtf `dcssf mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr

Qaoãkd bº0

Glrtf odussf mdbs ub kdraoã  `dcsscfr

=6

 

 

Hd alkprãofbsclb dcbsc quf h–dssckchdtclb mf hd pfrslbbdhctã pfrslbbdhctã ft mf hd psyaolhlicf cbtfrvfbdbt mdbs aodaubf mfs vdiufs fst prcklrmcdhf plur kcfux hfs cbtfrprãtfr. Ch fst afpfbmdbt pfu  numcacfux mf s–fb tfbcr sfuhfkfbt s fuhfkfbt ê aft dspfat dspfat mfs vdiufs, sdbs tfbcr alkptf mf hd mybdkcquf ft mfs rïihfs quc hfs alkplsfbt. Hd prcsf fb alkptf mf h–fbsfk`hf mf afs ãhãkfbts od`chctfrd h–cbtfrvfbdbt ê dmlptfr ub alkplrtfkfbt mcibf mfs phus irdbms fhhclttcstfs.

0.0.0.  Mybdkcquf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt

Af qu–ch gdut sdvlcr dvdbt tlut, a–fst quf hd mybdkcquf mfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb fst mcggãrfbtf mf afhhfs mfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb. A–fst plurqulc ch fst ckplrtdbt mf hfs sãpdrfr fb mfux adtãilrcfs, fb alkkfbédbt pdr hfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb, pucs pdr hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb.  

m–ckpuhsclb  0.0.0.4. Wdiufs m–ckpuhsclb 

Fxtfbsclbs Hd phupdrt mfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb albbdcssdbt mfs fxtfbsclbs, a–fst-ê-mcrf a–fst -ê-mcrf qu–fhhfs albbdcssfbt phuscfurs su`mcvcsclbs quc, du gcbdh, bf rfprãsfbtfbt qu–ubf sfuhf ft kîkf vdiuf.   Afs fxtfbsclbs bf pfuvfbt sf prlmucrf quf sur ubf sfuhf mfs trlcs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb. Hd vdiuf quc gdct h–l`nft m–ubf fxtfbsclb sfrd mlba `fdualup phus hlbiuf quf hfs dutrfs. Qc dutrfs.  Qc hfs vdiufs 4 ft 1 slbt mf tdchhfs dpprlxckdtcvfkfbt cmfbtcqufs, hd vdiuf 6 plurrdct albbdâtrf ubf fxtfbsclb. Mf kîkf, sc hd vdiuf 4 su`ct ubf fxtfbsclb, ch fst glrt prl`d`hf quf hfs vdiufs 1 ft 6 dcfbt mfs tdchhfs dpprlxckdtcvfkfbt ãqucvdhfbtfs. Ch drrcvf pdrglcs quf hfs fxtfbsclbs  prfbbfbt hd glrkf mf su`mcvcsclbs su`mcvcsclb s mlbt h–dkphctumf ft hd murãf alìbacmfbt dvfa hfs qudtrf dutrfs vdiufs mf hd tfbmdbaf. Af quc alkphfxcgcf h–cbtfrprãtdtclb h–cbtfrprãtdtclb mfs vdiufs. Afhd pfut fb

=7

 

 

fggft mlbbfr ubf tfbmdbaf ê bfug vdiufs mlbt ch fst mcggcachf mf sdvlcr qufhhf vdiuf su`ct ubf fxtfbsclb (vlcr saoãkd bº1)1.

Qaoãkd bº1

Mdbs hd prdtcquf, a–fst sluvfbt hd vdiuf 1 quc gdct h–l`nft m–ubf fxtfbsclb. Zlur rdppfh, hd vdiuf 1 bf mlct ndkdcs îtrf hd phus alurtf. A–fst ubf mfs   rïihfs fhhcltcstfs ê kdâtrcsfr ft fhhf sfrd mãvfhlppãf mdbs hd pdrtcf dmdptãf.

1

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

=9

 

 

Ch drrcvf dussc dssfz sluvfbt qu–ubf fxtfbsclb su`cssf fhhf-kîkf fhhf -kîkf ubf fxtfbsclb. Zdr fxfkphf, hd vdiuf 1 su`ct ubf fxtfbsclb. Mdbs afttf kîkf vdiuf, ch pfut y dvlcr acbq dutrfs vdiufs (vlcr h–chhustrdtclb mf aft fxfkphf ac-mfsslus). ac -mfsslus).

Af saoãkd klbtrf `cfb h–fxtfbsclb m–ubf fxtfbsclb sur hd vdiuf 1.  1.  

Ch fst plssc`hf m–fstckfr hd hlbiufur mfs fxtfbsclbs iràaf dux rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC. Hfs phus Hfs  phus utchcsãs sfrlbt 4.74? ft 0. Dcbsc, hlrsquf hd vdiuf 4 ft hd vdiuf 1 slbt ê pfu prïs ãqucvdhfbtfs, ch fst plssc`hf mf kuhtcphcfr hd tdchhf mf h–ubf mf afs vdiufs pd r 4.74? lu 0 plur gcxfr hf slkkft quc sfrd dttfcbt pdr hd vdiuf 6.

Gdchurf

Ch drrcvf pdrglcs hd vdiuf 6 b–drrcvf pds ê dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu slkkft (mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr) lu ub bluvfdu phus `ds (mdbs ub kdraoã `dcsscfr) ft mlba b–drrcvf pds dhhfr phus hlcb hlcb quf hd vdiuf 1. A–fst af qu–dppfhhf P. B. FHHCL] ubf FHHCL] ubf  gdchurf. Afhd sf prlmuct iãbãrdhfkfbt hlrsquf hd vdiuf d ãtã pdrtcauhcïrfkfbt scibcgcadtcvf. Zlur dbtcacpfr hd  gdchurf, ch gdut sucvrf dttfbtcvfkfbt hf mãalkptf mf hd vdiuf 6 (vlcr hfs saoãkds ac-mfsslus). =?

 

 

Gdchurf mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr

Gdchurf mdbs ub kdraoã `dcsscfr

Dprïs ubf vdiuf 1 trïs fggcadaf, ch gdumrdct s–dttfbmrf ê ubf vdiuf 6 phus hd`lrcfusf.  hd`lrcfusf.  

Gciurfs fb @csfdu lu mcdilbdh  Afttf gciurf s–fggfatuf prcbacpdhfkfbt sur hd vdiuf 6. A–fst glrkdtclb fb `csfdu lu mcdilbdh  trdmuct ub fsslugghfkfbt mu kdraoã. Af `csfdu sfrd huc-kîkf alkplsã mf acbq vdiufs ft aodquf vdiuf sfrd alkplsãf mf trlcs vdiufs (glrkdtclb fb 1-1-1-1-1). Afs vdiufs sfrlbt mf  phus fb phus phu s rãmuctfs. rãmu ctfs. Hd gciurf gciur f sfrd albgcrkãf hlrs mf hd adssurf mu `csfdu, ` csfdu, quc blrkdhfkfbt b lrkdhfkfbt mlct sf gdcrf ê hd gcb mf hd acbqucïkf vdiuf (acbq vdiufs alkplsãfs mf trlcs vdiufs aodaubf). Hd adssurf sf gfrd pdr hf `ds plur ub `csfdu odusscfr ft pdr hf odut plur ub `csfdu `dcsscfr.

=3

 

 

Wlcac ac-mfsslus hfs `csfdux rfspfatdbt afs prcbacpfs.

Afttf glrkdtclb mfs vdiufs glbatclbbf dussc `cfb plur ub `csfdu gfrkã (alkkf ac-mfssus) quf plur ub `csfdu ãhdric (vlcr irdpocquf mu MLY NLBFQ ac-mfsslus) =.

=

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

6:

 

 

Hf plcbt ckplrtdbt ê rftfbcr, fst quf mdbs af ads mf gciurf ft sfuhfkfbt mdbs af ads, hf `lttlk  mf hd vdiuf = pfut fbglbafr hf tlp mf hd vdiuf 4 (kdcs pds l`hcidtlcrfkfbt).

Wlcac mlba hfs prcbacpdhfs adrdatãrcstcqufs albafrbdbt hd mybdkcquf mfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb. Hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb, quc fb iãbãrdh, slbt phus mcggcachfs ê cmfbtcgcfr prãsfbtfbt mfs adrdatãrcstcqufs mcggãrfbtfs.

0.0.0.0. Wdiufs mf alrrfatclb

Alkkf mct prãaãmfkkfbt, hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb slbt mfs vdiufs sf glrkfbt mdbs hf sfbs cbvfrsf mf hd tfbmdbaf tfbmdb af prcbacpdhf. Mf pdr hd mcggcauhtã m cggcauhtã mf hfs cmfbtcgcfr cmfbtc gcfr ahdcrfkfbt, fhhfs albbdcssfbt ub phus irdbm blk`rf mf albgciurdtclbs quf hfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb.   Ch b–fst mlba  pds aolsf dcsãf m–îtrf afrtdcb quf tfhhf vdiuf fst `cfb ubf ub f vdiuf mf alrrfatclb, sdug sdu g hlrsquf hd hd vdiuf fst mãnê `cfb mfrrcïrf blus. Hf plcbt ckplrtdbt ê rftfbcr fst quf hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb slbt tlunlurs du blk`rf mf trlcs, ndkdcs acbq. Fb albsãqufbaf, ub kluvfkfbt albstctuã mf acbq vdiufs quc gdct slb dppdrctclb albtrf hd tfbmdbaf bf albstctufrd ndkdcs ubf vdiuf mf alrrfatclb, kdcs ub mã`ut mf vdiuf m–ckpuhsclb mf hd tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf.  `dcsscïrf.  

Hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb albbdcssfbt mfux typfs mf vdrcdtclbs > hfs alrrfatclbs sodrp quc slbt mfs alrrfatclbs `rutdhfs albtrf hd tfbmdbaf ft rftrdafbt iãbãrdhfkfbt phus mf 6: % mu kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt (sluvfbt ubf vdiuf 0) ft hfs alrrfatclbs scmfwdys  quc rfprãsfbtfbt m–dvdbtdif ubf alrrfatclb « hdtãrdhf « hdtãrdhf µ ft rftrdafbt `cfb sluvfbt klcbs mf 6: % mu prãaãmfbt kluvfkfbt (sluvfbt ubf vdiuf =). Hf prcbacpf m–dhtfrbdbaf quc s–dpphcquf ê afs typfs mf alrrfatclb sfrd mãvfhlppã mdbs hd prlaodcbf slus-pdrtcf.

64

 

 

Hfs gciurfs mf alrrfatclb slbt prcbacpdhfkfbt du blk`rf mf qudtrf > hfs zcizdis, hfs  ghdts, hfs trcdbihfs dcbsc quf hfs mlu`hf-trlcs ft trcphf-trlcs.

^cizdis Hfs zcizdis lbt ubf glrkdtclb fb 6-1-6, 6-1-6, a–fst-ê-mcrf a–fst-ê-mcrf quf hfs trlcs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb slbt su`mcvcsãfs fb acbq vdiufs, trlcs vdiufs pucs acbq vdiufs (vlcr saoãkds ac-mfsslus).

Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr

Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã `dcsscfr

60

 

 

D bltfr quf mdbs afs kluvfkfbts mf alrrfatclb, hd vdiuf @ rftrdaf gdc`hfkfbt hd vdiuf D ft hd vdiuf A surpdssf hdrifkfbt hd vdiuf D. Ch drrcvf pdrglcs, mdbs ubf klcbmrf kfsurf, mf rfbalbtrfr mfux zcizdis ê hd suctf, sãpdrãs pdr ubf alrrfatclb mf trlcs vdiufs > hfs mlu`hfs zcizdis (saoãkd ac-mfsslus).

Ch fst ãidhfkfbt plssc`hf m–l`sfrvfr mf kdbcïrf fbalrf phus rdrf mfs trcphfs zcizdis (dhlrs sãpdrãs pdr mfux podsfs mf alrrfatclbs mf trlcs vdiufs. Wlcac ac-mfsslus ac- mfsslus af quc s–fst prlmuct sur hf Q&Z 6:: mf ndbvcfr 4399 ê kdrs 439? (vlcr ac-mfsslus)6.

6

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

61

 

 

Hfs alurs lbt sucvc fxdatfkfbt hf kluvfkfbt mu mlu`hf zcizdis D@A mfux glcs, sãpdrã pdr ub kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb mf trlcs vdiufs (mf (w) ê (x)).

Ghdts 

Hfs ghdts lbt ubf glrkdtclb fb 1-1-6, ê hd mcggãrfbaf mfs zcizdis. Hd vdiuf D kdbquf mf glraf ft b–drrcvf pds ê sf mãvfhlppfr fb acbq vdiufs, vd iufs, kdcs sfuhfkfbt trlcs. Afhd tãklcibf mf hd gdc`hfssf mu kluvfkfbt alrrfatcg. Hd vdiuf @, alkkf ê slb od`ctumf, glrkãf mf trlcs vdiufs,  pdrvcfbt ê rftrdafr qudsckfbt quds ckfbt tlut hf kluvfkfbt mf hd vdiuf v diuf D. Fbgcb hd vdiuf A sf alkplsf alkpls f  `cfb mf acbq vdiufs ft tfrkcbf sd alursf prlaof mu bcvfdu mf hd vdiuf D (ft pfut kîkf hd mãpdssfr), albtrdcrfkfbt dux zcizdis mdbs hfs hfsqufhhfs hd vdiuf A surpdssf hdrifkfbt hd vdiuf D. Wlcac ac-mfsslus hfs saoãkds chhustrdbt hfs  ghdts. Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr

Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã `dcsscfr

6=

 

 

Iãbãrdhfkfbt, hfs alrrfatclbs fb  ghdts glbt suctf ê ub kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt trïs fggcadaf. Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, phus hf kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt fst pucssdbt, klcbs hd alrrfatclb fb  ghdt   sfrd scibcgcadtcvf. Afhd tãklcibf mf hd glraf mf hd tfbmdbaf slus-ndafbtf. Hfs  ghdts  rfghïtfbt mlba mdvdbtdif ub kluvfkfbt mf albslhcmdtclb qu–ub kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb.  alrrfatclb.   Alkkf prãacsã mdbs hf pdrdirdpof prãaãmfbt, ch drrcvf, kîkf phus grãqufkkfbt, quf hd vdiuf A mãpdssf hd vdiuf D > hfs fxpdbmfm ghdts  sfhlb ZPFAO]FP lu hfs crrfiuhdr ghdts  sfhlb FHHCL]]. Hf mã`ut mf hd gciurf fst cmfbtcquf, dvfa hd vdiuf D fb trlcs vdiufs, sdug quf hd vdiuf @, dussc alkplsãf mf trlcs vdiufs, vd rftrdafr phus quf hf kluvfkfbt fggfatuã pdr hd vdiuf D. Mf phus, hd vdiuf alkplsãf mf acbq vdiufs vd rãusscr ê mãpdssfr hf plcbt glrkã pdr hd vdiuf D. Vbf chhustrdtclb ac-mfsslus.

Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã odusscfr

Alrrfatclb mdbs ub kdraoã `dcsscfr

66

 

 

Zhus quf mfs saoãkds, vcsudhcsfr afttf sctudtclb sur ub irdpocquf rãfh sfrd phus pdrhdbt. Acmfsslus, ub irdpocquf7 chhustrdbt h–crrfiuhdr ghdt  sur hf MLY NLBFQ m–dlõt ê blvfk`rf 4391.  4391.  

Zlur s–dssurfr mf hd vdhcmctã mfs kluvfkfbts, ch gdut tlunlurs s–dssurfr mu mãalkptf  mãalkptf   mf blk`rf mf vdiufs (cac 1-1-6, mlba trlcs vdiufs kdnfurfs).

]rcdbihfs Hfs trcdbihfs lbt ubf glrkdtclb fb 1-1-1-1-1. Afs gciurfs slbt sluvfbt syblbykfs mf pfrtf mf vctfssf, mckcbutclb mfs vlhukfs ft mf hd vlhdtchctã. Fhhfs glbt sluvfbt hfur dppdrctclb dvdbt hf mfrbcfr kluvfkfbt mf hd tfbmdbaf kdnfurf (mlba fb vdiuf = ft fb vdiuf @ mdbs ubf glrkdtclb D-@-A). Afs trcdbihfs, quc slbt hf rfghft m –ubf –ubf albslhcmdtclb trïs klmãrãf, rftrdafbt klmãrãf,  rftrdafbt iãbãrdhfkfbt klcbs mf 6: % ft dssfz sluvfbt dux dhfbtlurs mf 1?.0 % (rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC). Ch fxcstf prcbacpdhfkfbt trlcs typfs mf glrkdtclbs fb trcdbihfs > hfs trcdbihfs sykãtrcqufs

(albtrdatcbi),

hfs

trcdbihfs

dsafbmdbts

ft

mfsafbmdbts

( `drrcfr>

dsafbmcbi/mfsafbmcbi ) ft hfs trcdbihfs ãhdrics ( fxpdbmcbi ). Ac-mfsslus, mfs chhustrdtclbs

saoãkdtcsdbt hfs mcggãrfbts typfs mf trcdbihfs.

7

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

67

 

 

Hfs vdiufs slbt du blk`rf mf acbq, kdcs tlutfs su`mcvcsãfs fb trlcs vdiufs, mlbt hd tdchhf mfvcfbt mf klcbs fb klcbs scibcgcadtcvf. Hd rupturf m–ubf mfs mrlctfs m–ub trcdbihf  trcdbihf  mdbs hf rfspfat mu mãalkptf mu blk`rf mf vdiufs pfrkft hd vdhcmdtclb mf hd gciurf. Ch fxcstf afpfbmdbt mfs gdux scibdux qu–ch albvcfbt mf survfchhfr dttfbtcvfkfbt. Zdr fxfkphf, ch sf pfut quf hd acbqucïkf vdiuf slrtf mu trcdbihf prãkdturãkfbt plur plursucvrf sd tfbmdbaf dvdbt kîkf mf rfprfbmrf dppuc sur hf trcdbihf. Zdrglcs kîkf, hfs alurs slrtfbt mu trcdbihf plur ãvlhufr mdbs hf sfbs albtrdcrf ê hd tfbmdbaf kdnfurf, ft af, dvdbt mf rfpdrtcr `rutdhfkfbt mdbs hf sfbs mf afhhf-ac. Ch albvcfbt mf rfmlu`hfr mf vcichdbaf mdbs af ifbrf mf sctudtclbs. Ch fst qudbm kîkf numcacfux mf sf rdppfhfr mf hd vdhcmctã mfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs fb trcdbihf fb iãbãrdh, bltdkkfbt hf gdct quf plur îtrf vdhcmf, ub trcdbihf mlct gdcrf h–l`nft m–du  

69

 

 

klcbs qudtrf plcbts mf albtdat > mfux sur hd mrlctf mf rãscstdbaf ft mfux sur hd mrlctf mf supplrt.

Mlu`hf-trlcs ft trcphf-trlcs Hfs mlu`hf-trlcs ft trcphf-trlcs trcphf-trlcs prfbbfbt iãbãrdhfkfbt hd glrkf m–ubf albslhcmdtclb olrczlbtdhf. Hf mlu`hf-trlcs fst alkplsã mf mfux kluvfkfbts mf alrrfatclb D-@-A sãpdrãs  pdr ubf ub f vdiuf _ (alkplsdbt (alkpl sdbt ub u b tltdh tlt dh mf sfpt vdiufs).Tudbt du trcphf-trlcs trcphf-trlcs,, trlcs kluvfkfbts mf alrrfatclb D-@-A slbt sãpdrãs pdr mfux vdiufs _ (vlcr ac-mfsslus).

Mlu`hf-trlcs

]rcphf-trlcs

Afs mcggãrfbts typfs mf gciurfs mf alrrfatclb prfbbfbt pdrglcs hd glrkf mf alk`cbdcslb fbtrf fhhfs. Af ads mf gciurf fst phus rdrf, kdcs d qudbm kîkf hf kãrctf m–fxcstfr. Wlcac ac-mfsslus ac -mfsslus ub fxfkphf mf alk`cbdcslb.

Ch pfut ãidhfkfbt y dvlcr ubf alk`cbdcslb fb ghdt , zcizdi sucvc m–ub dutrf zcizdi. dutrf zcizdi.

6?

 

 

Zlur hdcssfr hf klcbs mf phdaf plssc`hf du odsdrm ft fssdyfr mf rfpãrfr hfs vdiufs mf hd kdbcïrf hd phus gcd`hf plssc`hf, ch albvcfbt mf albbdâtrf afrtdcbfs rïihfs ê kdâtrcsfr  pdrgdctfkfbt. 0.0.1.  Pïihfs fhhclttcstfs

0.0.1.4. H–dhtfrbdbaf 0.0.1.4. H–d htfrbdbaf

Af prcbacpf s–dmrfssf prcbacpdhfkfbt prcbacpdh fkfbt dux vdiufs mf alrrfatclbs ft phus pdrtcauhcïrfkfbt hfs vdiufs 0 ft =. Afrtfs, af prcbacpf bf mct pds prãacsãkfbt af quc vd sf pdssfr, kdcs ch fst trïs utchf plur mlbbfr mfs cbmcadtclbs ahdcrfs mf af quc bf mfvrdct pds sf pdssfr. Af prcbacpf fst sckphf > Qc hd vdiuf 0 alrrcif mf kdbcïrf alkphfxf (fb sodrp) hd tfbmdbaf prcbacpdhf, ch y d mf glrtfs aodbafs quf hd vdiuf = alrrcif mf kdbcïrf phus sckphf (fb scmfwdys). H–cbvfrsf fst tlut ê gdct vdhd`hf. Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, sc hd vdiuf 0 alrrcif glrtfkfbt hf kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt (phus mf 6: %), hd vdiuf = rftrdafrd trïs prl`d`hfkfbt klcbs mf 6: % mu kluvfkfbt  prãaãmfbt. Zhus sckphfkfbt, lb plurrdct plu rrdct hfs saoãkdtcsfr 9 dcbsc >

Hfs alrrfatclbs alkphfxfs pfuvfbt îtrf cmfbtcgcãfs pdr mfs glrkdtclbs fb trcdbihfs lu fb crrfiuhdr ghdts ft hfs alrrfatclbs sckphfs sfrlbt mdvdbtdif rfprãsfbtãfs pdr mfs glrkdtclbs fb

9

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

63

 

 

zcizdis lu fb  ghdts. Ch s–dict mlba m–ub prcbacpf sckphf ê alkprfbmrf, kdcs quc pfut îtrf  prãacfux plur dbtcacpfr dbtcacp fr hd kdbcïrf mlbt hfs aolsfs mfvrdcfbt ãvlhufr lu pds.

0.0.1.0. Pïihfs sur hd psyaolhlicf ft pfrslbbdhctãs mfs vdiufs

Pïihf 4 Hd vdiuf 1 bf pfut fb duaub ads îtrf hd phus alurtf, alurtf , a–fst kîkf hd phupdrt mu tfkps hd phus hlbiuf.. Fhhf mlct îtrf phus hlbiuf qu–du klcbs ubf mfs mfux dutrfs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb mf hd hlbiuf tfbmdbaf prcbacpdhf. Ch fst afpfbmdbt  plssc`hf mf vlcr ubf vdiuf 1 m–ubf hlbiufur rfhdtcvfkfbt prlaof m–ubf dutrf vdiuf, kdcs ndkdcs phus alurtf.  alurtf.   Fb fggft, alkkf mãarct  prãaãmfkkfbt, hd vdiuf 1 albstctuf hf kluvfkfbt prcbacpdh mf hd tfbmdbaf (dvfa fbtrãf mfs  prlgfssclbbfhs ft mu pu`hca cbctcã). Q–ch s–dvïrf quf hd vdiuf 1 sf trluvf phus alurtf quf hd vdiuf 6 pdr fxfkphf, ch gdut rfalkkfbafr hf mãalkptf. A–fst ubf rïihf cbmcsautd`hf ft sdbs ãqucvlquf.

Pïihf 0 Hd vdiuf 0 bf mlct pds fbglbafr hd vdiuf 4 (fhhf bf pfut pds gdcrf mf bluvfdu phus `ds mdbs ub mã`ut mf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf). Qcblb, ch bf s–dict pds m–ubf tfbmdbaf odusscïrf  odusscïrf   ft ch gdumrd rfprfbmrf hf mãalkptf. Hd vdiuf 0 rftrdaf iãbãrdhfkfbt 0: % mf hd vdiuf 4, kdcs alrrcif mdvdbtdif dssfz sluvfbt. Ch fxcstf afpfbmdbt ubf fxafptclb ê afttf rïihf. Hd glrkdtclb mfs vdiufs fb `csfdu albstctuf hf sfuh ads ló h–fbglbafkfbt mu plcbt fxtrîkf glrkã plur hd vdiuf 4 fst dutlrcsã.

Pïihf 1 Hd vdiuf = bf pfut ndkdcs fbglbafr hf slkkft glrkã pdr hd vdiuf 4. Hd vdiuf = albstctuf fb fggft ubf alrrfatclb mf hd vdiuf 1 quc fst hd phus hlbiuf. Fhhf vcfbt mlba alrrcifr hf

7:

 

 

kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt dvdbt mf rfpdrtcr ê hd odussf plur dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu slkkft lu arfux (albstctutclb mf hd vdiuf 6). Hd alrrfatclb mlct fb albsãqufbaf bf pds îtrf trlp `rutdhf du plcbt m–fbglbafr hd vdiuf 4, af quc rfkfttrdct fb adusf hd tfbmdbaf. Afac ãtdbt, ub aofvduaofkfbt dvfa hf tlp (plur ub kdraoã `uhh) lu hf `lttlk (plur ub kdraoã `fdr ) mf hd vdiuf 4 m–ubf dkphfur mf 4: mf 4: % pfut îtrf tlhãrã.

Pïihf = H–ubf mfs trlcs vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb ê ubf irdbmf prl`d`chctã mf albbdâtrf ubf fxtfbsclb.  fxtfbsclb.   M–dprïs P. B. FHHCL]], ubf fxtfbsclb bf mlct pds albstctufr ubf gcb mf kluvfkfbt. kluvfkfbt . Mf af gdct, sc ubf vdiuf 6 gdct h–l`nft m–ubf fxtfbsclb, hf kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb quc sucvrd  pfrkfttrd trïs prl`d`hfkfbt dux alurs m–dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu slkkft (poãblkïbf m–crrfiuhdr ghdt ), ), pdr fxfkphf ubf vdiuf @ quc alrrcif glrtfkfbt hd vdiuf D du plcbt mf surpdssfr hf slkkft (arfux) glrkã pdr hd vdiuf 6 sur hd tfbmdbaf odusscïrf (`dcsscïrf).

Pïihf 6 Hf adhauh m–l`nfatcg mf alurs mlct sf gdcrf pdr rdpplrt ê hd tdchhf mfs vdiufs   ft m–ub rdtcl mf GC@LBDAAC. Zdr fxfkphf, sc hd vdiuf 4 gdct h–l`nft m–ubf m–u bf fxtfbsclb, hd vdiuf 1 ft 6 sfrlbt  prfsquf ãqucvdhfbtfs (hd vdiuf 1 mlct afpfbmdbt îtrf tlunlurs tlu nlurs phus hlbiuf). hl biuf). Qc hd vdiuf 4 ft 1 slbt mf tdchhfs rfhdtcvfkfbt prlaofs, hd vdiuf 6 sfrd ãidhf ê 4.74? glcs hd tdchhf mf hd vdiuf 4 lu 1. Fhhf plurrd ãidhfkfbt îtrf ub pfu phus hlbiuf, duqufh ads ch gdut fssdyfr m–dutrfs rdtcls, alkkf 0 lu fbalrf 0.74?.

Pïihf 7 Hd vdiuf pdrgdctf b–fxcstf pds. Afpfbmdbt, sc fhhf fxcstdct, fhhf sfrdct glrkãf mf hd kdbcïrf sucvdbtf > hd vdiuf 0 rftrdaf fbvcrlb 74.? % mu kluvfkfbt mf hd vdiuf 4, hd vdiuf 1 quc fst

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hd phus hlbiuf mlct îtrf ãqucvdhfbtf ê 4.74? glcs hd vdiuf 4, hd vdiuf = quc fb prcbacpf mlct îtrf klcbs `rutdhf quf hd vdiuf 0 rftrdafrd fbvcrlb 1?.0 % mf hd vdiuf 1 ft mlba rfspfatf hf  prcbacpf mf h–dhtfrbdbaf h– dhtfrbdbaf ft  ft fbgcb hd vdiuf 6 ê ubf tdchhf ãqucvdhfbtf ê hd vdiuf 4. Afttf vdiuf albstctufrdct h–cmãdh ft h–cmãdh ft pfrkfttrdct ubf prãmcatc`chctã cbalbtfstd`hf. Ch gdut mlba, nusqu–ê prfuvf mu albtrdcrf, aofraofr mfs albgciurdtclbs prlaofs mf afhhf-ac.

Pïihf 9 H–dbtcacpdtclb m–ub bluvfdu plcbt fxtrîkf pfut sf gdcrf pdr h–utchcsdtclb mfs rdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC. Ch s–dict m–ãvdhufr h–ãadrt fbtrf hfs mfux mfrbcfrs plcbts fxtrîkfs ( tlps  lu `lttlk) ft mf hf kuhtcphcfr pdr hf blk`rf m–lr 4.74?. Afttf kuhtcphcadtclb mlbbfrd ub blk`rf

mf nlur, quc ê dnlutfr du nlur ló d fu hcfu hf mfrbcfr plcbt fxtrîkf plur l`tfbcr hd mdtf mu  prlaodcb plcbt fxtrîkf. fxt rîkf. Afttf kãtolmf fst mãarctf phus odut ft chhustrãf m–ub irdpocquf.

]lus afs prcbacpfs ft rïihfs quc slbt hf glbmfkfbt mf hd mybdkcquf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt m– Fhhcltt slbt hf rfghft mfs trdvdux P. B. FHHCL]] quc s–cbspcrf mf hd toãlrcf mf MLY, cbscstdbt sur h–ckplrtdbaf mf hd psyaolhlicf mfs kdraoãs, kdcs dussc mfs blk`rfs mf GC@LBDAAC. Dpphcqufr hfs vdiufs m–F m– Fhhcltt rfvcfbmrdct ê dpphcqufr h–fbsfk`hf mfs prcbacpfs quc lbt, fbtrf dutrf, glbmã h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf. tfaobcquf. ]lus afs albafpts toãlrcqufs m–ckplrtdbaf glbmdkfbtdhf alkprcs ft `cfb dssckchãs, ch fst tfkps mf pdssfr ê hd prdtcquf.  0.0.=.  Vtchcsdtclb prdtcquf

m–cbtfrvfbtclb   0.0.=.4.Faofhhf 0.0.=.4.Faof hhf tfkplrfhhf m–cbtfrvfbtclb

Dvdbt tlutf aolsf, ch albvcfbt mf mãtfrkcbfr hfs `dsfs mf bltrf dbdhysf fb glbatclb mu styhf m–cbtfrvfbtclb sur hf kdraoã prlprf ê aodaub.  aodaub.   Fst-lb ub cbvfstcssfur alurt tfrkf (cbtrd-mdy,  nlurbdhcfr), mf klyfb kl yfb tfrkf (of`mlkdmdcrf) lu mf m f hlbi tfrkf (kfbsufh, (kfbs ufh, dbbufh). dbbu fh). Kdcs kîkf 70

 

 

dvfa hd mãtfrkcbdtclb mf h–ãaofhhf mf tfkps, ch albvcfbt mf idrmfr ê h–fsp rct hf poãblkïbf quc albstctuf hd `dsf kîkf mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt m– Fhhcltt > hd grdatdhcsdtclb mfs alurs. Dcbsc, mfs vdiufs dppdrdcssdbt sur ub irdpocquf of`mlkdmdcrf gfrlbt h–l`nft mf  mf  su`mcvcsclbs mf vdiufs sur ub irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr. H–cmãdh mlba, plur cmfbtcgcfr hfs vdiufs, fst mf idrmfr trlcs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps mcggãrfbtfs > ubf ãaofhhf mf tfkps blrkdhf (dmdptã ê bltrf prlgch), ubf mfuxcïkf ãaofhhf ub pfu phus hlbiuf ft ubf trlcscïkf ãaofhhf fbalrf ub pfu phus hlbiuf. Hf irdpocquf dydbt hd phus irdbmf ãaofhhf mf tfkps pfrkft m–cmfbtcgcfr hd tfbmdbaf iãbãrdhf, h–ãaofhhf cbtfrkãmcdcrf pfrkft mf vlcr hfs mãalkplsctclbs mfs vdiufs kdnfurfs ft fbgcb h–ãaofhhf mf tfkps prcbacpdh (hd phus pftctf)  pfrkfttrd m–dggcbfr hfs albgciurdtclbs irdpocqufs ft m–cmfbtcgcfr  hfs   hfs gciurfs quc sf glrkfbt. Ch gdut tlunlurs idrmfr phuscfurs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps plur bf pds îtrf prcs ê albtrf-alurdbt. Zdr fxfkphf, dpfrafvlcr ubf hd glrkdtclb mf acbq vdiufs sur h–ãaofhhf mf h–ãaofhhf  mf tfkps rãmuctf pfut  pfrkfttrf ê ubf ãaofhhf mf tfkps ub pfu phus irdbmf, m–l`sfrvfr quf afs acbq vdiufs bf glrkfbt quf hd prfkcïrf (vdiuf 4) mfs acbq vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb.  m–ckpuhsclb.  Dcbsc, mdbs hd prfkcïrf ãaofhhf mf tfkps, hê ló ch gdut s–dttfbmrf ê ubf alrrfatclb D -@-A alrrfsplbmrd sur hd mfuxcïkf ãaofhhf mf tfkps ê hd vdiuf 0. 0 . Lr, ch fst ahdcr qu–dprïs ubf vdiuf 0, ubf vdiuf 1 fst dttfbmuf, af quc b–fst pds hf ads mf hd alrrfatclb fb vdiufs D-@-A. M–ló h–ckplrtdbaf mfs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps. 0.0.=.0. Cmfbtcgcadtclb mf hd prfkcïrf vdiuf

Pfpãrfr hd prfkcïrf vdiuf (vdiuf 4) b–fst pds aolsf dcsãf, alkkf fxphcquã prãaãmfkkfbt. Mlba ubf glcs hfs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps aolcscfs, ch gdut cmfbtcgcfr hfs plcbts fxtrîkfs ê h–dcmf mu irdpocquf mlbt h–ãaofhhf mf tfkps fst hd phus ãhfvãf.  ãhfvãf.  Fb fggft, ub mãalkptf mf vdiufs alkkfbaf ê pdrtcr m–ub phus `ds plur ubf tfbmdbaf quc s–dbblbaf odusscïrf, lu m–ub phus odut plur ubf tfbmdbaf quc s–dbblbaf `dcsscïrf.  `dcsscïrf.   Ch gdut vfchhfr ê gdcrf dttfbtclb mf bf pds

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albglbmrf ubf vdiuf 4 ft vdiuf mf alrrfatclb @. Pfspfatfr hfs plcbts fxtrîkfs mlct pluvlcr ãvctfr aft dk`ciuìtã.

0.0.=.1. Mãalkplsctclb fb vdiufs mf hd tfbmdbaf prcbacpdhf

Quctf ê hd mãtfrkcbfr mfs ãaofhhfs mf tfkps ft ê h–cmfbtcgcadtclb mu plcbt mf mãpdrt mf hd  prfkcïrf vdiuf, ch gdut aofraofr ê mãalkplsfr hd tfbmdbaf kdnfurf fb vdiufs sfhlb s fhlb hf rfspfat mf hd mybdkcquf, mfs prcbacpfs ft mfs rïihfs fhhclttcstfs. Ch gdut dvdbt tlut fssdyfr mf rfpãrfr ê h–őch bu hfs mcggãrfbtfs vdiufs ihl`dhfkfbt (podsfs m–ckpuhsclb lu mf alrrfatclb).  alrrfatclb).   Ch fst ckplrtdbt mf `cfb idrmfr ê h–fsprct hfs plcbts fxtrîkfs  fxtrîkfs   quc albmctclbbfbt, fbtrf dutrf, hf  pdssdif m–ubf vdiuf v diuf ê ubf dutrf. dutr f. Hd  Hd podsf mf mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs mã`utf dhlrs ft ch gdut vfchhfr ê af quf afs mãalkplsctclbs rfspfatfbt `cfb hfs glbmdkfbtdux mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt m–Fhhcltt (vlcr irdpocquf 3).

Irdpocquf 3 > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu ADA =:. Hd glrkdtclb mfs vdiufs fst ahdcrf ft sdbs  Ch s–dict m–ub irdpocquf rfprãsfb ãqucvlquf. Ch ãqucvlquf. rfprãsfbtdbt tdbt hd pãrclmf mu prfkcfr sfkfstrf 0:40.

7=

 

 

Hd vdiuf 1 kdnfurf vcfbt m–îtrf glrkãf glrkãf ft hd vdiuf = kdnfurf mlct îtrf fb alurs mf glrkdtclb. Hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs glurbcssfbt mlba ubf cbglrkdtclb prãacsf ft hfs rïihfs slbt `cfb rfspfatãfs. Fb fggft, fb rfspfat mfs rïihfs fhhclttcstfs, hd vdiuf 0 kdnfurf rftrdaf hd vdiuf 4 kdnfurf fb trlcs kluvfkfbts (quc pfut fhhf-kîkf îtrf prfsquf su`mcvcsãf fb mlu`hf-trlcs) sdbs tlutfglcs h–fbglbafr. Hd Hd vdiuf = kdnfurf b–d pds fbglbaã hf fbglbaã hf tlp mf hd vdiuf 4 ft mfvrdct alrrcifr mf kdbcïrf ub pfu phus `rutdhf hfs alurs (ãtdbt mlbbã quf hd vdiuf 0 kdnfurf ê mdvdbtdif albslhcmfr quf vãrctd`hfkfbt alrrcifr. Hd vdiuf 1 fst ãidhf ê 4.10? glcs (blk`rf mf GC@LBDAAC) hd vdiuf 4. Hd vdiuf 6 hlrsqu–fhhf durd hcfu, hcfu, mfvrdct dvlcr ubf tdchhf sckchdcrf ê hd vdiuf 4 (hd vdiuf 1 dydbt su`c ubf fxtfbsclb). fxtfbsclb) . Qc af b–fst pds b–fst  pds hf ads ft quf hf `lttlk mf hd vdiuf = fbglbaf hf tlp  mf hd vdiuf 4, a–fst qu–ch bf s–dicssdct pds m–ubf vdiuf =. Ch gdut dhlrs rfvlcr hd glrkdtclb mfs vdiufs (pfut-îtrf quf hfs vdiufs kdnfurfs 4, 0 ft 1 bf albstctufbt fb rãdhctã quf hd vdiuf 4). ]lutfs hfs vdiufs kcbfurfs quc lbt ãtã su`mcvcsãfs rfspfatfbt ãidhfkfbts hfs rïihfs fhhclttcstfs. Ch albvcfbt mf `cfb afpfbmdbt mf `cfb idrmfr ê h–fsprct qu–ch fxcstf m–dutrfs typfs mf mãalkptfs. H–cbtãrît mf h–dpphcadtclb mf afttf kãtolmf fst mf pfrkfttrf phuscfurs m–ãtd`hcr  phuscfurs saãbdrcls saãbdrcl s plssc`hfs, hf `ut uhtckf uhtc kf ãtdbt mf trluvfr hf saãbdrcl hf phus prl`d`hf.

Kdcs du-mfhê du-mfhê mfs rdtcls, h–dhhurf mfs vdiufs dppdrdât alkkf trïs ckplrtdbtf dux yfux y fux mf P. B. FHHCL]]. Mdbs hf ads ló h–dhhurf b–fst pds cmfbtcgcd`hf, hf rfspfat mfs rdtcls mfvcfbt  prcklrmcdh.

0.0.=.=. Dpphcadtclb mfs rdtcls ft rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC mdbs hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs

Zlur rdppfh, tlutfs hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs rfspfatfbt hd suctf mf GC@LBDAAC > tltdh mf ouct vdiufs, mãalkplsãfs fb acbq vdiufs mf tfbmdbaf (alkplsãfs fhhfs-kîkfs mf trlcs

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vdiufs m–ckpuhsclb ft ft mf mfux vdiufs mf alrrfatclb) ft trlcs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb mf afttf tfbmdbaf, glrkdbt ê slb tlur ubf dutrf tfbmdbaf. Pdtcls mf GC@LBDAAC Fb rïihf iãbãrdhf, hd vdiuf 1 mlct îtrf kuhtcphcãf pdr 4.74? quc albstctuf h–l`nfatcg kcbckuk (alkkf vu phus odut, fhhf d ãtã kuhtcphcãf pdr 0) ê alkptfr mf hd vdiuf 0. Ch fst ãidhfkfbt  plssc`hf mf gcxfr ub l`nfatcg plur hd vdiuf 6. Afhhf-ac mlct îtrf kuhtcphcãf pdr 1.017 (quc alrrfsplbm ê 0 x 4.74?). H–l`tfbtclb mf af blk`rf albstctufrd h–l`nfatcg kcbckuk mu plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 6 ê alkptfr mu plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 4. Hlrsquf hd vdiuf 4 ft hd vdiuf 1 slbt mf tdchhfs dssfz prlaofs, hd vdiuf 6 mfvrdct albbdâtrf ubf fxtfbsclb. H–l`nfatcg gcxã plur hf plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 6 fb fxtfbsclb  pfut îtrf l`tfbu fb kuhtcphcdbt h–ãadrt fxcstdbt fbtrf hf plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 4 ft hf plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 1 pdr 4.74?. Aft l`nfatcg sfrd gcxã ê alkptfr mf hd vdiuf =. Mdbs ub trcdbihf sykãtrcquf, aodquf rãtrãacssfkfbt m–ubf vdiuf alrrfsplbm dpprlxckdtcvfkfbt ê :.74? glcs hd vdiuf quc hd prãaïmf.  

Pftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC Hfs plurafbtdifs mf rftrdafkfbts hfs phus utchcsãs slbt 74.? % (quc fst sluvfbt drrlbmc ê 70 %), 1?.0 % (drrlbmc ê 1? %) ft 6: %. Afs rdtcls pfrkfttfbt mf gcxfr mfs l`nfatcgs. Ch fst  plssc`hf mf rfkdrqufr ubf adrdatãrcstcquf trïs ckplrtdbtf mfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC. Mdbs ubf glrtf tfbmdbaf, hfs alurs lbt tfbmdbaf ê rftrdafr 1? % mu kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt. Mdbs hf ads m–ubf gdc`hf tfbmdbaf, hfs alurs rftrdafbt iãbãrdhfkfbt 70 % mu kluvfkfbt  prãaãmfbt. Mf af gdct, ch fst plssc`hf mf mãtfrkcbfr mfs mf s l`nfatcgs plur hfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt. m– Fhhcltt. Mdbs ubf tfbmdbaf glrtf (vdiufs 4, 0, 1, =, 6), hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb D durd trïs sluvfbt tfbmdbaf ê rftrdafr 1? % ê 6: % mu kluvfkfbt prãaãmfbt. Hd vdiuf @ rfvcfbmrd sur hfs 0= % mfs rftrdafkfbts ft hd vdiuf A alrrcif phus mf 70 % mf hd tfbmdbaf slus-ndafbtf. Af quc fst

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ckplrtdbt ê rftfbcr, a–fst qu–ch mf albgciurdtclbs quc rfvcfbbfbt hf phus sluvfbt. Dutrfkfbt mct, ch fxcstfrd tlunlurs m–dutrfs albgciurdtclbs, quc rfspfatfrlbt pdr l`hcidtlcrfkfbt  l`hcidtlcrfkfbt  afs rftrdafkfbts, kdcs quc sfrlbt qudbm kîkf vdhcmfs. Mf kdbcïrf phus iãbãrdhf, af qu–ch fst ckplrtdbt mf rftfbcr, a–fst quf hfs alrrfatclbs sf glbt sur hfs rdtcls (vlcr irdpocquf4:). Vbf vdiuf A pfut trïs `cfb alrrcifr klcbs mf 70 % lu phus mf 70 %. Alkkf tlunlurs, hf rfspfat mfs rïihfs rïihfs ft prcbacpfs mfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt m–Fhhcltt albmctclbbfrd hd vdhcmctã mfs vdiufs.

Irdpocquf 4: > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu MD_, alrrfsplbmdbt ê hd pãrclmf mu mã`ut nuchhft 0:44 ê kc-kdrs 0:41. Hfs vdiufs lbt ãidhfkfbt ãtã mãalkplsãfs fb vdiufs kdnfurfs ft fb vdiufs kcbfurfs su`mcvcsãfs plur klbtrfr quf hfs mãalkplsctclbs bf slbt pds hf gruct mu odsdrm.

Hfs alurs lbt `cfb rftrdaã 6: % mf hd tfbmdbaf `dcsscïrf (vdiuf D). Hd vdiuf @, quc d ub alkplrtfkfbt sckchdcrf ê hd vdiuf 0, rfmfsafbm `rutdhfkfbt du bcvfdu mfs 0:-0= % ft hd vdiuf A d rftrdafr phus mf 70 % mfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC ft kîkf prfsquf hd tltdhctã

79

 

 

mf hd tfbmdbaf slus-ndafbtf. Afttf mfrbcïrf vdiuf rfspfatf `cfb dussc slb alkplrtfkfbt quc rfssfk`hf ê hd vdiuf 1. Ch fst plssc`hf mf rfkdrqufr hd glrkdtclb m–ub `csfdu mfsafbmdbt quc vcfbt albgcrkfr hd gcb mf hd vdiuf 6. Hfs alurs lbt `cfb fggfatuã acbq plcbts mf albtdat dvfa hf `csfdu dvdbt slrtcr ft mf alrrcifr hf kluvfkfbt `dcsscfr.

Alkkf tlunlurs, ch fst `lb mf rdppfhfr quf hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs prãsfbtfbt sur af irdpocquf rfspfatfbt `cfb hfs rïihfs fhhclttcstfs. Hd tdchhf mfs vdiufs fst `cfb rfspfatãf, hd vdiuf 1 b–fst ndkdcs hd phus alurtf, hfs vdiufs 0 b–lbt ndkdcs alrrciã ê 4:: % hfs vdiuf 4, duaubf mfs vdiufs = b–d fbglbaã hf plcbt glrkã pdr hd vdiuf 4, 4, fta. Hfs rftrdafkfbts mf GC@LBDAAC slbt mlba trïs fggcadafs  plur prãvlcr h–dkphfur mfs kluvfkfbts mf alrrfatclb.

0.0.=.6. Vtchcsdtclb mfs adbdux ft mfs vlhukfs

Vbf dutrf tfaobcquf trïs fggcadaf albscstf ê trdafr mfs adbdux mf tfbmdbaf. M–dprïs P. B. FHHCL]], hfs vdiufs lbt tfbmdbaf ê fbtrfr fb albtdat dvfa hfs mrlctfs mfs adbdux, aodquf  plcbt mf albtdat alrrfsplbmdbt du plcbt glrkã pdr ubf vdiuf. Mïs h–cmfbtcgcadtclb mf hd tfbmdbaf, ch albvcfbt mf trdafr hf adbdh alrrfsplbmdbt, quc sfrd ub adbdh tfkplrdcrf. Zlur afhd, ch gdut dttfbmrd hd glrkdtclb mf hd trlcscïkf vdiuf. Mïs hlrs, ch gdumrd trdafr ubf mrlctf rfhcdbt hf plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 4 ft hf plcbt fxtrîkf mf hd vdiuf 1. Vbf mrlctf pdrdhhïhf sfrd fbsuctf trdaãf mf slrtf qu–fhhf dct ub plcbt ub  plcbt mf albtdat dvfa hd vdiuf 0. Afttf mrlctf pfrkfttrd mf gcxfr ub l`nfatcg plur hd vdiuf =. Qc afhhf-ac bf trluvf duaub plcbt mf albtdat dvfa hd mrlctf pdrdhhïhf trdaãf, ch gdut rãdnustfr hf adbdh. Hd mrlctf cbgãrcfurf mu adbdh mlct rfhcfr hfs plcbts fxtrîkfs glrkãs pdr hfs vdiufs 0 ft =. Hd mrlctf supãrcfurf mu adbdh fst fs t dhlrs rãdnustãf plur qu–fhhf slct pdrdhhïhf ê hd mrlctf

7?

 

 

cbgãrcfurf, tlut fb ãtdbt fb albtdat dvfa hd vdiuf 1 (sc afhhf-ac d ubf tdchhf blrkdhf (hd mrlctf quc rfhcf hd vdiuf 4 ft 1 bf mlct pds îtrf prfsquf ê hd vfrtcadhf)). Q–ch s–dvïrf quf hd vdiuf 1 mãvfhlppf ubf tdchhf dblrkdhf (trïs supãrcfurf), ch albvcfbt m–ciblrfr af plcbt  plcbt   ft trdafr hd mrlctf pdrdhhïhf ê hd mrlctf cbgãrcfurf, fb gdcsdbt fb slrtf qu–fhh f slct du albtdat mf hd vdiuf 4 (vlcr irdpocquf ac-mfsslus)? 

0.0.=.7. Cmfbtcgcadtclb mf gciurfs aodrtcstfs pdr hd toãlrcf m–   Fhhcltt

Fpduhf-tîtf-ãpduhf Mdbs hd glrkdtclb mf afttf gciurf, hd vdiuf 1 mlct albstctufr hd prfkcïrf ãpduhf. Hd vdiuf =, quc alrrcif hd vdiuf 1, mlct pfrkft mf gcxfr hf prfkcfr plcbt mf hd hcibf mf alu. Hd glrkdtclb mf hd vdiuf albstctuf fbsuctf hd tîtf. Fbgcb vcfbt hf kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb dvfa hd vdiuf D quc vcfbt albstctufr hf mfuxcïkf plcbt mf hd hcibf mf alu, hd vdiuf @ alrrcif hd vdiuf D ft rfvcfbt du bcvfdu mf hd vdiuf 1 plur glrkfr hd mfuxcïkf ãpduhf. Hd vdiuf A mlct îtrf suggcsdkkfbt glrtf plur mãpdssfr hd hcibf mf alu ft alrrcifr dhlrs h–cbtãirdhctã mf hd gciurf.  gciurf.  Ch sfrdct ãidhfkfbt numcacfux mf sf rdppfhfr quf hd gciurf fb ãpduhf-tîtf-ãpduhf mlct îtrf

?

 Fhhclttwdvf.alk

73

 

 

albgcrkãf pdr hfs vlhukfs. Chs slbt mlba ãidhfkfbt utchfs plur sdvlcr mdbs qufhhf vdiuf hfs alurs slbt datufhhfkfbt. Mrdpfdux Chs lbt sluvfbt hcfu hlrs mf podsfs mf albslhcmdtclb. Ch gdumrd dhlrs survfchhfr hfs vdiufs mf alrrfatclb kcbfurfs plur sdvlcr sc hd glrkdtclb m–ub mrdpfdu fst fb alurs.   Zdr fxfkphf, hfs alrrfatclbs fb zcizdi (6-1-6), hfs vdiufs glrkdbt hf kluvfkfbt D-@-A mf afttf gciurf  pfuvfbt albstctufr hf mrdpfdu mr dpfdu (lu hf h f gdbclb) gdbc lb) ft hd hd p prfkcïrf rfkcïrf vdiuf vd iuf mu m u zcizdi zc izdi alrrfsplbmdbt al rrfsplbmdbt du kluvfkfbt 4-0-1-=-6 albstctuf dhlrs hf kàt.

Mlu`hf tlp Alkkf plur hd gciurf fb ãpduhf-tîtf-ãpduhf, hd vdiuf 1 albstctuf hf prfkcfr tlp ft hd vdiuf = gcxf hf plcbt mf hd hcibf mf alu. Fb rfvdbaof, hd vdiuf 6 b–drrcvf pds ê dttfcbmrf ub bluvfdu slkkft ( gdchurf  gdchurf) ft drrcvf du kîkf bcvfdu quf hd vdiuf 1, vlcrf hãiïrfkfbt cbgãrcfur. Hf kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb D-@-A pfrkft dhlrs mf gcbdhcsfr hd gciurf. Hd vdiuf D rftrdaf tltdhfkfbt hd vdiuf 6 quc kdbqudct mf glraf, hd vdiuf @ alrrcif hãiïrfkfbt hd vdiuf D plur gdcrf ub puhh-`dae  ft  ft hd vdiuf A ft tfrkcbf hd gciurf.

0.0.=.9. Cbmcadtfurs tfaobcqufs

H–utchcsdtclb m–cbmcadtfurs tfaobcqufs, fb pdrtcauhcfr, mfs lsachhdtfurs `lrbãs, slbt trïs utchfs  plur sct sctufr ufr hfs vdiufs mdbs hd tfbmdbaf kdnfurf. H–utchcsdtclb mlba mu PQC ft/lu fbalrf mf h–cbmcadtfur stlaodstcquf pfrkft mf albgcrkfr tfh lu tfh saãbdrcl. Dcbsc, hd glrkdtclb m–ubf vdiuf 1, trïs mybdkcquf ft quc alrrfsplbm ê h–fbtrãf sur hf kdraoã mfs prlgfssclbbfhs ft mu  pu`hca dvfrtc (gdcsdbt suctf ê hd podsf m–daaukuhdtclb), mlct  mlct   sf adrdatãrcsfr pdr ub cbmcadtfur PQC fb surdaodt (du-mfssus mu bcvfdu mfs 9: iãbãrdhfkfbt, sfhlb hd pãrclmf utchcsãf plur hf PQC) plur ub kdraoã odusscfr, lu mf survfbtf (fb-mfsslus mfs 1:) plur ubf kdraoã `dcsscfr,

9:

 

 

mf kîkf quf plur hf stlaodstcquf quc mlct sf trluvfr du-mfssus mu bcvfdu mfs ?: (plur ub kdraoã odusscfr) lu fb-mfsslus mfs 0: (plur ub kdraoã `dcsscfr). H–cbmcadtfur  stlaodstcquf   stlaodstcquf mlct trdmucrf ubf cbfrtcf odusscïrf (`dcsscïrf) fb rfstdbt `hlquã mdbs sd zlbf supãrcfurf (cbgãrcfurf). Hf gdct mf rfstfr `hlquã mdbs hfs zlbfs fxtrîkfs pfut trdmucrf ub kluvfkfbt fb fxtfbsclb. Hf klkfbtuk  sf trluvf ãidhfkfbt iãbãrdhfkfbt mdbs hfs fxtrîkfs plur af ifbrf mf sctudtclb. Hd vdiuf 6, quc alrrfsplbm ê h–fbtrãf sur hf kdraoã mu irdbm pu`hca (cbglrkdtclb hdrifkfbt mcggusãf mdbs hfs kãmcds), alrrfsplbm ãidhfkfbt ê hd slrtcf mfs « dstuacfux µ quc « mcstrc`ufbt µ hfurs plsctclbs. Fhhf sf adrdatãrcsf `cfb pdr hd gcb m–ub kluvfkfbt, m–ub  kluvfkfbt, dvfa ubf mybdkcquf klcbmrf quf hd vdiuf 1. A–fst fb iãbãrdh sur af ifbrf mf vdiuf vdiuf qu–dppdrdcssfbt hfs mcvfrifbafs fbtrf hfs alurs ft hfs cbmcadtfurs tfaobcqufs . Afs mcvfrifbafs cbmcqufbt `cfb h–dpprlaof m–ub kluvfkfbt mf alrrfatclb.  alrrfatclb.   ]rïs utchfs mlbt mdbs h–dcmf ê hd prcsf mf mãacsclb, afs cbmcadtfurs pfrkfttrlbt mf albgcrkfr hf saãbdrcl prãvu du mãpdrt. Mf trlp glrtfs cbaloãrfbafs mlcvfbt pfrkfttrf ê h–dbdhystf mf s–dssurfr quf hfs mãalkplsctclbs rfspfatfbt `cfb hfs rïihfs ft hfs prcb acpfs fhhclttcstfs.

Ch vd mf slc quf, plur dmlptfr hf `lb alkplrtfkfbt fhhclttcstf, ch gdut pdssfr mu tfkps ê ãtumcfr hfs irdpocqufs. A–fst vãrctd`hfkfbt vãrc td`hfkfbt hd ahã mf hd rãussctf ft quc gfrd hd mcggãrfbaf fbtrf ub « `lb µ ft ub « kduvdcs µ fhhclttcstf. Fb m–dutrfs tfrkfs, ch gdut îtrf kltcvã, prfbmrf ub irdpocquf olrdcrf pdr fxfkphf ft fssdyfr m–l`sfrvfr aodquf vdiuf fb  prfbdbt fb alkptf hfs rïihfs m–Fhhcltt. m–Fhhcltt. D glraf mf pdssfr mu tfkps, ch mfvcfbmrd mf phus fb phus gdachf m–cmfbtcgcfr hfs vdiufs ft h–fggcadactã mf afttf strdtãicf bf tdrmfrd pds ê surprfbmrf pdr sd adpdactã prãmcatcvf.  prãmcatcvf.   Ch gdut r ftfbcr ftfbcr afpfbmdbt qu–ch b–fxcstf pds ub sfuh ft ubcquf mãalkptf mf vdiuf, vdiuf , kdcs quf  phuscfurs saãbdrcls slbt tlunlurs plssc`hfs. Aofraofr ê ãtd`hcr ãtd `hcr hf kfchhfur kfchh fur saãbdrcl s aãbdrcl fb idrmdbt idr mdbt afttf cmãf ê h–fsprct rfprãsfbtf dcbsc hf `lb alkplrtfkfbt ê dmlptfr.

94

 

 

Hfs vdiufs m–Fhhcltt pfrkfttfbt vãrctd`hfkfbt m–dbtcacpfr hfs tfbmdbafs ft hfs rftlurbfkfbts, kdcs slb utchcsdtclb pfrkft-fhhf p frkft-fhhf mf iãbãrfr mfs rfbmfkfbts rfb mfkfbts rãaurrfbts < Pãplbmrf ê afttf qufstclb albvdcbardct mãgcbctcvfkfbt hfs « rãtcafbts µ ê afttf kãtolmf m–dbdhysf.  m–dbdhysf. 

1. Hfs mãalkplsctclbs pfrglrkdbafs <

fb

vdiufs >

mf

`lbbfs

1.4.  Zfrglrkdbafs mfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs

D pdrtcr mfs prcbacpfs glbmdkfbtdux mf afttf strdtãicf, n–dc fggfatuã mfs `daetfsts  sur mfux cbmcafs (hf ADA =: ft hf G]QF 4::), h–lbaf m–lr fb furl ft furl ft ubf datclb. Qfuhs afs datcgs sfrlbt trdctãs ft plur ub sluac mf qudhctã ft mf alkprãofbsclb, alkprãofbsclb , h–dbdhysf sur hf ADA =: sfrd hd phus mãvfhlppãf. Hd pãrclmf albscmãrãf plur hf `daetfst fst mf mã`ut 0:44 ê mã`ut 0:41. A–fst ubf  pãrclmf dssfz rãafbtf ft pfrkft mlba m–dvlcr ubf kfchhfurf dpprãofbsclb mf h–ãvlhutclb rãafbtf mu kdraoã mdbs ub albtfxtf mcggcachf.

Zlur aodquf `daetfst , sfrlbt alkkubcquãs hfs idcbs sur mfs prcsfs mf plsctclbs hlbi ft solrt , hfs pfrtfs su`cfs lu fbalrf hf rdtcl idcbs/pfrtfs. H– H–F Fqucty Aurvf  sfrd ãidhfkfbt trdaãf ft hf  Kdx Mrdwmlwb adhauhã. Hf adpctdh mf mãpdrt sfrd mf 4: ::: furls.

ADA =: Hf prfkcfr `daetfst   rãdhcsã albafrbf hf ADA =: (vlcr irdpocquf 44 ac-mfsslus). Hfs ghïaofs  phdaãfs slus hfs alurs alrrfsplbmfbt ê ubf plsctclb ê h–daodt, ft ê h–cbvfrsf hfs ghïaofs phdaãfs du-mfssus alrrfsplbmfbt ê ubf plsctclb ê hd vfbtf. Hd pftctf arlcx sctuãf slus lu sur hd ghïaof alrrfsplbm ê hd slrtcf mf plsctclb.

90

 

 

Irdpocquf 44 > Irdpocquf nlurbdhcfr mu ADA =: sur hd pãrclmf mu :1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft :4  ndbvcfr 0:41.

Hfs prcsfs mf plsctclbs sf glbt sur tlutfs hfs vdiufs pfrafptc`hfs (su`mcvcsclbs), af quc pfrkft mf prãvlcr ub rftlurbfkfbt (alrrfatclb lu rf`lbm) ê hd gcb mf aodquf mãalkptf. H–utchcsdtclb mf hd strdtãicf mf mãalkplsctclb fb vdiufs mfs alurs sur hf ADA =: mdbs hd pãrclmf albscmãrãf d pfrkcs mf iãbãrfr ub rfbmfkfbt mf +44?.?9 %. Hfs idcbs rãdhcsãs slbt mf 43 0:?.=9 furls ft hfs pfrtfs mf 9 104.3= furls, af quc iãbïrf ub idcb mf 44 ??9 furls. Hf rcsquf fst kdâtrcsã dvfa ub rdtcl idcbs/pfrtfs mf 0.7 fb klyfbbf. Hf rdpplrt mu `daetfst  gciurf  gciurf fb dbbfxfs (Dbbfxf 4). Ch fst plssc`hf mf rfkdrqufr quf hfs plsctclbs solrt  pfrkfttfbt  pfrkfttfbt mf iãbãrfr phus mf idcbs quf hfs  plsctclbs hlbi. Zlur ubf plsctclb ê hd vfbtf, 13 prcsfs mf plsctclbs sur 6? slbt idibdbtfs dhlrs quf plur ubf plsctclb ê h–daodt, 11 slbt idibdbtfs. idibdbtfs. Fb rfvdbaof, hfs plsctclbs ê h–daodt  pfrkfttfbt mf iãbãrfr mfs rfbmfkfbts phus ckplrtdbts dvfa ub idcb klyfb mf 14? furls pdr plur h–daodt du hcfu mf 00= furls plur hd vfbtf. Mf phus, hfs pfrtfs su`cfs slbt klcbs trdmfs  plur albsãqufbtfs ft hf  Kdx Mrdwmlwb  hf albgcrkf > 4 090 furls plur hfs trdmfs hlbi  ft 0:1?

91

 

 

furls plur hfs trdmfs solrt . Ac-mfsslus Ac-mfsslus h– Fqucty  Fqucty Aurvf mu ADA =: dvfa h–utchcsdtclb mf afttf strdtãicf (irdpocquf 40).

Irdpocquf 40 >  Fqucty Aurvf mu ADA =: sur hd pãrclmf mu :1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft :4 ndbvcfr 0:41.

Du gcbdh, af qu–ch fst plssc`hf mf rftfbcr mdbs af `daetfst , a–fst quf hfs plsctclbs ê h–daodt iãbïrfbt mf phus irls rfbmfkfbts, afrtfs klcbs sluvfbt quf hfs plsctclbs ê hd vfbtf, kdcs quc  pfrkfttfbt m–fggfatufr hd kdnfurf pdrtcf mf hd pfrglrkdbaf ihl`dhf (cac phus mf 7: %). Afs oypltoïsfs slbt-fhhfs vdhd`hfs fb tlut tfkps < Ch pfut îtrf numcacfux m–dbdhysfr ub dutrf dut rf cbmcaf.

G]QF 4:: Hfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs sur hfs alurs mu G]QF 4:: sur hd pãrclmf mãgcbcf (hd kîkf quf afhhf mu ADA =: ac-mfssus) lbt pfrkcs mf iãbãrfr ub idcb mf +403.70 %. Hf adpctdh mf mãpdrt mf 4: ::: £ d ãidhfkfbt ãtã phus quf mlu`hã mlu` hã (00 370 £). Afpfbmdbt, hd mcggãrfbaf mf rfbmfkfbts iãbãrãs pdr hfs  trdmfs hlbi ft hfs trdmfs solrt  fst  fst bfttfkfbt klcbmrf. Fb fggft, sur 61 trdmfs  ê h–daodt, 17 slbt idibdbts.  idibdbts.   Zlur hfs 61 trdmfs ê hd vfbtf, 16 slbt idibdbts. Fb 9=

 

 

lutrf, hfs rfbmfkfbts iãbãrãs slbt mf kîkf lrmrf, dvfa mfs idcbs klyfbs mf 00= £ pdr trdmfs hlbi ft mf 0=1 £ pdr trdmfs solrt . Hf prcbacpf sfhlb hfqufh hfs plsctclbs ê h–daodt rdpplrtfbt

 phus quf hfs plsctclbs ê hd vfbtf fst mlba rfkcs fb adusf plur afttf strdtãicf. Ac-mfsslus h– Fqucty  Fqucty Aurvf mu G]QF 4:: (irdpocquf 41).

Irdpocquf 41 >  Fqucty Aurvf mu G]QF 4:: sur hd pãrclmf mu :1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft :4 ndbvcfr 0:41.

Lbaf m–lr fb FVP   Afttf strdtãicf d pfrkcs mf iãbãrfr sur h–lbaf m–lr fb furl ubf pfrglrkdbaf mf +40:.00 % sur hd pãrclmf albscmãrãf. Hd kdnlrctã mfs idcbs sf glbt sur hfs trdmfs hlbi kdcs hfs trdmfs solrt    pfrkfttfbt mf idibfr mdvdbtdif sur aodquf trdmf. Hf  Kdx Mrdwmlwb  ihl`dh fst mf =06.4: ₨  plur ub idcb kdxckdh mf 79=.9: ₨. AcAc-mfsslus mfsslus h– Fqucty  Fqucty Aurvf  mu Ilhm Lubaf FVP  (irdpocquf 4=).

96

 

 

Irdpocquf 4= >  Fqucty Aurvf mu Ilhm Lubaf FVP   sur hd pãrclmf mu :1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft :4  ndbvcfr 0:41.

Kcarlslgt Hf idcb rãdhcsã sur h–datclb Kcarlslgt fst mf +63.0 %. Hfs idcbs rãdhcsãs fbtrf hfs trdmfs hlbi  ft hfs trdmfs solrt  slbt   slbt ê pfu prïs ãqucvdhfbts. Ch fb fst mf kîkf plur hf  Kdx Mrdwmlwb quc tlurbf dutlur mf 906 $. Ac-mfsslus Ac-mfsslus h– Fqucty 46).   Fqucty Aurvf mf h–datclb Kcarlslgt (irdpocquf 46). 

Irdpocquf 46 >  Fqucty Aurvf mf h–datclb Kcarlslgt sur hd pãrclmf mu :1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft :4  ndbvcfr 0:41.

97

 

 

Ch gdut afpfbmdbt prãacsfr quf tlutfs hfs vdiufs slbt prcsfs fb alkptf plur hf `daetfst . Afs `daetfsts  pdrtfbt mlba mu prcbacpf ló hf klcbmrf kluvfkfbt alrrfatcg fst prcs fb alkptf ft

adhauhã plur hf mãalkptf mfs vdiufs. Ch fst afpfbmdbt rdrf fb prdtcquf mf pluvlcr cmfbtcgcfr tlutfs afs vdiufs ãtdbt mlbbã hfur alkphfxctã. Hfs pfrglrkdbafs bf sfrlbt mlba pds dussc ãhfvãfs.

1.0.  Wfrsus strdtãicf @uy & Olhm  Olhm  

ADA =: Hf alurs mf ahýturf mu ADA =: du 1 ndbvcfr 0:44 fst ê 1 3::.?7 plcbts ft afhuc mu 4 ndbvcfr 0:41 fst ê 1 911.31 plcbts. plcbts . Qc h–lb mfvfbdct hlbi sur hf ADA =: pfbmdbt tlutf hd murãf mf hd  pãrclmf albscmãrãf (mu 1 ndbvcfr 0:44 du 4  ndbvcfr 0:41) ft quf h–lb mãbludct mãblu dct sd plsctclb du tfrkf mf afttf pãrclmf, hd pfrglrkdbaf rãdhcsãf sfrdct mf -=,0? %. Hf albtrdstf fst sdcscssdbt. Ch albvcfbt afpfbmdbt m f idrmfr ê h–fsprct quf hfs pfrglrkdbafs kcrl`lhdbtfs ãblbaãfs mdbs hd  pdrtcf prãaãmfbtf rfghïtfbt hfs mãalkplsctclbs « pdrgdctfs µ mfs kluvfkfbts `lurscfrs. Mdbs hd rãdhctã, afs afs pfrglrkdbafs sfrlbt klcbmrfs (fb glbatclb mf h–fggcadactã mf h–dbdhystf).  h–dbdhystf).  

G]QF 4:: Du = ndbvcfr 0:44, hf G]QF 4:: fst ê 7 :41.?9 plcbts ft du 0 ndbvcfr 0:41 ê 7 :09.19 plcbts. Fb ads mf strdtãicf hlbi sur afttf pãrclmf, hd pfrglrkdbaf sfrdct mf +:.00 %.

Lbaf m–lr fb FVP   H–lbaf m–lr fb FVP altf 4  4   :63.?? du 1 ndbvcfr 0:44 ft 4 077.47 du 4 ndbvcfr 0:41. Hd  pfrglrkdbaf m–ubf strdtãicf strdt ãicf hlbi sfrdct mf 43.=7 %.

99

 

 

Kcarlslgt Du 1 ndbvcfr 0:44, h–datclb Kcarlslgt vdut 09.3? $ ft du 0 ndbvcfr 0:411, fhhf vdut 09.70 $ . Hd  pfrglrkdbaf mãidiãf sfrdct sfr dct mf -4.03 %.

Qur ubf kîkf pãrclmf mf tfkps, hfs mfux strdtãicfs dpphcquãfs pfrkfttfbt mf albstdtfr mfs mcggãrfbafs grdppdbtfs mf pfrglrkdbaf. @cfb fbtfbmu, hfs rfbmfkfbts iãbãrãs pdr hd kãtolmf mfs mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs mãpfbmfbt mf h–fggcadactã mf h–dbdhystf quc hfs utchcsf.  utchcsf.   Zhus afhuc-ac mãblk`rf mf vdiufs, phus ch sfrd fb kfsurf mf prfbmrf plsctclb ft m–dbtcacpfr hfs  prlaodcbfs vdiufs plur dcbsc tcrfr prlgct mf aodquf kluvfkfbt mf kdraoã. Ch fst ckplrtdbt m–cbscstfr sur hf gdct quf mdbs hd prdtcquf, hfs pfrglrkdbafs ãblbaãfs ac-mfssus ac-mfssus slbt qudsckfbt crrãdhcsd`hfs ãtdbt mlbbã qu–ch fst ckplssc`hf mf prãvlcr hfs kluvfkfbts mf aodquf vdiuf (rf`lbm du hcfu mf alrrfatclb…).  alrrfatclb…).  Fhhfs afpfbmdbt ub `lb lrmrf mf irdbmfur plur hfs `lbs dbdhystfs quc dpphcqufbt sarupuhfusfkfbt hfs rïihfs fhhclttcstfs.

9?

 

 

Albahusclb

Hfs trdvdux mf P. B. FHHCL]] lbt pfrkcs dunlurm–ouc m–ãtd`hcr h–ubf mfs strdtãicfs hfs phus  plpuhdcrfs du klbmf ft surtlut h–ubf mfs phus irdbmfs adpdactãs mf prãmcatc`chctã plur afhuc quc sdct s–fb sfrvcr.  sfrvcr.  Fb fggft, fhhf s–cbspcrf mf toãlrcfs ft mãaluvfrtfs sacfbtcgcqufs quc huc mlbbfbt ubf arãmc`chctã afrtdcbf. Mu rfghft mf hd psyaolhlicf mfs cbtfrvfbdbts mdbs hfs alurs, hd glrkdtclb mf gciurfs albgcrkãfs pdr mfs vlhukfs ckplrtdbts, du rãgãrfbaf ê hd kfr ê ft hd gdélb mlbt ãvlhufbt hd kdrãf, hfs vdiufs ft hfs lbmuhdtclbs, hd toãlrcf mf MLY fst rãfhhfkfbt  prãsfbtf. Dvfa hfs blk`rfs mf GC@LBDAAC, hd bdturf b–d ndkdcs ãtã dussc `cfb gdctf. Hfs blk`rfs m–lr slbt dpphcad`hfs dussc `cfb du mlkdcbf mf hd pfcbturf ( pfcbtrfs ( pfcbtrfs quc utchcsfbt hfs mckfbsclbs :, 4, 4.74?) qu–ê hd iãlkãtrcf ft du mfsscb (vcsdif oukdcb, kdcb, spcrdhf hlidrctokcquf,

fta.).

Afttf

strdtãicf

d

rãfhhfkfbt

gdct

sfs

prfuvfs

m–ãvïbfkfbts

kdarlãalblkcqufs mcggcachfs. Pl`frt ZPFAO]FP d mlba hdrifkfbt albtrc`uã ê hd  plpuhdrcsdtclb mf afttf aftt f strdtãicf fb tcrdbt slb ãpcbihf mu nfu hlrs mf irdbmfs arcsfs gcbdbacïrfs. gcbdbac ïrfs. Afttf strdtãicf, quc pfut pdrdât alkkf ãtdbt odsdrmfusf plur hfs phus mã`utdbts, mlct îtrf hf gruct m–ub trdvdch dpphcquã ft albstdbt.  albstdbt.  Fb fggft, sc a–fst h–ubf mfs strdtãicfs hfs phus alkphïtfs fb tfrkfs m–dbdhysf irdpocquf, a–fst dussc h–ubf mfs phus alkphfxfs ê kfttrf fb őuvrf. Ch őuvrf. Ch fst  pdr dchhfurs sluvfbt mct qu–ch y durdct dutdbt m–dbdhystfs quf mf mãalkptfs mf vdiufs.  vdiufs.   Fb albsãqufbaf, plur fxphlctfr afttf strdtãicf mf hd kdbcïrf hd phus lptckdhf, ch gdut pdssfr mu tfkps ê sarutfr hfs irdpocqufs irdpocqufs ê hd rfaofraof mf vdiufs. A–fst A– fst hd kfchhfurf gdélb m–dpprfbmrf. Hd mybdkcquf, hfs rïihfs ft hfs prcbacpfs mfs vdiufs m–fhhcltt mlcvfbt pfrkfttrf   dux utchcsdtfurs mf afttf strdtãicf mf sf plsfr hfs `lbbfs qufstclbs ft mlba m–cmfbtcgcfr hfs `lbbfs

93

 

 

vdiufs. Chs iucmfbt h–dbdhystf fb ads mf mlutf ft huc pfrkft mf rfstfr tltdhfkfbt l`nfatcg, qudhctã cbmcspfbsd`hf fb dbdhysf tfaobcquf.

Hfs mcggãrfbtfs pdrtcfs mf aft F`lle  pfrkfttfbt vãrctd`hfkfbt du hfatfur m–dssckchfr afttf strdtãicf, fb dydbt `cfb alkprcs hfs glbmfkfbts mf h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf ft mf hd psyaolhlicf y dggãrfbtf. ]lut fst fb fggft hcã dvfa afttf strdtãicf ft bãihcifr ub dspfat rfvcfbt ê mckcbufr sfs aodbafs mf rãussctf sur hfs kdraoãs. Mfvfz-vlus utchcsfr lu blb afttf strdtãicf < A–fst hf `ut kîkf mf afs rfaofraofs.

Hfs rãsuhtdts l`tfbus pdr hd kcsf fb phdaf mf `daetfsts rfbmdbt alkptf mfs pfrglrkdbafs mf hd strdtãicf mf mãalkplsctclbs fb vdiufs mfs kluvfkfbts slbt sdbs ãqucvlqufs. Chs slbt kdnlrctdcrfkfbt plsctcgs. Ch gdut afpfbmdbt albstdtfr quf hd strdtãicf glbatclbbf mf kdbcïrf klcbs fggcadaf sur hfs kdraoãs datclbs ãtdbt mlbbã hd prãsfbaf m–ãvïbfkfbts quc  pfuvfbt gdcrf `luifr glrtfkfbt g lrtfkfbt hf prcx mfs tctrfs tc trfs (LZD, sphct …).  …). 

Ch plurrdct îtrf cbtãrfssdbt mf sdvlcr sc hfs vdiufs m–fhhcltt albstctuf albstc tuf ubf strdtãicf dutlkdtcsd`hf, dhilrctokcqufkfbt pdrhdbt. H–dutlkdtcsdtclb fbhïvfrdct tlutf psyaolhlicf mdbs h–cbtfrprãtdtclb mfs alurs ft pdr albsãqufbt, albsãqufbt, tlus hfs dbdhystfs dpfrafvrlbt hfs kîkfs vdiufs. Af quc mlbbfrd `fdualup phus mf glraf dux kluvfkfbts, pucsquf tlut hf klbmf `ãbãgcacf mfs kîkfs mãalkplsctclbs. Lb plurrdct afpfbmdbt dnlutfr qu–ch y durd tlunlurs ubf pdrt mf  psyaolhlicf, adr tlus hfs cbtfrvfbdbts, kîkf fb `ãbãgcacdbt mf irdpocqufs cmfbtcqufs, b–cbtfrvcfbmrlbt pds mf hd kîkf kdbcïrf.  kdbcïrf.  

Fb dttfbmdbt, ch fst ahdcr qu–utchcsfr afttf strdtãicf mf hd kîkf kdbcïrf quf hf gdcsdct P. B. FHHCL] rfstf cbalbtlurbd`hf plur afhuc quc vfut murfr sur hfs kdraoãs.

?:

 

 

Dbbfxfs

 

 

Dbbfxf 4 ADA =:

 

 

Dbbfxf 0 G]QF 4::

 

 

Dbbfxf 1 LBAF M–LP (FVP)  (FVP)  

 

 

Dbbfxf = KCAPLQLG] ALPZ.

 

 

@c`hclirdpocf

@FAOV ]., @FP]PDBM F., BF@FB^DOH N. (0::?), H–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, toãlrcfs ft kãtolmfs, Falblkcad, Zdrcs

GPLQ] D. N., ZPFAO]FP P. (0:::),  Fhhcltt Ydvf Zrcbacphf, Nlob Ychfy, Alrbwdhh EDOBFKDB M., ]WFPQES D. (4393), Zrlspfat ]oflry> Db dbdhyscs lg Mfacsclb ubmfr Pcse, Falblkftrcad ED@@DN ]. (0:44), Kdâtrcsfr h–dbdhysf tfaobcquf, Fyrlhhfs, Zdrcs ED@@DN ]. (0::9), Zsyaolhlicf mfs irdbms trdmfrs, Fyrlhhfs, Zdrcs HDELBCQOLE N., QOHFCGFP D., WOCQOBS P. Y. (4330), ]of Ckpdat lg Cbstctutclbdh ]rdmcbi lb Qtlae Zrcafs, Nlurbdh lg Gcbdbacdh Falblkcas, Aocadil

HF @LB I. (43:6), Zsyaolhlicf mfs gluhfs, Gãhcx Dhadb, 3ïkf ãmctclb, Zdrcs KVPZOS N.N. (43?7), ]faobcadh Dbdhyscs lg tof Gcbdbacdh Kdrefts, Bfw Slre Cbstctutf lg Gcbdbaf, Bfw Slre ZPFAO]FP P. (0::1), Zrfaotfr–s Zfrspfatcvf , Bfw Ahdsscas Hc`rdry, Idcbfsvchhf, Iflricd ZPFAO]FP P., Fhhcltt Ydvf Cbtfrbdtclbdh,  Cbtfrbdtclbdh, ottp>//www.fhhclttwdvf.alk, ottp>//www.fhhclttwdvf.alk , albsuhtã fb nucb ZPVMFB O., ZDPDBTVF @., @DF]Q Y. (0::=),  @fodvclrdh Gcbdbaf Gcbdbaf dbm tfaobcadh tfaobcadh  Dbdhyscs, Nlurbdh lg ]faobcadh Dbdhyscs, Yllm`rcmif

FHHCL]] P. B. (0:44), Bdturf–s Hdw> ]of sfarft lg tof ubcvfrsf, Qblw`dhh Zu`hcsocbi