Ebook Gestao de Crise

 

k-gdd`

Ckstêd mk jrisk? jdld dtilizbr bs mkjisûks jdl bfânisk jdlpdrtblkftbn

 

k-gdd`

 

2. IF]WDM[ÃÊD 7. KF]KFMB B BFÂNIZK JDLQDW]BLKF]BN 7.2. Jdfekjkfmd ds pkrfls jdlpdrtblkftbis 7.2.2. D pkrfln kxkjutdr  7.2.7. D pkrfln bfbnistb 7.2.:. D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr  7.2.=. D pkrfln pnbfkobmdr 

=

; ; 8 8 3 3

=.2. D pkrfln kxkjutdr sdg prkssêd

22

=.7.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds kxkjutdrks fkssk ldlkftd4 

27

=.7. D pkrfln bfbnistb sdg prkssêd

27

=.7.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds bfbnistbs fkssk ldlkftd4 

27

=.:. D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr sdg prkssêd =.:.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds jdlufijbmdrks

2:

fkssk ldlkftd4 

2:

=.=. D pkrfln pnbfkobmdr sdg prkssêd

2=

=.=.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds pnbfkobmdrks

:. HDW]BNKJKFMD B BFÂNIZK MK MBMDZ :.2. Bfbnisbr mbmds kl ldlkftd mk jrisk

5 9

=. CKWKFJIBFMD QKZZDBZ KL LDLKF]D MK JWIZK

22

fkssk ldlkftd4 

2;

;. JDFJN[ZÊD

28

 

Bd lksld tklpd quk jdfkjtb k bprdxil bprdxilb, b, b tkjfdndcib tblgél jdndjdu ds mbmds jdld ifsulds hufmblkftbis pbrb tdlbmbs mk mkjisêd k kstruturbãêd mk ulb drcbfizbãêd. Btubnlkftk, ulb klprksb quk fêd jdfskcuk lbpkbr sub prdmuãêd k ckrbr ifhdrlbãûks mk tdmds ds prdjkssds, kstâ mkhbsbmb. Kl ul ldlkftd mk jrisk, ds mbmds sêd b kstruturb pbrb lbftkr b drcbfizbãêd kl drmkl. Ifmkpkfmkftk mb drickl md jkfârid ” sdjibn du kjdfýlijd ”, ”, situbãûks mk turgunïfjibs hbzkl jdl quk bs klprksbs fkjkssitkl tdlbr mkjisûks lbis râpimbs. [lb jrisk pdmk skr dpdrtufimbmk mk jrksjilkftd, mksmk quk ckrkfjibmb mb lbfkirb bmkqubmb.

2. IF]WDM[ÃÊD Xivklds kl ulb sdjikmbmk jbmb vkz lbis jdfkjtbmb k cndgbnizbmb. Issd é rkprkskftbmd fd blgikftk jdlufijbtivd k kjdfýlijd, bs vbribãûks mb gdnsb mk vbndrks sdhrimbs fb Âsib bhktbl ” mirktb du ifmirktblkftk ” tdmd d lufmd.

Fkssk k-gdd`, vblds hbnbr sdgrk jdld tkr mbmds sdgrk ds jdnbgdrbmdrks boumb fb tdlbmb mk mkjisûks md WE, ckrbfmd ifsulds pbrb bulkftbr b prdmutivimbmk k b pkrhdrlbfjk kl ul ldlkftd mk ifjdfsistïfjib.

Bprdvkitk d jdftkÿmd 0)

=

 

7. KF]KFMB B BFÂNIZK

jdftrbtbãêd lbis khktivb bulkftb, bd lkfds, kl tksk.

JDLQDW]BLKF]BN

Bnél mk bfbnisbr d flt junturbn, é hufmblkftbn kftkfmkr lbis sdgrk bs ebginimbmks sdjidkldjidfbis mk jbmb pkssdb quk sk jbfmimbtdu pbrb ulb vbcb. Fkssk trbgbned kspkjìfljd, kftrbl ds pkrfls jdlpdrtblkftbis.

D jdlpdrtblkftd é ulb mbs rbzûks prifjipbis mk mklissûks. Klgdrb ebob qubnifljbãêd téjfijb, b ifbmkqubãêd jdlpdrtblkftbn ilpunsidfb d fÿlkrd mk rdtbtivimbmk k ckrb prkouìzds pbrb bs drcbfizbãûks. [lb mklissêd lbn prkouìzds pnbfkobmbbilpbjtb pkrhdrlbfjk kquipk k ckrb lémid kbndfcd prbzd. mb Rubfmd ulb drcbfizbãêd jdftrbtb ul fdvd jdnbgdrbmdr,, d imkbn é quk bnél mbs qubnimbmks téjfijbs, jdnbgdrbmdr é prkjisd quk ebob siftdfib kftrk ds vbndrks junturbis mb drcbfizbãêd k mb pkssdb, d jeblbmd flt junturbn. Qbrb jdfskcuir mktkjtbr d flt, sêd bmijidfbmds prdjkssds bd rkjrutblkftd k sknkãêd mk ul jbfmimbtd. B kftrkvistb junturbn rkbnizbmb jdl bs pkssdbs boumb b mktkjtbr sk knbs tïl silinbrimbmk jdl ds vbndrks drcbfizbjidfbis. Mkssb hdrlb, bs jebfjks mk ulb

Ds pkrfls jdlpdrtblkftbis sêd kx kxjknkftks jknkftks pbrb trbãbr tkfmïfjibs md jdlpdrtblkftd mbs jdlpdrtblkftd mbs pkssdbs, ifmijbfmd jdld knbs rkbckl b mktkrlifbmbs situbãûks k qubis bs jdlpktïfjibs sêd lbis mkskfvdnvimbs k prkjisbl skr trbgbnebmbs.

7.2 Jdfekjkfmd ds pkrfls jdlpdrtblkftbis Bs junturbs, bs jribãûks, b trboktúrib prdflssidfbn ktj sêd hbtdrks quk if﬇ukfjibl k tdrfbl d jdlpdrtblkftd mk jbmb pkssdb kl bncd ÿfijd. Kftkfmkr d dutrd k rkspkitbr bs mihkrkfãbs é b gbsk pbrb ulb gdb jdfvivïfjib k b ckstêd mk pkssdbs. ;

 

Qdr issd, d kstumd sdgrk ds pkrfls jdlpdrtblkftbis sêd ilpdrtbftks. Knks sêd ifmijbmdrks mk tkfmïfjibs jdlpdrtblkftbis, tdrfbfmd bncd ilkfsurâvkn ” bs sdht s`inns ” kl mbmds quk pdmkl skr lbis dgoktivds k lbpkbmds. Kxistkl qubtrd pkrfls? jdlufijbmdr, kxkjutdr, pnbfkobmdr k bfbnistb. Eâ vâribs jdlgifbãûks pdssìvkis mk prkmdlifçfjibs mk mihkrkftks fìvkis pbrb ds pkrfls, skfmd quk tdmds knks kstêd prkskftk kl ulb pkssdb. 7.2.2. D pkrfln kxkjutdr 

D pkrfln kxkjutdr é kxtrklblkftk mdlifbftk mdlifbftk k tkfmk b pkrtkfjkr bds nìmkrks fbtds. Kssk prdflssidfbn é butdjdfflbftk k sk skftk ldtivbmd bd kfhrkftbr mksbflds. Jdlpktitivd, tkl hbjinimbmk kl bssulir risjds k mkhkfmkr skus pdftds mk vistb. Kl bncufs jbsds, mkvimd á flrlkzb mk mkhkfmkr sku pdftd mk vistb, b jdlufijbãêd md pkrfln kx kxkjutdr kjutdr pdmk skr bcrkssivb. Ds rknbjidfblkftds iftkrpkssdbis k d

trbgbned kl kquipk, quk mkvk skr lbis jdnbgdrbtivd k lkfds ilpdsitivd. 7.2.7. D pkrfln bfbnistb

D pkrfln bfbnistb tkl ulb tkfmïfjib b cdstbr mk tbrkhbs rkpktitivbs. Zk mkstbjbl kl trbgbneds quk kxickl pksquisb, kspkjibnizbãêd k knbgdrbãêd mk tksk. ]rbgbnebl jdl prkjisêd k kxbtimêd, oustblkftk pbrb kftrkcbr d sklprk d sku lknedr. Rukl bprkskftb kssk pkrfln jdlpdrtblkftbn prdjurb b pkrhkiãêd k é ldtivbmd pdr bntds pbmrûks mk kfljiïfjib kl tumd quk hbz. Cdstbl mk kstumbr k sk mkskfvdnvkr jdfstbftklkftk pbrb pdmkr hbnbr jdl prdprikmbmk sdgrk mktkrlifbmd bssuftd. Zêd gkl rkbnistbs, pdmkfmd ” luitbs vkzks ” skrkl kftkfmimds jdld pkssilistbs pdr dutrds pkrfls. Knks sk jdgrbl gbstbftk k pdmkl fljbr bfsidsds qubfmd eâ qukgrbs mk rdtifbs. 8

 

7.2.:. D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr 

D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr hbvdrkjk b sdjibginizbãêd k b iftkcrbãêd md crupd. Mkssk ldmd, sêd bhkitds á ifhdrlbnimbmk k á prdxilimbmk fb kquipk. Kl crupd, knks gusjbl sk mkstbjbr ldstrbfmd d sku vbndr pbrb tdmds ds jdlpbfekirds k pbrb ds skus nìmkrks. Qdr dutrd nbmd, kssk pkrfln tkfmk b fêd cdstbr mk rdtifbs kstbgknkjimbs k fêd hufjidfbrkl jdl prbzds k jrdfdcrblbs kfckssbmds. É prkjisd fêd sú jkrjâ-nd mk jdfkxûks, lbs tblgél skr ul kxklpnd mk pdsturb quk knk mkvk skcuir. 7.2.=. D pkrfln pnbfkobmdr 

Qnbfkobmdrks sêd pkssdbs mk fbturkzb lbis jbnlb k jkftrbmb. Cdstbl mk lbftkr ulb rdtifb prkvisìvkn k sk pkrmkl kl blgikftks jdl lumbfãbs jdfstbftks. Qbrb bncufs, knks pbrkjkl lbis nkftds quk d ebgitubn, fd kftbftd, kssb é ulb mk subs prifjipbis qubnimbmks. ]dmd d tklpd cbstd fb kxkjuãêd mk tbrkhbs ds boumbl b

kftrkcâ-nbs jdl lbis pkrhkiãêd. Zêd pkssdbs gbstbftk klpâtijbs k jribl hdrtk jdfkxêd jdl skus jdnkcbs mk trbgbned.

 

:. HDW]BNKJKFMD B BFÂNIZK MK MBMDZ  Jdld missklds, ds mbmds sêd gbsk hufmblkftbn kl ulb sdjikmbmk jbmb vkz lbis jdfkjtbmb k pbutbmb pknb kxjknïfjib. ]rbfshdrlbr ifhdrlbãûks kl ifsulds pbrb tdlbmbs mk mkjisêd mkixb b klprksb lbis kstrbtécijb k kfljikftk. Kl ul ldlkftd mk jrisk ” qubfmd d pnbfkoblkftd kstrbtécijd prkjisbrâ sdhrkr jdl prdhufmbs k râpimbs bntkrbãûks ”, ”, b ârkb mk Wkjursds Eulbfds virb prdtbcdfistb mb klprksb. Zêd bs mkjisûks tdlbmbs pknd WE quk hbrâ jdl quk d huturd mb drcbfizbãêd skob lbftimd. Qdr issd, é hufmblkftbn jdftbr jdl kstrbtécibs k lktdmdndcibs quk hdrtbnkãbl d sktdr sktdr.. D Qkdpnk Bfbnytijs é ul mkssks létdmds. Jdld d prúprid fdlk miz, knk bfbnisb bs pkssdbs, du lknedr, lknedr, ds mbmds rknbtivds

Kxistkl mihkrkftks tipds mk mbmds pbrb jdnktbr k bfbnisbr.. Kftkfmkr qubis sêd ds lbis ilpdrtbftks pbrb b bfbnisbr drcbfizbãêd boumb b tdlbr b mkjisêd mk qubis tipds mk bfânisk tdrfb-sk pdssìvkn ckrbr. Kxistkl = mihkrkftks lbfkirbs mk utinizbãêd mk mbmds?   2. Bfânisk Mksjritivb (Mksjriptivk Bfbnytijs)? b pkrcuftb jebvk mkstk tipd mk bfânisk é „d quk bjdftkjku4“.  B rkspdstb mkvk kstbr gbskbmb kl mbmds pbssbmds k btubis0 7. Bfânisk mk Mibcfústijd (Mibcfdstij Bfbnytijs)? b pkrcuftb é „pdr quk istd bjdftkjku4“. Kxpndrbr bs jbusbs md quk ckrdu d krrd é kxtrklblkftk ÿtin pbrb imkftifljbr ds jdlpdfkftks quk nkvbrbl bd ifsujkssd0   :. Bfânisk Qrkmitivb (Qrkmjtivk Bfbnytijs)? b pkrcuftb jebvk bqui é „d quk pdmk bjdftkjkr4“. Dnebfmd pbrb d pbssbmd, b bfânisk mds rksuntbmds dgtimds mâ pbrb ckrbr prkvisûks md quk pdmk bjdftkjkr fd huturd. Kstk tipd mk bfânisk mklbfmb mk ulb jdlpnkxb rkmk mk mbmds iftkrnicbmds, lbpkbfmd mihkrkftks bspkjtds0

5

 

 

=. Bfânisk Qrksjritivb (Qrksjriptivk Bfbnytijs)? b pkrcuftb jebvk é „d quk pdmk bjdftkjkr sk skcuirlds kstk jblifed4“. Ilbcifblds quk b mkjisêd skob mksnicbr 21% mb hdrãb mk trbgbned pbrb rkbmkqubãêd mk justds mibftk mk ulb jrisk flfbfjkirb pknb qubn b klprksb kstâ pbssbfmd. B  Bfânisk Qrksjriptivb, jdl gbsk kl mbmds, nkvbftbrâ eipútksks k ds ilpbjtds quk mktkrlifbmbs mkjisûks pdmkl  ckrbr..  ckrbr

Qbrb jdfskcuir ckrir k futrir tdmb b gbsk mk mbmds fkjkssâribs pbrb hdrtbnkjkr d Qkdpnk Bfbnytijs, é hufmblkftbn jdftbr jdl tkjfdndcib. D Zúnimks Ckstêd é ulb hkrrblkftb quk btub k trbgbneb pbrb jdnktbr, brlbzkfbr k trbgbnebr tdmbs bs ifhdrlbãûks rknbjidfbmbs bds jbfmimbtds k jdnbgdrbmdrks. Bd jdfekjkr d pkrfln mds jdnbgdrbmdrks, pdr kxklpnd, kxklpnd, é pdssìvkn bfbnisbr qubis sêd ds prkmdlifbftks fds hufjidfârids tdp pkrhdrlbfjk. Bd trbãbr kssk pkrfln, fljb lbis hâjin jdfskcuir hbzkr ulb jdftrbtbãêd lbis khktivb k jdkrkftk jdl b rkbnimbmk prdmutivb mb drcbfizbãêd.

Bs pdssiginimbmks mk utinizbãêd mk mbmds sêd ifÿlkrbs. Qksquisbs hkitbs pknd sitk Cbrmfkr mkldfstrbl quk eâ mihkrkftks hdrlbs mk utinizbr ds mbmds b hbvdr mbs drcbfizbãûks. Qbrb trbfspdr bs gbrrkirbs kxistkftks fbs drcbfizbãûks lbis trbmijidfbis, é fkjkssârib ulb lumbfãb mk junturb pbrb bjkitbr b trbfsiãêd mk ldmknds k prdjkssds, ckrbfmd fdvbs dpdrtufimbmks k sub sugsistïfjib.

:.2 Bfbnisbr mbmds kl ldlkftd mk jrisk Rubfmd b klprksb mkhrdftb-sk jdl ulb jrisk, luitbs jdisbs pnbfkobmbs prkjisbl skr bntkrbmbs. Lksld skl tkr b iftkfãêd, pdmk skr fkjkssârid rkbnizbr ulb sérik mk mksnicblkftds. Mklissûks pdmkl skr prdjkssds gbstbftk trbulâtijds pbrb bs klprksbs k prdldvkr qukmb mk prdmutivimbmk du prkouìzds pbrb d jnilb drcbfizbjidfbn. Kxistkl téjfijbs pbrb blkfizbr kssb situbãêd, jdld d dutpnbjklkft k b mklissêd eulbfizbmb. 9

 

Kssbs tdlbmbs mk mkjisûks sêd lbis prkjisbs sk pbutbmbs kl mbmds kstbtìstijds quk pkrlitb bvbnibr qubis ds jdnbgdrbmdrks quk mkvkl skr mksnicbmd fbquknk ldlkftd. Jbsd jdftrârid, b bãêd skrâ bpkfbs tklpdrârib k bjbrrktbrâ kl prkouìzds fd pkrìdmd púsjrisk. Kl ldlkftd mk jrisk, jdfskcuir hbzkr ulb bpurbãêd jdrrktb mds mbmds é sifýfild mk kjdfdlib mk mifekird. B ckstêd mk pkssdbs tblgél prkjisb skr bprildrbmb, bflfbn, jbmb jdnbgdrbmdr rkbck mk lbfkirb mihkrkftk á prkssêd k, jdfskqukftklkftk, tkl sub prdmutivimbmk bhktbmb. Bfbnisbr mbmds kl ldlkftd mk jrisk é ” bjilb mk tumd ” ulb lbfkirb mk sdgrkvivkr bd ldlkftd mk mifljunmbmk. ]dlbr ]dlbr mkjisûks kquivdjbmbs kl situbãûks mk ifstbginimbmk fd lkrjbmd pdmk skr ulb situbãêd mkflfitivb pbrb d jblifed mb klprksb.

21

 

=. CKWKFJIBFMD QKZZDBZ KL LDLKF]D MK JWIZK

D jbpitbn eulbfd é d lbidr rkjursd mbs drcbfizbãûks. B hdrãb mk trbgbned é rkspdfsâvkn pdr ckrbr ds prdmutds k ds fkcújids, jdfskcuifmd bulkftbr d nujrd. Kl ul ldlkftd mk jrisk, é prkjisd tkr btkfãêd pbrb b rkbãêd

Qrifjipbnlkftk kl situbãûks têd jrìtijbs jdld b jbusbmb pknd fdvd jdrdfbvìrus.

=.2. D pkrfln kxkjutdr sdg prkssêd Qrdflssidfbis jdl prkmdlifçfjib md pkrfln kxkjutdr kfxkrcbl bs jrisks jdld ldlkftds mk dpdrtufimbmk. Zkfmd bssil, tdrfbl-sk crbfmks bnibmds pbrb b

mk jbmb ul mds jdnbgdrbmdrks. B tkfsêd k b prkssêd tkfmk b bcir mk lbfkirb mihkrkftk sdgrk jbmb jdnbgdrbmdr. jdnbgdrbmdr. Kssk é ul mbmd jdlpdrtblkftbn hufmblkftbn fkssk pkrìdmd. Zk b sub klprksb fêd jdfskcuk bhkrir b tkfmïfjib mk

ldtivbãêd mk tdmb kquipk, pdis sêd mdtbmds kfkrcib fbturbn qukbkstilunb k ifjkftivb tdmdsmk bdulb sku rkmdr.

jdlpdrtblkftd mdsjdl hufjidfârids klprdmutivimbmk ul ldlkftdkmk jrisk, pdmkrâ sdhrkr b qukmb mk hkjebr ds lksks fd vkrlkned. Kftkfmkr jdld jbmb jdnbgdrbmdr tkfmkrâ b rkbcir bds ldlkftds mk tkfsêd, boumb fb prdldãêd mk kstrbtécibs

kfckssbmb. hufmblkftbn knks mkklkvbzêd b sub kfkrcib kl É prdoktds k bãûksquk drcbfizbmbs pnbfkobmbs. Bs sdnuãûks prdpdstbs pknds kxkj kxkjutdrks utdrks pdmkl fêd tkr ulb visêd blpnb k sistïlijb, skfmd ilkmibtistb. Ldlkftds mk jrisk trbzkl ifjkrtkzbs k ifskcurbfãbs, pdr issd é hufmblkftbn cbrbftir rkjursds, hkrrblkftbs k

mk kfcboblkftd k ldtivbãêd.

ul blgikftk quk skob hblinibr pbrb kssks prdflssidfbis.

Qdr skrkl luntitbrkhbs k iftuitivds, kssks prdflssidfbis prkjisbl sk lbftkr btivds kl ulb rdtifb fêd luitd

22

 

Mkssb hdrlb, é pdssìvkn jdftrdnbr lknedr d fkrvdsisld.

=.7. D pkrfln bfbnistb sdg prkssêd

=.2.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds kxkjutdrks kxkjutdr ks fkssk ldlkftd4 

D ldlkftd jrisk k mk prkssêd tkfmk bbfbnistb jdndjbrkl bs ulb pkssdbs jdlmk pkrfln prkmdlifbftklkftk pdsturb lbis jdfskrvbmdrb. Kssks prdflssidfbis qukrkl juimbr md ldlkftd btubn, rkspirbfmd k gusjbfmd lbis kstbginimbmk pbrb prdoktbr ul huturd lknedr.

Ds kxkjutdrks pdmkl skr crbfmks pbrjkirds pbrb ds ckstdrks kl ldlkftds mk jrisk k bmvkrsimbmk. Zk utinizbr kssks prdflssidfbis kstrbtkcijblkftk, b ckstêd pdmk trbjidfbr tdmd d tilk, ifjkftivbfmd tdmds ds jdnbgdrbmdrks kl supkrbr bs mifljunmbmks. Bpksbr md ldlkftd mk jrisk, b ckstêd prkjisb bprkskftbr sklprk fdvbs dpdrtufimbmks k mksbflds pbrb kstilunbr kssks prdflssidfbis. Mkssb hdrlb, tdmb b kfkrcib bjulunbmb pdmk skr mirkjidfbmb pbrb bãûks kstrbtécijbs quk vêd rkfmkr hrutds pbrb b ifstituiãêd. B nimkrbfãb prkjisb boumâ-nd b rbjidjifbr k pdfmkrbr sdgrk bs bãûks. Qkfsbfmd jdld jbmb btivimbmk vbi rkvkrgkrbr fd huturd, prdoktbfmd d quk pdmkrâ bjdftkjkr qubfmd b jrisk pbssbr pbssbr..

Fb jbgkãb tkrêd. mds bfbnistbs, qubftd prdjkssds, skcurbfãb Qbrb knks vbnk blbis lâxilb? lknedrlbis prkvkfir md quk rklkmibr. Kssbs pkssdbs tïl ulb visêd lbis sistïlijb k jdfskcuk hbzkr ulb bfânisk mk lémid k ndfcd prbzd. Kssks prdflssidfbis sêdsitubãêd. útilds pbrb b bfânisk prkmitivb mk qubnqukr Knkshbzkr jdfskcukl pkfsbr fds prúxilds pbssds k fd quk prkjisb skr hkitd pbrb supkrbr ds mksbflds. =.7.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds bfbnistbs fkssk ldlkftd4 

Qdr tkrkl ulb visêd lbis sistïlijb, kssks prdflssidfbis 27

 

B ckstêd prkjisb kxtrbir mkssks jdnbgdrbmdrks b jbpbjimbmk mk skrkl rksdnutivds k bfbnisbr ds risjds jdl mktbneks. Kl bnculbs situbãûks ” pdr vkrkl luitbs gbrrkirbs ” ds bfbnistbs pdmkl jdfcknbr. Fkssk jbsd, jbgk b ckstêd ulb prdxilimb prdxilimbmk mk jdl gbstbftk hkkmgbj` pbrb ldtivâ-nds. Ds bfbnistbs sdg prkssêd prkjisbl mk ulb btkfãêd k juimbmd mds ckstdrks. Rubfmd gkl mirkjidfbmds, kssks prdflssidfbis tdrfbl-sk vkrmbmkirds bnibmds pbrb supkrbr ds ldlkftds mk mksbflds, lbs sk sdnitârids pdmkl sk mksldtivbr pdr fêd kfxkrcbr huturd fb klprksb.

=.:. D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr sdg prkssêd Jdlufijbmdrks sêd gbstbftk iftuitivds, issd sicfifljb quk knks tkfmkl b bcir râpimd kl ldlkftds mk prkssêd. Zubs bãûks fêd sêd gbstbftk khktivbs du jbpbzks mk rksdnvkr b rbiz jkftrbn md prdgnklb, lbs bs mifljunmbmks

pdftubis k supkrfljibis skrêd rksdnvimbs qubsk quk ilkmibtblkftk. Rubfmd prkssidfbmds, knks tkfmkl b fêd pkfsbr b ndfcd du lémid prbzd, lbs sil fd quk pdmk skr hkitd bcdrb pbrb sbfbr mktkrlifbmb situbãêd. Qdr issd, jbgk b ckstêd jdfskcuir mirkjidfbr kssks prdflssidfbis pbrb qubmrds kl quk bs bãûks râpimbs skobl lbis khktivbs k fkjkssâribs. Qdr trbzkr luitb prkssêd k mksbflds, b jrisk é ul ldlkftd luitd kstrkssbftk pbrb ds jdlufijbmdrks. Kssks prdflssidfbis pdmkl bté fljbr ul pdujd lbis „trbvbmds“ mibftk mbs sériks mk mifljunmbmks quk kstêd kst êd mibftk mknks. =.:.2 Jdld ldtivbr ds jdlufijbmdrks fkssk ldlkftd4 

D pkrfln jdlufijbmdr é vbimdsd, cdstbfmd mk rkjkgkr hkkmgbj`s pdsitivds k skr rkjdfekjimd pknd sku trbgbned. 2:

 

Qbrb ldlkftds mk mifljunmbmk, ds ckstdrks ckst drks prkjisbl hbzkr ul bjdlpbfeblkftd prúxild. prúxild. Ds ckstdrks prkjisbl sk ldstrbrkl prkskftks, mispdfìvkis k prúxilds. Lksld kl trbgbned rkldtd, é ilpdrtbftk pbrb d jdlufijbmdr quk qubfmd hdr fkjkssârid pdmkrâ bjidfbr sub nimkrbfãb pbrb jdfvkrsbr. Jdl b mivkrsimbmk mk fdtìjibs quk ldlkftds jrìtijds tkfmkl b trbzkr ” luitbs mknbs hb`k fkws ” é fbturbn quk ds jdlufijbmdrks flqukl lkfds skcurds mk si k lbis bfsidsds. Knks jdlkãbl b kspkjunbr rbpimblkftk sdgrk pdssìvkis mklissûks, skftkl d sku klprkcd blkbãbmd k, pdr issd, pdmkl tkr sub kfkrcib milifuìmb. É prkjisd mkldfstrbr klpbtib k qukstidfbr sdgrk jdld kssk hufjidfârid kstâ sk skftifmd, sk ds mibs tkl simd lbis hâjin du tkl lknedrbmd.

prkmdlifbftk tkfmkl b fljbr rkjkdsbs. B jrisk tirb b nifkbrimbmk mbs jdisbs ” quk é d prifjipbn vbndr mkssk pkrfln. Jrib-sk ul jkfârid mksjdfhdrtâvkn pbrb kssks prdflssidfbis, quk fêd jdfskcukl mkldfstrâ-nd jdl tbftb hbjinimbmk. Qdr tkrkl ulb visêd lbis sistïlijb k jdlprkkfmkr d ilpbjtd md sku trbgbned fb tdtbnimbmk md prdoktd, é jdlul quk d pnbfkobmdrks sinkfjikl ds skus mksjdfhdrtds. B iftkfãêd é tdrfbr d blgikftk lbis tdnkrâvkn pbrb tdmds ds jdlpbfekirds k kvitbr bulkftbr d jnilb fkcbtivd. Qnbfkobmdrks kstbrêd prkdjupbmds jdl d crupd? vêd qukrkr sbgkr sk bs pkssdbs kstêd gkl, sk kstêd prkjisbfmd mk bnculb jdisb. Kl luitds jbsds, pdmkl sk sbjrifljbr kl prdn mbs dutrbs pkssdbs, tbftd kl kftrkcb mbs mklbfmbs jdld kl dutrds bspkjtds.

=.=. D pkrfln pnbfkobmdr sdg prkssêd Kl ldlkftds mk jrisk, pkssdbs jdl pkrfln pnbfkobmdr 2=

 

=.=.2. Jdld ldtivbr ds pnbfkobmdrks pnbfkobmdr ks fkssk ldlkftd4 

Qbrb ckrkfjibr pnbfkobmdrks kl ldlkftds mk jrisk é hufmblkftbn quk b ckstêd prdjurk sklprk fljbr prúxild. B imkib é boumbr b kstbgknkjkr bncul tipd t ipd mk nifkbrimbmk fkssk jkfârid ” mk ulb hdrlb du mk dutrb. [l mijb é hbzkr ul jekj`nist miârid jdl jdisbs quk prkjisbl skr hkitbs. D pnbfkobmdr prkjisb sbgkr quk tkl bnculb jdisb skcurb pbrb knk, pdis sk fljbr tdtbnlkftk mksjdfhdrtâvkn, tkfmkrâ b fljbr mksldtivbmd. Ouftd bds bfbnistbs, pnbfkobmdrks sêd útilds pbrb pkfsbr kl kstrbtécibs k jribr pnbfds pbrb jdfskcuir sbir mk situbãûks mksbflbmdrks. ]ï-nds prúxild prúxild boumb b ckstêd b jdfskcuir knbgdrbr prdjkssds k bãûks gkl kstbgknkjimbs pbrb supkrbr b jrisk. Fkssbs situbãûks, d pnbfkobmdr luitbs vkzks pkfsb fd ilpbjtd pbrb d crupd. Ds ckstdrks prkjisbl usbr issd b hbvdr? b jbpbjimbmk mkssk pkrfln kl skr bcrkcbmdr, ufifmd tdmb b kquipk. 2;

 

;. JDFJN[ZÊD Hbzkr ulb ckstêd mk jrisk skl jdfsimkrbr d pkrfln jdlpdrtblkftbn mds jdnbgdrbmdrks pdmk skr ifkfljbz k ckrbr lbis prkouìzds. D WE prkjisb bcir mk lbfkirb kstrbtécijb k btubr jdfsimkrbfmd bs ifhdrlbãûks jdnktbmbs pbrb tdlbr mkjisûks khktivbs k prdmutivbs. B bfânisk mk mbmds é ksskfjibn kl ldlkftds mk ifstbginimbmk. ]dlbr ]dlbr ulb mkjisêd quk fêd skob tdtbnlkftk pbutbmb pdr ifhdrlbãûks jdnktbmbs pknb drcbfizbãêd pdmkl fêd rkprkskftbr b rkbnimbmk k bhktbr tdmd d prdjkssd. Qdr lkid mb bfânisk jdlpdrtblkftbn tdrfb-sk pdssìvkn lkfsurbr d quk luitds bjebvbl ilkfsurâvkn? ilkfsurâvkn? bs tkfmïfjibs mk jdlpdrtblkftd mds jdnbgdrbmdrks. Qbrb tbftd, é prkjisd jdftbr jdl ul sdhtwbrk jdlpnktd jdld d Zúnimks Ckstêd.

Zdgrk b Zúnimks B Zúnimks é ulb pnbtbhdrlb Jdlpnktb mk Ckstêd mk ]bnkftds, jdl Qkdpnk Bfbnytijs k Ckstêd Jdlpdrtblkftbn. Butdlbtizblds d WE fb btrbãêd, mkskfvdnvilkftd k rktkfãêd mk tbnkftds usbfmd iftknicïfjib mk mbmds pbrb rkmuzir krrds mk jdftrbtbãêd k bulkftbr b pkrhdrlbfjk mds jdnbgdrbmdrks. D dgoktivd é jdfskcuir trbfshdrlbr bs klprksbs pdr lkid mbs pkssdbs.

Cdstdu mkssk k-gdd`4 Kftêd ouftk-sk b lbis mk 231.111 pkssdbs k rkjkgb ds lknedrks lbtkribis md lufmd md WE. R[KWD HB_KW QBW]K 6

 

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