Easy Sub Netting Full

EASY SUBNETTING--BY (K.HARIKRISHNA) IP ADDRESSING and SUBNETTING: 0.0.0.0=UNIVERSAL NETWORK I.D 255.255.255.255=UNIVERSAL BROADCASI.D TWO Types of ipaddresses IPV4 and IPV6 WE R DEALING WITH IPV4 ADDRESSING ONLY.. IPv4 addresses Consist of 32-bits. Broken down into four octets (eight bits each). Use dotted decimal format: example is 172.16.122.204. Minimum value (per octet) is 0, and the maximum value is 255. 0.0.0.0 is a Network ID. 255.255.255.255 is a Broadcast IP. IPv4 Address Classes: Class==1stoctet, 2nd, 3rd, 4thoctet Class A Network.Host.Host.Host Class B Network.Network. Host. Host Class C Network.Network.Network.Host IN 32 bits: NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH Class A NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH Class B NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH Class C Default subnet masks: Class A 255.0.0.0 Class B 255.255.0.0 Class C 255.255.255.0 The mask is written in slash notation as follows: Class A/8 Class B/16 Class C/24

RANGES: Class A: 0 – 127 1.0.0.0 through 127.0.0.0 (127 is not using for subnetting but for testing loop back stack Class B: 128 - 191 (i.e) 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 Class C: 192 –223 (i.e) 192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.255 Class D: 224—239 (i.e) 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 Class E: 240—255 (i.e) 240.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255 Octet priority: 0 CLASS-A 10 CLASS-B 110 CLASS-C 1110 CLASS-D 11110 CLASS-E PRIVATE AND PUBLIC IP ADDRESS PRIVATE uses by Internet standards groups.

10.0.0.0--10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0--172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0--192.168.255.255 This ranges are not using for subnetting This range are fixed used for internet service providers 127.0.0.1 we are not using to assing but for testing loop back stack although it was in the range of class A address (i.e)(testing NIC is working or not ) Hint : The question may ask you which of this ip address are routable though private ip address ? Ans: apart from private (public ip ranges are routable except 127.0.0.1)

BINARY DECIMAL AND HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION: HEXADECIMAL = ( 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f ) that is absolutely 16 digits 0-9 (base10) (a-f)+(base 15) 128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

ADDING

DECIMAL-RESULT

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

128+16+4

148

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

8+4+2+1

15

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

64+16+4+1

85

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

128+2+1

131

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

16+4+1

22

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1

255

8

FOR HEXADECIMAL WE USE ( 8 4 2 1 | 8 4 2 1 ) IN PLACE OF 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 HEXADECIMAL4 2 1 8 4 2 1 HEXA ADDING RESULT

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

8+1=9,0+4=4

0X84

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0+0=0,8+4+2+1=15

0X15

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

4+1=5,4+1=5,

0X55

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

8+0=8,2+1=3

0X83

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0+1=1,4+2=6

0X16

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

8+4+2+1=15,8+4+2+1=15,

0XFF

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

8+1=9,8+4+1=13

0X9D

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

8+4=12,8+4=12

0XCC

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ROUTE SUMMARIZATION)- (route aggregation)  (THE MORE ROUTER TABLE CONTAINS NETWORKS – THE MORE LOAD ON CPU(ROUTER) INCREASES . FOR THIS WE USE ROUTE SUMMARIZATION TO REDUCE LOAD ON CPU.  (THE POINT OF ROUTE SUMMARY IS TO MAKE ROUTING TABLES SMALLER.  SMALLER ROUTING TABLES MEANS FEWER NETWORK UPDATES AND ROUTER CPU LOAD.

Most Pros would say automatic is bad, it gives no control over route distribution. Both RIP and EIGRP do auto summarization at the boundaries of classful networks. Which is Bad if you have discontinuous networks. This is when router on left has 10.1.0.0/24 and 10.2.0.0 /24 and router on right has 10.3.0.0/24 and 10.4.0.0 /24. Both routers advertise 10.0.0.0/8 summarized route to the router in the middle. That router in the middle does not know who to belive and where to send packets with destination on network 10.5.0.0. Check your routing table before and after summarization, the size of routing table should be smaller when networks are summarized.

Manual route summarization can improve routing efficiency, reduce memory consumption, and improve convergence, and reduce the length of routing tables. Only OSPF does not support Autosummarization (must do manually). Rip 2 and EIGRP support Disabling Autosummarization but not RIP 1. Rip1 , Rip2, and EIGRP do Autosummarization by default. Routing Protocol Route Summarization Support Protocol

Automatic Summarization at Classful Network Boundary?

Capability to Turn Off Automatic Summarization?

Capability to Summarize at Other Than a Classful Network Boundary?

RIPv1

Yes

No

No

RIPv2

Yes

Yes

No

IGRP

Yes

No

No

EIGRP

Yes

Yes

Yes

OSPF

No

—

Yes

IS-IS

No

—

Yes

Routing table entries as: 10.128.4.0/24 /24 or 255.255.255.0 10.128.5.0/24 /24 or 255.255.255.0 10.128.7.0/24 /24 or 255.255.255.0 Convert each network into binary: 00001010.10000000.000001 00.00000000 ==== 10.128.4.0/24 or 255.255.255.0 00001010.10000000.000001 01.00000000 ==== 10.128.5.0/24 or 255.255.255.0 00001010.10000000.000001 11.00000000 ==== 10.128.7.0/24 or 255.255.255.0 ( Taking most common bits in all networks and converting them into decimal ) 00001010.10000000.000001xx.xxxxxxxx 10.128.4.0 /22 or 255.255.252.0 ==== summarized network it contains all above 3 networks

WILDCARD MASK Here is a question that has always disturbed me from the day I came to know of these two words:

1. Subnet Mask 2. Wildcard Mask When we configure an IP address on an interface, when we give network command in DHCP pool, when we specify the inside global range in NAT Pool we use SUBNET MASK When we configure networks in OSPF, when we configure networks in EIGRP (not compulsory though), and in ACLs, we use WILDCARD MASK. Why had CISCO experts decided to use two different concepts to accomplish the same aim ? For example, 192.168.1.0 / 0.0.0.255 ( WildCard Notation) specify IP Range 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 and 192.168.1.0 / 255.255.255.0 (Subnet Mask Notation) also specify the same IP Range 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255. Then why did CISCO programmers preferred using two concepts while developing protocols Although single concept would have solved their problem.. Where am I lacking in the understanding of these concepts ? Please note that I am not asking how to use these concepts or where to use them , Rather My question is why to use TWO concepts instead of one ?? ANSWER: Anyway... Access Lists actually came before subnet masks. Remember way back when we lived in an evil classful world. So back in like 1985, when access-lists came about it was actually easier to code in assembler to do a NAND operation instead of an AND. Thus the wildcarding. When we evolved into subnets (isn't everyone studying for their CCENT/CCNA exams so incredibly happy about that progress?) someone figured out not only that normal human beings weren't used to thinking "backwards" like the ACL masks, but there had to be some backwards compatibility with all the ancient IOS versions. So subnet masks being "new' took their own form. ACLs being "legacy" stayed the same.

The NAND gate were one of the faster instructions. The logic is (0,0)->1 (0,1)->1 (1,0)->1 but (1,1)->0 So if you have a address 11110000 (240) NAND 00001111 you get 11111111 For 11111111 (255) NAND 00001111 you get 11111111 So you know the first four bits are 1111 which is what you are testing and the bottom four you could not care about And the final result is all 1's or True.

SIMPLEST ANSWER : subract your (universal.network.I.D - your subnet mask )

For example: -

255.255.255.255 === universal network I.D 255.255.0.0 === your subnet mask 0 . 0 . 255. 255 === your wild-card mask

EXAMPLE:2

255.255.255.255 - 255.255.242.0 ---------------------0. 0. 13.255

IP SUBNET-ZERO In olden days this command ip subnet-zero was not enable in router (older) .BUT now a days it is default enabled in all the cisco routers so , don’t want to bother about this . What this does is if (ip subnet-zero command is not enabled on router : you can’t use FIRST AND LAST SUBNETS). Example: 172.25.0.0/19 (FIRST) YOU CANT USE TO ASSIGN FIRST AND LAST 172.25.32.0/19 (2nd) 172.25.64.0/19 (3rd) 172.25.96.0/19 (4th) 172.25.128.0/19 (5th) 172.25.160.0/19 (6th) 172.25.192.0/19 (7th) 172.25.224.0/19 (LAST)  YOU CANT USE TO ASSIGN FIRST AND LAST

Do I need to enable my router to recognize the zero subnet? The quick answer to this question is NO. Your Cisco IOS router, by default, has the command ip subnet-zero enabled on the router. Because of this command, the zero subnet can already be recognized. REFER TO the above SHOW RUNNING CONFIG You have not given (ip subnet-zero) BUT it is predefined enabled on router now a days …that means you can use first and last valid subnets………. Another example: It will reject the command Router(config)#no ip subnet-zero Router(config)#int Fa0/1 Router(config-if)#ip add 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.0 Bad mask /24 for address 172.16.0.1 Router(config-if)#ip add 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config)#ip subnet-zero Router(config)#int Fa0/1 Router(config-if)#ip add 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.0  see now there is no error msg !!!!!! Router(config-if)# You can see that I cannot use the very first subnet or subnet 0, but I can use anything after that. I believe IOS v12.0+ has it by default. This use to be used to avoid confusion I believe (before my time). If the command ip subnet-zero is configured you can use the very first subnet or subnet zero. If not, you must use something other than the first subnet.

EASY SUBNETTING--BY (K.HARIKRISHNA) 27 SUBNET BITS AND VARIATION:

128 128

SUBNET MASK:

POWER OF 2

26

25

24

23

22

21

64 192

32 224

16 240

8 248

4 252

2 254

8 1 6

8

256

2 4

9

512

3 2

10

1024

4 0

11

2048

4 8

12

4096

5 6

13

8192

6 4

14

16384

7 2

15

32768

8 0

16

65536

8 8

17

131072

9 6

18

262144

10 4

19

524288

11 2

20

1048576

12 0

21

2097152

12 8

22

4194304

13 6

23

8388608

14 4

24

16777216

15 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 (+B[8]left bits) 255

VARIATION OR INCREMENT OR BLOCKSIZE TABLE

21 TO 27 refer upper chart 2

20

16 0

16

32

64

128

16 32

32

48 64

64

64

80 96

96

112 128

128

128

144 160

160

16 8 17 6

176

18 4 19 2

192

192

20 0 20 8

208

21 6 22 4

224

23 2 24 0 24 8

240

224

192

128

(+A[16]LEFT)

QUESTIONS TO ASK BEFORE SUBNETTING : 1.which class ? eg 1.0.0.0 class A 2.Default subnet mask or in decimal eg: /8 or 255.0.0.0 2.1 Host formula : (2h – 2 > req) 2.2 Network formula : ( 2n > req ) 3.Total bits have in this class 4.Network bits taken (based on req) 5.Left host bits (based on req ) if asked as host then, 4.1 Network bits left 5.1 Host bits taken 6.Total.No.of.Networks we get , 7.Total no.of.Host per network 8.Assigned binary form (DECIMAL-HEXDECIMAL etc.)

9.variation or increment or block size 10.variation refer’s in which octet (Step 9 – 10 is a heart of subnetting so becareful) 11.To find last network (256-variation) if it is 2nd method then ( 12. Last ans: ( ) Broadcast address: (

) )

Benefits of subnetting Reduced network traffic

One network will not access the data of other network without the use of router. Thus we can reduce the amount of data remain in one network. Less data less overhead, collision, or broadcast storm. Optimized network performance

This is a result of reduced network traffic. Simplified management

It's easier to identify and isolate network problems in a group of Smaller connected networks than within one gigantic network. Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances Because WAN links are significantly slower and more expensive than LAN links, a single large network that spans long distances can create problems in every area earlier listed. Connecting multiple smaller networks makes the system more efficient. Powers of 2

Powers of 2 are important to understand and memorize for use with IP subnetting.

(FOR 2 POWER TABLE REFER easy subnetting chart) Subnet mask

A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the receiver of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID portion of the IP address. Every IP address is composed of a network component and a host component. The subnet mask has a single purpose: to identify which part of an IP address is the network component and which part is the host component. Subnet mask value 0 represent host ID while subnet mask value 1 to 255 represents Network ID in ip address. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

This slash notation is sometimes called CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation. It’s basically the method that ISPs (Internet service providers) use to allocate a number of Addresses to a company, a home—a customer. The slash notation is simply the number of 1s in a row in the subnet mask. The real reason to use CIDR notation is simply that it is easier to say and especially to type.

CHART OF CIDR VALUES:

Address Class and Default Mask

Subnetting happens when we extend the subnet mask past the default boundary for the address we are working with. So it's obvious that we first need to be sure of what the default mask is supposed to be for any given address. When faced with a subnetting question, the first thing to do is decide what class the address belongs to. And later decide what the default subnet mask is. One of the rules that Cisco devices follow is that a subnet mask must be a contiguous string of 1s followed by a contiguous string of 0s. There are no exceptions to this rule: A valid mask is always a string of 1s, followed by 0s to fill up the rest of the 32 bits. (There is no such rule in the real world, but we will stick to the Cisco rules here—it's a Cisco exam, after all.) Therefore, the only possible valid values in any given octet of a subnet mask are 0, 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254, and 255. Any other value is invalid. Block Size

The process of subnetting creates several smaller classless subnets out of one larger classful . The spacing between these subnets, or how many IP addresses apart they are, is called the Block Size. Network ID and Broadcast ID

The first address in a network number is called the network address, or wire number. This address is used to uniquely identify one segment or broadcast domain from all the other segments in the network. The Broadcast ID The last address in the network number is called the directed broadcast address and is used to represent all hosts on this network segment. it is the common address of all hosts on that Network ID. This should not be confused with a full IP broadcast to the address of 255.255.255.255, which hits every IP host that can hear it; the Broadcast ID hits only hosts on a common subnet. A directed broadcast is similar to a local broadcast. The main difference is that routers will not propagate local broadcasts between segments, but they will, by default, propagate directed broadcasts. Host Addresses

Any address between the network address and the directed broadcast address is called a host address for the segment. You assign these middle addresses to host devices on the segment, such as PCs, servers, routers, and switches.

Method of Subnetting There is several method of subnetting. Different author different approach to calculate the subnets. You should choose the method you can understand and perform subnetting easily. Whatever approach you choose need conversion of decimal to binary. Cram up this chart 27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

To convert a decimal number into binary, you must turn on the bits (make them a 1) that would add up to that number, as follows: 187 = 10111011 = 128+32+16+8+2+1 224 = 11100000 = 128+64+32

To convert a binary number into decimal, you must add the bits that have been turned on (the 1s), as follows: 10101010 = 128+32+8+2 = 170 11110000 = 128+64+32+16 = 240

The IP address 138.101.114.250 is represented in binary as 10001010.01100101.01110010.11111010

The subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 is represented in binary as 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Practical approach of subnetting

When faced with a subnetting question, the first thing to do is decide what class the address belongs to. for examples: 192.168.1.1

The first octet is between 192 and 223 so it is a Class C address Default mask for Class C: is 255.255.255.0

In exam default subnet mask is not subnetted. Now write down the given ip address as shown here. Write down the default side of IP as it is and reset of part where actual subnetting will perform in binary 192.168. 1 .00000001 255.255.255.00000000 (default maks)

Step 1:- calculate the CIDR value CIDR are the on bit in subnet mask. As you can see in our example we have on bit only in default side. 255.255.255.00000000

So our CIDR value is 24 + 0 = 24

Step 2:- calculate the Subnet mask To calculate the subnet mask use the binary to decimal chart given above. Add the decimal place value of on network bit.

In our example we are using on default mask so our subnet mask will be 255.255.255.0

Step 3:- calculate the Total Host(now a days this formula not usable) To calculate the total host count the H bit and use this formula Total host = 2H Network = 20 = 1

Step 6:- Find out the block Size Finding block size is very easy just subtract the subnet mask from 256 256 – Subnet mask (only the last octal, don’t include the default subnet mask) 256 - 0 = 256

Step 7:- Write down the subnet chart

Network 1

CIDR Value /24

IP

Sunetmask

Net ID

192.168.1.0

255.255.255.0

First Valid Host

192.168.1.1

255.255.255.0

Last Valid Host

192.168.1.254

255.255.255.0

Broadcast ID

192.168.1.255

255.255.255.0

Subnetting of CIDR /25

Now do the subnetting of CIDR /25 using same method Step 1:- calculate the CIDR value CIDR = sum of all on bit in subnet mask 255.255.255.10000000

So our CIDR value is 24 + 1 = 25

Step 2:- calculate the Subnet mask Add the decimal place value of on network bit.

In our example we have one on bit and as you can see in decimal chart the place value of 1000000 is 128 so our subnet mask will be 255.255.255.128

Step 3:- calculate the Total Host Total host = 2H Network = 21 = 2

Step 6:- Find out the block Size 256 – Subnet mask (only the last octal, don’t include the default subnet mask) 256 - 128 = 128

With help of block size you can easy find out the network ID and broadcast ID of all possible networks as we have 8 bits in one octal those can give maximum of 28 = 256 decimal number We start from 0 so it will end up on 255 (Do not get confuse because we are counting from 0 not from 1 so the last digit will be 255 not 256. It will 256 only when you count from 1 ). All subnetting will perform between these two numbers. Create a table of x Columns where x is the number of your network First ip of first network will always be 0 and last ip of last network will be 255 fill its in chart Now you have network ID of first network and broadcast ID of last network. Now add block size in the first ip of first network to get the network ID of second network and so on till we get the network id of last network First network ID 0 Second Network ID 0 +128 = 128

Fill this in Chart.

As you can see from 128 next network is started so the last IP of first network will be 127 fill it in chart. With this method you can fill the last ip of all networks. Now you have first ip ( network ID ) of all networks and the last ip (Broadcast ID) of all networks. At this point you can easily fill the valid ip in each network. As valid hosts are all ip address those fall between network ip and host ip.

Step 7:- Write down the subnet chart CIDR /25

Network 1

Network 2

Net ID

192.168.1.0

192.168.1.128

First Valid Host 192.168.1.1

192.168.1.129

Last Valid Host 192.168.1.126

192.168.1.254

Broadcast ID

192.168.1.255

192.168.1.127

Binary ANDing Binary ANDing is the process of performing multiplication to two binary numbers. In the decimal numbering system, ANDing is addition: 2 and 3 equals 5. In decimal, there are an countless number of answers when ANDing two numbers together. However, in the binary numbering system, the AND function give up only two possible outcomes, based on four different combinations. These answers, can be displayed as a truth table: 0 1 0 1

and and and and

0 0 1 1

= = = =

0 0 0 1

You use ANDing most often when comparing an IP address to its subnet mask. The end result of ANDing these two numbers together is to give up the network number of that address. Example Question

What is the network number of the IP address 192.168.100.115 if it has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240? Answer Step 1 Convert both the IP address and the subnet mask to binary: 192.168.100.115 = 11000000.10101000.01100100.01110011 255.255.255.240 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

Step 2 Perform the AND operation to each pair of bits—1 bit from the address ANDed to the corresponding bit in the subnet mask. Refer to the truth table for the possible outcomes: 192.168.100.115 = 11000000.10101000.01100100.01110011 255.255.255.240 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 ANDed result = 11000000.10101000.01100100.01110000

Step 3 Convert the answer back into decimal: 11000000.10101000.01100100.01110000 = 192.168.100.112

The IP address 192.168.100.115 belongs to the 192.168.100.112 network when a mask of 255.255.255.240 is used. My easy method

Conversion of decimal to binary and vice versa to get network ID is too time consuming process in exam. So I found this easy method. Step 1:- Decide from which class this IP belongs and what's its default subnet mask As given IP have 192 in its first octal so it’s a class C IP. And default subnet mask of class C is 255.255.255.0 Step2:- Find out the block size. ( As we describe above) 256 -240 = 16

Step3:- Write down all possible network using block size till we do not get our host partition in middle of two network 0,16,32,48,64,80,96,112,128,

As our host number is 115 which fall in the network of 112 so our network ID is 192.168.1.112,

And our host's broad cast ID is 192.168.1.127 as from 128 onward next network will start. Easy as I promise

WHY (HOST-2) to find valid host NOTE:---- We use 30 bits only out of 32 bits for subnetting bcoz of (host – 2 ) formula we need atleast 2 host for assigning and /31 and /32 we won’t get 2 valid host TRY IT ??? for example: 1.(/31) -- octet is 4th and we get block size of 2 192.168.10.0 and what is the First Host -- Last Host and BROADCAST I.D 192.168.10.2

VLSM: variable length subnetmask The main purpose of vlsm is save host addresses as possible. RULES: Two rules of vlsm  Based on requirement :  Host: take highest to lowest host requirement  Subnet: take lowest to highest requirement  The important thing is not to repeat network (very imp heart of vlsm)  Octet and variation is important.

Example:1 (10.0.0.0/8) – 500,6,12,2000,14,30,65 host required This question is based on host requirement as mentioned above highest to lowest host requirements: H=2h > req

Host bits:

N.S.M=32-h

2000 500 62 30 14 12 6

11 9 6 5 4 4 3

(/21) (/23) (/26) (/27) (/28) (/28) (/29)

Which octet$ VAR

3rd ,8 3rd ,2 4th ,64 4th, ,32 4th ,16 4th ,16 4th ,8

Subnet range

Broadcast i.d and sub.mask

10.0.0.0 10.0.8.0 10.0.10.0 10.0.10.64 10.0.10.96 10.0.10.112 10.0.10.128

10.0.7.255-- (255.255.248.0) 10.0.9.255-- (255.255.252.0) 10.0.10.63--(255.255.255.192) 10.0.10.95—(255.255.255.224) 10.0.10.111(255.255.255.240) 10.0.10.127--(255.255.255.240) 10.0.10.135--(255.255.255.248)

Example:2 ( 7.0.0.0/8) -- /9,/15,/24,/24,/11,/29,/29,/24,/16,/25,/24,/16,/30,/30,/30 Or May ask as : network req 200-350-50 etc This question is based on network or subnet requiment as mentioned above lowest to high req: Rearranging as : /9, /11, /15, /16, /16, /24, /24, /24, /25, /29, /29, /30, /30, /30, /30 Subnet mask

/9 /11 /15 /16 /16 /24 /24 /24 /24 /25 ……..

Oct $ var

2nd , 128 2nd , 32 2nd , 2 2nd , 1 2nd ,1 3rd , 1 3rd , 1 3rd , 1 3rd , 1 4th , 128

Subnet range

7.0.0.0 7.128.0.0 7.160.0.0 7.162.0.0 7.163.0.0 7.164.0.0 7.164.1.0 7.164.2.0 7.164.3.0 7.164.4.0 7.164.4.128

Broadcast i.d Sub.mask

Hostbits= Sm-32

255.128.0.0 255.224.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128

23 21 17 16 16 8 8 8 8 7

No.of host

No.of networks

8388606| 2 2097150| 8 131070 |128 65534 |256 65534 |256 254 |65536 254 |65536 254 |65536 254 |65536 126 |131072 |

Flsm : Fixed length subnet mask questions to solve: Fixed length subnet mask will not save host addresses there are (fixed length) Questions:                                    

10.0.0.0 req 7 networks 11.0.0.0 req 12 networks 172.16.0.0 req 2 networks 172.39.0.0 req 6 networks 7.0.0.0 req 1000 networks 39.0.0.0 req 200 networks 172.30.0.0 req 500 networks 172.172.0.0 req 30 networks 192.168.17.0 req 30 networks 192.192.192.0 req 7 networks 10.0.0.0 req 32 hosts 7.0.0.0 req 1020 hosts 172.19.0.0 req 800 hosts 172.172.0.0 req 250 hosts 192.168.10.0 req 2 hosts 192.168.168.0 req 30 hosts 192.168.1.0 req 4 subnets each subnet needs atleast 10 host 200.100.20.0 req 9 subnets each subnet needs atleast 10 host 130.100.0.0 req 30 subnets subnet needs atleast 1000 host 192.168.100.0/30 1st :method of finding last subnet 192.168.10.0/28 1st :method of finding last subnet 192.168.10.0/25 1st :method of finding last subnet 10.0.0.0/8 1st :method of finding last subnet 172.168.0.0/16 1st :method of finding last subnet 192.168.10.0/24 1st :method of finding last subnet 99.99.99.99/23 2nd: method of finding last subnet 37.38.39.40/16 2nd: method of finding last subnet 91.0.254.1/8 2nd: method of finding last subnet 10.99.172.223/28 2nd: method of finding last subnet 172.179.180.172/16 2nd: method of finding last subnet 190.11.11.190/23 2nd: method of finding last subnet 164.250.254.250/25 2nd: method of finding last subnet 10.8.10.100/22 2nd: method of finding last subnet 192.168.192.168/24 2nd: method of finding last subnet 192.10.254.201/27 2nd: method of finding last subnet 192.192.192.192/30 2nd: method of finding last subnet ((DO CALCULATION ON YOUR OWN AND REFER IN SUBNET CALCULATION))

SUBNETTING EXERCISES II Question – 1: 200.0.8.66 /26 – Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 2: 192.168.1.39 /28– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 3: 192.168.1.54 /30– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 4: 10.18.1.97 /17– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address:

Question – 5: 10.18.1.97 /17– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 6: 172.16.8.109 /23– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 7: 10.1.5.10 /18– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 8: 10.71.5.10 /10– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address:

Question – 9: 192.168.98.67 /28– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 10: 192.168.98.67 /28– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 11: 10.3.12.78 /19– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 12: 172.22.112.28 /26– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address:

Question – 13: 10.8.122.39 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 14: 169.254.55.77 /25– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 15: 10.9.3.23 /14– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 16: 172.16.111.35 /21– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 17: 192.168.11.135 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary:

Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 18: 10.19.21.5 /21– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 19: 192.168.21.205 /30– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 20: 192.168.21.205 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 21: 192.168.21.205 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host:

Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 22: 10.1.121.25 /19– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 23: 10.230.11.4 /11– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 24: 192.168.1.197 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 25: 172.16.55.17 /19– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 26: 192.168.5.6 /29– Give the answer for each of the items below:

Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 27: 10.8.55.60 /13– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 28: 192.168.55.60 /27– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 29: 192.168.55.99 /29– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts: Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address: Question – 30: 129.7.167.222 /20– Give the answer for each of the items below: Subnet mask in dotted decimal: Subnet Mask in Binary: Number of Subnets: Number of hosts:

Subnet address: First usable host: Last usable host: Broadcast address:

ANSWER FOR SUBNETTING EXERCISES II Question-1:200.0.8.66 /26 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11000000 Number of Subnets: 2 Number of hosts: 62 Subnet address: 200.0.8.64 First usable host: 200.0.8.65 Last usable host: 200.0.8.126 Broadcast address: 200.0.8.127 Question – 2: 192.168.1.39 /28 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.240 Number of Subnets: 14 Number of hosts: 14 Subnet address: 192.168.1.32 First usable host: 192.168.1.33 Last usable host: 192.168.1.46 Broadcast address: 192.168.1.47 Question – 3: 192.168.1.54 /30 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.252 Number of Subnets: 62 Number of hosts: 2 Subnet address: 192.168.1.52 First usable host: 192.168.1.53 Last usable host: 192.168.1.54 Broadcast address: 192.168.1.55 Question – 4: 10.18.1.97 /17 Subnet Mask in Binary:

11111111.11111111.100000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.128.0 Number of Subnets: 510 Number of hosts: 32,766 Subnet address: 10.18.0.0 First usable host: 10.18.0.1 Last usable host: 10.18.127.254 Broadcast address: 10.18.127.255 Question – 5: 10.18.1.97 /17 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.100000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.128.0 Number of Subnets: 510 Number of hosts: 32,766 Subnet address: 10.18.0.0 First usable host: 10.18.0.1 Last usable host: 10.18.127.254 Broadcast address: 10.18.127.255 Question – 6: 172.16.8.109 /23 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.254.0 Number of Subnets: 126 Number of hosts: 510 Subnet address: 172.16.8.0 First usable host: 172.16.8.1 Last usable host: 172.16.9.254 Broadcast address: 172.16.9.255 Question – 7: 10.1.5.10 /18 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.192.0 Number of Subnets: 1022 Number of hosts: 16,382 Subnet address: 10.1.0.0 First usable host: 10.1.0.1 Last usable host: 10.1.63.254 Broadcast address: 10.1.63.255 Question – 8: 10.71.5.10 /10 Subnet Mask in Binary:

11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.192.0.0 Number of Subnets: 2 Number of hosts: 4194302 Subnet address: 10.64.0.0 First usable host: 10.64.0.1 Last usable host: 10.127.255.254 Broadcast address: 10.127.255.255 Question – 9: 192.168.98.67 /28 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.240 Number of Subnets: 14 Number of hosts: 14 Subnet address: 192.168.98.64 First usable host: 192.168.98.65 Last usable host: 192.168.98.78 Broadcast address: 192.168.98.79 Question – 10: 192.168.98.67 /28 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.240 Number of Subnets: 14 Number of hosts: 14 Subnet address: 192.168.98.64 First usable host: 192.168.98.65 Last usable host: 192.168.98.78 Broadcast address: 192.168.98.79 Question – 11: 10.3.12.78 /19 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.224.0 Number of Subnets: 2046 Number of hosts: 8190 Subnet address: 10.3.0.0 First usable host: 10.3.0.1 Last usable host: 10.3.31.254 Broadcast address: 10.3.31.255 Question – 12: 172.22.112.28 /26 Subnet Mask in Binary:

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.192 Number of Subnets: 1022 Number of hosts: 62 Subnet address: 172.22.112.0 First usable host: 172.22.112.1 Last usable host: 172.22.112.62 Broadcast address: 172.22.112.63 Question – 13: 10.8.122.39 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.1111111.1111111.11100000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 524286 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 10.8.122.32 First usable host: 10.8.122.33 Last usable host: 10.8.122.62 Broadcast address: 10.8.122.63 Question – 14: 169.254.55.77 /25 Subnet Mask in Binary: 1111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.128 Number of Subnets: 510 Number of hosts: 126 Subnet address: 169.254.55.0 First usable host: 169.254.55.1 Last usable host: 169.254.55.126 Broadcast address: 169.254.55.127 Question – 15: 10.9.3.23 /14 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.252.0.0 Number of Subnets: 62 Number of hosts: 262142 Subnet address: 10.8.0.0 First usable host: 10.8.0.1 Last usable host: 10.11.255.254 Broadcast address: 10.11.255.255 Question – 16: 172.16.111.35 /21 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000

Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.248.0 Number of Subnets: 30 Number of hosts: 2046 Subnet address: 172.16.104.0 First usable host: 172.16.104.1 Last usable host: 172.16.111.254 Broadcast address: 172.16.111.255 Question – 17: 192.168.11.135 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 192.168.11.128 First usable host: 192.168.11.129 Last usable host: 192.168.11.158 Broadcast address: 192.168.11.159 Question – 18: 10.19.21.5 /21 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.248.0 Number of Subnets: 8190 Number of hosts: 2046 Subnet address: 10.19.16.0 First usable host: 10.19.16.1 Last usable host: 10.19.23.254 Broadcast address: 10.19.23.255 Question – 19: 192.168.21.205 /30 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.252 Number of Subnets: 62 Number of hosts: 2 Subnet address: 192.168.21.204 First usable host: 192.168.21.205 Last usable host: 192.168.21.206 Broadcast address: 192.168.21.207 Question – 20: 192.168.21.205 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 192.168.21.192 First usable host: 192.168.21.193 Last usable host: 192.168.21.222 Broadcast address: 192.168.21.223 Question – 21: 192.168.21.205 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 192.168.21.192 First usable host: 192.168.21.193 Last usable host: 192.168.21.222 Broadcast address: 192.168.21.223 Question – 22: 10.1.121.25 /19 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.224.0 Number of Subnets: 2046 Number of hosts: 8190 Subnet address: 10.1.96.0 First usable host: 10.1.96.1 Last usable host: 10.1.127.254 Broadcast address: 10.1.127.255 Question – 23: 10.230.11.4 /11 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.224.0.0 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 2097150 Subnet address: 10.224.0.0 First usable host: 10.224.0.1 Last usable host: 10.255.255.254 Broadcast address: 10.255.255.255 Question – 24: 192.168.1.197 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 192.168.1.192 First usable host: 192.168.1.193 Last usable host: 192.168.1.222 Broadcast address: 192.168.1.223 Question – 25: 172.16.55.17 /19 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.224.0 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 8190 Subnet address: 172.16.32.0 First usable host: 172.16.32.1 Last usable host: 172.16.63.254 Broadcast address: 172.16.63.255 Question – 26: 192.168.5.6 /29 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.248 Number of Subnets: 30 Number of hosts: 6 Subnet address: 192.168.5.0 First usable host: 192.168.5.1 Last usable host: 192.168.5.6 Broadcast address: 192.168.5.7 Question – 27: 10.8.55.60 /13 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.248.0.0 Number of Subnets: 30 Number of hosts: 524286 Subnet address: 10.8.0.0 First usable host: 10.8.0.1 Last usable host: 10.15.255.254 Broadcast address: 10.15.255.255 Question – 28: 192.168.55.60 /27 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.224 Number of Subnets: 6 Number of hosts: 30 Subnet address: 192.168.55.32 First usable host: 192.168.55.33 Last usable host: 192.168.55.62 Broadcast address: 192.168.55.63 Question – 29: 192.168.55.99 /29 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.255.248 Number of Subnets: 30 Number of hosts: 6 Subnet address: 192.168.55.96 First usable host: 192.168.55.97 Last usable host: 192.168.55.102 Broadcast address: 192.68.55.103 Question – 30: 129.7.167.222 /20 Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 Subnet Mask in Dotted Decimal: 255.255.240.0 Number of Subnets: 14 Number of hosts: 4094 Subnet address: 129.7.160.0 First usable host: 129.7.160.1 Last usable host: 129.7.175.254

SUBNETTING QUESTIONS III:

Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 192.168.171.13/26 belongs to? Answer: 192.168.171.1 Question: Which subnet does host 172.24.49.31/25 belong to? Answer: 172.24.49.0 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.29.89.0/24?

Answer: 172.29.89.255 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 172.21.20.84/26 a part of? Answer: 172.21.20.65 through to 172.21.20.126 Question: Which subnet does host 172.19.0.149 255.255.254.0 belong to? Answer: 172.19.0.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.111.0 255.255.255.248? Answer: 32 subnets and 6 hosts Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.22.0.0/26? Answer: 1024 subnets and 62 hosts Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.16.219.181/20 belongs to? Answer: 172.16.208.1 Question: Which subnet does host 10.250.159.226/20 belong to? Answer: 10.250.144.0 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.26.255.224 255.255.255.240? Answer: 172.26.255.238 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.19.134.47/21 belongs to? Answer: 172.19.128.1 Question: Which subnet does host 172.27.227.199/26 belong to? Answer: 172.27.227.192

Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.23.168.0/23? Answer: 172.23.169.255 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.26.178.144 255.255.255.240? Answer: 172.26.178.158 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.26.208.0/20? Answer: 172.26.223.255 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.24.48.0/20? Answer: 172.24.63.254 Question: Which subnet does host 192.168.119.181 255.255.255.128 belong to? Answer: 192.168.119.128 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.18.201.61 255.255.254.0 belongs to? Answer: 172.18.200.1 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.20.54.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 172.20.55.255 Question: Which subnet does host 192.168.10.184/27 belong to? Answer: 192.168.10.160 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.130.176/26 a part of? Answer: 192.168.130.129 through to 192.168.130.190 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 192.168.128.60 255.255.255.128 belongs to? Answer: 192.168.128.1 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node

192.168.56.20 255.255.255.192 belongs to? Answer: 192.168.56.1 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 192.168.178.149/29 belongs to? Answer: 192.168.178.145 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 172.30.140.126/27 a part of? Answer: 172.30.140.97 through to 172.30.140.126 Question: You are designing a subnet mask for the 172.24.0.0 network. You want 70 subnets with up to 400 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use? Answer: 255.255.254.0 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.24.168.104/20 belongs to? Answer: 172.24.160.1 Question: Which subnet does host 192.168.95.35 255.255.255.240 belong to? Answer: 192.168.95.32 Question: Which subnet does host 192.168.141.90 255.255.255.192 belong to? Answer: 192.168.141.64 Question: You are designing a subnet mask for the 172.23.0.0 network. You want 600 subnets with up to 40 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use? Answer: 255.255.255.192 Question: Which subnet does host 172.19.77.138/26 belong to? Answer: 172.19.77.128 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 172.18.46.13/23 a part of? Answer: 172.18.46.1 through to 172.18.47.254

Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 10.165.16.0 255.255.240.0? Answer: 10.165.31.255 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.19.18.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 172.19.19.254 Question: Which subnet does host 172.29.162.42 255.255.254.0 belong to? Answer: 172.29.162.0 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.17.238.47 255.255.255.192 belongs to? Answer: 172.17.238.1 Question: Which subnet does host 172.31.165.175 255.255.254.0 belong to? Answer: 172.31.164.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.24.0.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 128 subnets and 510 hosts Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.27.10.0/23? Answer: 172.27.11.254 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 10.241.192.0/20? Answer: 10.241.207.254 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.23.135.224/27? Answer: 172.23.135.255 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.90.118/29 a part of? Answer: 192.168.90.113 through to 192.168.90.118

Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.18.118.174 255.255.254.0 belongs to? Answer: 172.18.118.1 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.18.4.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 172.18.5.255 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.16.220.0/23? Answer: 172.16.221.255 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 10.63.64.0/20? Answer: 10.63.79.254 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.16.92.0/23? Answer: 172.16.93.255 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 192.168.234.64 255.255.255.224? Answer: 192.168.234.95 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.26.8.0/23? Answer: 172.26.9.254 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.23.42.27 255.255.254.0 belongs to? Answer: 172.23.42.1 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 192.168.181.0 255.255.255.224? Answer: 192.168.181.31 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.29.0.0 255.255.254.0?

Answer: 128 subnets and 510 hosts Question: Which subnet does host 10.180.225.244 255.255.240.0 belong to? Answer: 10.180.224.0 Question: Which subnet does host 172.17.75.46/25 belong to? Answer: 172.17.75.0 Question: Which subnet does host 172.29.252.119 255.255.255.192 belong to? Answer: 172.29.252.64 Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.19.146.177 255.255.255.192 belongs to? Answer: 172.19.146.129 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.173.0/29? Answer: 32 subnets and 6 hosts Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.27.55.216 255.255.255.192 belongs to? Answer: 172.27.55.193 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.23.0.0 255.255.240.0? Answer: 16 subnets and 4094 hosts Question: You are designing a subnet mask for the 172.25.0.0 network. You want 26 subnets with up to 1700 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use? Answer: 255.255.248.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.21.0.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 128 subnets and 510 hosts

Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.25.184.181 255.255.254.0 belongs to? Answer: 172.25.184.1 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.138.65/26 a part of? Answer: 192.168.138.65 through to 192.168.138.126 Question: What valid host range is the IP address 172.30.6.102/27 a part of? Answer: 172.30.6.97 through to 172.30.6.126 Question: Which subnet does host 172.29.26.57/23 belong to? Answer: 172.29.26.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.219.0 255.255.255.248? Answer: 32 subnets and 6 hosts Question: Which subnet does host 172.24.21.123 255.255.240.0 belong to? Answer: 172.24.16.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.169.0/27? Answer: 8 subnets and 30 hosts

Question: What valid host range is the IP address 172.21.111.213 255.255.255.224 a part of? Answer: 172.21.111.193 through to 172.21.111.222 Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 192.168.141.72 255.255.255.248? Answer: 192.168.141.78 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.22.0.0 255.255.254.0?

Answer: 172.22.1.255 Question: Which subnet does host 10.119.4.54 255.255.240.0 belong to? Answer: 10.119.0.0 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 10.0.0.0 255.255.240.0? Answer: 4096 subnets and 4094 hosts Question: What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.19.116.0 255.255.254.0? Answer: 172.19.117.254 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 192.168.199.192/26? Answer: 192.168.199.255 Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.28.0.0/21? Answer: 32 subnets and 2046 hosts Question: What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 192.168.104.174/29 belongs to? Answer: 192.168.104.169 Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 172.26.180.128/25? Answer: 172.26.180.255

Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.247.0/30? Answer: 64 subnets and 2 hosts

Question: What is the broadcast address of the network 192.168.70.96/29?

Answer: 192.168.70.103

SUBNETTING QUESTIONS IV: 1 – Assume that 4 bits have been borrowed. Identify the subnet addresses (choose 3) a 192.168.14.8 b 192.168.14.16 c 192.168.14.24 d 192.168.14.32 e 192.168.14.148 f 192.168.14.208 2 – Assuming a subnet mask of 255.255.224.0, which of the following would be a valid host address? (choose 3) a 124.78.103.0 b 125.67.32.0 c 125.78.160.0 d 126.78.48.0 e 176.55.96.0 f 186.211.100.0 3 – Which of the following are private IP addresses? ( choose 3) a 172.168.33.1 b 10.35.66.70 c 192.168.99.5 d 172.18.88.90 e 192.169.77.89 f 127.33.55.16 4 – The router reads each bit to determine the class of an address. Which of the following binary numbers would the router identify as a public class A address? (choose 3) a 00001010.10101100.11001100.00000111 b 00011111.11110011.11111111.00111011 c 01011101.11100001.11001100.11011011 d 10000000.11111000.11000111.11110011 e 00010111.11011011.11000001.11001100 5 – What is the maximum number of subnets that can be assigned to networks when using the address 172.16.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.240. ? a 16 b 32 c 30

d 14 e this is an invalid subnet mask for the Network

6 – Which network mask should you place on a class C address to accommodate a user requirement of two sub networks with a maximum of 35 hosts on each network? A 255.255.255.192 B 255.255.255.224 C 255.255.255.240 D 255.255.255.248 7 – How many valid host IP addresses are available on the following network/subnetwork? 198.197.196.16/30 a2 b 30 c 254 d 16,382 e 65,534

8- Given an IP address of 172.16.2.160 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, to which subnet does the host belong? A 172.16.2.32 B 172.16.2.64 C 172.16.2.96 D 172.16.2.128 E 172.16.2.192 9 – Given the following IP address from the class B address range: 172.35.21.12 Your network plan requires no more than 126 hosts on a subnet that includes this address. When you configure the IP address in Cisco IOS software, which value should you use as the subnet mask? A 255.255.0.0 B 255.255.128.0 C 255.255.255.128 D 255.255.255.252

10 - You are given an ip adress 132.15.136.2/18 what subnet is the host ip on ? A 132.15.136.0

B 132.15.128.0 C 132.15.192.0 D 132.15.64.0 11- In order to have 5 subnets and 17 hosts on each subnet, how many bits of subnetting will you use on the class B address 162.13.0.0/16 ? A 255.255.128.0 B 255.255.224.0 C 255.255.240.0 D 255.255.248.0

SUBNETTING QUESTIONS:V

EXERCISE Do all of the following. Please DO NOT USE calculators. All fit into 8 bits. 1.

Given the IP address below, determine the network portion and host portion.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

182.44.55.77/24 10.11.12.15/8 192.168.24.222/26 163.22.115.32/22 136.123.79.84/30 111.222.15.29/20 126.15.46.77/18

2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Given the IP address below, determine the class of the network and the default subnet mask. 182.44.55.77 10.11.12.15 192.168.24.222 163.22.115.32 136.123.79.84 111.222.15.29 126.15.46.77

3. a. b. c. d. e.

Given the IP address below, determine the network address, the broadcast address and the range of usable addr 182.44.55.77/24 10.11.12.15/8 192.168.24.222/26 163.22.115.32/22 136.123.79.84/30

f. g.

111.222.15.29/20 126.15.46.77/18

Do all of the following. Please DO NOT USE calculators. All fit into 8 bits. 1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

25 75 48 122 222 127 63 31 15

2.

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

2 A4 55 E3 F7 8B 6C D9 CD

3. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal. 11001010 1110000 00011001 11011101 11110001 11110000 10101010 10101

i.

11011

4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal. 11001010 1110000 00011001 11011101 11110001 11110000 10101010 10101 11011

5.

Convert these IP addresses into binary.

a. b. c. d. e. f.

10.11.12.15 192.168.24.222 163.22.115.32 236.123.79.84 111.222.15.29 126.15.46.77

SUBNETTING QUESTIONS:VI—VII -- REAL QUESTIONS:

Question: You are designing a subnet mask for the 10.0.0.0 network. You want 3200 subnets with up to 3300 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use? Answer: 255.255.240.0 Question 1 Which IP address can be assigned to an Internet interface? A. 10.180.48.224 B. 9.255.255.10 C. 192.168.20.223 D. 172.16.200.18 Answer: B Question 2 What will happen if a private IP address is assigned to a public interface connected to an ISP? A. Addresses in a private range will be not routed on the Internet backbone. B. Only the ISP router will have the capability to access the public network.

C. The NAT process will be used to translate this address in a valid IP address. D. Several automated methods will be necessary on the private network. E. A conflict of IP addresses happens, because other public routers can use the same range. Answer: A Question 3 When is it necessary to use a public IP address on a routing interface? A. Connect a router on a local network. B. Connect a router to another router. C. Allow distribution of routes between networks. D. Translate a private IP address. E. Connect a network to the Internet. Answer: E Question 4 When a DHCP server is configured, which two IP addresses should never be assignable to hosts? (Choose two) A. network or subnetwork IP address B. broadcast address on the network C. IP address leased to the LAN D. IP address used by the interfaces E. manually assigned address to the clients F. designated IP address to the DHCP server

Answer: A B

Question 6 The network administrator has asked you to check the status of the workstation’s IP stack by pinging the loopback address. Which address would you ping to perform this task? A. 10.1.1.1 B. 127.0.0.1 C. 192.168.0.1 D. 239.1.1.1 Answer: B

Question 7 Which command is used to see the path taken by packets across an IP network? A. show ip route B. show route C. traceroute D. trace ip route Answer: C

Question 8 Refer to the exhibit. Which value will be configured for Default Gateway of the Local Area Connection?

Which of the following describe private IP addresses? (Choose two) A. addresses chosen by a company to communicate with the Internet B. addresses that cannot be routed through the public Internet C. addresses that can be routed through the public Internet D. a scheme to conserve public addresses E. addresses licensed to enterprises or ISPs by an Internet registry organization Answer: B D

Question 10 Refer to the exhibit. A network technician is asked to design a small network with

redundancy. The exhibit represents this design, with all hosts configured in the same VLAN. What conclusions can be made about this design?

Question 1 Given a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224, which of the following addresses can be assigned to network hosts? (Choose three) A – 15.234.118.63 B – 92.11.178.93 C – 134.178.18.56 D – 192.168.16.87 E – 201.45.116.159 F – 217.63.12.192 Answer: B C D

Question 2 Which of the following host addresses are members of networks that can be routed across the public Internet? (Choose three) A – 10.172.13.65 B – 172.16.223.125 C – 172.64.12.29 D – 192.168.23.252 E – 198.234.12.95 F – 212.193.48.254

Answer: C E F

Question 3 A national retail chain needs to design an IP addressing scheme to support a nationwide network. The company needs a minimum of 300 sub-networks and a maximum of 50 host addresses per subnet. Working with only one Class B address, which of the following subnet masks will support an appropriate addressing scheme? (Choose two) A – 255.255.255.0 B – 255.255.255.128 C – 255.255.252.0 D – 255.255.255.224 E – 255.255.255.192 F – 255.255.248.0

Answer: B E Question 4 Which of the following IP addresses fall into the CIDR block of 115.64.4.0/22? (Choose three) A – 115.64.8.32 B – 115.64.7.64 C – 115.64.6.255 D – 115.64.3.255 E – 115.64.5.128 F – 115.64.12.128

Answer: B C E

Question 5 Refer to the diagram. All hosts have connectivity with one another. Which statements describe the addressing scheme that is in use in the network? (Choose three)

The network 172.25.0.0 has been divided into eight equal subnets. Which of the following IP addresses can be assigned to hosts in the third subnet if the ip subnet-zero command is configured on the router? (Choose three) A – 172.25.78.243 B – 172.25.98.16 C – 172.25.72.0 D – 172.25.94.255 E – 172.25.96.17 F. 172.25.100.16 Answer: A C D Question 7 Refer to the exhibit. In this VLSM addressing scheme, what summary address would be sent from router A?

Question 1 Refer to the exhibit. Which VLSM mask will allow for the appropriate number of host addresses for Network A?

Question 2 Refer to the exhibit. Which subnet mask will place all hosts on Network B in the same subnet with the least amount of wasted addresses?

Answer: B Question 3 Refer to the exhibit. Which mask is correct to use for the WAN link between the routers that will provide connectivity while wasting the least amount of addresses?

Answer: D

Question 4 Refer to the exhibit. What is the most appropriate summarization for these routes?

D. 10.0.0.0/24 Answer: B Question 5 On the network 131.1.123.0/27, what is the last IP address that can be assigned to a host? A. 131.1.123.30 B. 131.1.123.31 C. 131.1.123.32 D. 131.1.123.33 Answer: A Question 6 The ip subnet zero command is not configured on a router. What would be the IP address of Ethernet0/0 using the first available address from the sixth subnet of the network 192.168.8.0/29? A. 192.168.8.25 B. 192.168.8.41 C. 192.168.8.49 D. 192.168.8.113 Answer: C Question 7 For the network 192.0.2.0/23, which option is a valid IP address that can be assigned to a host? A. 192.0.2.0 B. 192.0.2.255 C. 192.0.3.255 D. 192.0.4.0 Answer: B Question 8 How many addresses for hosts will the network 124.12.4.0/22 provide? A. 510 B. 1022 C. 1024

D. 2048 Answer: B Question 9 The network default gateway applying to a host by DHCP is 192.168.5.33/28. Which option is the valid IP address of this host? A. 192.168.5.55 B. 192.168.5.47 C. 192.168.5.40 D. 192.168.5.32 E. 192.168.5.14 Answer: C

Which two addresses can be assigned to a host with a subnet mask of 255.255.254.0? (Choose two) A. 113.10.4.0 B. 186.54.3.0 C. 175.33.3.255 D. 26.35.2.255 E. 17.35.36.0 Answer: B D

Question 8 Refer to the exhibit. All of the routers in the network are configured with the ip subnet-zero command. Which network addresses should be used for Link A and Network A? (Choose two)

B. 172.31.51.16 /30 C. 172.31.64.0/18 D. 172.31.80.0/22 E. 172.31.92.0/22 F. 172.31.192.0/18 Answer: D E Question 10 Which three IP addresses can be assigned to hosts if the subnet mask is /27 and subnet zero is usable? (Choose three) A. 10.15.32.17 B. 17.15.66.128 C. 66.55.128.1 D. 135.1.64.34 E. 129.33.192.192 F. 192.168.5.63 Answer: A C D Question 11 Which of the following IP addresses can be assigned to the host devices? (Choose two) A. 205.7.8.32/27 B. 191.168.10.2/23 C. 127.0.0.1 D. 224.0.0.10 E. 203.123.45.47/28 F. 10.10.0.0/13 Answer: B F Question 12 How many subnets can be gained by subnetting 172.17.32.0/23 into a /27 mask, and how many usable host addresses will there be per subnet?

A. 8 subnets, 31 hosts B. 8 subnets, 32 hosts C. 16 subnets, 30 hosts D. 16 subnets, 32 hosts E. A Class B address cant be subnetted into the fourth octet. Answer: C

Reference .1: online vlsm calculator http://nj180degree.net/OnlineVLSMcalc.htm Reference.2:online subnet calculator http://www.subnet-calculator.com/ http://www.subnetonline.com/ Reference.3:online subnetting questions for practicing http://www.subnettingquestions.com/ http://www.subnetting.org/ Reference.4: 7 Best Subnet Websites http://www.topsite.com/best/subnet

640-802 CCNA® Exam Topics (Blueprint) Cisco Certified Network Associate Exam Exam Number: Associated Certifications: Duration: Available Languages: Click Here to Register: Exam Policies: Exam Tutorial:

640-802 CCNA CCNA 90 Minutes (45-55 questions) English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese Pearson VUE Read current policies and requirements Review type of exam questions

(p.t.o)

Exam Description

The 640-802 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) is the composite exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 and the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0 courses. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The topics include connecting to a WAN; implementing network security; network types; network media; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; extending switched networks with VLANs; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; establishing point-to-point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections. Exam Topics

The following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the Cisco Certified Network Associate exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. In order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes, the guidelines below may change at any time without notice. Describe how a network works           

Describe the purpose and functions of various network devices Select the components required to meet a network specification Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols to explain how data flows in a network Describe common networked applications including web applications Describe the purpose and basic operation of the protocols in the OSI and TCP models Describe the impact of applications (Voice Over IP and Video Over IP) on a network Interpret network diagrams Determine the path between two hosts across a network Describe the components required for network and Internet communications Identify and correct common network problems at layers 1, 2, 3 and 7 using a layered model approach Differentiate between LAN/WAN operation and features

Configure, verify and troubleshoot a switch with VLANs and interswitch communications     

Select the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors to connect switches to other network devices and hosts Explain the technology and media access control method for Ethernet networks Explain network segmentation and basic traffic management concepts Explain basic switching concepts and the operation of Cisco switches Perform and verify initial switch configuration tasks including remote access management

          

Verify network status and switch operation using basic utilities (including: ping, traceroute, telnet, SSH, arp, ipconfig), SHOW & DEBUG commands Identify, prescribe, and resolve common switched network media issues, configuration issues, auto negotiation, and switch hardware failures Describe enhanced switching technologies (including: VTP, RSTP, VLAN, PVSTP, 802.1q) Describe how VLANs create logically separate networks and the need for routing between them Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLANs Configure, verify, and troubleshoot trunking on Cisco switches Configure, verify, and troubleshoot interVLAN routing Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VTP Configure, verify, and troubleshoot RSTP operation Interpret the output of various show and debug commands to verify the operational status of a Cisco switched network. Implement basic switch security (including: port security, trunk access, management vlan other than vlan1, etc.)

Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP Services to meet network requirements in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network.         

Describe the operation and benefits of using private and public IP addressing Explain the operation and benefits of using DHCP and DNS Configure, verify and troubleshoot DHCP and DNS operation on a router.(including: CLI/SDM) Implement static and dynamic addressing services for hosts in a LAN environment Calculate and apply an addressing scheme including VLSM IP addressing design to a network Determine the appropriate classless addressing scheme using VLSM and summarization to satisfy addressing requirements in a LAN/WAN environment Describe the technological requirements for running IPv6 in conjunction with IPv4 (including: protocols, dual stack, tunneling, etc). Describe IPv6 addresses Identify and correct common problems associated with IP addressing and host configurations

Configure, verify, and troubleshoot basic router operation and routing on Cisco devices       

Describe basic routing concepts (including: packet forwarding, router lookup process) Describe the operation of Cisco routers (including: router bootup process, POST, router components) Select the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors to connect routers to other network devices and hosts Configure, verify, and troubleshoot RIPv2 Access and utilize the router to set basic parameters.(including: CLI/SDM) Connect, configure, and verify operation status of a device interface Verify device configuration and network connectivity using ping, traceroute, telnet, SSH or other utilities

         

Perform and verify routing configuration tasks for a static or default route given specific routing requirements Manage IOS configuration files. (including: save, edit, upgrade, restore) Manage Cisco IOS. Compare and contrast methods of routing and routing protocols Configure, verify, and troubleshoot OSPF Configure, verify, and troubleshoot EIGRP Verify network connectivity (including: using ping, traceroute, and telnet or SSH) Troubleshoot routing issues Verify router hardware and software operation using SHOW & DEBUG commands. Implement basic router security

Explain and select the appropriate administrative tasks required for a WLAN     

Describe standards associated with wireless media (including: IEEE WI-FI Alliance, ITU/FCC) Identify and describe the purpose of the components in a small wireless network. (Including: SSID, BSS, ESS) Identify the basic parameters to configure on a wireless network to ensure that devices connect to the correct access point Compare and contrast wireless security features and capabilities of WPA security (including: open, WEP, WPA-1/2) Identify common issues with implementing wireless networks. (Including: Interface, missconfiguration)

Identify security threats to a network and describe general methods to mitigate those threats    

Describe today's increasing network security threats and explain the need to implement a comprehensive security policy to mitigate the threats Explain general methods to mitigate common security threats to network devices, hosts, and applications Describe the functions of common security appliances and applications Describe security recommended practices including initial steps to secure network devices

Implement, verify, and troubleshoot NAT and ACLs in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network.   

Describe the purpose and types of ACLs Configure and apply ACLs based on network filtering requirements.(including: CLI/SDM) Configure and apply an ACLs to limit telnet and SSH access to the router using (including: SDM/CLI)

    

Verify and monitor ACLs in a network environment Troubleshoot ACL issues Explain the basic operation of NAT Configure NAT for given network requirements using (including: CLI/SDM) Troubleshoot NAT issues

Implement and verify WAN links      

Describe different methods for connecting to a WAN Configure and verify a basic WAN serial connection Configure and verify Frame Relay on Cisco routers Troubleshoot WAN implementation issues Describe VPN technology (including: importance, benefits, role, impact, components) Configure and verify a PPP connection between Cisco routers

Recommended Training  

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0

Courses listed are offered by Cisco Learning Partners-the only authorized source for Cisco IT training delivered exclusively by Certified Cisco Instructors. Check the List of Learning Partners for a Cisco Learning Partner nearest you

Regard’s (K.Hari krishna)