Early Civilization and The Rise of The State

 

EARLY CIVILIZATION AN THE RISE OF THE STATE

 

Objectives : 1.

2.

Analyze the first civilizations that

historical emerged

around the world; Explore the significance of   human material remains and artifactual evidences in interpreting cultural and social processes.

 

CIVILIZATION

 

CIVILIZATION comes from the Latin   “civis”   which refers

words to one who is inhabitants of a city and   “civets” which refers to the urban community   in in which one dwells.

 

CIVILIZATION Is a highly organized society marked by advanced knowledge of  trade, government, arts, science and often time written language.

 

FOUR EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS (4500-6000 yrs. Ago)

 

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MESOPOTAMINA CIVILIZATIO (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers)

 

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (Nile River)

 

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INDIAN CIVILIZATION

(Indus River)  

ANCIENT CHINA Huan Hu ang g Ho (yell yellow ow) )River iver 

 

1. MESOPOTAMINA CIVILIZATION (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

 

 Fertile In this area known as the Crescent , man discovered agriculture.

 

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MESOPOTAMIA was a very dry area. However, irrigation canals allowed agriculture to develop.

 

making it possible to increase the production of food.

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the development of agriculture provided water and fertility to the land of the valleys of

the rivers.  

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With this, the population grew and a surplus of agricultural goods arose that allowed the

exchange of food for other goods.  

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thus giving a place for the birth of  trade and the development and

specialization

of 

other jobs that were not related to agriculture.  

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Writing appeared in Mesopotamia over 5,000 years ago. This invention was so important that it marks the end of Prehistory, and the beginning of History.

 

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As villages grew into towns, writing was a way of storing information about taxes, trade

and po pop pula lati tion on

 

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The need to document commercial trade and the need to introduce laws made the birth of writing possible.

 

CITY-STATES Although all cities shared the same culture, each has its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god, and functioned like inde in depe pend nden entt coun countr try y. UR, URUK, KISK, CITIES: LAGESH

 

ZIGGURAT

 

SOCIETY

SOCIAL CLASSES: 1.

Priests and Aristocrats(Kings)

2. Civil

Servants :Scribes 3. Ordinary Workers: Craftmens, merchants, peasants

 

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Slaves citizens

were

not

free

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Women have more rights than in many later civilizations, but not allowed to attend schools (could not read or write)

 

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Powerful priests held much power in the beginning. Military commanders eventually became monarch creating a new structure of government called a dynasty. DYNASTYa series of rulers descending from a single family line.

 

The Sumerians, The First Civilization

 

SYSTEM OF WRITING

STONE WHEEL

 

GLASS JEWELRY

MEDICINE

CHARIOT

 

PERSONAL CYLINDER SEALS

METAL KNIVES

LYRE

 

AKKADIAN Sargon

from

Akkad, the name of the city that he selected to be

the capital, took over all of   Mesopotamia

 

 

BABYLONIAN HAMMURABI CODE OF LAW  “the punishment fits the crime”  “eye for an eye” 

 

 

ASSYRIAN

Chaldean

 

 

Ishtar Gate

 

Lydian First to use coined money

 

 

Phoenician

HEBREWS

 

2. EGYPTIAN

CIVILIZATION

 

3. INDIAN CIVILIZATION

(Indus River)  

Spanning an area stretching from northeast Afghanistan northeast  Afghanistan,, through much of

, and into western and

of  Pakistan   Pakistan, and into western and northwestern India  

MOHENJO-DARO

HARAPPA  

RELIGION:

 

Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not these symbols constituted a script used to record a language, or even symbolise a writing system.

Harappan script  

TRADE & TRANSFORTATION TRANSFORTATION Economy depended significantly on trade which was facilitated by advanced transportation

They were the first one to use

wheeled transport.  

ARTS & CRAFTS

 

ACHIEVEMENTS

 

GOVERNMENT There was no single

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ruler

b t sea verasl:epM hu ad atoahre enjo-rd ua lerro, Harappa society had no ruler so they enjoyed equal status.

 

4.ANCIENT CHINA Huan Hu ang gH Ho o (y (yel ello low) w)Ri Rive ver r

 

Basic Characteristics of a City/ Civilization

 

1.Large Size and Population (Urbanized)

Catalhoyuk  

1.Large Size and Population (Urbanized) 

A

compact

9,500

year

old

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settlement in south-central Turkey. Tightly packed houses which were structurally similar to one another for its more than

5,0 ,00 00 in inha habi bita tan nts ts..  

1.Large Size and Population (Urbanized) 

House walls were covered with all sorts of paintings. f paintings.

 

2.Organized Planning by a Central Authority

 

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An urban center with a population of at least 20,000 was built on an artificial mound, safe from flood waters.

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Early engineers created sophisticated plumbing and

drainage system.  

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Almost every house has a private bathroom toilet T h e s t r e e t s w e r e l a i d out on a grid

pattern.  

3.Spiritual Belief and Social Order

 

Teotihuacan 

The Street of the Deada grand north-south axis running from the Pyramid of the Moon and bordered by the Pyramid of the Sun and

the royal palace  

Teotihuacan 

Translated

the

solar

c etnid pla aal rpattin etron. unified sa  compoundwas deliberately oriented to an astronomical marker,

east of true north.  

Great Goddess of Teotihuacan

 

4.Social and Economic Diversity

 

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Teotihuacan – Six levels of society can be recognized by variation in size and quality of apartment rooms.

 

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– T e o t i h u a c a n a r t i s a n worked on exotic g o o d s a n d r a w materials imported ftrwoom afan r,eia gn hd borahtloeoadsst housed people with

fore fo reiign affi ffiliati ation. on.

 

MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, CHINA, INDIA

These civilizations sprouted near the river.  Societies evolved from simple to complex

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There are different social classes, arts, religion, system of writings

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Agri Ag ricu cult ltur ure e flou flouri rish shed ed

 

MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, CHINA, INDIA 

Since they had the capacity to harvest the resources from nearby bodies of water, these settlements grew to become complex

erm territories developed syasn tedm oth oe fr w itp inirgess, transformation, status and later on

the establishment state.

of

the

 

STATE Organized political community under tshin egm a n a g e m e n t o f a le government

 

GOVERNMENT is the system or group of people governing an organized community

 

DEMOCRATIZATION

 

GREEK: demos- the co common people; Kratia-power

Democracy originated from city-states of ancient Greece in Athens sometime around

500 BCE.  

Definition: The political power, direct or indirect, through participation, competition, and liberty

Subjective definition: favours individual freedom

over collective equality  

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

 “gov  “government ernment o f t h e people, by the people and for the people” 

 

DEMOCRACY 

Democratic governments give authority to the people to elect their leaders.

 

DEMOCRACY 

S o v e r e i g n t y r e s i d e s in the people and tm ha an t datetshe thrsoautg eh s

its constitution constitution;;  

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The government must be able to respect and represent the will of the people

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To take care of the welfare of all citizens

 

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Protect

th e

fundamental rights of the citizens

 

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Constitutional rules and regulations are used to guide how the government will function.

 

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Ienconomm a k i n g s o c i a l , ic and political decisions, the rule of the majority is based on a due process of the law and the recognition of   the right of each

individual.  

PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY

 

1. Sovereignty of the people. 2. Government based upon consent of the governed.

 

3. Majority rule. 4. Minority rights.

 

5 . G u a r a n t e e of basic human rights

 

6.

Free

and

fair elections.

 

7. Equality before the law.

 

8.Due process of law.

 

9. Constitutional limits on government.

 

10. social, economic and political pluralism.

 

11.Values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation cooper ation and compromise.

 

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

 

1. What

are

the four civilization

that throughout

emerged the

earliest

h i s t o r y ? W h y d o t h e s e civilizations sprouted

near the river?  

2. What are the indications of Cultural Changes? (Give at least3)

a. Agricultural innovation b. Variation of labor. c. Political governance d. Social stratification

 

3 . W h a t a r e t h e Basic Characteristics of a Civilization ?

City/

 

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4. Give at least 5 pillars of Democracy.

 

Agricultural Innovation 

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Ancient Sumerians built an irrigation system that enabled them to control water resources and increase crop yields. The ancient Maya constructed raised fields in seasonally flooded swamplands to supplement slash-and-burn farming.

 

Diversification of Labor 

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Some people could provide sufficient food and others could work as artisans and craftspeople. Led to the development of new technologies and the beginnings of extensive trade systems. Sciences such as geometry and astronomy were first developed.

 

Emergence of Central Government 

Made sure that different interest groups

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did not infringe on one another’s rights. Ensured that the city was safe from its enemies by constructing fortifications.

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Levied taxes and appointed tax collectors.

 

Social Stratification 

Ways archaeologists recognize stratification in ancient civilizations: 1. The size size of dw dwell elling ings s 2. Writ ritten ten do docu cumen ments ts 3. Co Corr rres espo pond nden ence ce

 

Writing Was Independently Invented Five Times

 

Theories of Civilization 

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Hydraulic theory - effo effort rt to buil build d and and control an irrigation system required a degree of social organization that eventually led to civilization. Trade networks - a sys syste tem m wa was needed to distribute food products throughout the population. population.

 

Theories of Civilization 

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Circumscription - civ civili ilizat zation ion develo develops ps wh where ere populations arebarriers circumscribed environmental or otherbysocieties. Religious theories - be beli lief efs s and v val alue ues s regulate interaction between people and their environment. Action theory - fo focus cuses es on the actio actions ns of leaders who play a role in social change.

 

Problems in Civilizations 

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Sanitation Sanitatio n problems and a large number of people in rampant. close proximity made infectious diseases Dense population, class systems, and a strong centralized government created internal stress. Warfare was common; Cities were fortified, and armies served to protect the state.