Early Beginning of Culture and Society

The Beginning of Culture and Society

• Charles Darwin – “Origin of the Species” (1859) – “Descent of Man” (1871) • Man descended from lower simpler forms of being.

Early Beginnings of Culture and Society • Human Evolution – Paleontology (a branch of anthropology) examines the apes as immediate descendant of human species (7,000,000 years ago).

mammals reptiles single- celled organism

Paleocene 50, 000,000 Eocene 30,000,00040,000,000

Age of Mammals

Oligocene 3,.000,00022,000,000 Miocene 23,000,000-5,000,000 Pleistocene

500,000

Fossils • Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man) –Earliest known Hominids –Java fossils 50,000,000 and 800,00 years ago.

Fossils • Sinanthropus –More advanced than Pithecanthropus –Northern China

Fossils • Anthropoidea –Primates such as gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzees –Family of Pongidae

• Hominidae –Primates such as early man

Australopithecinae

Hominidae

Man Hominidea

Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

GENUS: HOMO

Australopithecus aferensis

• 3.8-3.6 M years ago

• Large chin Australopithecus • Human like dental africanus features • 2/3 M years ago Australopithecus • South and eastern robustus Africa

CLASS: MAMMALIA

Monotremes

Marsupials

Eutherians

• Lay eggs • Hatches • Nurse the young • Give birth t young alive • Carry in belly pocket for a time

• Placental • Prenatally nourished

Fossils of the Early Men • Taung, South Africa • Earliest known manlike fossil • Australopithecines (southern ape) • Prof. Raymond Dart, 1925

Fossils of the Early Men • East Africa • Zinjathropus boisei • L.S. Leakey and wife, 1959

Fossils of the Early Men • Java Indonesia • Pithecanthropus erectus (“erect ape man”) • Eugene Dubois, 1891 • Bone skull thick • Forehead receding • Broad eyebrows • Power of speech

Fossils of the Early Men • Choukoutien, Peking, China • Pithecanthropus pekinensis • 1927 • Similar to Java Man

Fossils of the Early Men • Melbourne, Australia • Talgai man • 1940 • Similar to Java man

Fossils of the Early Men

• Niah Cave, Sarawak Borneo • Asian types indicate that Tasmanian and Australian Borneo are closer to Niah skull • 1958

Fossils of the Early Men • Tabon Cave, Palawan Philippines • Latest fossil evidence prehistoric Southeast Asian men from Pleistocene period • Skull existed 22,000 years ago • 1962

Tool Tradition of the Early Men

• Artifacts of pre human primates used animal bones, broken pebbles and river stones. • Used for hunting food • Ex. Abbevillian, hand ax, flake tools.

Tool Tradition of the Early Men

• The second wave of development of tool is known as MOUSTERIAN flake tools • Careful RETOUCHING of technique of flaking • INNOVATIONS also took place such cave as shelter, massive use of fire, bones for tools and burial of the dead. • However, superseded by blade technology

The New Stone Age (Neolithic)

early

middle late

The New Stone Age (Early Period) • 6000-7000 years ago • Period of flaked and polished stone tools. • Ground blades and cutting edges • Axes and adzes of oval form • pottery

The New Stone Age (Middle) • 4000-7000 years ago. • Axes, adzes, ridged back types and tangled butt tool • Domesticated plant and animals intensified

The New Stone Age (Late)

• 2000BC-100AD years ago. • Materials polish capable • Sawing, drilling • Polished trapezoidal tools • Jade implements

Human Races

Human Races • History of CIVILIZATION is a history of MIGRATIOn. • MIGRATION implies mingling of people • Resulting to GENETIC INHERITANCE and effect on cultural and PHYSICAL FEATURE.

Human Races • Misconceptions about human races 1. Undesirable DISHARMONY OF ANATOMICAl features 2. Hybrid VIGOR in physique and mentality 3. Physical and psychological INFERIORITy 4. Personality is a PRODUCT of human race

Caucasoid Mongoloid African Negroid

Melanesian Micronesian-Polynesian Congo/Central Pygmy Eastern Pygmy Australoid

Bushman-Hottentot Ainu Veddoid

11 Major Racial Categories

11 Major Racial Categories 1. Caucasoid –Light to dark brown –White race –Thick head hair –Narrow and projecting nose –Lips average to thin –Tall to short stature

11 Major Racial Categories 2. Mongoloids –Yellowish to light brown –Black straight hair –Lips medium thinness –Cheek bones projected forward

11 Major Racial Categories 3. African Negroid – Yellowish or dark brown to almost black – Very curly, woolly, frizzly and little body hair. – Nose wide – Ears small – Lips thick

11 Major Racial Categories 4. Melanesians – Deeply pigmented skin and eyes – Tightly curled hair – New Guinea to Fiji

11 Major Racial Categories 5. Micronesian Polynesians –Body hair slight –Skin is light –Head hair from straight to frizzly but mostly wavy –Islands of Hawaii to New Zealand

11 Major Racial Categories 6. Congo/ Central African Pygmies – Genetically Negroid – Less than 5 ft tall – Not as dark as African Negroids and Melanesians but more bodily hair than the two

11 Major Racial Categories 7. Far Eastern Pygmies – Malay peninsula (Indonesians, Luzon and Mindanao Islands) – Lips fairly thick – Head hair woolly – Skin color very dark, slight bodily hair – 5 ft tall

11 Major Racial Categories 8. Australoids

– Head hair nearly straight to frizzly but mostly heavy – Much bodily hair – Features the same with Caucasoid except the color of skin

11 Major Racial Categories 9. Bushman Hottentot – Eyelids epicanthic folds similar with the Mongoloids – Body hair is thin – Skin color not dark – Sport fat thighs and buttocks – 5 ft tall

11 Major Racial Categories

10. Ainus –Wavy hair –Lips thin –Bodily hair heavy –Hokkaido, Japan

11 Major Racial Categories 11. Veddoid –Wavy to curly hair –Some bodily hair –Chocolate brown skin

Sub races

• Negroid – Forest Negro (Guinea Cost) • Polynesians – Melanesia (From Southern Asia to Africa and Oceania) • Ladino (Latin Americans) • Neo Hawaiian (Hybrid of – Negrito (Central African Pygmies/Negrillos and Far Hawaiian, European Eastern Pygmies) and Polynesian) – Bushman (Bantu, Forest negro, Sudanese and Bushman-Boskop) – Sudanese (Nilotic Negroes/Nilotes) – Hamite (East Africa, Sudan Mediterranean in built)