e3 Public Risk Assessment

Technical Appendix E3 Public Risk Assessment

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

CHEVRONTEXACO GORGON DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNICAL APPENDIX: E3

DOCUMENT NO.

:

J9765 PRA_2

REVISION

:

2

DATE

:

09/11/04

Environmental Risk Solutions Pty Ltd ACN 071 462 247 ABN 54 071 462 247 3/16 Moreau Mews, Applecross, WA, 6153. Telephone (08): 9364 4832 Facsimile: (08) 9364 3737 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ers.com.au

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REVISION RECORD Rev

Date

Description

Prepared

Reviewed

Approved

0

8/07/04

Issued to client

S Robertson

K Cheney

K Berry

1

29/09/04

Aircraft Hazard included

S Robertson

G Penno

K Berry

2

09/11/04

BOD Rev 1 incorporated

S Robertson

G Penno

K Berry

Title

CHEVRONTEXACO AUSTRALIA, GORGON DEVELOPMENT,

QA Verified

M Grosvenor

PUBLIC RISK ASSESSMENT

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CONTENTS FRONT PAGE REVISION RECORD CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 1.

SU M M A R Y

1

2.

INTRODUCTION

5

2 .1

Background

5

2 .2

St u d y S c o p e

5

2 .3

Objectives

6

3.

METHODOLOGY 3 .1 3.2

General

6

Pipeline Risk Assessment

8

3.2.1

4.

6

AS 2885 Risk Assessment

9

LOCATION DESCRIPTION 4 .1 4 .2

5.

11

General

11

C lim a t e

12

4.2.1

General

12

4.2.2

Meteorological Conditions

13

4.2.3

Oceanographic Conditions

14

4.2.4

Seismic Activity

15

FACILITIES DESCRIPTION 5 .1

15

Pipeline Description 5.1.1

15

Export Flowline

16

5.1.1.1 Option B – North White’s Beach 5.1.2 LNG Export Pipeline

17 17

5.1.2.1

17

5.1.2.2

Jetty Option Submerged Cryogenic Pipeline Option

17

5.1.3

Condensate Export Pipeline

5.1.4

Carbon Dioxide Re-injection Pipeline

18

5.1.5

Dom Gas Export Pipeline

19

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5 .2

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Description

19

5.2.1

Processing Facilities Overview

19

5.2.2

Gas Reception and Liquid Stabilisation

21

5.2.3

Acid Gas Removal

21

5.2.4

CO2 Reinjection

21

5.2.5

Dehydration and Mercury Removal

21

5.2.6

Liquefaction

22

5.2.7 5.2.8

Product Storage and Loading Domestic Gas

23 23

6.

A SS U M PT IO N S

24

7.

HAZARD ID

26

7.1

Material Hazard Identification

26

7.1.1

LNG

26

7.1.2

Dom Gas

27

7.1.3

Condensate

27

7.1.4

Export Flowline Contents

27

7.1.5

Carbon Dioxide

27

7 .2

Frequency Analysis

27

7.3

Ignition Probabilities

29

AS 2885 Risk Assessment

31

7 .4

8.

7.4.1

Location Analysis

31

7.4.2

Threat Analysis

31

CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS

32

8 .1

Effects Modelled

32

8 .2

Modelling

39

9.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSIONS

39

10 .

R EF ER E N C ES

45

APPENDIX A THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED EXPORT FLOWLINE – FLACOURT BAY OPTION & NORTH WHITE’S BEACH Table AP A.1 : Threat Analysis of Proposed Export Flowline – Flacourt Bay Option

1 3

Table AP A.2 : Threat Analysis of Proposed Export Flowline– North Whites Beach Option 11

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APPENDIX B THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED LNG EXPORT LINE – JETTY OPTION & CRYOGENIC SUBMERGED OPTION 1 Table AP B.1 : Threat Analysis of Proposed LNG Export Line - Jetty Option

3

Table AP B.2 : Threat Analysis of Proposed LNG Export Line - Cryogenic Option

8

APPENDIX C

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONDENSATE EXPORT PIPELINE

Table AP C.1 : Threat Analysis of Proposed Condensate Export Pipeline

APPENDIX D

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED DOM GAS PIPELINE

Table AP D.1 Threat Analysis of Proposed Dom Gas Pipeline

APPENDIX E

1 3

1 3

ISO RISK CONTOURS

1

Figure AP E.1

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LIST of TABLES Table 3-1

WA EPA Individual Fatality Risk Criteria

8

Table 3-2

Frequency of Occurrence for Hazardous Events

9

Table 3-3

Typical Severity Classes for Pipelines for use in Risk Matrix

10

Table 3-4

Risk Matrix

10

Table 3-5

Risk Management Actions

10

Table 4-1

Maximum Wind Speeds for Barrow Island

13

Table 4-2

Rainfall and Humidity Statistics for Barrow Island.

13

Table 4-3

Significant Swell Wave Heights for Barrow Island.

14

Table 4-4

Maximum Wave Heights and Return Periods

15

Table 5-1 Plant Configuration Summary

20

Table 7-1

Ignition Probabilities

29

Table 7-2

Probability of Ignition

30

Table 8-1

Failure Cases and Model Effects

34

LIST of FIGURES Figure 3-1

QRA Methodology

Figure 4-1

Location of Barrow Island from Mainland, Western Australia

Figure 4-2

Barrow Island

12

Figure 4-3

Wind Rose Diagrams for Barrow Island

14

Figure 5-1

Plant Process Summary

20

Figure 5-2

APCI 5 MTPA Refrigeration Cycle

22

Figure 9-1

Export Flowline Risk Transect

40

Figure 9-2

LNG Export Pipeline Risk Transect

41

Figure 9-3

Condensate Pipeline Risk Transect

42

Figure 9-4

Dom Gas Pipeline Risk Transect

43

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ABBREVIATIONS o

degrees Celsius

0

degrees Fahrenheit

C F

/kmy

per kilometre year

AGRU

Acid Gas Removal Unit

aMDEA

Activated Methyldiethanolamine

APCI

Air Products and Chemicals Inc

AS bara

Australian Standards bar atmosphere

barg

bar gauge

BLEVE

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion

CASA

Civil Aviation Safety Authority

C3MR CO2

Propane Mixed Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide

CS1

Compressor Station 1

CVX

ChevronTexaco

Dom Gas

Domestic Gas

EIS/ERMP

Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Management Programme

EPA

Environmental Protection Authority

ERS FEED

Environmental Risk Solutions Front End Engineering Design

GRE

Glass Reinforced Epoxy

GV

Gorgon Venture

H2S

Hydrogen Sulphide

HAT

Highest Astronomical Tide

Hg

mercury

HHV

High Heating Value

HP

High Pressure

HW

High Water

ID

inside diameter

kg/s

kilograms per second

km

kilometre

KP Kv

Kilometre Point Kilovolt

LAT

Lowest Astronomical Tide

LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas

LOC

Loss of Containment

LP m3 m3/h

Review

and

Low Pressure cubic metres cubic metres per hour

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m

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

meter

mm

millimetre

MCHE

Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger

MEG

Monoethylene glycol

MOF

Materials Offloading Facility

MR

mixed refrigerant

MTPA

million tonnes per annum

MW NSW

megawatt New South Wales

NWS

North West Shelf

pa

Per annum

PJ/a

Peta-joule per annum

QRA

Quantitative Risk Assessment

R1

Rural Land Use

STP

Standard Temperature and Pressure

T1

Suburban

T2

High Rise

t

tonnes

TEG

triethylene glycol

TJ

terrajoule

TJ/d

terrajoules per day

T/T

tangent to tangent

v

volts

WA

Western Australia

WAPET

Western Australian Petroleum

wt

weight

y

year

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1.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

SUMMARY The Gorgon Venture (GV) proposes to construct and operate a number of pipelines and onshore gas plant as part of the Gorgon Development which is located off North Western Australia. A gas processing facility (i.e. a Liquefied Natural Gas Plant) (LNG) of two trains each with a nominal capacity of five million tonnes per annum (MTPA) and Domestic Gas (Dom Gas) plant) with a 60PJ/a to 100PJ/a capacity, located on the central-east coast of Barrow Island would process the gas. Reservoir carbon dioxide would be removed and reinjected into deep saline reservoirs beneath the island. The liquid hydrocarbon product would then be transported by ship to international markets. Compressed domestic gas would be delivered via a sub-sea pipeline to the Western Australian mainland for use in the industrial and domestic gas markets. The scope of this study includes the five pipelines and the onshore plant facilities for the Gorgon Development. The pipelines include: •

•

•

•

•

Sub–sea flow lines from well clusters via four manifolds and Export Flowline to onshore facilities on Barrow Island LNG Export Pipeline from LNG tanks to ship loading facility Condensate Export Pipeline from condensate storage tanks to existing crude export loading line Carbon Dioxide Pipeline for the re-injection of carbon dioxide from the on-shore plant to north end of Barrow Island Domestic Gas (Dom Gas) Export Pipeline from the Barrow Island onshore plant to Compressor Station 1 (CS1) which is located on the mainland.

The plant, located on Barrow Island, consists of: LNG •

Inlet Separator

•

Acid Gas Removal

•

Carbon Dioxide Reinjection

•

Dehydration and Mercury Removal

•

Liquefication

•

Condensate Handling

•

Storage

Domestic Gas •

•

Acid Gas Removal Carbon Dioxide Reinjection

•

Dehydration

•

Compression

The scope of the study is to determine the level of offsite risk to human life that would be imposed on surrounding environs of the proposed Gorgon Development Barrow Island J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.doc

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plant. It is recognised that at this early stage of the Gorgon Development, the plant’s detailed design has not been undertaken. Therefore the risk assessment will reflect the current design stage. No consideration is given to pipeline ancillaries such as compressor stations, valve pits and branch/lateral lines it is considered unwarranted at this stage of an Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Review and Management Programme (EIS/ERMP). The risk assessment aims to: •

demonstrate that the offsite risks resulting from the Gorgon Development Onshore Plant 2); andare tolerable and meet the EPA criteria for industrial developments (Reference

•

assess the risks and identify the safeguards associated with the operation of the proposed pipelines for the Gorgon Development. The focus of this study is on public risk and assessment of the level of risk to the public will be made against the criteria provided by AS2885 and EPA Public Risk Criteria (References 15 and 3 respectively).

The methodology used in this study is outlined in the NSW Department of Planning’s Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No.6 (Reference 7), which is a classical risk assessment, a systematic approach to the analysis of what can go wrong in hazardous industrial facilities. This approach is consistent with that provided in AS4360 (Reference 1). One approach to establish the likelihood of a hazardous event occuring is to review generic data that is published in the public domain in various data bases. One such data base is the E & P Forum; as reported by CMPT, that provides frequencies for leaks from pipelines anddata process equipment based largely onappropriate UK offshore combined with onshore where necessary. Therefore it is forexperience this study tobut determine applicable frequencies. This data source has been augmented by other publically available documents such as PARLOC which is prepared for the UK Health and Safety Executive. Although it is practicable for the failure cases to be dependant on the major equipment items, other smaller plant items such as pipework, pumps, valves, fittings etc; together with their contribution to offsite risk are excluded. To address this issue, and to ensure that a true representation of the level of offsite risk is determined, a conservative approach of increasing all onshore plant failure case frequencies by a factor of 5 was applied. Jet and pool fires have been assumed to represent wost case off-site effects for the materials of methane and condensate. The QRA modelling was undertaken using “TNO’s Effects 4” and “Riskcurves” packages. The TNO tools are internationally recognised by industry and government authorities, including WA’s Department of Industry and Resources.

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There have been two methodologies used in undertaking the pipelines risk assessment; AS2885 and QRA. The AS2885 risk assessment was undertaken for: •

Export Flowline – both Flacourt Bay and North White’s Beach route options:

•

LNG Export Pipeline for both the Jetty and Cryogenic options;

•

Condensate Export Pipeline; and

•

Dom Gas Pipeline. The level of risk for the above was determined to be acceptable given the surrounding land use and the number of physical and procedural controls incorporated into the pipeline’s design, construction and operation complying with or exceeding the controls criteria specified by AS2885 (Reference 15). The CO2 Reinjection Pipeline will be located above ground on Barrow Island with little, if any, obstructions to natural ventilation. A release of CO2 from the worst case scenario of catastrophic failure of the pipeline would not displace the oxygen content within the air to a degree where asphyxiation could occur. Therefore this hazard was not considered further. The applicable risk criteria as published by the EPA (Reference 6) is the level of individual risk in residential areas of one in a million per year is not exceeded by the pipeline routes. The applicable residential area on Barrow Island are deemed to be the Gorgon Development Construction Village (due to personnel being housed in this village during commissioning and plant start-up) and the existing Chevron Village, both of which are not affected by individual risk levels greater than one in a million per year due to the pipelines. The results of the risk assessment for the plant are provided in Appendix E as iso-risk contours that reflect the current stage of the plant’s design. The one in a million per year individual risk contour extends 150m outside the site’s southern boundary. This isocontour does not encroach on the proposed for the Construction Village with the contour being approximately 250mfrom the Construction Village. The major risk contributor being the propane and ethane storage vessel BLEVEs and jet fires from plant equipment. Therefore, compliance with the EPA Criteria for residential areas (Reference 2) is expected.

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2.

INTRODUCTION

2.1

Background

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

The Gorgon Venture (GV), the participants being ChevronTexaco Australia, Shell Developments Australia and Exxon Mobil Australia Resources Pty Ltd, proposes to construct and operate an onshore gas plant and a number of pipelines as part of the Gorgon Development which is located off North Western Australia. A gas processing facility (ie a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Domestic Gas (Dom Gas) plant) located on the central-east coast of Barrow Island would process the gas. Reservoir carbon dioxide would be removed and re-injected into deep saline aquifers beneath the island. The LNG product will then be transported by ship to international markets. Compressed domestic gas would be delivered via a sub-sea pipeline to the Western Australian mainland for use in the industrial and domestic gas markets. Environmental Risk Solutions Pty Ltd (ERS) has been commissioned to undertake a public risk assessment on the proposed facilities and pipelines as an element of the Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Review and Management Programme (EIS/ERMP) for the Gorgon Development. This document reports the findings of the risk assessment.

2.2

Study Scope The scope of this study includes the five pipelines and the onshore plant facilities for the Gorgon Development. The pipelines are: •

Sub–seafacilities flow lines from well clusters via four manifolds and Export Flowline to onshore on Barrow Island •

•

•

•

LNG Export Pipeline from LNG tanks to ship loading facility Condensate Export Pipeline from condensate storage tanks to existing crude export loading line Carbon Dioxide Pipeline for the re-injection of carbon dioxide from the on-shore plant to north end of Barrow Island Domestic Gas (Dom Gas) Export Pipeline from the Barrow Island onshore plant to Compressor Station 1 (CS1) which is located on the mainland.

The plant, located on Barrow Island, consists of: LNG •

Separator

•

Acid Gas Removal

•

Carbon Dioxide Reinjection

•

Dehydration and Mercury Removal

•

Liquefication

•

Condensate Handling

•

Storage

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Domestic Gas •

Acid Gas Removal

•

Carbon Dioxide Reinjection

•

Dehydration

•

Compression

The scope of the study is to determine the level of offsite risk to human life that would be imposed on surrounding environs of the proposed Gorgon Development Barrow Island plant and the level of risk to human life due to the pipeline. It is recognised that at this early stage of the Gorgon Development, the plant’s detailed design has not been undertaken. Therefore the risk assessment will reflect the current design stage. No consideration is given to pipeline ancillaries such as compressor stations, valve pits and branch/lateral lines it is considered unwarranted at this stage of an EIS/ERMP. The risk assessment is to consider the risks due to pipeline and plant operations including storage and unloading of export shipments.

2.3

Objectives The risk assessment aims to: •

•

demonstrate that the offsite risks resulting from the Gorgon Development Onshore Plant are tolerable and meet the EPA criteria for industrial developments (Reference 2); and assess the risks and identify the safeguards associated with the operation of the proposed pipelines for the of Gorgon Development. The focus this study on public risk and assessment the level of risk to the public will beofmade againstisthe criteria provided by AS2885 and EPA Public Risk Criteria (References 15 and 3 respectively).

3.

METHODOLOGY

3.1

General The methodology used in this study is outlined in the NSW Department of Planning’s Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No.6 (Reference 7), which is a classical risk assessment, a systematic approach to the analysis of what can go wrong in hazardous industrial facilities. This approach is consistent with that provided in AS4360 (Reference 1). The normal conditions of operation of the system are defined and then the following questions asked: •

What accidental events can occur in the system?

•

How frequently would each event occur?

•

What are the consequences of each event?

•

What are the total risks (frequencies x consequences) from the system?

•

What is the significance of the calculated risk levels?

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These questions correspond to the basic components of a risk assessment. Once a system has been analysed, if the risks are assessed to be too high according to some criteria, the system can be modified in various ways to attempt to reduce the risks to an acceptable level, and the risk levels recalculated. The process may therefore be viewed as iterative, where the design of the system may be changed until it complies with the needs of society. By objectively quantifying the risks from each part of the system, the QRA enables the most effective measures to reduce risks to be identified. Figure 3.1 illustrates all these tasks in the context of QRA methodology. Figure 3-1

QRA Methodology

Kick Off Meeting

Familiarisation & Data Collection (System Description)

Hazard Identification (Accident Case Develo ment

FrequencyAnalysis

Background Data, Collection & Analysis

ConsequenceAnalysis

Risk Calculation

RiskCriteria

RiskAssessment

IterativeCalculations

Risk Mitigation

Report Production and Result Presentation

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Table 3.1 reproduces the EPA’s risk criteria that are detailed in their publication ‘Risk Assessment and Management: ‘Offsite Individual Risk from Hazardous Industrial Plant No. 2 Interim’ (Reference 2). Table 3-1

WA EPA Individual Fatality Risk Criteria

“a)

A risk level in residential zones of one in a million per year or less, is so small as to be acceptable to the Environmental Protection Authority.

b)

A risk level in “sensitive developments”, such as hospitals, schools, child care facilities and aged care housing developments of between one half and one in a million per year is so small as to be acceptable to the Environmental Protection Authority. In the case of risk generators within the grounds of the “sensitive development” necessary for the amenity of the residents, the risk level can exceed the risk level of one half in a million per year up to a maximum of one in a million per year, for areas that are intermittently occupied, such as garden areas and car parks.

c)

Risk levels from industrial facilities should not exceed a target of fifty in a million per year at the site boundary for each individual industry, and the cumulative risk level imposed upon an industry should not exceed a target of one hundred in a million per year.

d)

A risk level for any non-industrial activity located in buffer zones between industrial facilities and residential zones of ten in a million per year or lower, is so small as to be acceptable to the Environmental Protection Authority.

e)

3.2

A risk level for commercial developments, including offices, retail centres and showrooms located in buffer zones between industrial facilities and residential zones, of five in a million per year or less, is so small as to be acceptable to the Environmental Protection Authority.”

Pipeline Risk Assessment The overall purpose of this risk assessment is to determine the level of risk to the public from the external pipelines associated with the Gorgon Development. To this end, two methods of assessment has been used to determine the overall level of risk. The method in accordance with AS2885 is applicable for hydrocarbon pipelines, i.e.: •

Export Flowline;

•

LNG Export Pipeline;

•

Condensate Export Pipeline; and

•

Dom Gas Export Pipeline.

Details of this method are provided in Section 3.2.1.

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All pipelines will be the subject of a QRA whose results will include individual risk contours to address the EPA’s Public Risk Criteria (Reference 3). Details of the QRA Methodology are provided in Section 3.1. The results from both risk assessment methodologies have been used to determine if compliance with government authorities’ risk criteria is achieved. 3.2.1

AS 2885 Risk Assessment

For hydrocarbon pipelines, public risk and safety has been addressed using the guidance provided by AS2885.1 – 1997 (Reference 15) . The definitions of terms and categorisations used in those documents have been used in this study. In undertaking this assessment, the following parameters have been considered: •

•

•

•

•

•

Location Analysis – the purpose of which is to provide the basis for the identification of the areas that are appropriate to the land use and activities along the pipeline route. Threat Analysis which develops a list of threats to the pipeline at each location. It should be noted that not all threats are location specific. External Interference Protection provides controls for many of the threats and is a combination of physical and procedural measures. Threats prevented by Design and/or Procedures apply to those threats that are not controlled by external interference protection Failure Analysis is undertaken for those threats that cannot be controlled by design and/or procedures. Failure analysis determines the potential damage that an identified threat may cause to the pipeline and allow assessment of the consequence. Hazard Events use those threats that cannot be effectively controlled by either external interference protection or by design or by appropriate procedure, and which are determined by the failure analysis to result in a loss of integrity. Each hazardous event is carried through to risk evaluation.

The risk assessment methodology provided in AS2885.1 (Reference 15) combines an estimate of the frequency of occurrence of each hazardous event with the estimated severity of the hazardous event to produce a risk class. The relevant tables in AS2885.1 (Reference 1) are reproduced below. Table 3-2

Frequency of Occurrence for Hazardous Events

Frequency of Occurrence

Description

Frequent

Expected to occur typically once per year or more.

Occasional

Expected to occur several times in the life of the pipeline.

Unlikely

Not likely to occur within the life of the pipeline, but possible.

Remote

Very unlikely to occur within the life of the pipeline.

Improbable

Examples of this type of event have historically occurred, but not anticipated for the pipeline in this location.

Hypothetical

Theoretically possible, but has never occurred on a similar pipeline.

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Table 3-3

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Typical Severity Classes for Pipelines for use in Risk Matrix

Severity Class

Description

Catastrophic

Applicable only in location classes T1 and T2 where the number of humans within the range of influence of the pipeline would result in many fatalities.

Major

Event causing few fatalities or loss of continuity of supply or major environmental damage.

Severe

Event causing hospitalising injuries or restrictions of supply.

Minor

Event causes no injuries and no loss or restriction of supply.

Note: T1 and T2 refers to the classificationof locations where T1 is Suburban which is areas developed for residential, commercial or industrial use, and T2 is High Rise which is areas as per T1 with the majority of buildings having four or more floors. Table 3-4

Risk Matrix Risk Class

Frequency of occurrence

Severity Class Catastrophic

Major

Severe

Frequent

H

H

H

Minor I

Occasional

H

H

I

L

Unlikely Remote

H H

H I

L L

L L

Improbable

H

I

L

N

Hypothetical

I

L

N

N

Legend: H = High risk, I = Intermediate risk, L = Low risk, N= Negligible For each hazardous event, the risk class determines the risk management actions that are required (see Table 3.5). Table 3-5

Risk Management Actions

Risk Class

Action Required

High

Modify the hazardous event, the frequency or the consequence to ensure the risk class is reduced to intermediate or lower.

Intermediate

Repeat the risk identification and risk evaluation processes to verify and, where possible to ofquantify, the risk estimation. Determine accuracyto and uncertainty the estimation. Where the risk class istheconfirmed be intermediate, modify the hazardous event, the frequency or the consequence to ensure that the risk class is reduced to low or negligible.

Low

Determine the management plan for the hazardous event to prevent occurrence and to monitor changes which could affect the classification.

Negligible

Review at the next review interval.

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4.

LOCATION DESCRIPTION

4.1

General

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

The Gas Fields are located approximately 70km north west of Barrow Island in North Western Australia. Barrow Island is approximately north of Onslow. Figure 4.1 provides an indication of the location of the Gorgon Gas Fields and Barrow Island to the North West Australian Mainland. Figure 4.2 provides the general map for Barrow Island. Petroleum interest in Barrow Island dates back to June 1947 when the first exploration permit was issued The Barrow Island oilfield was srcinally envisaged to have a 30 year life but as a result of proper reservoir management, the field life is expected to last through until the 2020’s. A strict environmental program, which protects the island’s unique flora and fauna, has enabled the petroleum activities to successfully coexist with the island’s Class A Nature Reserve status. This successful coexistence is world renowned. Figure 4-1

Location of Barrow Island from Mainland, Western Australia

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Figure 4-2

4.2

Climate

4.2.1

General

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Barrow Island

The sea surrounding Barrow Island provides a moderate influence on the harsh climate generally experienced in the north-west of Australia, characterised by a mild to dry winter (June to August) and a mild to hot summer with cyclonic activity (October to March). Prevailing summer winds are typically from the south west due to the heat low over the Pilbara region lingering into the night. The normal winter wind patterns are more variable with northerly through easterlies to southerlies predominating. The autumn months of April and May indicate a transitional period, where the winds are more variable in direction and lighter in speed, while the Spring month of September shows a pattern similar to Summer.

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4.2.2

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Meteorological Conditions

Barrow Island is located in a region considered to have the highest wind risk in Australia (Region D – AS 1170.4) (Reference 10). This is primarily influenced by the occurrence of tropical cyclones in the area, which occur at an average of about twice per year. Maximum wind conditions are tabulated in Table 4.1. Figure 4.3 provides wind roses for Barrow Island. Table 4-1

Maximum Wind Speeds for Barrow Island

Air temperatures at Barrow Island typically vary between 15.8 oC and 42.0 oC. In 1994, there were 228 days where the temperature rose above 30oC and 2 days where the temperature rose above 40oC. Table 4.2 provides a summary of rainfall and humidity statistics for Barrow Island.

Table 4-2

Rainfall and Humidity Statistics for Barrow Island.

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Figure 4-3

4.2.3

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Wind Rose Diagrams for Barrow Island

Oceanographic Conditions 0 The seawater temperature varied between 19 C and 310C. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 show the annual minimum, maximum and mean significant swell wave heights and the maximum wave heights and return periods for 2 year non cyclonic return periods and 50 year extreme at the Barrow Island Marine Terminal.

Table 4-3

Significant Swell Wave Heights for Barrow Island.

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Table 4-4

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Maximum Wave Heights and Return Periods

The highest astronomical tide (HAT) is 3.68m above the lowest astronomical tide (LAT) measured at WAPET landing. The directions of the tidal stream is approximately 245º on flood and 065º on ebb and attains a rate of 1.0 knot during Spring tides. Due to the shallow water depth (less than 10 m), channelled bathymetry and strong semi diurnal tides, all the current data is dominated by tides and direction is dominated by bathymetry. 4.2.4

Seismic Activity

Barrow Island is located in an area which is considered to have a 10% probability of experiencing an earthquake resulting in ground acceleration in excess of 0.11g (AS 1170.4). Tsunamis have previously not been considered important for the North West Shelf (NWS) due to the long distance from significant earthquake risk areas and the barrier provided by the NWS. Furthermore, the shallow reef area surrounding the island provides better protection than for other areas on the NWS. However, recent incidents on the NWS, one involving sudden lateral movement of a moored tanker, have raised the possibility of Tsunami effects also on the NWS. The Bureau of Meteorology is currently managing a research program on Tsunamis in the NWS area.

5.

FACILITIES DESCRIPTION

5.1

Pipeline Description The details of each of the five pipelines are provided in this section. A Kilometre Point (KP) system has been used to indicate the length of pipelines, and the location of features that may influence the pipelines design or operation. The KPs begin at 0.00 at a point which is 2m hihg water (HW) mark on Barrow Island, and positively increase as the Pipeline traverses offshore. Negative KPs are used for pipelines on Barrow Island. The exception to this is the CO2 Pipeline which does not have a shore crossing, and therefore, the KP 0.00 is at the isolation valve at the Plant. For the Dom Gas Pipeline, the KP0.00 is defined as a point 2m above the HW mark on Barrow Island, and the KPs increase positively towards the mainland, and onto CS1.

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5.1.1

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Export Flowline

As the pipeline’s identity suggests, this is the export flow line from the subsea wells and manifolds to the on-shore plant facilities located on the east side of Barrow Island. The flow line consists of two lines, each of an internal diameter of 697 mm, and an outlet pressure of 77 bara. There are two route options for the flow line, i.e.: •

•

Flacourt Bay; and North White’s Beach.

The submerged Export Flowline will be designed and constructed in accordance with international standards and the onshore section will be above ground with the line supported on purpose built supports. The Export Flowline is a gas gathering system that is used for the transport of production fluids and gases from the well heads and manifolds to the onshore plant facilities on Barrow Island. Option A – Flacourt Bay

A 66km submerged line from the field subsea manifold to Barrow Island with shore crossing at Flacourt Bay. From Flacourt Bay, Export Flowline will traverse in a easterly direction across Barrow Island towards the plant facilities for a distance of 9.2km. At KP13.5, the Export Flowline will cross the existing East Spar pipeline. The onshore route will be selected to minimise environmental impact by following an existing road where feasible. It includes seven road crossings at KP -2, -3.7, -4, -4.9, -5.7, -6 and –6.3. It is proposed that the Export Flowline will be buried and protected at the seven road crossings. There are five locations where the Export Flowline crosses ephemeral water crossings at KP -1, -3, -4.2, -5.3 and -6.9. These ephemeral waterways are dependant on large quantities of rainfall, is typical of extreme cyclones. The route passes 6 existing wells that are within 100 m of the Export Flowline route, and are located at KP -3.1, -4, -4.9, -5.3, -5.7 & -6.4. The route includes the following crossings, all of which are constructed above ground. It is proposed that the Export Flowline will be protected at these crossings. •

•

•

5 crossings of existing flowlines at KP -3.6, -3.9, -4.6, -6.3, and -6.5; 3 crude pipeline crossings at KP-5.9 and -6.6 (known on site as Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) highways) and -8.5 for the Shipping Line; and 2 crossings of the 1000 volt (v) also known as 1 Kilovolt (Kv)) cable at KP -5.8 and 6.9.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

5.1.1.1 Option B – North White’s Beach

From North White’s Beach, the Export Flowline will initially traverse in a easterly direction across Barrow Island towards the carbon dioxide re-injection pipeline; will traverse in a southerly direction parallel with the carbon dioxide re-injection pipeline until it is west of the plant facilities; and then traverse in a easterly direction to the plant facilities, again parallel with the carbon dioxide re-injection pipeline. The onshore section is approximately 12.80 km in length. The route from North White’s Beach will be selected to minimise environmental impact by following an existing road where feasible. This route is parallel with the CO2. Reinjection Pipeline. It includes eight road crossings at KP -0.6, -0.9, -5.1, -6.3, -8.5, -9.1, -10.4 and 10.9. It is proposed that the Export Flowline will be buried and protected at the eight crossings. There are nine locations where the Export Flowline crosses ephemeral water crossings at KP-2.5, -4.5, -5.2, -6.2, -7.3, -8.3, -8.7, -9.2, and –12.5 These ephemeral waterways are dependant on large quantities of rainfall, is typical of extreme cyclones. The route passes 3 existing wells that are within 135 m of the Export Flowline route; 2 are located at KP –0.9 and the other at KP-10.4 The route includes the following crossings, all of which are constructed above ground. It is proposed that the Export Flowline will be protected at these crossings. •

4 crossings of existing flowlines at KP –0.8, -10.2, -10.3, and –10.8;

•

•

5.1.2

1 crude pipeline crossing at KP-12.2 for the Shipping Line; and 2 crossings of the 1Kv cable at KP –10.1 and –10.5.

LNG Export Pipeline

There are two options being considered for the transfer of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from the plant to ship: the Jetty Option and Submerged Cryogenic Pipeline Option. Ship loading will occur approximately every three days, with the day either side of loading being scheduled for ship berthing and other ship activities. 5.1.2.1 Jetty Option

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the plant will be transported via a 915 mm diameter pipeline to the LNG ship loading jetty operating at 1.5 bara. The approximate length of this pipeline is 1 km for the onshore section, and 4.2 km for the pipeline running along the jetty. The onshore route for and bothvehicle options is located crossings of waterways access routes.within the plant area and there are no 5.1.2.2 Submerged Cryogenic Pipeline Option

This option consists of 2 x 609 mm internal diameter pipelines operating at 16bara. The route incorporates a 1 km onshore section, and an 8 km offshore pipeline loop. (i.e. 2 x 8 km)

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5.1.3

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Condensate Export Pipeline

Condensate recovered from the production wells will beloaded onto ships for export. The loading will be effected by a pipeline that is 508 mm internal diameter and operating at 19 bara. This pipeline will traverse from the plant to the existing Barrow Island Oil Pipeline for product transfer to ship loading. The new 1.45 km pipeline will be constructed from the storage tank to the load out pump used for current operations. This will connect to the 9.8 km pipeline with 300,000 bbls shipments of condensate scheduled 1 per month with ship loading requiring 24 hours. The 1.45 km pipeline route between the storage site tank and load out pump is located as follows: •

•

Within the plant area the pipeline traverses northerly for 300 m from the storage tank and then for 400 m in a easterly directions; and From the plant area, the pipeline will traverse 750 m in a north easterly direction towards the existing load out pumps, and will be located within a designated plant area in a pipeline corridor.

Both sections do not cross any vehicle access routes and waterways. 5.1.4

Carbon Dioxide Re-injection Pipeline

Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the field stripped at the plant will be piped and reinjected into the Dupuy saline reservoir which is located at the north end of Barrow Island. This pipeline will have an operation pressure of 300 bara, and 305 mm internal diameter. The pipeline route of 19 km has been selected to minimise the impact to the environment and for much of the route, the pipeline follows existing vehicle access ways. The pipeline crosses fourteen ephemeral water crossings at KP 0.6, 0.9, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1, 3.9, 5.9, 6.6, 7.6, 8.7, 9.7, 10.1, 10.6, and 13.9. These ephemeral waterways are dependant on large quantities of rainfall that is typical of extreme cyclones. The pipeline route includes eleven road crossings at KP1.0, 2.7, 3.2, 6.1, 6.4, 10.6, 11.8, 14, 14.6, 15.9, and 16.4. It is proposed that the pipeline will be buried and protected at these crossings. The route passes 3 existing wells that are within 100 m of the Export Flowline route, and are located at KP 0, 4.4, and 12. The route includes the following crossings, all of which are constructed above ground. It is proposed that the Export Flowline will be protected at these crossings. •

•

•

4 crossings of existing flowlines at KP 6.3, -15.7, 15.8, and 16.3; 1 crude pipeline crossing at KP17.7 for the Shipping Line; and 2 crossings of the 1000 volt (v) cable at KP 15.6 and 16.

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5.1.5

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Dom Gas Export Pipeline

The Dom Gas will be supplied to the Western Australian mainland via a 430 mm internal diameter pipeline. It is envisaged this pipeline will connect to the existing Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline at CS1. The outlet pressure of the pipeline will be 65 bara, and consists of 3 sections: •

Barrow Island onshore section where the pipe will run from the Dom Gas Plant for 1.11 km to the shore crossing. This pipeline will be within the plant boundary and there are no crossings with vehicle access routes and waterways;

•

•

A 61.32 km submarine pipeline between Barrow Island and the mainland; and A 29.64 km buried pipeline from the mainland shore crossing to CS1. The shore crossing is approx 150 km south west of Karratha and this route will follow the existing gas pipeline operated by Apache Energy, with a 30 m separation distance being established between the two pipelines. This route incorporates the crossing of: 

a wet land area between KP 61.32 and 72.0 that is typical of the North Western Australian mainland consisting of tidal flats and mangroves;



ephemeral water crossing at KP 76.12 ;



3 minor road crossings at KP 76.2, 77.76 and 84.77;



an ephemeral water lake is passed between KP 85.15 and 85.34 (note that this



2 crossings of Seismic Survey Information Lines at KP 73.22 and 74.92.

is not crossed by the pipeline); and

5.2

Description

5.2.1

Processing Facilities Overview

The facility would separate gas and condensate (light oil) received from the gas fields. After separation from the gas, the condensate will be stabilised prior to shipping to market. The gas component of the stream will then be treated to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), trace amounts of mercury (Hg) and water vapour. At this point the gas can be either liquefied for export as LNG, compressed and exported as domestic gas (once the domestic gas export pipeline is installed) or utilised as feed gas for other gas processing facilities. An illustration of the process is provided in Figure 5.1.

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Figure 5-1

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Plant Process Summary

The configuration of the onshore plant in terms of major equipment is summarised in Table 5.1. The following sections providean overview of the proposed plant. Table 5-1 Plant Configuration Summary Area

Train Configuration

Comments

Inlet Separator

1 x 100%

1 x 100% handles Gorgon feed for LNG and Dom Gas production.

Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)

2 x 50%

Size limited by proven amine licensor experience. Each Gorgon absorber handles half of the combined LNG /Dom Gas production.

Liquefaction trains

2 x 50%

5 MTPA each. Includes Dehydration and Hg removal.

LNG Storage Tanks

2 x 50%

135,000 m per tank.

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5.2.2

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Gas Reception and Liquid Stabilisation

Raw production is received from the Export Flowline by 1 x 100% Inlet Separator approximately 74 barg. There is one separator for each of the 2 Export Flowlines. The overhead vapour from the separator is sent to the Feed Gas Separator; a Knockout drum which protects downstream units from liquid and solids carry-over. Inlet Separator liquids pass to the three phase Stabilisers Feed Separator (6.5 m ID x 32.7 m long) at 25 barg where the aqueous water/MEG phase is separated and sent to MEG recovery. The MEG 3 regeneration and reclamation package is designed for 120 m of rich MEG (40% MEG by wt.) and produces lean MEG (80% by wt.) for reuse. MEG is used in upstream operations to assist in the control of hydrates formation. The hydrocarbon stream from the three phase Stabiliser Feed Separator is sent to the Stabiliser process. Stabilised condensate (RVP:11 psia at 100 F) is sent to condensate storage. 5.2.3

Acid Gas Removal

Wet gas at 70 barg is passed to 2 x 50% AGRU trains for CO 2 and H2S removal via the aMDEA process. Each AGRU train contains anamine absorber column (5.5 mID x 25 m T/T), flash drum (6.1 m ID x 14 m T/T), amine regenerator column (6.8 m ID x 25 T/T) and four shell and tube reboilers. The reboiler duty is 144 MW per train, or 432 MW for the total which represents approximately 80% of the heating medium load for the plant. All of the AGRU sweetened gas is recombined before being split again to feed the 2 x 4.88 MTPA LNG trains. 5.2.4

CO2 Reinjection

The wet CO2 from the AGRU trains is compressed to 45 barg, dehydrated by TEG, further compressed to approximately 135 barg, cooled, then compressed supercritically to 300 barg and exported to the reinjection wells. This unit comprises of 2 x 50% compression/dehydration trains and a single 100% accumulator/supercritical liquid pump set. Each 37 MW compressor operates on a single shaft, has four stages and a fixed speed electric motor driver. The interstage pressures, export pressure and pipeline size are to be optimised during FEED. The CO2 will be reinjected down several wells in the Dupuy reservoir. The wells are to be located in the north of Barrow Island, approximately 15 km from the LNG Plant. 5.2.5

Dehydration and Mercury Removal

Prior to entering the liquefaction trains, the process gas is dried by 3 x 50% mole sieve vessels (each, 4m ID x 5.5 m T/T). Regeneration of the mole sieve beds is a batch process. Typically, two of the vessels are in service while the 3 rd vessel is being 0 regenerated. The mole sieve material is regenerated at approximately 55 barg and 290 C by heated dry gas from downstream of the mercury removal beds. Regeneration gas is heated by waste heat from the refrigerant compressor gas turbine drivers. The spent regeneration gas is recompressed and recycled to the onshore plant inlet feed stream. The dry gas is passed through 2 x 50% mercury absorbers (3.5 m ID x 4.2 m T/T) to remove mercury.

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5.2.6

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Liquefaction

Each 5 MTPA liquefaction train is based on “Split C3MR APCI technology (See Figure 5.1 of the APCI train configuration). The design is based on achieving the desired cooling and liquefaction of natural gas with two refrigerant circuits, propane and mixed refrigerant. The summary is as follows: •

•

•

•

•

•

The feed gas from the mercury absorbers is cooled by the propane refrigerant to minus 34oC and passed to the scrubber column (4.3m ID x 20m T/T) at approximately 67 barg. Recovered liquids from the scrub column are sent to fractionation. 0 Overhead gas from the scrub column is further cooled to minus 148 C and partially condensed in the Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger (MCHE) (4.6m ID x 54m high).

3 mol% nitrogen in the LNG is removed in the nitrogen endflash column (4.3 ID x 15m T/T) Final condensation and chilling is achieved by the liquids expander and nitrogen o endflash. LNG leaves the bottom of the nitrogen column at minus 158 C and 1.3 barg. Rundown pumps repressurize the stream to 6.3 barg to move the LNG to the storage tanks. Endflash gas is recompressed and used for HP fuel gas.

Figure 5-2

APCI 5 MTPA Refrigeration Cycle

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Pre-cooling duty and cooling of mixed refrigerant is provided by the propane circuit which consists of a 4 stage, single casing compressor and 10 propane kettles operating at 2 to 17.6 barg and down to -36 oC. The propane refrigerant compressor flowrate is 2.1 million kg/hr of propane. Major equipment in the propane circuit includes the propane condender (aircooler, 173 MW, 15.5 m x 203 m long) and LLP Propane suction drum (7.4 m ID x 9.8 m T/T). The Mixed Refrigerant (MR) circuit is a 3-casing compressor, LP, MP and HP, over cover 5 to 65 barg and down to -160 oC. 1.2 million kg/hr of MR is circulate through the compressors and the MCHE. Major equipment includes the MP MR suction drum (7.8 m ID x 9.8 m T/T). The LP MR suction drum (6.5 ID x 8.7 m T/T) has been sized with vane pack internals. Without internals the calculated diameter required exceeds current manufacturing limits of 8 m (24ft). The MR and propance compressor drivers in each train will be Frame 7 gas turbines configured as follows (refer to Figure 5.2). All LPGs extracted by fractionation will be injected back into the condensate except as required to supply make-up refrigerant. Due to the low LPG content of inlet gas it is not economically attractive to store and sell LPGs separately. LPG fractionation includes a deethaniser, depropaniser and debutaniser columns. 5.2.7

Product Storage and Loading

LNG storage consists of 2 x 135,000 m3 tanks with double containment design. Each tank 3 contains 4 submerged loading pumps and the design loading rate is 10,000 m /h. Storage tank boil off gas will be compressed and sent to HP fuel gas. Boil off gas from loading operations will be separately compressed and recombined with dry feed from Mercury removal. Loading will be via two loading arms. Condensate will be stored in 2 x 35,000 m3 floating roof tanks. 2 x 50% loading pumps have been assumed. Pumps will tie into existing oilfield loadout subsea pipelines. 5.2.8

Domestic Gas

Domestic gas (Dom Gas) facilities are incorporated into the plant design based on 300TJ/d derived from Gorgon feed gas. The Dom Gas processing facilities are integrated with LNG gas through the AGRUs. At this point, a stream of sweetened gas is sent to stand alone facilities including: •

Dehydration

•

Dew Point Control

•

Export Compression.

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6.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

ASSUMPTIONS The following is a list of the assumptions made in undertaking this risk assessment, together. 1.

The LNG Plant is designed to operate an average of 336 days per year, with the other days being for shutdowns and maintenance. It is assumed that the Dom Gas plant will have a similar operating philosophy. However, it is unlikely that both LNG trains and/or the Dom Gas plant will be shutdown simultaneously. Therefore a conservative approach is adopted where it is assumed the plant will operate continually throughout the year.

2.

In undertaking the AS2885 risk assessment, it is assumed that internal corrosion is not a valid threat for the LNG and Dom Gas pipelines as water moisture is removed in the plant by the Mole Sieves and therefore the gas is considered to be dry. Internal corrosion for the Condensate Export Line is not considered in the AS2885 risk assessment as the pipeline contents do not include water (i.e. condensate only).

3.

Although it is recognised that additional safety mechanisms are likely to be included in the plants’ design, they have not been incorporated into this risk assessment as the details of such options are not available at the time of this study.

4.

A risk assessment, probably in the form of a Hazard Identification Study, will be undertaken for the construction of the plant and pipelines. It is assumed that this construction risk assessment will cover all the hazards to the environment, the plant and other infrastructure such as roads, and other pipelines. Therefore these hazards are not included in this risk assessment.

5.

It is assumed that the plant will be provided with a system whereby any losses of containment of gas and liquid hydrocarbons and other hazardous materials such as CO2 and H2S will be detected. The detection system will activate mechanisms that will place the section of plant and/or the entire plant if warranted, in a safe condition (e.g. vent to flare) and isolate inventory so as to minimise the level of risk. It is assumed that detection and isolation within the plant will require up to 15 minutes for the inventory to be isolated by high integrity devices such as Emergency Shutdown Valves. It is also assumed that the inventory for a failure case will be the maximum inventory.

6.

Given that the ship loading of LNG and Condensate will take place at a considerable distance from the shore line (i.e. the shortest distance is for the LNG Export Pipeline via the Jetty Option that has the ship loading approximately 4.2km from the shoreline), then it is assumed that the risks from these activities will not influence the onshore risk levels due to the plant. This risk level will not be determined.

7.

The operation the on 3 Mole in the Dehydrationand and Mercury Removal circuit isin assumed to beofone line, Sieves one being regenerated, one on standby. Therefore determining the frequency of failure cases, it is assumed that 2 Mole Sieves are in operation mode (i.e. at operating pressure and temperature) and one is on standby. This is a conservative assumption that is in line with good practice.

8.

The size and operating conditions for equipment in the Dom Gas circuit is assumed to be the same as that in the LNG trains. This assumption is made in lieu of plant specific data being available at the time of this study.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

9.

There will be 338.1 operating days per year for the LNG and Dom Gas Plants. Therefore, the CO2 pipeline will not be required to operate at full capacity for 365 days per year. It is unlikely that both plants will be shut down simultaneously, and therefore, the CO2 pipeline will be required for a reduced duty. A conservative approach is taken in this risk assessment for the duty of the CO 2 pipeline is that it will be assumed and assessed at full duty of 365 days per year.

10.

In the immediate vicinity of the mainland shore crossing for the Dom Gas Export Pipeline, it is assumed that an isolation valve will be provided.

11.

Where pipelines enter and/or exit the plant area, an isolation valve will be provided to isolate the pipeline.

12.

The onshore sections of LNG Export Pipelines, Condensate Pipelines and the Dom Gas Pipe (i.e. Barrow Island) are assumed to be located within the on shore gas plant area.

13.

Regular visual inspections of the above ground sections of the on-shore pipelines will be undertaken.

14.

Although both the condensate export and LNG export pipelines (both options for the latter) are scheduled to operate monthly and every 3 days respectively, it is assumed that continuous operation will occur. This conservative approach accommodates the potential scenario when the pipeline is rested with product, albeit at a lower pressure

15.

The Dom Gas pipeline located on the mainland will be buried with a minimum depth of cover of 1200mm.

16.

The time to affect the closure of isolation valve for all pipelines in this study will be dependant on their location. For those pipeline sections with the plant and operating areas including the jetty, it is expected that detection and closure for leaks will be effected within 120 seconds. For other valve locations, such as shore crossing isolation valves, the time interval will vary. A conservative approach is adopted for modelling a loss of containment, in that all releases will be modelled as a continuous leak instead of a decaying leak.

17.

The end of the existing runway for Barrow Island Airport is between 7.1 and 8.5 km from the proposed Gorgon Development. The northern extension of the runway centreline is aligned with the proposed LNG Process Plant and there is a potential for aircraft to over-fly the Plant and flare area. The operation of the flare is noncontinuous. There exists the possibility of an aircraft on the flight path overflying the flare simultaneously as the activation of the flare. Further, there is the risk to aircraft due to tall structures. Both of these hazards could result in damage to the aircraft and a possible impact with ground and/or the on-shore plant. Given the low frequency of scheduled flights (i.e. a maximum of 2 flights per day or 14 flights per week at peak), it is considered that the contribution to the overall level of risk from/to aircraft approaching or taking off from the BWI airfield during construction, is negligible. Once operation commences thenumber of flights will diminish to a very low frequency, until or unless further construction is planned. However, this potential risk will be incorporated into the Safety Case risk assessment that will be undertaken during the detailed design phase of the project. All risks will be revisited during detailed design to validate srcinal assumptions, to obtain Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) approval to implement aerodrome design changes or to publish safety notifications.

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18.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Barrow Island is located in an area whose weather patterns include cyclones. The hazards to facilities due to cyclones are acknowledged and as such, engineering design incorporates a number of safeguards and as such these hazards are not considered further. CASA has established regulations for the safety of aircraft movements, some of which pertain to the flight path of aircraft in the vicinity of aerodromes. In particular, CASA advisory circular AC 139-05(0) (Reference 20) provides guidelines for conducting Plume Rise Assessments, and draft advisory circular AC130-08(0) (Reference 21) provides guidelines for Reporting Tall Structures The need to assess potential hazards to aviation where tall obstructions and gas efflux may cause damage to airframes and/or affect the handling characteristics of an aircraft in flight will be addressed in compliance with CASA requirements. A detailed plume analysis will be undertaken to determine the risk to aircraft. Should CASA consider that safety is compromised, risk will be mitigated by any one of a number of methods including deviation of the approach path, re-alignment of the runway or possibly relocation of the flare. Therefore, this hazard will not be considered further in this study.

7.

HAZARD ID

7.1

Material Hazard Identification

7.1.1

LNG

Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, with some ethane and minor quantities of other light hydrocarbons and CO2. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), when released to the atmosphere, condenses moisture from the air and thus appears as a white cloud or fog, at the point of discharge. A litre of liquid methane will vapourise at an expansion ratio of about 600 to 1 at standard temperature and pressure (STP) atmospheric pressure. Natural gas is lighter than air and may travel long distances to a point of ignition and flash back. Natural gas is largely composed of methane, with the balance being mainly higher alkanes and inerts such as carbon dioxide. In terms of this analysis the properties of methane are assumed to represent the natural gas. Methane is a colourless and odourless gas. It is not toxic but is flammable and may form mixtures with air that are flammable or explosive. Methane is violently reactive with oxidisers, halogens, and some halogen compounds. The combustion products of methane and air are water and carbon dioxide. Under some conditions, carbon monoxide may also be produced. Methane is an at asphyxiant and may or displace oxygen in a form workplace atmosphere. The concentrations which flammable explosive mixtures are much lower than the concentration at which asphyxiation risk is significant. The principal hazard associated with a release of methane to the atmosphere from pipelines or vessels is the potential for fire and explosion if ignited. The molcular weight of methane is 16.04, its boiling point is -161.5°C, its auto ignition temperature is 537°C, and the flammable limits in air are 5.3% - 15%.

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7.1.2

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Dom Gas

Dom Gas is the natural gas that is used in the domestic market. It is primarily composed of methane, with some ethane and minor qualities of other light hydrocarbons and CO 2. Dom Gas is compressed and transported via a pipeline. Natural gas is lighter than air and is flammable. 7.1.3

Condensate

This a volatile liquid the consisting heavier hydrocarbon that condense out of theisgas as it leaves well. It isofathe mixture of pentanes and fractions higher hydrocarbons and is flammable. Condensate is a light crude oil which condenses from natural gas with temperature and pressure changes. Condensate is primarily used in oil refineries as it is rich in gasoline (naptha), diesel and kerosene (middle distillate). 7.1.4

Export Flowline Contents

The contents of the Export Flowline will be the production fluids and gases from the production wells. This includes water, sand, CO2, gases which are primarily methane and ethane with minor quantities of other light hydrocarbons, and condensate. The material is flammable. 7.1.5

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an inert gas that is widely used in the chemical, food and beverage, petrochemical and metal industries. CO 2 is normally present in the air at a concentration of 340ppm by volume. Where the quantity of CO 2 dilutes the oxygen concentration below the level that can support life, then CO 2 can act as an asphyxiant. Concentration in the order of 10% can cause respiratory paralysis. The CO2 facilities are located on Barrow Island in the open air with little, if any, obstructions to natural ventilation. Therefore it is unlikely that a release of CO2 from the worst case scenario of catastrophic failure of the facilities would displace the oxygen content within the air to a degree where asphyxiation would occur without alarms and visual effects being obvious to personnel. Therefore this hazard will not be considered further.

7.2

Frequency Analysis One approach to establish the likelihood of a hazardous event occurring is to review generic data that is published in the public domain in various data bases. One such data base is the E & P Forum as reported by CMPT (Reference 9); that frequencies for leaks from process equipment based largely on UK offshore experience but combined with onshore data where necessary. Therefore it is appropriate for this study to determine applicable frequencies. In determining the failure case for this study, the focus is on major plant equipment that is identified at this stage of the Gorgon Development i.e. slug catchers, feed separators, Absorber Columns, flash drums, reboilers, compressors, scrubber columns, heat exchangers, tanks, etc. The failure cases where by offsite risk will be incurred is expected to srcinate from significant leaks (i.e. not pinhole type leaks). Therefore two hole sizes of 50 mm and 150 mm have been selected as representatives of holes between 10 mm and 80 mm, and greater than 80 mm including rupture, respectively. These hole sizes are appropriate, and can be viewed as conservative in terms of effects of a Loss of Containment (LOC), given the size of plant equipment.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

The leak frequencies and the hole distribution as reported by CMPT (Reference 9) were used to develop the generic failure case frequencies. The material involved in any LOC has been taken to be the dominant material for that section of plant. The selection of materials has adopted a conservative approach in that the material that has the potential to incur the worst-case effects has been selected. For example, the separator will contain a mixture of gases primarily methane, ethane and minor quantities of other light hydrocarbons, condensate, water, sand, some CO 2 and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). It is expected that 80% to 90% of the material will be gaspredominantly methane. Methane, in terms of off site effects has the potential to cause personal injury. Therefore, for the failure case of the slugcatchers, methane is the selected material to be modelled. A similar process was applied to the other failure cases, which provides for a conservative model. Although it is practicable for the failure cases to be dependant on the major equipment items, other smaller plant items such as pipework, pumps, valves, fittings etc; together with their contribution to offsite risk are excluded. To address this issue, and to ensure that a true representation of the level of offsite risk is determined, a conservative approach of increasing all failure case frequencies by a factor of 5 was undertaken. One failure case scenario that is applicable to gas storage (ie propane and ethane) is a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). Work undertaken by Sooby & Tolchard (Reference 12) considered a vessel population of the exposure of an estimated 2,113,000 vessel years up to 1998 and determined the frequency of a BLEVE to be 5 x 10-7 per vessel year. Given that a BLEVE involves the ancillary pipework and fittings in the incident and the determination of the frequency, then the frequency will not be ammended by a factor of 5. With regards to pipelines the E & P Forum QRA Data Directory (Reference 19) and its reference studies for onshore gas and oil pipelines in Western Europe for the periods 1970-92 and 1984-88 respectively provides generic data. The likelihood of a LOC is expressed in terms of per kilometer year (/kmy) and the E & P Forum data provides the -4 total leak frequency from all causes as 0.58 x 10 /kmy for both gas and oil pipelines. The E&P Forum also reports data for onshore pipelines within the US as compiled by the US Department of Transport. The failure rates for allcauses for the US Pipelines is 5.52 x 10-4 /kmy, however this does not differentiate between gas and oil pipelines. The E & P Forum data does not differentiate between pipeline sizes such as the PARLOC data (Reference 11) which report offshore pipeline incidents and indicates pipeline leak frequencies in the order of 10 -5 and 10-6 kmy. For this study, a conservative approach, was used given the early stage of this Gorgon Development, and the number of unknown parameters such as corrosion, sand content of production fluids, etc; the most conservative data is adopted (5.52 x 10 -4 /kmy). PARLOC does provide guidance for various hole sizes distribution for different pipe sizes, and is the only publically available reference that does. However the population for this data is relatively small with only 6 recorded LOCs for the size pipes used in the Gorgon Development. This is likely to be due to the comparative recent introduction of large diameter pipe that have included inherent safety within their design. Although PARLOC is foccussed on submarine pipelines, which by their location are remote, the Gorgon Development pipelines are equally remote. Therefore this data will be used to determine the distribution of hole sizes.. The hole distribution reflects small, medium and large holes with the latter including total pipeline rupture. J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.doc Page 28 of 45

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Table 8.1 provides the details of the failure cases, the materials and operating conditions to be modelled, and the frequency used in the risk assessment.

7.3

Ignition Probabilities There are a number of potential sources of ignition including: •

welding, cutting, grinding;

•

engines and exhausts;

•

•

hot surfaces other than engines and exhausts; electrical, including lights, instrumentation, switch gear motors, mobile phones, radios;

•

static;

•

lightning strikes;

•

flames, e.g. fuel fired equipment, matches, cigarette lighters, bushfires;

•

arson.

•

drilling, and

•

blasting

Most potential ignition sources are controlled by engineering and management procedures. Therefore, in a plant area, the probability of ignition as provided by CMPT (Reference 9) are relevant and are provided in Table 7.1. For this study, medium size release as per the failure cases are equivalent to the Minor and Major Release Rate Categories, and large release are equivalent to Massive Release Rate Category. Table 7-1

Ignition Probabilities

Release Rate Category

Release Rate (kg/s)

Gas Leak

Oil Leak

Minor

50

0.3

0.08

Massive

In developing failure cases, another aspect to be considered is delayed ignition which could be caused by: •

•

The drifting of a gas cloud towards and ignition source. In the Longford Incident, it took the gas cloud 30-60 seconds to reach an ignition source (Reference 11). Intermittent ignition sources whereas ignition is most likely from a constant source.

•

Delayed ignition can be cased by an introduced ignition source.

•

The change in gas concentration towards the gases flammable limits.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

CMPT Report (Reference 9) that process leak experience as documented by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) suggests that most events that ignited did so immediately. However this is in conflict with offshore ignition delay probabilities (as provided by CMPT (Reference 9) which are recognised by CMPT as being judgemental. CMPT (Reference 9) also records that other studies have resolved ignition delay probabilities by means of simple judgements with Technica assuming 50% of ignited events were delayed by approximately 5 minutes or more, but this conclusion was applicable for offshore facilities. Given the standing of the UK HSE and its findings in relation to process leaks, this study will use 90% of ignited events being immediate and 10% being delayed by up to 5 minutes. With regards to onshore pipelines, the work done by Lees (Reference 12) provides ignition probabilities for massive LPG release and flammable liquids. The reference of LPG is used as the most applicable data for the pipeline gases, LNG and Dom Gas that is available in the public domain. Table 7.2 includes the identification of the pipelines for which these ignition probabilities apply. The LPG data is applied to the LNG pipelines the Export Flowline and the Condensate Export Pipeline as this is most applicable to the materials in these pipelines given that the material is cold and in the event of a LOC would run along the ground. Table 7-2

Probability of Ignition

MATERIAL Massive LPG Release

PROBABILITY OF IGNITION

APPLICABLE PIPELINES

0.1

LNG Export Pipeline – both Jetty and Cryogenic options Dom Gas Pipeline for 1.11 km section on Barrow Island Export Flowline on Barrow Island and within 1km of an operating well

Flammable liquid with 0 flashpoint below 110 F

0.01

Condensate Export Pipeline

For the Export Flowline on Barrow Island, and the Dom Gas Pipeline on the mainland, there is limited infrastructure in the immediate area and activities are limited to a few road vehicles movement per day, resulting in less likelihood of ignition sources to be present. The probability of ignition is reduced by one order of magnitude to reflect these site conditions, and left unchanged where the Export Flowline on Barrow Island, where it passes existing wells and crosses the 1Kv power cables, the ignition probability is not reduced to reflect the increased likelihood of an ignition source being present.

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7.4

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

AS 2885 Risk Assessment The analysis will be undertaken as per AS2885 Risk Assessment methodology and QRA Methodology, the details of which are provided in Section 3.2.1. This section reports the analysis for each methodology. This methodology applies to the hydrocarbons pipelines, i.e.: •

Export Flowline;

•

7.4.1

•

LNG Export Pipeline; Condensate Export Pipeline; and

•

Dom Gas Pipeline.

Location Analysis

The proposed routes for the four pipelines traverse the broad rural land use class. This is typified by location in underdeveloped areas on broadly farmed areas that are sparsely populated where the average allotment is typically greater than 5 hectares. Barrow Island is a Class A Reserve, and populated areas are controlled and limited to CVX personnel. The areas on the mainland where the route for the Dom Gas Pipeline is proposed is sparsely populated and rural in development. For the onshore areas where a pipeline route is proposed, there are no sensitive developments such as schools, hospitals and aged and child centres. Where the pipelines are submarine, there could be fishing activities undertaken – predominantly recreational. Therefore, a land use of R1 which is used for broad rural land use, is applicable. For each pipeline, a Location Analysis is provided in:

7.4.2

•

Appendix A – Export Flowline;

•

Appendix B – LNG Export Pipeline;

•

Appendix C – Condensate Pipeline; and

•

Appendix D – Dom Gas Pipeline.

Threat Analysis

For the four pipelines, the common threats are: •

Seismic event;

•

Internal Corrosion;

•

•

Overpressure; Design defects;

•

Material defects; and

•

Construction defects.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

Other threats that are location specific (e.g. road crossings) are included in the Threat Analysis Tables. The Threat Analysis undertaken for each pipeline (see Appendix 1 to 4) includes details on the controls that will be applied to each pipeline to address each of the threats. These controls are a combination of physical and procedural controls that will be implemented during design, construction and operation of each pipeline. Given the location class of R1 for all four pipelines, at least one physical and two procedural controls are required for each threat. For each of the four pipelines, the number of physical and procedural controls that are incorporated into the pipelines design, construction and operation, comply or exceed the controls criteria required by AS 2885. Therefore, further analysis as per AS2885 is not warranted.

8.

CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS

8.1

Effects Modelled Consequence analysis was undertaken using the TNO Quantitative Risk Assessment program “Riskcurves”. Potential consequences associated with high pressure gases (methane), LNG and condensate include: •

•

jet fires;

•

pool fires; vapour cloud explosions;

•

flash fires; and

•

BLEVEs.

Jet fires tend to have relatively small areas of impact. Pool fires are where the liquid (i.e. condensate) forms a pool in the immediate vicinity of the LOC. These are modelled as unconfined circular pool. Given the topography ofthe plant, the condensate would flow as per the local gradient and streams would be more likely to form. Ignition of a stream of flammable materials would flow backto the source of the LOC. Vapour cloud explosions may result in overpressure effects that become more significant as the degree of confinement increases. Flash fires result from the release of flammable gas and formation of a vapour cloud, and possibly from a pool of flammable liquid. Flash fires have the potential for offsite impact as the vapour clouds can travel downwind of the source. However, these tend to be instantaneous in terms of effects and in terms of fan field effects, are considered not to incur fatalities given the high probability for dispersion by weather conditions. Therefore, flash fires are not considered further. Instead pool and jet fires are modelled. A BLEVE can occur when the vessel wall surrounding the vapour space is subject to extreme heat radiation, normally as a result of a jet fire. BLEVE failure cases are modelled for the ethane and propane storages. A BLEVE is not considered to be a credible scenario for any of the pipelines as there is no storage above the pipeline routes.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK SOLUTIONS

For the materials that are processed by this plant there is potential for a combination of effects to occur; for example, a LOC of condensate can result in either a pool or jet fire. A jet fire’s effect are limited to the immediate area of the jet fire, whereas the effects are greater with a large diameter pool fire as would be expected to occur given the operating conditions of this equipment. Therefore, a pool fire is modelled for failure cases of condensate. For most of the plant, the material that is being processed is methane. At each stage of the process, the concentration of methane increases from the slug catchers. A conservative approach is adapted in that all failure cases are modelled as 100% methane. In terms of off-site effects, jet fires from LOCs are modelled as the worst case as other effects such as vapour cloud explosions for methane are highly unlikely. Similarly, with regards to the failure cases with propane and ethane as the material, the jet fire effects are modelled although there is an increased likelihood of vapour cloud explosions. However these are considered to have minimal effect on the off-site risk levels given the small inventories and the plant layout not being congested. Table 8.1 summarises the failure cases, together with their frequency and the effects to be modelled.

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S N O I T U L O S K S I R L A T N E M N O R I V N E

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c o .d 4 0 0 .2 v o .N 4 A .v e .R S R E .t n e m ss e ss A ski R lic b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

8.2

Modelling The QRA modelling was undertaken using “TNO’s Effects 4” and “Riskcurves” packages. The TNO tools are internationally recognised by industry and government authorities, including WA’s Department of Industry and Resources.

9.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSIONS There have been two methodologies used in undertaking the pipelines risk assessment; AS2885 and QRA. The AS2885 risk assessment was undertaken for: •

Export Flowline – both Flacourt Bay and North White’s Beach route options:

•

LNG Export Pipeline for both the Jetty and Cryogenic options;

•

Condensate Export Pipeline; and

•

Dom Gas Pipeline.

The level of risk for the above was determined to be acceptable given the surrounding land use and the number of physical and procedural controls incorporated into the pipeline’s design, construction and operation complying or exceeding the controls criteria as provided by AS2885 (Reference 15). The CO2 Reinjection Pipeline will be located above ground on Barrow Island in the open air with little, if any, obstructions to natural ventilation. A release of CO2 from the worst case scenario of catastrophic failure of the pipeline would not displace the oxygen content within the air to a degree where asphyxiation would occur. Therefore this hazard was not considered further. The QRA methodology was applied to all hydrocarbon pipelines with individual risk transects for each pipeline provided in Figures 9.1 to 9.4.

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9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

Figure 9-1

Export Flowline Risk Transect

1.00E-05

) m u n a / 1.00E-06 y t li a t fa ( k s ir f o l e v le l 1.00E-07 a u d i iv d n I

1.00E-08 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Distance from pipe line (m)

The level of individual risk is approximately 4 x 10 -6 pa at the centreline for the Export Flowline and decreases to 1 x 10-6 pa over a distance of 40m either side of the Export Flowline route. The EPA’s individual fatality risk criterion (Reference 2) for residential areas is 1 x 10-6 pa. As both routes for the Export Flowline do not pass within 40m of a residential area (i.e. the construction village), then compliance is achieved. These results are indicative for both routes given that the material modelled is methane as jet fires.

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9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

Figure 9-2

LNG Export Pipeline Risk Transect

1.00E-05

) m u n a / 1.00E-06 y t li a t fa ( k s ir f o l e v le l 1.00E-07 a u d i iv d n I

1.00E-08 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Distance from pipe line (m)

-6 The level of individual risk is approximately 1 x 10 pa at the centreline for the LNG Export route and decreases to 2 x 10-7 pa over a distance of approximately 40m either side of the pipeline. This level of risk is less than the EPA individual fatality risk criteria (Reference 2) and therefore compliance is achieved. These results reflect modelling as methane for jet fires for the Jetty Option. These results are indicative for both options for planning purposes.

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9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

Figure 9-3

Condensate Pipeline Risk Transect

1.00E-05

) m u n a / 1.00E-06 y t li a t fa ( k s ir f o l e v le l 1.00E-07 a u d i iv d n I

1.00E-08 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Distance from pipe line (m)

-7 The level of individual risk is approximately 4 x 10 pa at the centreline for the -8 Condensate Export Pipeline and decreases to 1 x 10 pa over a distance of approximately 100m either side of the pipeline. This level of risk is less than the EPA individual fatality risk criteria (Reference 2) and therefore compliance is achieved. These results are indicative that the material modelled is condensate as pool fires.

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9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

Figure 9-4

Dom Gas Pipeline Risk Transect

1.00E-05

) m u n a / 1.00E-06 y itl ta a f( k s ir f o l e v e l l 1.00E-07 a u d i v i d In

1.00E-08 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Distanc e fr om pipeline (m )

-6 The level of individual risk is approximately 2 x 10 pa at the centreline for the Dom Gas Pipeline and decreases to 1 x 10-6 pa over a distance of approximately 40m either side of the pipeline. The EPA’s individual fatality risk criterion (Reference 2) for residential areas is 1 x 10-6 pa. As both routes for the Dom Gas pipeline do not pass within 40m of a residential area (i.e. the construction village), then compliance is achieved. These results are indicative given that the material modelled is methane as jet fires.

Figure 9-5 provides an illustration of the iso-risk contours for a 1 km section of the Dom Gas Pipeline. The black line in the centre represents the centreline of the pipeline and illustrates the 1 x 10-6 per year iso-risk contour is approximately 40m either side of the pipeline.

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

Figure 9-5

Dom Gas Pipeline Iso-Risk Contours

) 300 m ( e n li 200 e ip p e th 100 m o rf 0 e c n ta s i D-100 l a u c i d -200 n e p r e P -300

1.00E-06 1.00E-07 1.00E-08

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Distance along the pipeline (m)

The applicable risk criteria as published by the EPA (Reference 6) is the level of individual risk inapplicable residential residential areas of one in a on million per year is not routes. The area Barrow Island areexceeded deemedbytothebepipeline the Gorgon Development Construction Village (due to personnel being housed in this village during commissioning and plant start-up) and the existing Chevron Village, both of which are not affected by individual risk levels greater than one in a million per year due to the pipelines. The results of the risk assessment for the plant are provided in Appendix E as iso-risk contours that reflect the current stage of the plant’s design. The one in a million per year individual risk contour extends 150m outside the site’s southern boundary. This isocontour does not encroach on any residential areas such as the area that is proposed for the Village with the contour being approximately 250m from the Village. The major risk contributors being the propane and ethane storage vessel BLEVEs and jet fires from process eqipment. Therefore, compliance with the EPA Criteria for residential areas (Reference 2) is achieved.

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

10.

REFERENCES 1.

Standards Australia; “AS4360-1999 Risk Management”, Standards Australia, Homebush, Australia; 1999

2.

Environmental Protection Authority; “Guidance for Risk Assessment and Management: Off-site individual risk Hazardous Industrial Plant” ; No. 2; July 2000.

3.

Environmental Protection Authority, "Guidance for Risk Assessment and Management: Offsite Individual Risk from Hazardous Industrial Plant” , 28 July

4.

2002. Environmental Protection Authority, "Criteria for the Assessment of Risk from Industry", Bulletin 611, 1992.

5.

Environmental Protection Authority, "Criteria for the Assessment of Risk from Industry - Expanded Discussion", Bulletin 627, 1992.

6.

Environmental Protection Authority, "Risk Criteria - On-Site Risk Generation for Sensitive Developments, Modifications to Sensitive Development Criterion - OnSite Risk", Bulletin 730, 1994.

7.

NSW Department of Planning; “Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No. 6 – Guideline for Hazardous Analysis”; Sydney; June 1997.

8.

Cox, AW; Lees, F.P.; Ang, M. L.; “Classification of Hazardous Locations”; Institute of Chemical Engineers; 1996.

9.

Spouge, J; “A Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment for Offshore Installations”; CMPT Publication 99/100.

10.

Standards Australia, “AS1170.4 -1993 Minimum design loads on structures”, Standards Australia; Homebush; Australia; 1993.

11.

Dawson, D; Brooks, B J, “The Esso Longford Gas Plant Accident Report of the Longford Royal Commission”, Government Printer for the State of Victoria; June 1999.

12.

Sooby, W. & Tolchard, J.M. (1993), “Estimation of Cold Failure Frequency of LPG Tanks in Europe”, Conference on Risk & Safety Management in the Gas Industry, Hong Kong, October.

13.

Melchers, R. E. and Feutrill, W. R., “Risk Assessment for Automotive LPG Facilities, PVP-Vol. 296/SERA-Vo. 3, Risk and Safety Assessment: Where is the Balance? ”, ASME 1995.

14.

Lees, F.P; “Loss Prevention in the Process Industries”; Butterworth Heinemann; Second Edition; 1996.

15.

Standards Australia; “AS2885.1 – 1997 Pipelines - Gas and Liquid Petroleum. Part

16.

1 - Design and Construction”; Standards Australia; Homebush, Australia; 1997. Standards Australia; “SAA HB105 - 1998 Guide to pipeline risk assessment in accordance with AS2885.1”; Standards Australia; Homebush, Australia; 1998.

17.

State Law Publisher; “Petroleum Pipelines Act 1969”; Reprinted 12 May 2000.

18.

AME Ltd; “PARLOC 96 – The Update of Loss of Containment Data for Offshore Pipelines” ; Report for HSE; AME; 1998.

19.

The Oil Industry International Exploration & Production Forum; “Risk Assessment Data Directory”; Report No 11.8/250; October, 1996; London.

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

20.

Civil Aviation Safety Authority Draft Advisory Circular; “AC 139-05(0) Guidelines for Plume Rise Assessments”; October 2003.

21.

Civil Aviation Safety Authority Draft Advisory Circular; “AC 139-08(0) Reporting Tall Structures”, March 2004.

22.

ChevronTexaco Australia Pty Ltd; “Gorgon Development Basis of Design Downstream Facilities”; Document ID ASBU1-041940003 Revision 1; 23rd September 2004.

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX A

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED EXPORT FLOWLINE – FLACOURT BAY OPTION & NORTH WHITE’S BEACH

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S N O I T U L O

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c o .d 4 0 0 .v2 o .N 4 .vA e .R S R .E t n e m ss e ss A k is R icl b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K S I

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

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S R E

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n o ti c e t o r P

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s re u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

yl r a l u g re

n io s u F r e h it e f o :l g a in ics ta y o h c P A f o n o si ro /re a e w

s i s y l a n A t a e r h T

ive ss cxe E

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t n e a s in U md o n d a e r L P

v 0 0 0 1

ll a w e n il w lo F tr o p x E e l b a c r e w o p v 0 0 0 1 g tsin ix e s g n si o rc le b a c

h ig H ,) E B F ( yx o p E d e d n o B

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,) E P D H ( e n le y th e yl o P yit s n e D

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t n e m ve o m

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o t n tcio e t o r p e d vi ro p lli w

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:l a r u .t d c e a c p o r im P e th e g a m a d d l u o )cr o ch n a

e n li w lo F tr o p x E

irty g te n i e in l e ip p r la u g e R

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S

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s re u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

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ll a n o d e d lu c n i e b lli w

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h T

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t a h t n tio sla ii b a ts ith w d e d iv ro p

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n o i tc a irty g lo te e n i in l e w n il lo F :l e ip rt a r p o u r . p s d a l k xE e c u g ce e o r e h h P R c T

ll a n o d e d lu c n i e b lli w

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tsi r fo s n ig s th i w d ke r a m

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e n ri a m b u s g tin si x e n A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

t a h t n tio sla ii b a ts ith w d e d iv ro p

. d e ss ro c e b o t

f o n o is ro e r/ a e w

is e in l e p i p

ive ss ce x E

n o ti ip r c s e D l a t n e m n o ri v n E

g n i h is F

g n sis o cr e n li e ip P

t n e a s in U md o n d a e r L P

e n ri a M

e n ri a M

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s s la C

1 R

1 R

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. x o r )m p k p a (

to 0 0 . 0 . 6 0 6

to 0 .0 .0 6 0 6

e iln w lo F tr o p x E it lilm li w

ll a w e n li w lo F tr o p x E

t n e m e v o m

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e b ilw g in ss o rc e n li e ip p is h T

t n e m ve o m

o t d te c ru ts n co d n a d e n ig s e d

t.c a t n o c e t a n i m li e

:l ra u d e c o r P

ityr g te n i e in l e ip p r la u g e R

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8 1 f o 7 e g a P A ix d n e p p A

c o .d 4 0 0 .v2 o .N 4 .vA e .R S R .E t n e m ss e ss A k is R icl b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K S I

R

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S R E

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n o ti c e t o r P

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l a r u d ce ro P 3

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l ra u d e c o r P 2

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s re u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

ll a n o d e d lu c n i e b lli w

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tsi r o f s n ig s ith w d e kr a m

d n a d e n g is e d e b :l to e a ics in l y e h ip P P

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s i s y l a n A t a e r

tsc fe e D n ig s e D

h T

ce n a d r o cc a in d e tc u trs n o c

rd a d n a t S n a li a tsr u A h ti w

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.s ld e lw l a f o g n iy a rX

:l a r u d e c o r P

d ie rife v e b o t n ig s e d e n il e ip P

d n a d g e . in n d ru g is e kc d e g . d e in g h n e i c ts n b n e t o o i t g : is e l s r e e su is a c i l d s m s in d e m yh ie p n r o a P c P P

tsc e f e a irld te a M

n o ti ip r c s e D l a t n e m n o ri v n E t n e a s in U md o n d a e r L P . c o L

s s la C

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. x o r )m p k p a (

C I F I C E P S N IO T A C O L N O N

1 R

1 R

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ll A

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ce n a d r o cc a in d e tc u trs n o c

rd a d n a t S n a li a tsr u A h ti w

. 5 8 8 2

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d ie rife v e b o t n ig s e d e i ln e ip P

. d ke c e ch n g si e d d n a

e p if p o n io t a icfi r e v ill lm e e t S

h t i w e c n a rd co c a in l a ir e t a m

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g in r u d g itn s e t e r su s e r P

8 1 f o 8 e g a P A ix d n e p p A

c o .d 4 0 0 .v2 o .N 4 .vA e .R S R .E t n e m ss e ss A k is R icl b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K S I

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n o ti c e t o r P

s e r u s a e M

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l, a ics y h P 1

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n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e M

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l ra u d e c o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l ra u d e c o r P 2

l, a isc y h P 1

l ra u d e c o r P 2

d n a d e n g si e . d g n e i b n o is :l to e is a c n m is ile m yh ip o c P P

s re u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

g in r u d d e c u d . o rt n io sin ctu ct trs e f e n D co

s i s y l a n A t a e r h T

ce n a d r cco a in d e ct u trs n o c

rd a d n ta S n a li a r st u A h ti w

. 5 8 8 2

.s ld e lw l a f o g n iy a rX

:l a r u d e c o r P

d ie rife v e b o t n ig s e d e n il e ip P

e b g . in to d ru sr e kc d o it g e in g ib h n h c ts in n i n e t o i g n : is e l s r si a io e su s c i d s m s ro d e m yh ro n r o a P c P C

n o si o rr o lC a rn e t In

s d a e h ll e w t a d e d d a

:l ra u d e c o r P

n sio o rr o c ve si n e h e r p m o c A

t a t u o d e rri ca e b lli w si sy l a n a

to e g a st n ig s e d d e li ta e d e h t

is e n li e p i p e h t t a th re u s n e

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irty g te n i e n il e ip p r a l u g e R

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d n a d e n ig s e d e b t :l o a e i ic ln e ys p h i P P

e r u s s re p r ve O

n o ti ip r c s e D l a t n e m n o ri v n E t n e a s in U md o n d a e r L P . c o L

s s la C

1 R

1 R

1 R

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ll A

ll A

ll A

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:l ra u d e c o r P

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c o .d 4 0 0 .v2 o .N 4 .vA e .R S R .E t n e m ss e ss A k is R icl b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K S I

R

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S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

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s re u s a e M

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si re u ss e r p n ig s e d e n il e ip P

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s i s y l a n A t a e r

in tu h sl l e w n a th r e t a re g

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sk c e h c

e b to e n il e p i P l a isc y h P

tyi vti c ica sim e S

h T

n o ti ip r c s e D l a t n e m n o ri v n E t n e a s in U md o n d a e r L P . c o L

s s la C

1 R

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ll A

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4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

n lia a rt s u A h it w e c n a d r o cc a

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

w lo a n i s e il e n li e p i p e h T

. a re a ks ir yti vi ct a ic m si e s

:l a r u d e c o r P

n w o d t u h s yc n e rg e m E

f o ly p su ff o e s lo c to s m e syt s

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irty g te n i e n il e ip p r a l u g e R

kcs e h c

8 1 f o 0 1 e g a P A ixd n e p p A

c o .d 4 0 0 .v2 o .N 4 .vA e .R S R .E t n e m ss e ss A k is R icl b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

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n o it c te o r P

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d e d n o B n iso u F r e th i e f o l: g n a ci tia sy o h c P A

s e r u s a e M e v it n c e t io t o p rP

O h c a e B s e ti h W th r o N – e n il w lo F rt o p x E d e s o p o r P f o s i s y ln a A t a re h T : 2 . A P A e l b a T

s re u s a e M

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tyi s n e D h ig H ,) E B F ( yx o p E

r o ), E P D H ( e n le y h t e ly o P

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

n o is ro r o lc a rn txe E

d in g w in to e d b e o s t o e p u x d e

r e h t a e w r e h t o d n a

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

s n u r e n li w o l F rt o p x E

m k 8 . 2 1 yl te a m xi ro p p a

g in t la u d n u lte n e g r e v o

e d i w m k 1 d n a , u a te a l p

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P

e r tu a 1 N ss la C

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l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

tih w d e rk a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

. e t u o r e tri n e sit r fo s n isg

.y rl la u g re d e ll ro t a p e lib l w te u o r e h T

d a o r in ) m m 0 0 2 1 o (t r e v o c l: f a ci o t sy h p h e P D

s n tio i d n o c

e g a m a ld a ti n e t o P

kc a tr f o g n i d a r g y b

. e r o h s e r o f e n u d

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kcs a rt t h g i e tsc e sr te in

r e d n u e iln e ip p r e v o s b a sl e t re c n o C

.s g in ss o rc d a o r n i d n a s ve r e s e r

rth a e d n a

y b t n e m e v o m

.s e cli h e v vy a e h

s. e h itc d e g a in a r d

l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g te n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

a t a th t n e v e e h t n i

e h t f o s n ru e lc i h e v

e g a m a ld a ti n e t o P

th i w d e rk a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

ck ra /t d a o r

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d e d n o B n iso u F r e ith e f o l: g n a ci ita sy o h c P A

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e n il w o l F tr o p x E e h T

l ra e m e h p e e in n s se s o cr

e rv e s e R

rC o d a o R

l a rm e e h p E

1 R , 9 . 0 , 6 . -0

1 R , .5 4 , 5 . -2

, .2 -6 , 2 . 5 -

. c o L

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to 8 . 0 2 0 . -1 0

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, 1 . -9 , 5 . -8

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iyts n e D h g i H ,) E B F ( xy o p E

n o si o rr o lc a n r e tx E

s g in ss o rr C e t a W

s g in ss

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

r o ,) E P D H ( e n e ly th ye l o P r e h t a e w r e h t o d n a

.d e id v o r p e lb il w ) P P ( e n le y p ro p ly o p

s n ito i d n o c

sy a w r e t a w

, .3 -8 , 3 . 7 -

, .2 -9 , 7 . 8 -

.5 2 1 &

l: a r u d ce ro P

8 1 f o 1 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

s e r u s a e M

d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M

.s kc e h c yit r g te n i e lin e p i p r la u g e R

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

th i w d kre a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

. e t u o r rte i n e sit r fo s n isg

y.l r la u g re d le l o tr a p e lib l w te u o r e h T

,l a ics y h P 2

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l, ca is y h P 2

l a r u d e c o r P 3

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 2

,l a ics y h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 2

d e d n o B n iso u F r e tih e f o l: g n a ci tia sy o h c P A

ve ssi e cx E

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

e lin w lo F tr o xp E is h T

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P

e lin w lo F tr o p x E

. c o L

s s a l C

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

, 8 . 0 -

tyi s n e D h ig H ,) E B F ( yx o p E

r o ), E P D H ( e n le y h t e ly o P

f o n o sir o e /r a e w

e in l w lo F rt o p x E

e u d ss e ckn i tlh l a w

g in sti x e s sse o cr

t ih w d te ia c o ss a s e n li w lfo

d n lsa I w rro a B t n e rr cu

sg in ss o cr

. d e d vi o r p e b ill w ) P P ( e n e ly p ro p yl o p

il w s e lin w l fo g n tis ix e f o s g n ssi ro cl l A

to d e tc ru ts n o c d n a d e n ig s e d e b

tr o p x E n e e tw e b tc a t n o c te a n i m il e

s. e n li w o l F

l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

tih w d e rk a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

. e t u o r e tri n e sit r fo s n isg

yl r la u g re d e ll ro t a p e lib l w te u o r e h T

. m 0 0 1 ts a e l t a y b l: e c a n ics a r y a h le P C

t n e m e v

& , .3 8 0 .0 -1 1

d e d in B n iso u F r e ith e f o g i tn a o c A

o m e ip p to

, g in t a r e p O

d n a d l g in e c u o p a e n sc e ke n te tii se n u ia vit o c h ma

s n tio ra e p o

e n il w o l F tr o p x E e h T

e re h t o t p u s e ss a p

e r tu ct ru s a rf n I

g n sis a P

1 R , .2 0 1

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

& , 4 9 . .0 0 - 1

sll e w g i tn isx e

tyi s n e D h ig H ,) E B F ( yx o p E

r o ), E P D H ( e n le y th ye l o P

o t e g a m a d se u a c

rt o xp E e th

. d e d iv o r p e b ill w ) P P ( e n le y p ro p ly o p

. e in l w lo F

l: a r u d ce ro P

s.k c e h c irty g e t in e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

ith w d e kr a m e b ill w e n il e ip p e h T

. te u ro e itr n e tsi r o f s n g is

8 1 f o 2 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

s e r u s a e M

d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M

y.l r la u g re d le l o tr a p e b lil w te u ro e h T

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P

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tyi s n e D h ig H ,) E B F ( yx o p E

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l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

tih w d e rk a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

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yl r la u g re d e ll ro t a p e lib l w te u o r e h T

d e d n o B n iso u F r e ith e f o l: g n a ci tia sy o h c P A

t n e m e v o m e ip p to

ve ssi e cx E

f o n o sir o /e r a e w

s n tio a r e p o d n la sI w o rr a B

e lin w lo F tr o xp E is h T

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d n a d e n ig s e d e lb li w s e l b a c

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d n a s e lin w lo F tr o xp E e h t n e e tw e b

.s e l b a c

l: a r u d ce ro P

s.k c e h c irty g e t in e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

8 1 f o 3 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

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S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

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d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M

th i w d kre a m e b ill w e n li e ip p e h T

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

. e t u o r e rti n e sit r fo s n isg

lyr la u g re d le l o tr a p e b ill w te u o r e h T

,l a ics y h P 1

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l, ca is y h P 1

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d e id v ro p e b ill w e n il w lo F tr o l: p a ics xE y h e h P T

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

l sse e v g in k n si A

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

)s t a o b /s p i h s( ls e ss e V

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P

e d iv o r p lil w t a h t n io t a lsii b tsa h it w

a p m i d l u o c

n a , e in l w lo F rt o p x E

e n ir a m b su g n ssi o cr

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e th ct

t.c a p m i to n o tic e t o r p

g n i e b r o h c n a

a r o d e g g a r d

l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

ct je b o d e p p o r d

) r o ch n a n a . .e i(

e b lil w n io t a c lo e in l w lo F tr o p x E e h T e h t e g a m a d ld u o c

lli w tsr a ch ytl a ri m d a ll a n o d e d u lc in

e in l w lo F rt o p x E

e tir n e sit r fo s n g is h it w d e rk a m e b

. e t u o r

d e id v ro p e b ill w e n il w lo F tr o l: p a ics xE y h e h P T s ie it ivt c a g in sh i F

ld u o c ) g lin w a rt . .e i(

e d iv o r p lil w t a h t n io t a lsii b tsa h it w tr o xp E e th e g a m a d

t.c a p m i to n o tic e t o r p

e n il w lo F

l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

e b lil w n io t a c lo e in l w lo F tr o p x E e h T

lli w tsr a ch ytl a ri m d a ll a n o d e d u cl in

e tir n e sit r fo s n g is h it w d e kr a m e b

. te u o r

d e id v ro p e lb li w e iln w lo F tr l: o p a ics xE y e h h P T

g tin isx e n A

g n i h is F

g n sis o rc e n il e ip P

e irn a M

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1 R

1 R

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e n il e ip p e irn a m b u s

to 7 .3 6 6

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4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

rt o p x E ti m li ill w t a h t n i to sa ili b a ts t ih w . d e ss cro e b o t si

t n e m ve o m e n il w o l F

ve sis e cx E

f o n o o rsi /e r a e w

8 1 f o 4 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

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S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

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d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

e b ill w g n is s o cr e n li e p i p si h T

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

e in l w lo F rt o p x E

e u d ss e ckn i tlh l a w

o t d tce u trs n co d n a d e n g is e d

.t c ta n o c te a n i m il e

l: a r u d ce ro P

sk. c e h c itry g e t n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

e b lil w n io t a c lo e in l w lo F tr o p x E e h T

lli w tsr a ch ytl a ri m d a ll a n o d e d u lc in

e tir n e sit r fo s n g is h it w d e rk a m e b

l, ca is y h P 2

l a r u d e c o r P 2

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l a r u d e c o r P 3

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l a r u d e c ro P 2

d n a d e n ig s e d e b o l: te a ci in sy le h ip P P

. e t u o r

t n e m e v

st c e f e D n g si e D

o m e ip p to

th i w e c n a rd cco a in d e tc u trs n o c

. 5 8 8 2 rd a d n ta S n a li a trs u A

.s d l e w ll a f o g n yi a -r X

l: a r u d ce ro P

d n a d e fii r e v e b to n isg e d e n il e ip P

d n a d g e in n r u ig d s . g . e d n d i g e t e kc s in b e e t n o io t h : l e s c r si a e c n u is in s l m g is s y e m h ip e re o d P c P P st c e f e ld ia r e t a M

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

ic if c e p S n o ti a c o L n o N

1 R

1 R

ll A

ll A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

th i w e c n a rd co c a in d e ct ru ts n o c

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n a t S n a li a rt s u A

.s d l e w ll a f o g n yi a rX

l: a r u d ce ro P

d n a d e fi ri ve e b o t n g is e d e in l e ip P

8 1 f o 5 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

s e r u s a e M

d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

s re u s a e M

. d e kc e h c n g is e d

e p i p f o n o it a iifc r e vl il m l e te S

l ia r e t a m th i w e c n a d r o cc a iln a ri te a m

,l a ics y h P 2

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, ca is y h P 1

l a r u d e c o r P 2

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l a r u d e c ro P 2

d n a d g e in n r u ig d s e g . d n g i t . s in e n e n b o o ti te io t : l s a e cif ru si a c n ic s m is il s y e re m h ie p p s P o c P P d e c u d o rt in tcs e f e D

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

g n ir u d

th i w e c n a rd cco a in d e tc u trs n o c

. n ctio u rt s n o c

. 5 8 8 2 rd a d n ta S n a li a trs u A

.s d l e w ll a f o g n yi a -r X

l: a r u d ce ro P

d n a d e fii r e v e b to n isg e d e n il e ip P

t a d e d d a e b g o in t r u rs d o . g it d n b i i g e t h kc s in n in e e t io h : n c e r ssi la io ci s n u g is ss m ys o rr m e r h o e d P o c P C n io s o rr o lC a n r te n I

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

ll A

ll A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

n io s o rr o c n o d n a s d a e h ll e w

d e s u e b lli w sy o ll a t n ta iss e r

l: a r u d ce ro P

is ysl a n a n iso o rr o c ve is n e h re p m o c A

d ile ta e d e h t t a t u o d e ir r a c e lib l w

e th t a h t e r su n e to e g a st n g si e d

ts n i a g a d e tc e t o r p si e i ln e p i p

. n o si o rr o c

s.k c e h c irty g e t in e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

8 1 f o 6 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a u t c A

n io t c e t o r P

s e r u s a e M

d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t o r P

s re u s a e M

,l a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 3

l, ca siy h P 2

l a r u d e c o r P 2

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l a r u d e c ro P 2

,l a ics y h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 2

d n a d e n ig s e d e b o l: te a ci n sy lie h ip P P

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

e r u s re p r e v O

tih w e c n a rd o cc a n i d e tc ru ts n o c

. 5 8 8 2 rd a d n ta S n a li a trs u A

l: a r u d ce ro P

r te a re g si re u ss e r p n g is e d e n il e ip P

. e r u ss e r p in -t u h sl l e w n a th

. g itn s e t re u ss re p r a l u g e R

sk c e h c itry g te n i e n li e ip p r a l u g e R

d e n g si e d e b o t e i ln e ip P l a ci ys h P ity tvi cc a i m is e S

l a t n n o e it m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

t n e a s in U m o n d d a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

ll A

ll A

h it w ce n a rd o cc a n i d e tc u tsr n o c d n a

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

. 5 8 8 2 rd a d n ta S n a li a trs u A

ic m si e s w o l a in s e li e lin e p i p e h T

. a re a k isr yt vtii c a

l: a r u d ce ro P

o t s m e t yss n w o d t u h s yc n e g r e m E

f o t n e v e n i s a g f o yl p p u s ff o e s lco

. re u t p u r

sk c e h c itry g te n i e n li e p i p r a l u g e R

8 1 f o 7 1 e g a P A xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX B

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED LNG EXPORT LINE – JETTY OPTION & CRYOGENIC SUBMERGED OPTION

J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix B Page 1 of 12

9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix B Page 2 of 12

9 November 2004

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

. o N d e ri u q e R

n io t c te ro P f o

s e r u s a e

,l a ci ys h P 1

l a r u d ce ro P 3

l, ca is y h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 3

l, ca siy h M P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 2

,l a ci ys h P 1

l ra u d e c ro P 2

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

S R E

n io t p O ty t e J e in L tr o p x E G N L d e s o p o r P f o s i s y ln a A t a e r h T : 1 . B P A e l b a T

n io s u F r e h it e f o l: g a in ci ta ys o h c P A

is s y l a n A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

h ig H ), E B F ( yx o p E d e d n o B

to e u d n sio ro r co l a n r e tx E

d in w r to a e th d e s e o rw xp e e th g o in d e n b a

m o rf s n u r e iln e p i P

o t sk n a t G N L t n la p

.y tt je e in r a m

), E P D H ( e n le y th e ly o P yit s n e D

s n io it d n o c

e b ill w ) P P ( e n e ly p ro p ly o p r o

. d e id v o r p

l: a r u d e c ro P

d e yit rk r a g m e t e in b lli e in w l e e n ip il p r . e i la ks p u c p g e e e h h R c T

. e t u o r re it n e sit r fo s n g si h it w

d le l o tr a p e b lil w te u o r e h T

.y lr a l u g e r

n io s u F r e h it e f o l: g a in t ci a ys co h P A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

h ig H ), E B (F yx o p E d e d n o B

to e u d n sio ro r co l a n r te x E

d in w r to a e th d e s e o rw xp e e th g o in d e n b a

g n lo a s n u r e i ln e ip P

r e t a w ve o b a yt t e j

t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P

a re a t n a l P

. c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

. c o L

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to

to

0 0 0 . .0 1 - 0

0 .0 .2 0 4

y tt e j

e in r a M

), E P D (H e n e yl th ye l o P yit s n e D

e b ill w ) P P ( e n e ly p ro p ly o p r o

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l: a r u d e c ro P

d e yit rk r a g m e t e in llb e i in w l e e p n i il p r . e i la ks p u c p g e e e h h R c T

. e t u o r re it n e sit r fo s n g si th i w

d le l ro t a p e b lli w te u o r e h T

. lry la u g e r

2 1 f o 3 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

s n io it d n o c

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

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L A T N E M N O R I V N

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S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

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n io t c te ro P f o

s e r u s a e

,l a ci ys h P 1

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l, ca is y h P 1

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l, ca is y h P 2

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l ra u d e c ro P 2

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d tce e t o r p e b ill w e n il l: e a ci ip p ys e h h P T

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

s a ch su s n o ti a r e p o y tt e J

is s y l a n A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E

d n a ts n e m ve o m e l ic h e v

e h t e d is t u o d te a c o l g n i e b y b y a m g in ln d a h t n e m p i u q e

. a re a rk o w l a m r o n o t g n i d a e ,l e lin e p i p ct a p im

l: a r u d e c ro P

d e yit rk r a g m e t e in llb e i in w l e e p n i il p r . e i la ks p u c p g e e e h h R c T

. e t u o r re it n e sit r fo s n g si h it w

d le l o tr a p e b lil w te u o r e h T

lry a l u g e r

e lb il w te u ro e n il l: e a ci ip p ys e h h P T

y a m

e g a m a d

sih p s ith w ct a p Im

ip h ls a rm o n e id st u o

. a e r a t n e m e v o m

l: a r u d e c ro P

d e yit rk r a g m te e in b lli e in w l e e n ip il p r . e i la ks p u c p g e e e h h R c T

. e t u o r re it n e sit r fo s n g si h it w

d le l o tr a p e b lil w te u o r e h T

d n a d e n ig s e d e b t :l o e a ci ln i e ys p h i P P

.y lr a l u g e r

e g a m a d e in l e p i p to d a le

s n io t ra e p o tyt e J

s n io t ra e p o tyt e J

t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P

y tt je n ri a M

y tt je n ri a M

. c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

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to

to

0 0 . 2 . 0 4

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s ct fe e D n g is e D

ic if c e p S n o ti a c o L n o N

1 R

ll A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

ce n a d r o cc a n i d te c ru st n o c

d r a d n ta S n ia l rta s u A th i w

. 5 8 8 2

2 1 f o 4 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

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S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

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n io t c te ro P f o

s e r u s a e M

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

.s d l e lw l a f o g in y a rX

is s y l a n A t a e r h T

l: a r u d e c ro P

d e fii r ve e b o t n ig s e d e in l e ip P

,l a ci ys h P 2

l a r u d ce ro P 3

l, ca is y h P 2

l a r u d e c ro P 2

l, ca i ys h P 1

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l ra u d e c ro P 2

d n a d g e . rin n d u ig e s kc d e . d e g n i g h t e in c s n b e n t o i l: to ig e s s ru is a e e l d ss m ics in d re m yh ie p n o a P c P P

cts fe e ld a ri e t a M

ce n a d r o cc a in d e tc ru ts n o c

d r a d n ta S n a il a tsr u A h it w

. 5 8 8 2

.s d l e lw l a f o g in y a rX

l: a r u d e c ro P

d ii fe r e v e b o t n ig s e d e in l e ip P

. d e kc e h c n g is e d d n a

e p i p f o n i to cia irf e vl li m l e te S

h it w e c n a d r cco a n il a ir e t a m

d n a d g . in e n r n o it u ig d s a e . d fici g n g i t e c s in b e e n t o i l: to sp e s l r s a e a ir su i ic n s li e t s m m yh ie p a re o m P c P P g n ri u d d e c u d o rt in tsc e f e D

l ta n n io e t m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

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ce n a d r o cc a in d e tc ru ts n o c

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.s ld e lw l a f o g in y a rX

:l ra u d e c ro P

d ife ri e v e b o t n g is e d e i ln e ip P

. d e kc e ch n g si e d d n a

2 1 f o 5 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

. o N d e ri u q e R

n io t c te ro P f o

s e r u s a e M

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

g irn u d g i tsn te e r ssu re P

is s y l a n A t a e r h T

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n io s u F r e h it e f o l: g a in t ci a sy o h c P A

n sio o rr o C l a n r e tx E

h ig H ), E B (F yx o p E d e d n o B

), E P D (H e n e yl th e ly o P yit s n e D

e b ill w ) P P ( e n e ly p ro p ly o p r o

. d e id v o r p

l: a r u d e c ro P

d e yit rk r a g m e t e in b lli e in w l e e n ip il p r . e i la ks p u c p g e e e h h R c T

. e t u o r re it n e sit r fo s n g si h it w

d le l o tr a p e b lil w te u o r e h T

.y lr a l u g e r

d n a d e n ig s e d e b o l: te a ci in sy le h ip P P

e r u ss re p r ve O

ce n a d r o cc a in d e tc ru ts n o c

d r a d n ta S n a il a tsr u A h it w

. 5 8 8 2

l: a r u d e c ro P

is re u ss e r p n ig s e d e n li e ip P

n -it u sh ll e w n a th r e t a e r g

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. g n i st te re u ss e r p r la u g e R

yit r g te n i e in l e p i p r la u g e R

ksc e h c

e b o t e in l e ip P l a c siy h P

tyi vit c a ci m is e S

l ta n n io e t m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

1 R

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ll A

ll A

ll A

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2 1 f o 6 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

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n io t c te ro P f o

s e r u s a e

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l a r u d ce ro P 2

l a r u d e c ro M P 2 in d te c u rt s n o c d n a d e n g si e d

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

is s y l a n A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t m ip n r o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

n lia ra ts u A h it w e c n a d r o cc a

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

w o l a in s e li e n il e ip p e h T

. a e r a ski r yti tcvi a ic m si e s

l: a r u d e c ro P

n w o d t u h s yc n e g r e m E

f o ly p p su ff o e s o cl o t s m e syt s

. re u t p u r f o t n e v e in s a g

yit r g e t in e in l e ip p r la u g e R

kcs e h c

2 1 f o 7 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

R

. o N d e ri u q e R

n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e

E

s re u s a e M e v it c te ro P

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

L A T N E M N O R I V N

S R E

n io t p O c i n e o g ry C e in L tr o p x E G N L d e s o p o r P f o s i s y ln a A t a e r h T : 2 . B P A e l b a T

l, ca siy h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 3

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l, a ic ys h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 2

l, a ics y h M P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d e c o r P 2

n o si u F r e th i e f o l: g in t ca siy a o h c P A

s i s y l n a A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t mp n ri o ri c s v e n D E

o t e u d n sio o rr o lc a n r e xt E

d n a d in w to d se o p x e g n i e b

m o fr s n u r e in l e ip P

o t sk n a t G N L t n a l p

h g i H ,) E B F ( xy o p E d e d n o B s n tio i d n o c r e th a e w r e th o

y.t t e j e irn a m

e n le y h t e yl o P itsy n e D

e n le y p o r yp l o p r o ,) E P D H (

. d e id v o r p e b ill w ) P (P

:l ra u d e c ro P

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

d e kr a m e b ill w e in l .s e p i ck p e e h ch T

. te u o r e rti n e sit r fo s n ig s th i w

d lle o rt a p e b lli w e t u o r e h T

.y rl la u g re

d e d iv ro p e lb li w e n :l ile a ip ics p y e h h P T

ld u o lce ss e v g in k n si A

ls e ss e V

ill w t a th n o ti a isil b a ts h it w

t.c a p m i o t n o i ct te o r p e d iv o r p

n a , e lin e ip p e h t tc a p im

a r o d e g g ra d g in e b r o h c n a

n a . e tc(i. e j b o d e p p o r d

)s t a o b s/ ip h s(

e n ir a m b su g n ssi o cr

e lin e p i p

:l ra u d e c ro P

e h t e g a m a d ld u o c ) r o h c n a

e in l e ip p

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

.s ck e ch

e b lli w n io t a c lo e in l e ip p e h T

tly ra i m d la l a n o d e d lu c n i

th i w d e rk a m e b ill w trs a h c

. te u o r e rit n e ist r fo s n ig s

d e id v ro p e lib l w e n i l :l e a p i ics p y e h h P T

. . i(e s e iitv it c a g in h is F

e h t e g a m a d d l u o c ) g in l w a rt

g n i h si F

t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P

a ra e t n a l P

e n ri a M

e irn a M

. c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

o t 0 0 .0 .0 0 8

o t 0 0 .0 .0 0 8

o t 0 0 0 . .0 1 - 0

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

lli w t a h t n o ti a isil b ta s h it w

.t c a p im to n o i ct te o r p e id v ro p

2 1 f o 8 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

e in l e p i p

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

l, ca siy h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 3

l, a ic ys h P 2

l a r u d e c ro P 2

. o N d e ri u q e R

n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

M

s re u s a e M e v it c te ro P

:l ra u d e c ro P

tyi r g e t n i e i ln e p i p r la u g e R

e b lli w n io t a c lo e lin .s e ip ck p e e h ch T

tyl ra i m d a ll a n o d e d lu c n i

th i w d e rk a m e b ill w s rt a ch

. te u o r e rti n e tsi r o f s n g si

e b ill w e t u o r e n :l ile a ip ics p y e h h P T d a le y a m si p h s h ti w tc a p Im

s i s y l n a A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t mp n ri o ri c s v e n D E

ip h sl a m r o n e d i ts u o

. a re a t n e m e v o m

:l ra u d e c ro P

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

d e kr a m e b ill w e in l .s e p i ck p e e h ch T

. te u o r e rti n e sit r fo s n ig s th i w

d lle o rt a p e llb i w e t u o r e h T

d n a d e n ig s e d e b t :l o e a ics lin e y p h i P P

.y rl la u g re

e g a m a d e n li e ip p to

tcs e f e D n g is e D

s n ito ra e p o y tt Je

t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P

y tt je n ri a M

. c o L

s s a l C

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

o t 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 8

ic if c e p S n o ti a c o L n o N

1 R

ll A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

e c n a d r o cc a n i d tce u r st n o c

rd a d n ta S n ia l ra ts u A th i w

. 5 8 8 2

.s d l e w ll a f o g n yi a rX

:l a r u d ce ro P

d ie fi r e v e b o t n ig s e d e iln e p i P

. d ke c e ch n g si e d d n a

2 1 f o 9 e g a P B ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

l, ca siy h P 2

l a r u d e c ro P 3

l, a ic ys h P 2

l a r u d e c ro P 2

. o N d e ri u q e R

n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

M

d n a d g e n ir n g u i d s e g . d in ts g n e i b n e t io t : o l e s r is a e u c n i i ss m s l y e re m h p i P co P P

s re u s a e M e v it c te ro P

s i s y l

tsc e f e d l a ir te a M

n a A t a e r h T

e c n a d r o cc a n i d tce u rt s n o c

d r a d n ta S n ia l ra ts u A th i w

. 5 8 8 2

.s ld e w ll a f o g n iy a rX

:l ra u d e c ro P

d e iif r e v e b o t n g is e d e lin e p i P

. d e kc e ch n g si e d d n a

e ip p f o n io t a icfi r e v ill m l e e t S

h it w e c n a d r o cc a n il ira e t a m

d n a d . ig e n n n r o u it d ig s a e cif g . d g ic in t n e b e se in p sl te io t :l o s e a r is a c n ri u i i s sy le e t se m p a r m i h m P co P P g n ri u d d e c u d o tr n i s ct fe e D

l ta n n io e t mp n ri o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

ll A

ll A

. n tio c ru ts n co

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

e c n a d r o cc a n i d tce u r st n o c

rd a d n ta S n ia l ra ts u A th i w

. 5 8 8 2

.s ld e w ll a f o g n iy a rX

:l ra u d e c ro P

d e iif r e v e b o t n g is e d e iln e p i P

. d ke c e ch n g si e d d n a

g n ri u d g in st e t e r u ss re P

g n i n o is is m m o c

2 1 f o 0 1 e g a P B xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

R

. o N d e ri u q e R

n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e

E

s re u s a e M e v it c te ro P

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

L A T N E M N O R I V N

S R E

l, ca siy h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 3

l, a ic ys h P 1

l a r u d e c ro P 3

l, a ic ys h P 2

l a r u d e c ro P 2

l, a ics y h M P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d e c o r P 2

n o si u F r e th i e f o l: g in ca i ta ys o h c P A

s i s y l

n sio o rr o C l a rn txe E

n a A t a e r h T

h g i H ,) E B F ( xy o p E d e d n o B

e n le y h t e yl o P tyi s n e D

e n le y p o r p yl o p r o ,) E P D H (

. d e id v o r p e b ill w ) P (P

:l ra u d e c ro P

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

d e kr a m e b ill w e in l .s e p i ck p e e h ch T

. te u o r e rti n e sit r fo s n ig s th i w

d lle o rt a p e b lli w e t u o r e h T

.y rl la u g re

d n a d e n ig s e d e b t :l o e a ics lin e y p h i P P

re u ss e r rp e v O

e c n a d r o cc a n i d tce u r st n o c

rd a d n ta S n ia l ra ts u A th i w

. 5 8 8 2

:l ra u d e c ro P

is re u ss re p n g si e d e iln e p i P

n i tu sh ll e w n a h t r te a re g

. e r u ss re p

. g n tis e t re u ss e r p r la u g e R

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

s ck e h c

e b to e n il e ip P l a ics y h P

yit tivc a ic m si e S

l ta n n io e t mp n ri o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

1 R

1 R

1 R

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p ll a ( A

ll A

ll A

n i d te c u rt s n co d n a d e n ig s e d

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

n i la ra st u A t ih w ce n a d r o cc a

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n a t S

2 1 f o 1 1 e g a P B xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

f o . o N l a tu c A

n io t c e t ro P

s e r u s a e M

. o N d e ri u q e R

n o it c te o r P f o

s re u s a e

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

M

s re u s a e M e v it c te ro P

w lo a in s lie e in l e ip p e h T

s i s y l n a A t a e r h T

l ta n n io e t mp n ri o ri c s v e n D E t n e a s n i U md o d n a e r L P . c o L

s s a l C

. c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

. a re a ks ir itvy it c a ci m si se

l: ra u d e c ro P

n w o td u h s yc n e g r e m E

yl p p u s ff o se lo c to s m te sy s

. re u t p ru f o t n e v e in s a g f o

yit r g e t in e n li e p i p r la u g e R

sk c e ch

2 1 f o 2 1 e g a P B xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX C

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONDENSATE EXPORT PIPELINE

J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix C Page 1 of 6

9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix C Page 2 of 6

9 November 2004

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

l . n s , a o r e la u io N r d l f tc u c i e a o e s s c t a y o u t o e h r c r A P M P P 1 3

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

d e ir u q e R

E

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t ro P

L A T N E M N O R I V N

S R E

e n li e ip P tr o p x E e t a s n e d n o C d e s o p o r P f o s i s y ln a A t a e r h T : 1 . C P A e l b a T

f o . o N

n io t c te o r P

s re u s a e M

l ra u d e c o r P 2 n io s u F r e h ti e f o :l g n a t ci ia ys o h c P A l, ca siy h P 1

o t e u d n io s o rr o c

,) E B F ( yx o p E d e d n o B

yit s n e D h g i H

la rn e tx E

d in w o t d e s o xp e g in e b

r e th a e w r e th o d n a

s n iio t d n o c

l ta n n e o m ti n p o ri ir c v s n e E D

t n a l p m ro f s n u r e i ln e ip P

e th o t k n a t te a s n e d n co

p m u p t u o d u o l g itn isx e

t n e rr u c r o f d se u si t a h t

t n a n i e s mU o d e d r n a P L

a e r a t n a l P

n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

1 R

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

to 5 0 4 . .0 1 - 0

r o ,) E P D (H e n e ly th ye l o P

e b ill w ) P P ( e n e ly p ro p yl o p

. d e d vi o r p

l: a r u d e c ro P

yit r g e t n i e lin e p i p r la u g e R

e b lil w e iln .s e ip kc p e e h h c T

tsi r o f s n g si h ti w d e kr a m

. e t u o r e tri n e

d lle o tr a p e b lli w te u o r e h T

.y lr la u g e r 6 f o 3 e g a P C ix d n e p p A

.s n tio ra e p o

c o d . 4 0 0 .2 v o N . 4 .A v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

. n s , o io re la N l f tc u c i a o e s s t a y u t o c r e h A P M P 1

l a r u d e c o r P 2

l, a ci ys h P 2

l a r u d e c o r P 2

n io t c te o r P

l ra u d e c o r P 2

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce ro P 2

d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

s e r u s a e M e v it c e t ro P

s re u s a e M

l, ca siy h P 1

e b lil w e n i :l le a ip ci p ys e h h P T

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

g in k in s A

n a , e in l e ip p e th c a p im

l ta n n e o m ti n p o ri ir c v s n e E D

)s t a o /sb p i h (s ls e ss e V

e n ir a m b su g in ss o cr

t n a n i e s mU o d e d r n a P L

e n ria M

s n o it a rp e o

n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

1 R

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

d l u o cl e ss e v

to 0 0 0 . 8 . 0 9

n io t a isli b a st h it w d e id v o r p r o d e g g a r d g in e rb o ch n a

e iln e p i p

n io ct te o r p e d iv o r p ill w t a h t n a . e . (i tc e j b o d e p p o r d a

t.c a p im o t

l: a r u d e c ro P

yit r g e t n i e lin e p i p r la u g e R

lil w n o it a c lo e iln .s e ip kc p e e h h c T

ll a n o d e d u cl in e b

e b lil w tsr a h c ylt a ri m d a

tsi r o f s n g si h ti w d e kr a m

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tsc e f e D n ig s e D

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1 R

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g n ir u d g tin s e t e r u ss re P

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K IS

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d e ir u q e R

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tcs fe e a ild r te a M

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f o n o ti a fcii r e v ill m l e e t S

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n io t c te o r P

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l ra u d e c o r P 2 n io s u F r e h ti e f o g n it a o c A

,) E B F ( yx o p E d e d n o B

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sk c e h c 7 f o 7 e g a P C ix d n e p p A

c o .d 4 0 0 2 .v o N . 4 A .v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ks i R cil b u /P 5 6 7 9 J

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX D

THREAT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED DOM GAS PIPELINE

J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix D Page 1 of 12

9 November 2004

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix D Page 2 of 12

9 November 2004

S N O I T U L O

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is s y l a n tA a e r h T

e lb li w e n il e ip p e h T

tis r o f s n ig s ith w d e kr a m

. e t u o r e tri n e

d le l o tr a p e lb li w te u o r e h T

.y rl a l u g re

r a l u g re e b ill w re e h T

sr e n w o d n a l e h t h it w n o is a il

l, a ci sy h P 2

l a r u d ce ro P 2

l, a ci sy h P 2

l a r u d ce ro P 3

l, a isc y h P

l a r u d e c o r P

l, cia sy h P

l a r u d ce o r P

1 2

. rs e i p u cc o d n a

yit r g e t in e n li e ip p r la u g e R

sk. c e h c

d e n g si e d e b :l to e a ics in l y e h ip P P

s ct fe e D n g si e D

in d e tc ru ts n o c d n a

n lia a rt s u A h it w e c n a d r o cc a

1 2

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

.s ld e w ll a f o g in y a rX

:l ra u d e c o r P

e b o t n ig s e d e in l e ip P

n ig s e d d n a d e fii r ve

. d ke c e ch

g in r u d g n tis te e r u ss e r P

d e n g si e . d g e in b n o io : ss la te i ci in l m s e y p m h i co P P

s ct e f e a irld e t a M

l ta n n e o m it n p o ri ir c v s n e E D t n a in e s mU o d e d r n a P L n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

1 R

1 R

ll A

ll A

n i d te c ru st n o c d n a

2 1 f o 8 e g a P D ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 .2 v o N . 4 .A v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

. n s o o i re N l f tc u a o e s t a u t o c r e A P M d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

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n a li a rt s u A h it w ce n a d r o cc a

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

l, a ci sy h P 2

l a r u d ce ro P 2

l, a ci sy h P 1

l a r u d ce ro P 2

l, a isc y h P

l a r u d e c o r P

l, a isc y h P

l a r u d e c o r P

1 2

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

.s ld e w ll a f o g in y a rX

:l ra u d e c o r P

e b o t n ig s e d e in l e ip P

n ig s e d d n a d e fii r e v

. d e kc e h c

f o n io t a ifci r e vl il lm e te S

in l a ir e t a m e p i p

l ia r te a m h it w e c n a d r o cc a

. n io t a cif ic e p s

g in r u d g n tis e t e r u ss e r P

d e n g si e . d g n e i b n o io t : ss la e i ic in m s le y p m h i o c P P

d e c u d o tr

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

sin tc e f e D

. n io tc u tsr n co g irn u d

in d e tc u rt s n o c d n a

n lia a rt s u A h it w e c n a d r o cc a

1 2

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

.s ld e w ll a f o g in y a rX

:l ra u d e c o r P

e b o t n ig s e d e in l e ip P

n ig s e d d n a d e fii r e v

. d e kc e h c

g in r u d g n tis e t e r u ss e r P

e b o t sr t io g ib n h i n n i io n ss l:a o i ci si m s ro r y o m h co P C

n o si o rr o lC a rn te In

l ta n n e o m it n p o ri ir c v s n e E D t n a in e s mU o d e d r n a P L n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

1 R

1 R

ll A

ll A

s d a e lh l e w t a d e d d a

l: ra u d e c o r P

2 1 f o 9 e g a P D ix d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 .2 v o N . 4 .A v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

. n s o o i re N l f tc u a o e s t a u t o c r e A P M d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

s re u s a e M

vie s n e h e r p m o c A

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

e b lli w si sy l a n a n io s o rr o c

d lie ta e d e h t t a t u o d ie rr a c

t a h t re su n e to e g a st n g si e d

l, a ics y h P 1

l a r u d ce ro P 3

l, a ci sy h P 2

l a r u d ce ro P 2

l, a isc y h P

l a r u d e c o r P

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l a r u d e c o r P

1 2 d e ct te ro p is e in l e ip p e h t

. n iso ro r o c ts in a g a

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sk. c e h c

d e n g si e d e b :l to e a ics in l y e h ip P P

e r su s re p r e v O

in d e tc ru ts n o c d n a

n lia a rt s u A h it w e c n a d r o cc a

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n ta S

:l ra u d e c o r P

is e r u ss re p n g is e d e in l e ip P

in tu h sl l e w n a th r e t a re g

. e r u ss re p

. g i tsn e t e r ssu re p r la u g e R

yit r g e t in e n li e ip p r la u g e R

sk c e h c

1 2 d te e cu b r t to sn h e o itw lin c e e d c n n ip a a P l d rd a e o n c isc g y i c h se a P d in

tyi ivt c ica m is e S

l ta n n e o m it n p o ri ir c v s n e E D t n a in e s mU o d e d r n a P L n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

1 R

1 R

ll A

ll A

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

. 5 8 8 2 d r a d n a t S n i la a trs u A

w o l a in s i le e n li e ip p e h T

. a re a ski r iytv it c a ci m is se

2 1 f o 0 1 e g a P D xi d n e p p A

c o d . 4 0 0 .2 v o N . 4 .A v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

S N O I T U L O

S

K IS

R

L A T N E M N O R I V N

E

S R E

. n s o o i re N l f tc u a o e s t a u t o c r e A P M d e ir u q e R

f o . o N

n o it c te o r P

s re u s a e M e v it c te o r P

4 0 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9

s re u s a e M

:l ra u d e c o r P

n w o td u h s yc n e g r e m E

yl p p u s ff o e s lo c to s m tse ys

. re u t p u r f o t n ve e n i s a g f o

yit r g e t in e n li e ip p r la u g e R

sk c e h c

2 1 f o 1 1 e g a P D xi d n e p p A

is s y l a n tA a e r h T

l ta n n e o m it n p o ri ir c v s n e E D t n a in e s mU o d e d r n a P L n o ti a c o L

s s a l C

n io t a c o L

. x o r )m p k p a (

c o d . 4 0 0 .2 v o N . 4 .A v e R . S R E t. n e m ss e ss A ski R cil b u P / 5 6 7 9 J

E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX E

ISO RISK CONTOURS

J9765/Public Risk Assessment.ERS.Rev.A4.Nov.2004.docAppendix E Page 1 of 4

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E R S ENVIRONMENTALRISK SOLUTIONS

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9 November 2004

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