This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1689 − 95 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Sco Scope pe 1.1 Thi Thiss gui guide de is int intend ended ed to assi assist st in the developm development ent of conc co ncep eptu tual al si site te mo mode dels ls to be us used ed fo forr th thee fo follo llowi wing ng:: (1) integration of technical information from various sources, ( 2) suppor sup portt the sel selecti ection on of samp sample le loc locatio ations ns for esta establi blishi shing ng backgr bac kgroun ound d con concen centra tratio tions ns of sub substan stances, ces, (3) ide identif ntify y dat dataa needs and guide data collection activities, and ( 4) evaluate the risk to human health and the environment posed by a contaminated site. This guide generally describes the major component ne ntss of co conc ncep eptu tual al si site te mo mode dels ls,, pr prov ovid ides es an ou outl tlin inee fo forr developing models, and presents an example of the parts of a model. This guide does not provide a detailed description of a site-specific conceptual site model because conditions at contaminated sites can vary greatly from one site to another. 1.2 The values stated stated in either inch-pound inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This guide guide is intended to apply to any contaminated contaminated site. site. 1.4 This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wit with h its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D2216 Test D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass 2.2 EPA Documents:3 Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment (Part A) Final, Publication 9285.7-09A, PB 9285.7-09A, PB 92-96 92-963356 3356,, April 1992
Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment (Part B) , OSWER Directive 9285.7-09B, May 9285.7-09B, May 1992 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibilit sib ilityy Stu Studie diess Und Under er CER CERCLA CLA, OS OSWE WER R Di Dire recti ctive ve 9355.3-01, October 9355.3-01, October 1988
3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 background concentration, n— the the concentration of a substance in ground water, surface water, air, sediment, or soil at a source(s) or nearby reference location, and not attributable to the source(s) under consideration. Background samples may be con contam taminat inated, ed, eith either er by natu naturall rally y occ occurr urring ing or man manmad madee sources, but not by the source(s) in question. 3.1.2 conce conceptu ptual al site mod model, el, n— for f or th thee pu purp rpos osee of th this is guide, a written or pictorial representation of an environmental system and the biolog biological, ical, physical, and chemic chemical al proce processes sses thatt det tha determ ermine ine the tran transpo sport rt of con contami taminan nants ts fro from m sou source rcess through thro ugh env environ ironmenta mentall medi mediaa to envi environ ronment mental al rece receptor ptorss within the system. 3.1.3 contaminant, n— any any substance, including any radiological material, that is potentially hazardous to human health or th thee en envi viro ronm nmen entt an and d is pr pres esen entt in th thee en envi viro ronm nmen entt at concentrations above its background concentration. 3.1.4 contami contaminant nant rele release, ase, n— movemen movementt of a sub substan stance ce from a source into an environmental medium, for example, a leak,, spi leak spill, ll, vol volatil atilizat ization ion,, run runof off, f, fug fugitiv itivee dus dustt emi emissio ssion, n, or leaching. 3.1.5 environmental receptor, receptor, n— humans humans and other living organisms org anisms potentially exposed to and adversely affected affected by contaminants because they are present at the source(s) or along contaminant migration pathways.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 Committee E50 on on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility of Subco Subcommitte mmitteee E50.05 E50.05 on Environmental Risk Management. Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originally approved in 199 1995. 5. Las Lastt pre previo vious us edi editio tion n app approv roved ed in 200 2008 8 as E16 E1689– 89–95( 95(200 2008). 8). DOI DOI:: 10.1520/E1689-95R14. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Availab Av ailable le from Stand Standardiza ardization tion Docum Documents ents Order Desk, DODSSP, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Sectio Sec tion n D, 700 Rob Robbin binss Ave. ve.,, Ph Phila iladel delphi phia, a, PA 191 19111 11-50 -5098, 98, htt http:/ p:// /
3.1.6 environmental transport, n— movement movement of a chemical or physical agent in the environment after it has been released from fro m a sou source rce to an env enviro ironme nmental ntal medium, medium, for example, example, movement through the air, surface water, ground water, soil, sediment, or food chain.
dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
inhalation, dermal absorption, root uptake, and gill uptake.
1
3.1.7 exposure route, n— the the process by which a contaminant or physical agent in the environment comes into direct contact with the body, tissues, or exchange boundaries of an enviro env ironme nmental ntal rece recepto ptorr or organ ganism, ism, for exam example, ple, ing ingesti estion, on,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 1 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
the course through which con3.1.8 migration pathway, n— the tamin tam inan ants ts in th thee en envi viro ronm nmen entt ma may y mo move ve aw away ay fr from om th thee source(s) sourc e(s) to potent potential ial envir environmen onmental tal recept receptors. ors.
usually bas usually based ed on lim limited ited or inc incomp omplete lete inf inform ormatio ation, n, wil willl identif ide ntify y and emp emphas hasize ize the unc uncert ertaint ainties ies that sho should uld be addressed.
3.1.9 source, n— the the location from which a contaminant(s) has entered or may enter a physical system. A primary source, such as a location at which drums have leaked onto surface soils, may produce a secondary source, such as contaminated soils; sources may hence be primary or secondary.
5.3 The concept conceptual ual site model is use used d to integrate integrate all site information and to determine whether information including data are missing (data gaps) and whether additional information tio n ne need edss to be co colle llecte cted d at th thee si site. te. The mo mode dell is us used ed furthermore to facilitate the selection of remedial alternatives and to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions in reduc-
4. Summary Summary of Guide Guide 4.1 The six bas basic ic acti activit vities ies asso associat ciated ed with developi developing ng a conceptual site model (not necessarily listed in the order in which they should be addressed) are as follows: ( 1) identification of poten potential tial contaminants; contaminants; (2) identi identification fication and chara characcterization of the source(s) of contaminants; ( 3) delineation of potential potent ial migrat migration ion pathw pathways ays throu through gh enviro environmenta nmentall media, such as ground water, surface water, soils, sediment, biota, and air; (4) establi establishmen shmentt of background background areas of contaminants contaminants for each contaminated medium; ( 5) identification and characterization of potential environmental receptors (human and ecological); logical ); and (6 ) determination determination of the limits of the study area or system boundaries.
ing the exposure of environmental receptors to contaminants. 5.4 Thi Thiss gui guide de is not meant to rep replace lace regulato regulatory ry req requir uireements for conducting environmental site characterizations at contaminated (including radiologically contaminated) sites. It should supplement existing guidance and promote a uniform approach to developing conceptual site models.
4.2 The complexit complexity y of a con concep ceptua tuall sit sitee mod model el sho should uld be consistent with the complexity of the site and available data. The development of a conceptual site model will usually be iterative. Model development should start as early in the site investigation investi gation process as possib possible. le. The model should be refined and revised throughout the site investigation process to incorporate por ate add additio itional nal site data. The fina finall mod model el sho should uld contain contain suffficient information suf information to suppo support rt the develo development pment of curre current nt and future exposure scenarios. 4.3 The concerns concerns of ecolog ecological ical risk assessment are different different from fro m tho those se of hum humanan-hea health lth risk ass assessm essment, ent, for exa exampl mple, e, important migration pathways, exposure routes, and environmental receptors. These dif differen ferences ces are usuall usually y suf suffficient to warrant separate descriptions and representations of the conceptual cep tual site mod model el in the human health and eco ecolog logical ical risk assessment reports. There will be elements of the conceptual site model that are common to both representations, however, and the risk assessors should develop these together to ensure consistency. 5. Signi Significan ficance ce and Use 5.1 The information information gained through through the site inves investigatio tigation n is used use d to cha charac racteri terize ze the phy physic sical, al, bio biolog logical ical,, and che chemica micall syst sy stems ems ex exist istin ing g at a si site. te. Th Thee pr proc oces esse sess th that at de deter termin minee contaminant releases, contaminant migration, and environmental receptor exposure to contaminants are described and integrated in a conceptual site model. 5.2 Dev Develo elopme pment nt of thi thiss mod model el is cri critica ticall for determini determining ng potential exposure routes (for example, ingestion and inhalation) and for suggesting possible effects of the contaminants on human health and the envir environmen onment. t. Uncer Uncertainties tainties associated with the conceptual site model need to be identified clearly so that th at ef effo fort rtss ca can n be ta take ken n to re redu duce ce th thes esee un uncer certai taint ntie iess to acceptab acce ptable le leve levels. ls. Ear Early ly ver versio sions ns of the mod model, el, whi which ch are
5.5 This guide guide is meant to be used by all those involved in developing conceptual site models. This should ideally include representatives from all phases of the investigative and remedial proc process, ess, for example, prelim preliminary inary assessment, assessment, remedi remedial al invest inv estig igati ation on,, ba basel seline ine hu human man he healt alth h and eco ecolog logica icall ris risk k assessments, and feasibility study. The conceptual site model shou sh ould ld be us used ed to en enab able le ex expe pert rtss fr from om all di disc scip iplin lines es to commun com municat icatee ef effec fective tively ly with one ano anothe ther, r, res resolv olvee iss issues ues concerning the site, and facilitate the decision-making process. 5.6 The step stepss in the pro proced cedure ure for dev develop eloping ing con concep ceptua tuall site models include elements sometimes referred to collectively as site characterization. Although not within the scope of this guid gu ide, e, th thee co conc ncep eptu tual al sit sitee mo mode dell ca can n be us used ed du duri ring ng si site te remediation. 6. Pro Procedu cedure re 6.1 Assembling Information— Assemble Assemble historical and current site-related information from maps, aerial images, cross section sec tions, s, env enviro ironme nmental ntal dat data, a, rec record ords, s, rep report orts, s, stu studie dies, s, and othe ot herr in info form rmat atio ion n so sour urce ces. s. A vi visit sit(s (s)) to th thee si site te by th thos osee preparing the conceptual site model is recommended highly. The qua quality lity of the inf inform ormatio ation n bei being ng asse assembl mbled ed sho should uld be evaluated, preferably including quantitative methods, and the decision use the should be based the data’s meeting mee ting to objecti obj ective ve information qualita qua litativ tivee and quanti qua ntitati tative ve on criter cri teria. ia. For moree inf mor inform ormatio ation n on ass assess essing ing the qua quality lity and accu accurac racy y of data, dat a, see Guidanc Guidancee for Dat Data a Use Useabi ability lity in Ris Riskk Ass Assess essmen ment t (Part A)and Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment (Part B). Methods used for obtain obtaining ing analytical data should be described, descri bed, and sourc sources es of information information shoul should d be refere referenced. nced. A conceptual site model should be developed for every site unless there are multiple sites in proximity to one another such that it is not possi possible ble to determ determine ine the indiv individual idual source or sources of cont co ntam amin inati ation on.. Si Sites tes ma may y be ag aggr greg egat ated ed in th that at cas case. e. A conceptual model should then be developed for the aggregate. 6.2 Identifying Contaminants— Identify Identify contam contaminants inants in the ground grou nd water, surface water, soils, sedimen sediments, ts, biota, and air air.. If no contaminants are found, the conceptual site model should be used to help document this finding. 6.3 Es Esta tabl blis ishi hing ng Back Ba ckgr grou ound nd Conc Co ncen entr trat atio ions ns of Contaminants— Background Background samples serve three major functions: (1) to establish the range of concentrations of an analyte
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 2 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
attributable to natural occurrence at the site; (2) to establ establish ish the range of concentrations of an analyte attributable to source(s) other than the source(s) under consideration; and (3) to help establis esta blish h the ext extent ent to whi which ch con contam taminat ination ion exc exceed eedss bac backkground levels. 6.3.1 The conceptual site model should include the naturally occurring concentrations of all contaminants found at the site. Thee nu Th numb mber er an and d lo loca catio tion n of sa samp mples les ne need eded ed to es esta tabl blish ish backgr bac kgroun ound d con concen centra tration tionss in eac each h med medium ium wil willl var vary y with
hydrology of the site. Other fate and transport phenomena that should be considered include hydrodynamic dispersion, interphase transfers of contam contaminants, inants, and retard retardation. ation. Movement through the vadose zone should be considered. 6.5.2 Surface Water and Sediment Pathway— This This pathway should always be investigated in the following situations: (1) a perennial peren nial body of water (river (river,, lake, continuous continuous stream, drainagee di ag ditc tch, h, et etc.) c.) is in di dire rect ct co cont ntac actt wi with th,, or is po poten tentia tially lly contaminated by a source or contaminated area, ( 2) an unin-
specific site conditions and requirements. The modelcontamishould include sufficient background samples to distinguish nation attributable to the source(s) under consideration from naturally natura lly occur occurring ring or nearb nearby y anthro anthropogen pogenic ic contam contaminatio ination. n. The pro proced cedure uress men mention tioned ed in 6.2 6.2 an and d 6. 6.3 3 are som sometim etimes es grouped group ed under the gener general al headin heading g of contaminant assessment assessment and an d ma may y be pe perf rfor orme med d as a se sepa para rate te act activ ivity ity pr prio iorr to th thee development of a conceptual site model.
terrupted pathway from angsource or contaminated area ce to the sur surfac face e wat water er,, exists (3) sam sampli pling and analysis analy sis of the surface surfa water body or sediments indicate contaminant concentrations substantially above background, (4) contaminated ground water or surface water runoff is known or suspected to discharge to a surface water body, and ( 5) under arid conditions in which ephemeral drainage may convey contaminants to downstream points of exposure. 6.5.3 Air Pathway— Contaminant Contaminant transport through the air pathway should be evaluated for contaminants in the surface soil, subsurface soil, surface water, or other media capable of releasing gasses or particulate matter to the air. The migration of contaminants from air to other environmental compartments should be considered, for example, deposition of particulates resulting from incineration onto surface waters and soil.
6.4 Characterizing Sources— At At a minimum, the following source characteristics should be measured or estimated for a site: 6.4.1 6.4 .1 Source Source loca location tion(s) (s),, bou bounda ndaries ries,, and vol volume ume(s) (s).. Sour So urces ces sh shou ould ld be lo loca cated ted acc accur urate ately ly on sit sitee ma maps ps.. Ma Maps ps should shoul d includ includee a scale and directi direction on indicator (for example, north no rth ar arro row) w).. The They y sh shou ould ld fu furth rtherm ermor oree sh show ow wh where ere the source(s) is located in relationship to the property boundaries. 6.4.2 The potentially hazardous hazardous constituents constituents and their concentrations in media at the source. 6.4.3 The time of initiati initiation, on, duration, duration, and rate of contaminant release from the source. 6.5 Identify Identifying ing Migrat Migration ion Pathwa Pathways— ys— Potential Potential migra migration tion pathway path wayss thr throug ough h gro ground und wat water er,, sur surfac facee wate waterr, air air,, soi soils, ls, sedimen sed iments, ts, and bio biota ta sho should uld be ide identifi ntified ed for eac each h sou source rce.. Complete exposure pathways should be identified and distinguished from incomplete pathways. An exposure pathway is incomplete if any of the following elements are missing: ( 1) a mechanism mechan ism of contaminant release from primar primary y or secon secondary dary source sou rces, s, (2) a tra transp nsport ort med medium ium if pot potent ential ial env enviro ironme nmenta ntall recep re cepto tors rs ar aree no nott lo locat cated ed at th thee so sour urce ce,, an and d (3) a point of potential potent ial contac contactt of environmental environmental receptors with the contaminated na ted me medi dium um.. Th Thee po pote tent ntial ial fo forr bo both th cu curr rren entt an and d fu futu ture re releasess and migration of the contaminants release contaminants along the compl complete ete pathways to the environmental receptors should be determined. A diagram (similar to that in Fig. X1.4) X1.4) of exposure pathways forr all so fo sour urce ce ty type pess at a si site te sh shou ould ld be co cons nstr truc ucted ted.. Th This is information should be consistent with the narrative portion and tables in the exposure assessment section of an exposure or risk assessment. Tracking contaminant migration from sources to environmental receptors is one of the most important uses of the conceptual site model. 6.5.1 Grou Ground nd Water Pathwa Pathway— y— This T his pa path thwa way y sh shou ould ld be considered consid ered when hazardous solids or liquids have or may have come into contact with the surface or subsurface soil or rock. Thee fo Th follo llowi wing ng sh shou ould ld be co cons nsid ider ered ed fu furt rthe herr in th that at cas case: e: vertical distance to the saturated zone; subsurface flow rates; presen pre sence ce and pro proxim ximity ity of dow downgr ngradi adient ent see seeps, ps, spr spring ings, s, or caves; fractures or other preferred flow paths; artesian conditions; tion s; pre presen sence ce of wel wells, ls, esp especia ecially lly tho those se for irr irriga igation tion or drinking drink ing water; and, in general, the under underlying lying geology geology and
6.5.4 Soil Contact Pathway— Contaminated Contaminated soils that may come into direct contact with human or ecological receptors should sho uld be inv investi estigate gated. d. Thi Thiss inc includ ludes es dir direct ect con contact tact wit with h chemicals through dermal absorption and direct exposure to gamma radiation from radioactively contaminated soil. There is a potential for human and ecological receptors to be exposed to contaminants at different soil depths (for example, humans may be exposed to only surface and subsurface soils, whereas plants and animals may encounter contaminants that are buried more deeply). This should be considered when contaminated soils are being evaluated. 6.5.5 Biotic Pathway— Bioconcentra Bioconcentration tion and bioacc bioaccumulaumulation in organisms and the resulting potential for transfer and biomagnification along food chains and environmental transport by animal movements should be considered. For example, many organic, lipophilic contaminants found in soils or sediments can bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate in organisms such as plankton, worms, or herbivores and biomagnify in organismss suc ism such h as car carniv nivoro orous us fish and mam mammals mals or bir birds. ds. The movement of contaminated biota can transport contaminants. 6.6 Identifying Environmental Receptors— Identify Identify environment me ntal al re rece cept ptor orss cu curr rren ently tly or po poten tentia tially lly ex expo pose sed d to si site te contaminants. This includes humans and other organisms that are in direct contact with the source of contamination, potentially present along the migration pathways, or located in the vicinity of the site. It is advisable to compile a list of taxa representative of the major groups of species present at the site. It will rarely be possible or desirable to identify all species present at a site. It is recommended that the conceptual site model include species or guilds representative of major trophic levels. The complexity and iterative nature of the conceptual site model has already been mentioned in in 4.2 4.2.. 6.6.1 Human Receptors— The The conceptual site model should include a map or maps indicating the physical boundaries of
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 3 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
areas within which environmental receptors are potentially or curren cur rently tly exp expose osed d to the sou source rce(s) (s) or mig migrati ration on pat pathwa hways; ys; separate maps may be prepared to illustrate specific contaminant na ntss or gr grou oups ps of co cont ntam amin inan ants ts.. In ad addi ditio tion, n, th thee hu human man receptors should be represented in a figure similar to Fig. to Fig. X1.4, X1.4, which is based on Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigation tiga tionss and Fea Feasib sibilit ilityy Stu Studie diess Und Under er CERC CERCLA LA..Fig Fig.. X1. X1.4 4 shows the potentially exposed populations, sources, and exposure su re ro rout utes. es. It re repr prese esent ntss a cl clear ear an and d co conc ncis isee me meth thod od of
around arou nd th thee st stud udy y ar area ea or as asso soci ciate ated d wi with th th thee so sour urce ce(s (s)) or migrat mig ration ion path pathway ways. s. Con Consul sultt loc local al and stat statee of offficia icials, ls, U.S U.S.. Enviro Env ironme nmenta ntall Pro Protect tection ion Age Agency ncy reg region ional al spe special cialists ists,, and Natura Nat urall Reso Resourc urcee Tr Trust ustees ees to det determ ermine ine whe whethe therr any of the areas identified are critical habitats for federal- or state-listed threatened threate ned or endan endangered gered species or sensit sensitive ive envir environmen onments. ts. Identify Iden tify all dom dominant inant,, impo important rtant,, decli declining ning,, thre threatene atened, d, endangered endan gered,, or rare species that either inhabit (permanently (permanently, seasonally, or temporarily) or migrate through the study area.
displaying exposure 6.6.2 Ecological Eco logical information. Receptors— Recepto rs— The T he co conc ncep eptu tual al si site te mo model del should include a map or maps identifying and locating terrestriall and aquatic tria aquatic hab habitat itatss for plants plants and animals animals with within in and
7. Keywo Keywords rds 7.1 concep conceptual tual site model; ecological; ecological; hazardous hazardous waste site; human health; risk assessment; site characterization
APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1. OUTLINE FOR A CONCEPTUAL CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL FOR CONT CONTAMINA AMINATED TED SITES
X1.1 The conceptual conceptual site model should should include a narrat narrative ive and set of maps, figures, and tables to support support the narrative. An outline of the narrative sections, along with an example for
seeded and nat seeded natura urall gra grasses sses and sma small ll (15 (15-ft -ft (5(5-m)) m)),, wid widely ely spaced loblolly pine tress covering the site. The site is fenced and unused currently.
each se each secti ction on,, is gi give ven n be belo low w. Th Thee ex exam ampl plee is ba base sed d on an hypothetical landfill site at which only preliminary sampling data are ava availab ilable. le. The lan landfil dfilll site exa exampl mplee is int intent ention ionall allyy simplified and is for illustrative purposes only. Conceptual site models may contain considerably more detail than provided in this exampl example. e.
X1.1.2 Historical Information Concerning the Site: X1.1.2.1 Site Description— Describe Describe the history of the site, paying particular attention to information affecting the present environmental condition of the site. —LF-1, operated from 1960 to 1968. This trenchExample—LF-1, Example type landfill was reportedly used for the disposal of construction tio n rub rubble ble and deb debris ris,, pac packin king g mat materi erial, al, pap paper er,, pai paints nts,, thinne thi nners, rs, unr unrins insed ed pes pestici ticide de con contain tainers ers,, oil oils, s, sol solven vents, ts, and contaminated fuels. Most of the trenches for waste disposal were reportedly oriented east-west and were 75-ft (23-m) wide, 350-ft (107-m) long, and an estimated 20-ft (6-m) deep. A few empt em pty y co cont ntai aine ners rs pr pres esum umab ably ly bu buri ried ed in th thee la land ndfill fill ha have ve worked their way to the surface and are partially exposed at the site.. The site was partly covered site covered by an unp unpave aved d ind indust ustria riall haulage road. The site was fenced in 1985 and has been unused since. X1.1.2.2 Source Characterization— Present Present site-s site-specific pecific information to identify and define the location, size, and condition of the source(s) of contamination at the site. Example—Four Example —Four soil borings were used to characterize the waste was te dis dispos posal al uni units ts at LFLF-1. 1. Fig. X1. X1.1 1 illustrat illustrates es the soi soill boring locations. The depth of the soil borings were SB05 = 28 (9 m), SB06 = 30 ft (9 m), SB07 = 30 ft (9 m) and SB08 = 30 ft (9 m) below ground surface. Two of the borings, SB07 and SB08, encountered refuse/waste material. In SB08, the refuse was encountered from approximately 8 to 22 ft (2 to 7 m) below bel ow gro ground und surface. surface. The mat materia eriall was noted to be bur burnt nt debris, glass, and organic matter. A much dryer and thinner waste zone was encountered at SB07. The base of the excavation at this location was approximately 10 ft (3 m). Material that appeared to be burnt trash was noted in the backfill. The remain rem aining ing two bor boring ings, s, SB0 SB05 5 and SB06, did not enc encoun ounter ter waste. One sample was collected from each of these borings (SB05 (SB 05 and -06). These sam sample pless wer weree use used d as bac backgr kgroun ound d
X1.1.1 Brief Brief Sit Sitee Sum Summar mary— y— Summarize Summarize the infor information mation availab ava ilable le for the site as thi thiss inf inform ormatio ation n rel relates ates to the site contam con tamina inants nts,, sou source rce(s) (s) of the con contam tamina inants nts,, mig migrat ration ion pathways, and potential environmental receptors. A brief descripti scr iption on of the cur curren rentt con condit dition ionss at the sit sitee (ph (photo otogra graphs phs option opt ional) al) sho should uld be inc includ luded. ed. The inc inclus lusion ion of a stan standar dard d 7.5-min 7.5-m in United States Geolo Geological gical Survey topog topographi raphicc quadrangle map or geologic quadrangle map, or both, that shows the location of the site is recommended. All maps should contain directional information (for example, north arrow) and a scale. Example—Geop Example —Geophysica hysicall surve surveys, ys, aerial photo photograph graphs, s, and subsur sub surfac facee exp explor loratio ation n at Lan Landfil dfilll No. 1 (LF (LF-1) -1) rev reveal eal the presence presen ce of at least one north northeast-so east-southwes uthwestt trend trending ing waste trench. The trench is 300-ft (91-m) long and 100-ft (30-m) wide. wid e. Ma Maxi ximu mum m de dept pth h of th thee tr tren ench ch in indi dicat cated ed by th thee so soil il borings is 22 ft (7 m). As determined from the soil boring progra pro gram, m, the was waste te mat materia eriall samp samples les ind indicat icated ed that meta metall concentration concen trationss were at or below background background concen concentration trations, s, with the exception of cadmium and manganese in one sample. However, Howev er, solven solvents ts (methy (methylene lene chlor chloride ide and trichl trichloroeth oroethene ene (TCE) and pesticides (DDE, DDT, and DDD) were found at concentrations above background in soil boring samples. Soil samples samp les tak taken en fro from m ben beneath eath the fill ind indica icate te tha thatt dow downwa nward rd migration of contaminants has occurred. The surficial aquifer (ABC (AB C For Formati mation) on) con contain tainss nat natura urally lly hig high h dis dissol solved ved sol solids ids (>2000 mg/L) with yields of less than 4 gpm. Ground water flow in the surficial aquifer is toward the southeast at a rate of approximately 15 ft (5 m) per year. The terrain is flat with
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 4 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
FIG. X1.1 Location Map for Landfill Number 1; Cont Contours ours Showing the Poten Potentiome tiometric tric Surface from which Ground Water Flow Direct Direction ion was Determined Could be Included in a Separate Figure to Avoid Clutter
samples. Additional samples. Additional samples were collected from SB07 and SB08, within the landfill, to characterize the source. Analytical results are summarized in Table in Table X1.1. X1.1. Petrol Pet roleum eum hyd hydroc rocarb arbons ons,, whi which ch wer weree sus suspec pected ted of bei being ng contaminants based on the site history, were not detected in any of the samples. Volatile organic compounds found in the samples included methylene chloride and TCE. Methylene chloride was found in all soil samples in trace amounts (0.005 to 0.008 mg/kg). The field quality control information suggests that methylene chloride may be a field artifact. The chlorinated solvent, TCE, was found significantly above background only at SB08 at a concentration of 0.05 mg/kg.
Organochlorine pesticides (DDE, DDD, and DDT), which were suspected of being present based on the site history, were not present above the detection limit in any of the samples. Comparing Compar ing metal concen concentratio trations ns of soil samples from SB05 and an d SB SB06 06 (b (back ackgr grou ound nd sa samp mples les)) wi with th th thee re rema main inin ing g so soil il samp sa mple less (S (SB0 B07 7 an and d SB SB08 08)) re reve veal alss th that at SB0 SB08 8 me metal talss da data ta exceed exc eeded ed the bac backgr kgroun ound d soi soils ls dat dataa sub substa stantia ntially lly for one analyte. That analyte was manganese (4320 mg/kg). X1.1.2.3 Migrati Migration on Pathwa Pathwayy Descrip Descriptions— tions— Descri D escribe be the route(s) potentially taken by contaminants from the site as they migrat mig ratee awa away y fro from m the sou source rce thr throug ough h the env enviro ironme nmenta ntall media (ground water, surface water, air, sediment, soils, and food chain).
TABLE X1.1 Summar Summary y of Analytical Analytical Result Results s at LF-1A Parameter (Method) Moisture (Test Method D2216 Method D2216)) Petroleum hydrocarbons (SW3550/E418.1) Volatile organics (SW8240) Methylene chlorideF Trichloroethene Organochlorine pesticides (SW3550/8080) 4,4-DDE 4,4-DDD 4,4-DDT Metals (SW3050/6010) Cadmium Manganese
Field Identification Number DLB
Units
SB05C
SB06
N/A 25
% mg/kg
20.6 ND25E
19.1 ND25
0.005 0.005
0.008 0.006
ND0.0050 ND0.0050
ND0.0050 ND0.0050
ND0.0050 0.05
0.0033 0.0033 0.0033
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
ND0.0033 ND0.0033 ND0.0033
ND0.0033 ND0.0033 ND0.0033
ND0.0033 ND0.0033 ND0.0033
0.5 2
ND0.5 mg/kg
D
ND0.0033 ND0.0033 ND0.0033
ND0.5 284
A
All results are expressed on a dry weight basis. DL = detection limit. C SB = soil boring. D N ⁄ A = not applicable. applicable. E NDx = not detected at concentration x concentration x . F Suspected laboratory contaminant. B
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 5 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
ND0.5 178
SB07 12.7 ND25
ND0.5 228
SB08 21.1 ND25
ND0.5 4320
E1689 − 95 (2014)
Example: Ground Water Migration—Three monitor wells (MWs (M Ws)) we were re in insta stalle lled d at LF LF-1 -1.. Th Thee be bedr droc ock k fo form rmati ation on is typical typ ically ly non nonwate waterr-bea bearin ring g and con consis sists ts of thi thick ck clay and clay-stone ( clay-stone (Fig. Fig. X1.2). X1.2). The unconsolidated materials above the bedrock include a layer of fluvial terrace deposits. The sand and gravels that lie above the bedrock contain water with flow velocities of approximately 13 to 18 ft/year (4 to 5 m/year). Flow velocities were estimated from permeability tests conducted at MW06. Recharge at the site is from runoff associated
from reaching the air pathway, and the site is covered by a thick layer of vegetation, which effectively acts as a natural cap and pre preven vents ts dus dustt fro from m bec becomi oming ng air airbor borne. ne. Qua Qualita litativ tivee air monitoring showed no evidence of any organic vapors being present at the site during the initial stages of the site investigation. Example: Soils—This pathway is not complete for humans because the site is surrounded by a 6-ft (2-m) fence with a padlocked gate and posted with no trespassing signs. Soil and
with nearby anderstagnates and nearfro the site. the Table Table X1.2area contain conthat tainsspools the wat water quality qua lity at analys ana lyses es from m samples of MW05, MW06 (upgradient), and MW07 (downgradient). The upgradient samples contained no contaminants at concentrations above the detection limits, while the downgradient sample contained organic contaminants contaminants (pesticides). A comparison of metals from the downgradient and upgradient sampl sam ples es in indi dicat cates es th that at th thee co conc ncen entr trat atio ion n of me metal talss in th thee downgradient ground water does not exceed background (upgradient) concentrations. Example: Surface Water and Sediment Migration —The site surf su rface ace wa wate terr dr drain ainag agee ma map p is sh show own n in Fig. X1. X1.3 3. Three surface water runoff samples and three sediment samples were collected at locations shown on the map. Samples SW-02 and SD-02 were collected to determine background, while SW-03,
sediment samples taken for con thetaminat surface water pathway didound notd indicat ind icatee the presen pre sence ce of contami nation ion above abo ve bac backgr kgroun concentrations. Also, there was no loose soil at the site since the site was covered by a thick layer of vegetation. Exposed, empty containers have been tested for the presence of contaminant na nt re resi sidu dues es,, an and d no none ne ha have ve be been en fo foun und. d. Th Thee si site te wa wass inspected for evidence of burrowing mammals and other small mammals mam mals,, rep reptile tiles, s, amp amphib hibian ians, s, or bir birds ds tha thatt mig might ht not be deterred by the fence. There was no evidence of any threat to ecological receptors from the soils or direct contact. Example: Food Chain Transfer —Samples —Samples collected from surface water, sediment, and soils indicate that there are no contami con taminan nants ts pre presen sentt at con concen centra tratio tions ns abo above ve bac backgr kgroun ound. d. There is therefore no concern for food chain transfer (biomagnification) in and around the landfill. Envir Environm onmenta entall Recep Receptor tor Iden Identific tificatio ation n and X1.1.2.4 Discussion— Current Current and future human and ecological receptor groups gro ups should should be ide identifi ntified ed and located located on sit sitee map maps. s. The migrat mig ration ion pat pathwa hways ys and sou source rce(s) (s) tha thatt pla place ce or pot potent entiall ially y place the environmental receptors at risk should be discussed. The only residential housing in the vicinity of the Example: The Example: site is app approx roximat imately ely 2100 ft nor northw thwest est of the landfill. landfill. The surficial aquifer is not used as a source of drinking water by the
SW-04, SD-03, andults SD-04 were of The ana analyti lytical cal res result s giv given en in placed Table Table downstream X1.2 indicat indicate e the thattsite. tha no contam con taminan inants ts are pre presen sentt abo above ve bac backgr kgroun ound d in any of the samples. There appears to be no contamination entering the surface water pathway from the site. Example: Air Migration—No air samples were taken since there was no indication that vapor or dust can enter the air pathway. The contamination is buried and effectively prevented
FIG. X1.2 Cross Section of Landfill Number 1 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 6 Downloaded/printed by Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014) TABLE X1.2 Groun Ground d and Surface Water Qualit Quality y Analysis at LF-1 Parameter
Volatile organics Trichloroethene Methylene chloride Organochlorine pesticides 4,4-DDE 4,4-DDD 4,4-DDT Metals C Maadnm gaiunm ese Petroleum hydrocarbons Volatile organics Trichloroethene Methylene chloride Organochlorine pesticides 4,4-DDE 4,4-DDD 4,4-DDT Metals Cadmium Manganese A B
Field Identification Number DLA
MW-0 MW -05 5 µg µg/L /L
MW-0 MW -06µ 6µ g/ g/L L
MW-0 MW -07 7 µg µg/L /L
5 5
ND5B ND5
ND5 ND5
ND5 ND5
0.1 0.1 0.1
ND0.1 ND0.1 ND0.1
5 15 DL Water 1000
5 N ND D15 µg/L SW-02 ND1000
5 ND ND15 µg/L SW-03 ND1000
5 ND ND15 µg/L SW-04 ND1000
mg/kg SD-02 ND1000
mg/kg SD-03 ND1000
mg/kg SD-04 ND1000
1 2
ND1 ND2
ND1 ND2
ND1 ND2
ND1 ND2
ND1 ND2
ND1 ND2
0.04 0.1 0.1
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1
5 20
ND5 ND20
ND0.1 ND0.1 ND0.1
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1
ND5 ND20
1 3 4
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1
ND5 ND20
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1
ND0.5 ND2
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1 ND0.5 ND2
ND0.04 ND0.1 ND0.1 ND0.5 ND2
DL = detection limit. NDx = not detected at concentration x concentration x .
FIG. X1.3 Surface Drainage Pattern around Landfill Number 1
residents, and the ground water flow is toward the southeast and away from the residential housing. There is an active golf course just to the west of the residential housing. Golf Course Lake is recharged from north of the lake and is not influenced by LF-1. The golf course does not use the surficial aquifer for a drinking water source or for irrigating the golf course. There are no other human receptors in the vicinity of the site. There Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 Downloaded/printed by
are no lo are loca cal, l, sta state te,, or fe fede dera rally lly de desi sign gnate ated d de decl clin inin ing, g, endangered, or rare species that inhabit or migrate through the vicinit vic inity y of the stu study dy are area. a. Oth Other er wil wildlif dlifee spe species cies that wer weree observ obs erved ed onon-site site show no evi eviden dence ce of har harm m fro from m the sit site. e. Plants on-site include seeded, cool-season grasses, and volunteer nat native ive gra grasse sses; s; her herbia bian n veg vegetat etation ion;; upl upland and shr shrubs ubs;; and coniferous conif erous trees. None of the vegeta vegetation tion shows signs of stress. 7
Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
mostt lik likely ely pot potent entiall ially y thr threate eatened ned aqu aquatic atic hab habitat itatss are The mos Small Sma ll Lak Lakee and Big Riv River er,, sou south th of the landfill. landfill. How Howeve ever, r, environmental sampling of surface water and sediments (Table (Table X1.2)) has not shown any evidence of contaminant migration X1.2 from the landfill to the lake or river. Fig. X1.4 illustrates the relationships among the elements of the conceptual site model, includi incl uding ng the sou source rces, s, rel release ease mec mechan hanism isms, s, pat pathwa hways, ys, and environmental receptors.
routes (direction of flow); and areas covered by environmental receptor populations and migration pathways. Morphological and geological features relevant to the environmental assessment of the site should be included on a map. X1.1-X1.3 are examples of sketch maps that Example::Figs. X1.1-X1.3 are Example contain a scale, a north arrow, and a legend. X1.2.2 Tables Tables and Figures— Fi gures— Tables and figure figuress shoul should d be simple and easy to read, with explanations of qualified data and abbreviations. All tables and figures should be referred to in the narrative. Examples::Tables X1.1 and X1.2 and Figs. X1.1-X1.3 are Examples examples of simple summary tables and site maps. Fig. X1.4 is X1.4 is an example of a diagr diagram am illustr illustrating ating the relatio relationship nshipss betwee between n primary and secondary sources, release mechanisms, exposure routes, route s, and enviro environmenta nmentall recepto receptors. rs.
X1.2 Examples of Maps, Tables, and Figures: X1.2.1 Maps— The The use of maps in a conceptual site model is important. The maps may include United States Geological Survey topographic and geologic maps, site sketch maps, and maps drawn to scale. The maps should identify and locate key elements elem ents of the con concep ceptua tuall site mod model el inc includ luding ing sou source rce(s) (s);; ground water, surface water, sediment, soil and air pathway
Conducting cting Remedial Investigations Investigations and Feasib Feasibility ility Studies Unde Underr CERCL CERCLA. A. NOTE 1—This example is based on Figure 2-2 of Guidance for Condu FIG. X1.4 Example Diagram for a Conceptual Model at Landfill Number 1
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 Downloaded/printed by
8
Daniel Oviedo (AECOM) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
E1689 − 95 (2014)
ASTM International position on respecting the validi validity ty of any patent rights assert asserted ed in connec connection tion with any item mentio mentioned ned International takes no positi in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-m (e-mail) ail);; or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secure secured d from the Copyri Copyright ght Clearance Center, Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 29 12:43:16 EDT 2020 Downloaded/printed by
9
