D.T.R. e 5-1travaux de Menuiserie en Bois

February 14, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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DILIQPKXK @K N'BMHIPMP KP @K N'[XHMLIQDK @jaudklt Pkabliquk Xécnkdkltmirk (@.P.X. K ;-=)

PXMWM[R @K DKL[IQKXIK KL HJIQ

Akltrk Lmtijlmn `'Ktu`ks kt `k Xkabkrabks Iltécréks ù Hètidklt (ALKXIH) 8550

UXKMDH[NK Nks dkluiskriks kl hjis hikl quk trâs utiniséks kl Mncérik, préskltklt sjuvklt `ks dmngmãjls mu livkmu `ks abmltikrs. Aks dmngmãjls jlt pjur jricilk nk ljl rkspkat, ju nm déajllmissmlak, `ks ìspjsitijls `k disk kl jkuvrk. @ks `ésjr`rks sjlt milsi klckl`rés pmr n'ilgintrmtijl `ks kmux `k pnuik, ul ilajlgjrt kt ul surajöt `k ajlsjddmtijl `'élkrcik sjlt prjvjqués pmr nks ilgintrmtijls `'mir (grji` ju abmu`).

Ak @PX gjurlit mux prjgkssijllkns ù hètidklt nks prksariptijls tkabliquks qui pkrdkttrjlt ulk dkinnkurk disk kl jkuvrk `ks dkluiskriks kl hjis kt `érivés (ajltrkpnmqué, mccnjdéré, kta.). Ak `jaudklt trmitk `k nm pjsk `ks dkluiskriks iltérikurks kt kxtérikurks, `ks anjisjls dkluiséks, `ks dkluiskriks résistmltks mu gku, `ks gkrdkturks (vjnkts, pkrsikllks, kta.), kt `k nm pjsk `ks bmhinnmcks kl hjis `ks pmrjis kt anjisjls.

Ak @PX trmitk écmnkdklt `ks tkabliquks `k gixmtijl, `ks dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt, ù trmitkdklt `ks suppjrts kt `k nm quilaminnkrik.

[lk mllkxk idpjrtmltk kst réskrvék mux tjnérmlaks ìdklsijllknnks `ks hmiks rkakvmlt nm dkluiskrik.

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AJDUJQMLPK @[ CXJ[UK PKABLI][K QUKAIMNIQK Abmrcé `k n'énmhjrmtijl ù @jaudklt Pkabliquk Xécnkdkltmirk "Prmvmux `k dkluiskrik kl hjis"

Urési`klt? D. _KXI_KXMh`knnmtig

@jatkur / Dmìtrk Mssistmlt - = L = D

Wiak-Urési`klt? D. XJ@KQNY Ymzi`

Mrabitkatk - H K P

Xmppjrtkur? D. FXJ[HI Dmnkf

Mttmabé `k rkabkrabk - A L K XIH

Dkdhrks? D. HJ[@IMGFbmni`

Mrabitkatk - A L K XIH

Dknnk ABJ[PXI Qmrlim

Ilcélikur - Dilistârk `k n'Bmhitmt kt `k n'[rhmlisdk

D. ABKHJ[HM Dmlsjur

Ilcélikur - KL D C U / Kt Pmrg

D. @OJ[CBI Mh`knfm`kr

Ilcklikur - A L = A

D. C[KXJ[DI Dmlsskg

Mrabitkatk - H K P

D. FMMHM ABK Qmê`

Ilcélikur - KLM P H

D. DKQHMB PjugIf

Ilcélikur - K L D C U / Xjstjdim

D. XKH_MLI Hrmbmd

Ilcélikur Ajlsuntmlt - A L K XIH

D. QMFBXMJ[I Qmê`

Abmrcé `k rkabkrabk - A L K XIH

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MXXKPK DILIQPKXIKN UJXPMLP MUUXJHMPIJL @[ @JA[DKLP PKABLI][K XKCNKDKLP MIXK K ;.= « Prmvmux `k dkluiskrik kl hjis ¶ Nk Dilistrk `k n'Bmhitmt kt `k n'[rhmlisdk, -Wu nk `éarkt lµ 28-1=9 ù 7 Djbmrkd =0=1 81 Jatjhrk! 928Lmtijlmn pjrtmlt trmlsgjrdmtijl `k n'Ilstitut Lmtijlmn `'Ktu`ks kt `kajrrkspjl`mlt Xkabkrabk kl mu Hètidklt kl Akltrk `'Ktu`ks kt `k Xkabkrabks Iltécréks ù Hètidklt (ALKXIH) 6 - Wu nk `éarkt lµ 27-8=1 ù =1 @bjnn Kn Biòm =057 ajrrkspjl`mlt mu =9 Mjöt =927 pjrtmlt arémtijl `'ulk ajddissijl tkabliquk pkrdmlkltk pjur nk ajltrðnk tkabliquk `k nm ajlstruatijl6 - Wu nk `éarkt prési`kltikn lµ 51-8=; ù 3 Xmhik Kn Mjukn=080 ajrrkspjl`mlt mu 9 Dmi 8551 pjrtmlt ljdilmtijl `ks dkdhrks ù cjuvkrlkdklt6 cjuvkrlkdklt6 - Wu nk`éarktkxéautigl598-=37 ù 5= @bju Kn Fmm`m =0=8 ajrrkspjl`mlt mu 50 Dmi =998 gixmlt nks mttrihutijls ù Dilistrk `k n'Bmhitmt6

MXXKPK, MXPIANK 5= - Kst mpprjuvé nk `jaudklt tkabliquk récnkdkltmirk @.P.X K ;-= iltituné "Prmvmux `k dkluiskrik kl hjis" mllkxé å n'jricilmn ù présklt mrrïté. aiiMXPIANK 58 - Nks ìspjsitijls ù `jaudklt tkabliquk récnkdkltmirk, visé å n'mrtiank = kr a `kssus, sjlt mppniamhnks å tjutk ljuvknnk étu`k, trjis (1) djis mprâs nm `mtk `k puhniamtijl ù présklt mrrïté mu Ojurlmn Jggiaikn `k nm Xépuhniquk Mncérikllk @édjarmtiquk kt Ujpunmirk.

MXPIANK 51 - Nks dmìtrks `'juvrmcks,

nks dmìtrks `'jkuvrks, nks kltrkprisks `k rémnismtijl, nks jrcmlisdks `k ajltrðnk kt `'kxpkrtisk sjlt tklus `k rkspkatkr nks ìspjsitijls ù `jaudklt tkabliquk récnkdkltmirk susaité. Nk Akltrk Lmtijlmnkt`'Ktu`ks kt `k Xkabkrabks ù tkabliquk Hètidklt MXPIANK 50 (ALKXIH), kst -abmrcé `k n'éìtijl `k nm ìggusijl ù préskltIltécréks `jaudklt récnkdkltmirk, jhokt ù présklt mrrïté

MXPIANK 5; - Nk présklt mrrïté skrm puhnié mu Ojurlmn Jggiaikn `k nm Xépuhniquk Mncérikllk @édjarmtiquk kt Ujpunmirk.

Gmit å Mnckr, nk ; Qmgmr =08; =08; ajrrkspjl`mlt mu 83 83 Dmrs 8550

Djbmdk` Lmìr BMDIDI@

0

QJDDMIXK ABMUIPXK = - UXKQAXIUPIJLQ CKLKXMNKQ = - Jhokt 8 - @jdmilk `'mppniamtijl 1 - Dkluiskriks iltérikurks 0 - Dkluiskriks kxtérikurks

ABMUIPXK II - DMPKXIM[R = - Hjis =.= - Kpmisskurs `ks hjis dmssigs =.8 - @urmhinité 8 - Umllkmux ajdpjsitks 1 - Mutrks dmtérimux kt dmtiârks ajlsjddmhnks 1.= - Ajnnks 1.8 - Dmstias 0 - Urjtkatijls 0.= - Urjtkatijl ilskatiai`k kt gjlciai`ks 0.8 - Ajdpjrtkdklt mu gku kt prjtkatijl icliguck 0.8.= - Xématijl mu gku 0.8.8 - Xésistmlak mu gku 0.1 - Urjtkatijl ajltrk nks rkprisks `'budiìté. 0.0 -Urjtkatijl `ks quilaminnkriks kt énédklts détmnniquks 0.0.= - Juvrmcks kxtérikurs ju `kstilés mux njamux budi`ks 0.0.8 - Mutrks juvrmcks

ABMUIPXK III - KLQKDHNKQ GMHXI][KQ = - Ajlìtijls célérmnks mppniamhnks å tjutks nks dkluiskriks =.= - Msskdhnmcks =.8 - @étmins `'kxéautijl kt `k gilitijl. 8 - @istrihutijl 8.= - Buisskriks kt hètis 8.8 - Jssmturks `ks anjisjls dkluiséks 1 - Ujrtks 1.= - Ujrtks iltérikurks 1.8 - Ujrtks kxtérikurks 0 - Unmamr`s 0.= - Ujrtks `k pnmamr`s 0.8 - Mdélmckdklt iltérikur `ks pnmamr`s ; - Mutrks énédklts dkluisés ;.= - Gmãm`ks `k cmilks tkabliquks ;.8 - Gmãm`ks `k hmicljirks ;.1 - Ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts ;.0 - Prmppks `k ajdhnks ;.; - Bmhinnmcks

;

Abmpitrk IW - AJL@IPIJLQ CKLKXMNKQ @K DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ J[WXMCKQ @K DKL[IQKXIK = - Xéakptijl `ks juvrmcks =.= - Budiìté `ks hjis 8 - Qtjafmck sur abmltikr

ABMUIPXK W - DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ GKLKPXKQ = - Ajlakptijl `k nm disk kl jkuvrk `ks gklïtrks =.= - Gixmtijls =.8 - Amngkutrkdklt =.8.= - Abjix ù dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt =.8.8 - Urksariptijl pjur ìggérklts amngkutrkdklts 8 - Kxéautijl `k nm pjsk `ks gklïtrks 8.= - Ajlìtijls prémnmhnks rkquisks pjur nm pjsk 1 2 8.8 - Disk kl pnmak 8.1 - Pjnérmlaks `k nm gklïtrk pjsék 8.0 - Kxéautijl ù amngkutrkdklt

ABMUIPXK WI - DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ GKXDKP[XKQ, UJXPKQ KP XKWKPKDKLP KRPKXIK[XQ = - Ujsk `ks gkrdkturks (vjnkts hmttmlts kt pkrsikllks) =.= ‑ Gixmtijls =.8 - Pjnérmlaks `k pjsk kt `k pnmléité 8 - Ujsk `ks gkrdkturks (vjnkts ajunissmlts) 1 - Ujsk `ks pjrtks kxtérikurks 0 - Xkvïtkdklts kxtérikurs 0.= - Célérmnités 0.8 - Hjis dmssigs 0.1 - Ajltrkpnmqué

ABMUIPXK WII - DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ J[WXMCKQ @K DKL[IQKXIK ILPKXIK[XK = - @istrihutijls =.= - Pjnérmlaks `'mpnjdh `k livkmu `k ìstrihutijls. 8 - Mutrks dkluiskriks iltérikurks 8.= - Ktmt ù abmltikr 8.8 - Pjnérmlaks kt prksariptijls 8.1 - Urksariptijls pjur nks rkvïtkdklts iltérikurs vkrtiamux kt bjrizjltmux kt ajggrmcks ìvkrs 8.0 - Bmhinnmcks

ABMUIPXK WIII - @IQUJQIPIJLQ UJ[X NKQ J[WXMCKQ @K DKL[IQKXIKQ AJ[UK - GK[ = - Disk kl jkuvrk =.= - Disk kl jkuvrk `ks buisskriks kt hètis détmnniquks kt hjis

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=.8 - Buisskriks hjis =.1 - Hètis hjis =.0 - Buisskrik's détmnniquks =.; - Hètis détmnniquks

ABMUIPXK IR - ][ILAMINNKXIK = - Lmturk kt qumnité `ks quilaminnkriks 8 -Ujsk `ks quilaminnkriks 8.= - Jrcmlks `k gixmtijl `ks `jrdmlts 8.8 - Jrcmlks `k rjtmtijl 8.1 - Jrcmlks `k gkrdkturk 8.0 - Mrtianks spéaimux `k quilaminnkrik

MLLKRKQ Mllkxk M n - Pkrdiljnjcik Mllkxk M 8 - Pjnérmlaks ìdklsijllknnks `ks hmiks `mls nk crjs jkuvrk `kstiléks å rkakvjir ulk dkluiskrik Mllkxk M 1 - Kxkdpnks `k rémnismtijls prmtiquks Mllkxk M 0 - Pmhnkmu `ks prksariptijls tkabliquks `ks pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés Mllkxk M ; - Anmusks pmrtiauniârks kltrmlt `mls nks ambikrs `ks abmrcks Mllkxk M 7 - Xégérklaks ljrdmtivks

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ABMUIPXK I UXKQAXIUPIJLQ CKLKXMNKQ = JHOKP =.=- Nk présklt @jaudklt Pkabliquk Xécnkdkltmirk (@PX) m pjur jhokt `k `égilir? -nks ajlìtijls `k pjsk kt `k disk kl jkuvrk `ks dkluiskriks iltérikurks kt kxtérikurks kl hjis kt `érivés, -nks ajlìtijls `k ajltrðnk kt nks dj`mnités `k réakptijl `ks énédklts dis kl jkuvrk. Ktmlt kltklù quk nks dmtérimux kt énédklts å dkttrk kl jkuvrk `jivklt ïtrk ajlgjrdks mux ljrdks kl vicukur ju å `ks prksariptijls pmrtiauniârks. =.8 - Ak @PX lk tiklt pms ajdptk `ks ajlìtijls pmrtiauniârks rknmtivks å nm ìnmtmtijl, rkprisk `ks pji`s djrts, séaurité ilaklìk kt isjnmtijl tbkrdiquk.

8 - @JDMILK @'MUUNIAMPIJL Nk présklt @PX ajlakrlk nks dkluiskriks lkuvks kl hjis kt dmtérimux `érivés ù hjis å dkttrk kl jkuvrk sur tjut typk `k suppjrt `mls nks hètidklts å usmck ajurmlt (hètidklts `'bmhitmtijl, sajnmirks, bjspitmnikrs, kta.). Nks trmvmux `k dkluiskrik kl hjis, ajlgjrdks å aks prksariptijls, sjlt prévus pjur ïtrk m`mptés å `ks juvrmcks rémnisés pmr `'mutrks ajrps `'étmt, ajlgjrdédklt mux prksariptijls `ks @PX nks ajlakrlmlt.

1 - DKL[IQKXIKQ ILPKXIK[XKQ Nks dkluiskriks iltérikurks ajdprkllklt? -nks ìstrihutijls, y ajdpris nks jssmturks `k anjisjls dkluiséks, -nks pjrtks kt hnjas-pjrtks, -nks pnmamr`s, -nks gmãm`ks `k cmilks tkabliquks kt `k hmicljirks, -nks ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts, -nks trmppks `k ajdhnks, -nks pnmgjl`s kt gmux-pnmgjl`s dkluisés ìrkatkdklt, -nks rkvïtkdklts kt bmhinnmcks, -nks pjrtks `k amvks.

0 - DKL[IQKXIKQ KRPKXIK[XKQ Nks dkluiskriks kxtérikurks ajdprkllklt? -nks gklïtrks, pjrtks-gklïtrks, abèssis gixks ju juvrmlts, -nks vjnkts kt pkrsikllks, -nks pjrtks kxtérikurks, -nks rkvïtkdklts kt bmhinnmcks kxtérikurs. Nks pmllkmux `k gmãm`ks dkluisés kt nks cmr`ks-ajrps lk sjlt pms ù `jdmilk `k ak @PX.

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ABMUIPXK II DMPKXIM[R = - HJIQ Nks kssklaks `ks hjis dmssigs, nkurs abjix `'mspkat, nkurs kdpnjis, nkurs qumnités pbysiquks kt déamliquks `jivklt répjl`rk mux spéaigiamtijls prévuks pmr nm ljrdk LM ;120 - =990 ? "Hjis `k dkluiskrik - Lmturk kt qumnité". Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks préaisklt nks kssklaks å utiniskr, nks qumnités `'mspkat, n'budiìté `ks hjis, kta.

=.= - Kpmisskurs `ks hjis dmssigs? Nks épmisskurs `ks hjis dmssigs kltrmlt `mls nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik sjlt nks épmisskurs giliks.

Ajddkltmirk? In kst `'usmck `k `ésiclkr nks épmisskurs `ks dkluiskriks pmr nks épmisskurs ljdilmnks `ks hjis mymlt skrvi å nm gmhriamtijl. Nks épmisskurs épmisskurs hrutks `ks `ks hjis utinisés (kl dd) sjlt? sjlt? Hjis résilkux? =8, =8, =;, =2, 88, 8;, 18, 12, 00, ;5, 71, 3;, =55. =55. Hjis gkuinnus? =1, =2, =2, 83, 10, 0=, ;0, ;0, 7;, 25,==5. Nks épmisskurs skdi-giliks lk pkuvklt ïtrk jhtkluks qu'å pmrtir `'épmisskur `k saimck iddéìmtkdklt supérikurk.

=.8 - @urmhinité ? Nks hjis kt mutrks dmtérimux utinisés `mls nm gmhriamtijl `ks dkluiskriks `jivklt résistkr mux mttkiltks `ks jrcmlisdks `kstruatkurs (abmdpicljls, ilskatks, kta.). Ujur nm résistmlak mux mttmquks `ks abmdpicljls, lk sjlt ajlakrléks quk nks dkluiskriks qui risquklt `'ïtrk dmiltkluks å ulk budiìté supérikurk å 85%. Lk sjlt `jla ajlakrléks quk nks dkluiskriks iltérikurks kl diniku budi`k ajlgilé (risquk `k ajl`klsmtijl) kt nks dkluiskriks kxtérikurks, siâcks `k pélétrmtijl `'kmu niqui`k pmr ampinnmrité surtjut `mls nks hjis `k hjut (gklïtrks, pjrtks- gklïtrks, pjrtks kxtérikurks, kta.).

Ajddkltmirk? Umr diniku budi`k ajlgilé, in gmut kltkl`rk tjutk mtdjspbârk susakptihnk `k préskltkr ul étmt bycrjdétriquk pkrdmlklt pkrdmlklt ju prjnjlcé pkl`mlt pnusikurs skdmilks supérikur å 25 %.

8 - UMLLKM[R AJDUJQIPKQ Nks qumnités `ks pmllkmux ajltrkpnmqués, pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks, pmllkmux `k gihrks, pmllkmux `k gihrmccnj kt prjùits kl gihrks aidklt-aknnunjsk sjlt mppréaiéks sknjl nks spéaigiamtijls `ks ljrdks kl vicukur.

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1 - M[PXKQ DMPÉXIM[R KP DMPIÂXKQ AJLQJDDMHNKQ Nks mutrks dmtérimux utinisés pjur nm gmhriamtijl ju nm disk kl jkuvrk `ks dkluiskriks `jivklt répjl`rk mux spéaigiamtijls `ks ljrdks qui nks ajlakrlklt. M `égmut, ins `jivklt ïtrk mcréés pmr nk dmìtrk `k n'jkuvrk sur nm préskltmtijl `k nkurs amrmatéristiquks, smlatijlléks si léakssmirk pmr `ks kssmis spéaigiquks.

1.= - Ajnnks? Nks ajnnks utiniséks `jivklt ïtrk ajdpmtihnks mvka nks dmtérimux å msskdhnkr, nk tmux `'budiìté ù hjis, `k dïdk qu'mvka nm `kstilmtijl `k nm dkluiskrik (iltérikurk ju kxtérikurk).

1.8 - Dmstias? Nks dmstias `k amngkutrkdklt utinisés kltrk nk crjs jkuvrk kt nk `jrdmlt ju nk préam`rk `ks gklïtrks pkuvklt ïtrk å hmsk `'énmstjdârks ju ù typk pnmstiquk. Nks dmstias `k rkhjuabmck `ks pktits `égmuts ù hjis `k dkluiskrik pkuvklt ïtrk å hmsk `'buink `k nil ju jnéjpnmstiquks. @'mutrks prjùits spéaigiquks `k gjrdunmtijl m`mpték (å hmsk `k résilk épjxy, pjnykstbkr, kta.) sjlt kdpnjyés ljtmddklt kl dkluiskrik kxtérikurk.

0 UXJPKAPIJLQ 0.=- Urjtkatijl ilskatiai`k kt gjlciai`k? Nm préskrvmtijl kt nk trmitkdklt ajltrk nks mttmquks `'ilskatks kt `k abmdpicljls sjlt `'mutmlt pnus ricjurkux quk nks djykls `k prjtkatijl prjtkatijl ajltrk nks rkprisks `'budiìté sjlt déìjarks. N'usmck ù hjis étmlt ajllu, nk ajltrðnk `'ul trmitkdklt lk pkut s'klvismckr `k dmliârk smtisgmismltk quk pmr ulk suitk `'jpérmtijls ajdpnédkltmirks, `jlt abmaulk kst léakssmirk, å smvjir ? -nm vérigiamtijl `k ajlgjrdité ù prjùit `k préskrvmtijl, kdpnjyé mvka n'éabmltinnjl qui m gmit nm prkuvk `k sjl kggiamaité hijnjciquk (prjaâs vkrhmn `'kssmis réaklt) 6 -nm vérigiamtijl ù prjaé`é `'mppniamtijl. Nks énédklts kl hjis résilkux pnmaés å n'kxtérikur, kxpjsés å n'budiìté mtdjspbériquk, dïdk ljl sjudis mu ruissknnkdklt, kt `kstilés å ulk gilitijl trmlspmrkltk `jivklt suhir ul trmitkdklt mltihnkuisskdklt. Nks prjùits utinisés `jivklt smtisgmirk mux prksariptijls `ks ljrdks kl vicukur.

Ajddkltmirk? Ujur quk nk trmitkdklt sjit kggiamak, nk prjùit `jit pélétrkr `'mu djils =55dd `mls nks hjis `k hjut kt `k 8 å ;dd kl skls trmlsvkrsmn kl qumltité supérikurk mu skuin `'kggiamaité.

0.8 - Ajdpjrtkdklt mu gku kt prjtkatijl icliguck ? 0.8.= - Xématijl mu gku? Nm prjtkatijl icliguck lk s'idpjsk quk `mls nk ams jù nm râcnkdkltmtijl kl vicukur prksarit ul anmsskdklt `k rématijl mu gku mdénijré pmr rmppjrt mu anmsskdklt ilitimn ju si nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks nk prksarivklt. Mu djdklt `k sjl abjix kt `k sjl utinismtijl, nk prjùit ju nk dmtérimu icligucé `jit gmirk n'jhokt `'ul prjaâs vkrhmn `k anmsskdklt kl ajurs `k vmniìté `énivré pmr ul nmhjrmtjirk mcréé.

=5

0.8.8 - Xésistmlak mu gku? Nks `kcrés `k résistmlak kxicés pmr nm râcnkdkltmtijl `jivklt ïtrk oustigiés pmr nm prjùatijl `'ul prjaâs-vkrhmn `'kssmi `k résistmlak mu gku ju `'ulk mppréaimtijl sur pnml édmlmlt `'ul nmhjrmtjirk mcréé.

Ajddkltmirk? Aks kxicklaks ajlakrlklt ajlakrlklt ksskltiknnkdklt nks pjrtks, nks anjisjls kt nks gmãm`ks.

0.1 - Urjtkatijl ajltrk nks rkprisks `'budiìté? Nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik iltérikurk nivrés mvmlt disk bjrs `'kmu kt pjsk `ks vitrmcks, pnmaés `mls `ks piâaks budi`ks, milsi quk nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik kxtérikurk `jivklt ïtrk prjtécés ajltrk nks rkprisks `'budiìté. Nm lmturk `k akttk prjtkatijl (idprkssijl ju by`rjguck) `jit ïtrk ajdpmtihnk mvka nks gilitijls usuknnks ju, tjut mu djils mvka nks gilitijls prévuks `mls nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks milsi qu'mvka nks prjùits `k préskrvmtijl évkltuknnkdklt mppniqués mltérikurkdklt.

Ajddkltmirk? In ajlviklt `k s'ilgjrdkr muprâs muprâs `ks gmhriamlts gmhriamlts `k nm ajdpmtihinité `ks prjùits prjùits kltrk kux kt `k rkspkatkr nks ajlìtijls `'kdpnji, `jlt nks périj`ks `k séabmck kltrk n'mppniamtijl ù prjùit `k préskrvmtijl, aknnk `k n'idprkssijl kt aknnk `ks gilitijls. gi litijls. Akttk prjtkatijl `jit iltérksskr tjutks nks gmaks, rivks kt mhjuts `ks énédklts `k dkluiskrik kt, kl pmrtiaunikr, nks gkuinnurks kt nks pmranjsks. Nm prjtkatijl `ks dkluiskriks `jit ïtrk mppniquék kl mtknikr.

0.0 - Urjtkatijl `ks ]uilaminnkriks kt énédklts détmnniquks? Nks prksariptijls ai-mprâs lk s'mppniquklt pms mux mrtianks `k auivrk kt `k nmitjllkrik mppmrklts.

0.0.=- Juvrmcks kxtérikurs ju `kstilés mux njamux budi`ks? Nks énédklts détmnniquks mssjaiés å aks juvrmcks `jivklt, mvmlt nkur disk kl pnmak, rkakvjir ulk prjtkatijl ajltrk nm ajrrjsijl ajlgjrdédklt mux kxicklaks `ks ljrdks kl vicukur. Nm ajltiluité `k nm prjtkatijl `ks surgmaks `étérijréks njrs `k nm disk kl pnmak `jit ïtrk rétmhnik.

0.0.8 - Mutrks juvrmcks? Muaulk kxicklak pmrtiauniârk l'kst prévuk pjur nks énédklts mssjaiés å aks juvrmcks, smug pjur akux kl maikr maik r pjur nksqukns nm prjtkatijl prjtkat ijl `jit ïtrk mu m u djils équivmnkltk å aknnk akn nk mppjrték pmr ulk ajuabk `k diliud `k pnjdh. pnjdh. N'kdpnji `k diliud `k gkr kst iltkrìt.

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ABMUIPXK III KLQKDHNKQ GMHXI][KQ = AJL@IPIJLQ CKLKXMNKQ MUUNIAMHNKQ M PJ[PKQ NKQ DKL[IQKXIKQ =.= - Msskdhnm=cks ? Nks mrmskdklts `ks qui msskdhnmcks préskltkr sur nks Ujur pmrkdklts ulk ajupk trmlabk mvka ul ojilt smls oku pkut ïtrk`jivklt mggnkuré ju dmrqué. nks juvrmcks kxtérikurs, nks msskdhnmcks lk `jivklt nmisskr muaul vi`k luisihnk å nm sjniìté `k n'juvrmck kt å sjl étmlabéité.

=.=.=- Msskdhnmcks déamliquks? Nks msskdhnmcks déamliquks `jivklt résistkr mux kggjrts ljrdmnkdklt suppjrtés kl skrviak pmr nks juvrmcks. Nks abkvinnks kl hjis sjlt kl hjis ùrs, mu dilidud mrmséks sur nks pmrkdklts6 nks abkvinnks détmnniquks sjlt abmsséks. Nks tjurinnjls, écmnkdklt kl hjis ùrs, sjlt amllknés. Nks gmussks nmlcukttks sjlt kl hjis gkuinnu ùr, kl ajltrkpnmqué ju kl dmtérimu `k amrmatéristiquks mu djils équivmnkltks.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks pmllkmux pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks lk lk ajlvikllklt pms. pms. Nks kdhrâvkdklts kdhrâvkdklts `ks juvrmcks juvrmcks kxtérikurs kxtérikurs pkrdkttklt rktrmits rktrmits kt cjlgnkdklt ù ù hjis.

=.=.8 - Msskdhnmcks ajnnés? Nks ajnnks sjlt prépmréks kl suivmlt nks spéaigiamtijls `ks gmhriamlts qui préaisklt kl pmrtiaunikr? -nks prjpjrtijls `ks prjùits å kdpnjykr6 -nm tkdpérmturk `ks prjùits6 -nm lmturk kt nm qumnité `ks ùraisskurs kt abmrcks évkltukns6 -n'budiìté `ks hjis maakptmhnks. Nks hjis å ajnnkr sjlt mdklés, pmr séabmck mrtigiaikn kt/ju pmr stmhinismtijl `mls n'mtknikr6 si nks ajlìtijls bycrjdétriquks `k ak `krlikr s'y prïtklt, mu tmux `'budiìté djykl, ajdpmtihnk mvka nm ajnnk kdpnjyék kt mussi vjisil quk pjssihnk ù tmux `'équinihrk bycrjsajpiquk djykl, quk nks hjis `ks juvrmcks mttkil`rjlt `mls nkur utinismtijl ljrdmnk. Nks ajurhks `'équinihrk bycrjsajpiquk djykl `ks hjis sjlt `jlléks `mls nm gicurk = ?

=8

Gicurk =? Ajurhks `'équinihrk bycrjsajpiquk ù hjis =.=.8.= - Msskdhnmck hjut å hjut (mhjutmck) ? N'mhjutmck `ks piâaks `k hjis kst m`dis sjus réskrvk quk nkur résistmlak sjit suggismltk kl gjlatijl ù rðnk qu'knnks ojuklt `mls nm dkluiskrik kt quk nkur ùrmhinité sjit mssurék.

A jddkltmirk? Qi nk dmìtrk `'jkuvrk l'm`dkt pms `k piâaks mhjutéks ju nmdknnéks, in nk préaisk `mls nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks. In l'kst m`dis muaul vi`k ljl rkdpni `k ajnnk sur nks gmaks vuks `ks klturks.

=.=.8.8 - Nmdknnmtijls ? Nks piâaks `k hjis pkuvklt ïtrk ajlstituéks, kl skatijl trmlsvkrsmnk, `k `kux ju pnusikurs pmrtiks ajnnéks sur pnmt ju sur abmlt, sjus réskrvk `k smtisgmirk mux ajlìtijls éljlaéks å n'mrtiank préaé`klt.

=.=.8.1 - Hjuabjllmck ? Nk hjuabjnnn=mck `ks ljku`s, pjabks `k résilk kt mutrks `égmuts risqumlt `k rémppmrmìtrk sjus nk gind `k pkilturk kst m`dis pjur nks hjis å pkil`rk. Nks hjuabjls sjlt kxéautés `mls nm dïdk kssklak `k hjis kt sjlt ìspjsés kl rkspkatmlt nk gin ù hjis.

=.=.8.0 - Ajnnmck `ks strmtigiés? Nks pmnnn=kmux strmtigiés sjlt ajnnés sknjl nks prksariptijls `ks ljrdks kl vicukur.

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=.8 - @étmins `'kxéautijl kt `k gilitijl? Nks gmaks mppmrkltks `ks hjis gmãjnnn=és `jivklt ïtrk kxkdptks `k `égmut `'usilmck. Nks mhjuts mppmrklts sjlt `rkssés. N'kdpnji `k dmstias l'kst tjnéré sur nks dkluiskriks å pkil`rk quk pjur dmsqukr nks pktits `égmuts ù hjis qui lk oustigiklt pms nm pjsk `'ulk piâak rmppjrték, ak qui kxanut nk dmstiamck `k dmngmãjls. Qur nks pmrkdklts vus,=dd. nks tïtks `k pjiltks kt `k abkvinnks détmnniquks sjlt abmsséks å ulk prjgjl`kur `'mu djils Qur nks juvrmcks mppmrklts, nks trmaks `k pjiltks sjlt hjuabéks å n'mi`k `k cjddk nmquk ju `k tjut mutrk prjùit `k rkhjuabmck m`mpté. . Nks trmaks `k gnmabks sjlt tjnéréks sur nks mrïtks `ks gmaks vuks `ks hruts `k saimck.

8 @IQPXIH[PIJL Qjlt ajdpris sjus ak titrk nks buisskriks, hètis, pjtkmux, ..., `kstilés å ïtrk ilajrpjrés `mls nks anjisjls kt nks durs milsi quk nks jssmturks `k anjisjls dkluiséks.

8.= - Buisskriks kt hètis? 8.=.=- Nmrckurs `k pmssmck? Nm nmrckur `k pmssmck kst dksurék sknjl nks ljrdks kl vicukur.

8.=.8 - Prmvkrsk bmutk `'buisskrik? @mls nk ams `k anjisjls dmãjlléks kt å `égmut `k ìspjsitijls ajlstruativks évitmlt å nm trmvkrsk `k ojukr nk rðnk `k niltkmu, aknnk-ai `jit ïtrk ìdklsijllék `k gmãjl quk sm `égjrdmtijl rkstk `mls nks tjnérmlaks `égiliks kl =.= ù abmpitrk 3.

8.=.1 - @idklsijls `ks gkuinnurks `'buisskriks kt hètis? Ujur nk ams `ks pjrtks mggnkurmltks kl hjis, jl ìstilcuk? - pjur buisskriks å mrïtks vivks (ams célérmn `ks buisskriks kt hètis kl hjis), nm prjgjl`kur `k nm gkuinnurk kst écmnk å n'épmisskur ù vmltmin mucdklték `k 1 dd kt sm nmrckur l'kst pms ilgérikurk å =1 dd 6

Gicurk 8 - Ujrtks mggnkurmltks mvka buisskrik hjis - pjur buisskriks å mrïtks mrrjlìks (ams célérmn `ks buisskriks kt hètis détmnniquks), nm prjgjl`kur `k nm gkuinnurk kst écmnk å n'épmisskur ù vmltmin mucdklték `k 1dd kt ù rmyjl `k n'mrrjlì, sm bmutkur l'kst pms ilgérikurk å =5 dd, mrrjlì sminnmlt kxanu6 - pjur buisskriks ju hètis dulis `k hutéks sjupnks, nks prjgjl`kurs `k gkuinnurk préaiséks ai`kssus sjlt mucdkltéks `k nm di épmisskur `ks hutéks sjupnks6

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Ujur nk ams `ks pjrtks å rkajuvrkdklt, nm nmrckur `k nm gkuinnurk `k n'buisskrik ju ù hèti lk `jit pms ïtrk ilgérikurk å =5 dd 6 Nm prjgjl`kur `k nm gkuinnurk, mrrjlì sminnmlt ilanus, `jit ïtrk ilgérikurk å nm ìdklsijl ajrrkspjl`mltk ù vmltmin.

A jddkltmirk? Akttk prksariptijl kst prisk pjur évitkr quk nm ojuk `k rkajuvrkdklt ù vmltmin lk gmssk skunk jggiak `k hmttkdklt. @mls nk ams jù n'buisskrik ju nk hèti sjlt dulis `k hutéks sjupnks, nm prjgjl`kur `k nm gkuinnurk, `égilik pnus bmut, kst mucdklték `k nm `kdi -épmisskur `k aks hutéks.

8.=.0 - Kxicklaks prjprks mux buisskriks kt hètis kl hjis? Nm nmrckur gilik `ks djltmlts kt trmvkrsks `'buisskriks kl hjis, il`épkl`mddklt `k nkur épmisskur, `jit ïtrk supérikurk ju mu djils écmnk å ;; dd sur nm gmak nm pnus nmrck. @mls nk ams `ks anjisjls kl énédklts `k pnètrk å pmrkdklts gilis, djltés smls nimlt by`rmuniquk, akttk ìdklsijl pkut ïtrk rmdklék å 0; dd. @mls nk ams jù n'buisskrik ju nk hèti ajdpjrtk ulk cjrck pjur pmssmck `k amlmnismtijl énkatriquk pmr kxkdpnk, nm ìstmlak k kltrk nk gjl` `k nm cjrck kt nk gjl` `k nm gkuinnurk `jit ïtrk écmnk ju supérikurk å 1; dd, s'in y m risquk `k pjussék kt 8; dd s'in l'ykl m pms.

Gicurk 1 ? Buisskrik kt hètis kl hjis Ajddkltmirk? Njrsqu'in y m pjsk pjsk `'ul hnja-pjrtk, hnja-pjrtk, in l'y m pms `k risquk `k pjussék. Nks buisskriks `jivklt ajdpjrtkr ul nistkn `'épmisskur dilidmnk `k =5 dd. Nm gmak `ks pjtkmux kt trmvkrsk `ks buisskriks kl ajltmat mvka nm dmãjllkrik `kstilék å ïtrk klùitk kst rmilurék. Ajddkltmirk? Nks ojuks `k nm rmilurk skrvklt skrvklt `k cui`k njrs njrs `k nm ajlstitutijl `k `k n'klùit pnètrk.

8.=.; - Kxicklaks prjprks mux buisskriks détmnniquks? N'maikr prjginé mux cmnkts, pnié å nm prkssk, ju iljxy`mhnk kt n'mnnimck `'mnudiliud kxtru`é, pnié å nm prkssk ju prjginé mux cmnkts sjlt `égilis `mls nks ljrdks kl vicukur. Nm prjtkatijl `k n'maikr kst kggkatuék pmr cmnvmlismtijl mvmlt gjrdmck ju mprâs rémnismtijl `ks buisskriks ajlgjrdédklt mux ljrdks kl vicukur. Nm prjtkatijl `k n'mnudiliud kst kggkatuék pmr mljìsmtijl6 nm ajuabk jxy`ék mymlt mu djils ; diarjls `'épmisskur. Nks buisskriks ajdpjrtklt mu djils 8 jrcmlks `k rjtmtijl (pmudknnks, kta) pjur nks vmltmux `k 8,50 d `k bmut, mu djils 1 pjur nks vmltmux `k bmutkur supérikurk.

=;

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Nks buisskriks sjlt duliks `ks énédklts `k gixmtijl mux anjisjls m`mptéks å aknnks-ai. Knnks ajdpjrtklt mu djils ul pjilt susakptihnk `k rkakvjir, pmrvis kt éarju kl nmitjl, f ajlùatkur `k disk å nm tkrrk.

8.8 - Jssmturk `ks anjisjls dkluiséks? Nks amrmatéristiquks kt spéaigiamtijls `k aks anjisjls sjlt stipunéks `mls nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks. Nm qumnité `jit tkabljnjciquk utinisés ajlgkatijl `ks -jssmturks `k anjisjls dkluiséks ajrrkspjl`rk`ks å nmhjis anmssk `égilikpjur `mls nm nm ljrdk LM ;120 =990.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks anjisjls sjlt rémniséks mux ìdklsijls ù njamn å n'mi`k `'énédklts djltés sur ulk jssmturk célérmnkdklt msskdhnék sur pnmak. Nks hjis `ks jssmturks `ks anjisjls `k `juhnmck `k durs kxtérikurs `jivklt ïtrk ajlsi`érés ajddk étmlt pnmaés kl diniku budi`k ajlgilé kt répjl`rk, kl ajlséquklak, mux spéaigiamtijls `k n'mrtiank =.8.ùabmpitrk 8 kt, mu hksjil, ïtrk trmités prévkltivkdklt ajltrk nks pjurriturks sknjl nks spéaigiamtijls `k n'mrtiank 0.n.ù abmpitrk 8.

1-UJXPKQ Nks ìdklsijls `ks pjrtks å vmltmux hmttmlts, qukn qu'kl sjit nk dmtérimu ajlstitutig, sjlt gixéks pmr nks ljrdks kl vicukur.

1.= - Ujrtks iltérikurks? N'utinismtijl `k pjrtks pnmlks `k typk iltérikur juvrmlt ìrkatkdklt sur nm gmãm`k kxtérikurk `k nm ajlstruatijl kst iltkrìtk. Nm rémnismtijl `k ajltrk gkuinnurk `k pjrtks å rkajuvrkdklt pmr klnâvkdklt `k dmtiârk kltrmìlk ulk réùatijl `ks ìdklsijls `k pmssmck.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks trjis aðtés ù vmltmin pkuvklt pkuvklt ïtrk mnmisés. Qur nks pjrtks å `kux vmltmux, nk hmttkdklt rmppjrté mu hjis m ulk épmisskur dilidmnk `k 9dd kt kst gixé pmr mu djils ulk vis tjus nks 5,15 d ju pmr ajnnmck kt anjumck.

1.=.= - Ujrtks å amrmatéristiquks spéaimnks? Nks amrmatéristiquks ù vmltmin `égiliks `mls nks ljrdks kl vicukur lk suggisklt pms pjur ajlgérkr å n'juvrmck nks pkrgjrdmlaks rkquisks. Nks prjaâs-vkrhmux `'kssmis `k résistmlak mu gku kt `'mggmihnisskdklt majustiquk rkquis pjur akrtmilks pjrtks lk pkuvklt skrvir `k régérklak quk s'in kst ajlstmté å nm réakptijl quk nm ajlakptijl `k n'juvrmlt mvka sjl hèti, sks équipkdklts kt nks okux sjlt kxmatkdklt ajlgjrdks å akux qui sjlt `éarits `mls nks prjaâs-vkrhmux `'kssmis.

1.=.=.= - Ujrtks ajupk-gku? Nks ìspjsitijls rknmtivks å ak typk `k pjrtks sjlt `jlléks mu abmpitrk 2.

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1.=.=.8 - Ujrtks majustiquks? Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks ilìquklt nm vmnkur `k n'ilìak `'mggmihnisskdklt majustiquk quk `jit préskltkr nm pjrtk mvka sjl s jl `jrdmlt kt sks sk s équipkdklts, njrsquk akt ilìak `jit ïtrk supérikur å8; (`H)M.

Ajddkltmirk? Nm dksurk, kl nmhjrmtjirk kt il situ, `k nm trmlsdissijl `ks hruits mérikls `mls nks ajlstruatijls, kst `égilik `mls nks ljrdks kl vicukur. Nm oustigiamtijl `k akt ilìak `'mggmihnisskdklt majustiquk, supérikur å 8; (`H)M, kst mppjrték pmr ul prjaâs-vkrhmn `'kssmi kggkatué pmr ul nmhjrmtjirk qumnigié.

1.=.=.1 - Ujrtks sépmrmlt `ks njamux abmuggés kt ljl abmuggés? Nm stmhinité `ks vmltmux kst tknnk quk nks ajlìtijls bypjtbkrdiquks ìggérkltks `ks mdhimlaks qu'knnks sépmrklt lk `jivklt pms kltrmìlkr `k `égjrdmtijls `épmssmlt nks tjnérmlaks `k pnmléité `égiliks mu pmrmcrmpbk 8.8.ù abmpitrk 3 Nkurs évkltuknnks amrmatéristiquks `'étmlabéité å n'mir sjlt `égiliks pmr nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks.

1.=.=.0 - Ujrtks mlti-kggrmatijl ? Nks ljrdks `égilissklt nks détbj`ks `'kssmi `k résistmlak å n'kggrmatijl pmr `ks djykls `kstruatigs `ks hnjas pjrtks dulis `k nkurs maakssjirks. Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks `égilissklt nk livkmu `k résistmlak kxicé `ks pjrtks mlti-kggrmatijl.

1.=.8 - Hnjas-pjrtks? Nk hnja-pjrtk kst ul klskdhnk `jllmlt kt vmltmin, gkrré kt mousté kt `jlt tjus nks énédklts rkstklt mssjaiés njrs `k nm pjsk. Qi nks idpérmtigs ù abmltikr idpjsklt nk `écjl`mck `ks vmltmux mprâs pjsk, akux-ai `jivklt ïtrk rkpérés.

1.=.1 - Ujrtks dkluiséks iltérikurks? Nks pjrtks dkluiséks iltérikurks ju pjrtks kl nmdhris `'msskdhnmck iltérikurks, pnkilks ju vitréks, quknnk quk sjit nkur `kstilmtijl, gjlt pmrtik `ks juvrmcks `jlt nm gmhriamtijl kst n'jhokt `k n'mrtiank = ù présklt abmpitrk.

1.=.0 - Ujrtks vitréks iltérikurks? In `jit ïtrk tklu ajdptk `mls nks ìdklsijls `ks gkuinnurks kt évkltuknnkdklt `ks pmranjsks, `k n'épmisskur ù vitrmck kt `k sjl dj`k `k pjsk.

1.=.; - Ujrtks `k amvks? Nks pjrtks `k amvks pkuvklt ïtrk kxéautéks kl pnmlabks ojiltivks, å ajlìtijl quk nks amvks rkstklt vkltinéks. Nks quilaminnkriks (pklturks, djrminnjls, kta.) lk `jivklt pms pjuvjir ïtrk `édjltéks .`k n'kxtérikur njrsquk nm pjrtk kst gkrdék. Nks pjrtks pnmlks pkuvklt ïtrk utiniséks kl amvk si nks ajlìtijls bycrjdétriquks s'y prïtklt (vjir pmrmcrmpbk =.= ù abmpitrk 0).

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1.8 - Ujrtks kxtérikurks? Nks pjrtks kxtérikurks sjlt kl célérmn `ks pjrtks dkluiséks. Nkurs msskdhnmcks sjlt ajnnés kt étmlabks. Nks pjrtks pnmlks iltérikurks kt dïdk nks pjrtks pmniârks lk pkuvklt pms ïtrk utiniséks kl pjrtks kxtérikurks. Akrtmilks pjrtks pnmlks `jlt nm ajlakptijl kst spéaimnkdklt étuìék pkuvklt ajlvklir. Nks pjrtks kxtérikurks `jivklt résistkr mux ajltrmiltks `k `égjrdmtijl ilùitks pmr nm ìggérklak `ks mdhimlaks bycrjtbkrdiquks qu'knnks sépmrklt. Nm pkrdémhinité å nm vmpkur `'kmu `k nm gilitijl mppniquék sur nm gmak kxtérikurk `ks pjrtks lk `jit pms ïtrk supérikurk å aknnk `k nm gilitijl mppniquék sur nm gmak iltérikurk.

Ajddkltmirk? Kl prkdiârk mpprjxidmtijl, jl kstidk quk nks prjùits `k gilitijl sk anmssklt, pmr jr`rk arjissmlt `k pkrdémhinité, ajddk suit ? - vkrlis cnyaérj 6 - pkilturks cnyaérj 6 - nmsurks kt prjùits ìts diarjpjrkux 6 - pkilturks iltérikurks. Nks amrmatéristiquks `'étmlabéité å n'kmu `ks pjrtks kxtérikurks sjlt `égiliks kl gjlatijl `k nkur kxpjsitijl. Nks pjrtks `jllmlt sur `ks njamux ljl abmuggks pkuvklt lk pms préskltkr `k amrmatéristiquks pmrtiauniârks `k pkrdémhinité å n'mir. Nks pjrtks `jllmlt sur `ks njamux abmuggés `jivklt mvjir `ks amrmatéristiquks mdénijréks pmr `ks cmrliturks sjupnks `'étmlabéité.

0 - UNMAMX@Q 0.= - Ujrtks `k pnmamr`s? Nks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s pkuvklt ïtrk gmhriquéks kl pmllkmux ajltrkpnmqués, kl pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks ju, klajrk, sknjl nm tkabliquk `ks pjrtks pnmlks. Nks abmlts `ks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s kl pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks `jivklt ïtrk pnmqués ju mnmisés. Nm gilitijl `ks abmlts `jit ïtrk m`mpték å nm lmturk `ks gkrrmcks utinisés. Nm rivk ilgérikurk `ks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s kl pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks juvrmlt sur `ks sjns kltrktklus mvka `k n'kmu `jit ïtrk mnmisék s'in l'y m pms `k trmvkrsk hmssk `jrdmltk. Nks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s kl hjis ju `érivés `jivklt rkakvjir nk dïdk systâdk `k gilitijl sur nks `kux gmaks, å n'kxakptijl `k nm `krliârk ajuabk `éajrmtivk qui pjurrm ïtrk ìggérkltk. N'épmisskur `ks pjrtks ajunissmltks ljl duliks `k rmiìsskur lk `jit pms ïtrk ilgérikurk mu =/=55âdk `k nkur bmutkur å = dd prâs. Nm nmrckur `ks pjrtks ajunissmltks ljl suspklùks lk `jit pms ïtrk ilgérikurk mux 8/;âdks `k nkur bmutkur.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks pjrtks ajunissmltks kxaé`mlt ulk bmutkur `k =,;5 d `jivklt ïtrk duliks `k ìspjsitig å rjunkdklt kt ajdpjrtkr, sur nm rivk jppjsék, ul ìspjsitig `k cui`mck. Ak ìspjsitig `k cui`mck pkut ïtrk ulk ajunissk kl hjis ùr ju kl ul mutrk dmtérimu résistmlt å n'usurk.

0.8 - Mdélmckdklt iltérikur `ks pnmamr`s? N'mppniamtijl `'ulk ilstmltmlék abmrck uligjrdédklt =55 `mL/d8 `k surgmak lk `jit pms prjvjqukr `k gnâabk supérikurk årépmrtik =/85 `k`k nm pjrték `k nm tmhnkttk kltrk mppuis.

=2

Nks djltmlts `k sépmrmtijl kt nks rmyjllmcks kl pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks sjlt pnmqués ju mnmisés sur nkur abmlt mppmrklt.

; - M[PXKQ KNKDKLPQ DKL[IQKQ ;.= - Gmãm`ks `k cmilks tkabliquks? Nks gmãm`ks `k cmilks klgkrdmlt `ks amlmnismtijls rici`ks `jivklt pkrdkttrk nkur disk kl pnmak kt nkur rkdpnmakdklt évkltukn. Nkurs ìdklsijls sjlt `égiliks `mls nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks. Nks gmãm`ks klgkrdmlt `ks amlmnismtijls `k cmz `jivklt pkrdkttrk n'ilajrpjrmtijl, mux kdpnmakdklts M` Bja, `ks ìspjsitigs `k vkltinmtijl. Nks pjrtks, hmttmltks `k aks gmãm`ks `k cmilks `jivklt répjl`rk mux dïdks spéaigiamtijls quk aknnks `ks pjrtks `k pnmamr`. (Wjir pmrmcrmpbk 0. = ù présklt abmpitrk). Nks gmãm`ks `k cmilks ajlstituéks `k pmllkmux kt trmppks ajdpjrtklt ul `jrdmlt ju ul préam`rk sur nkqukn nks pmllkmux sjlt gixés sjit kl gkuinnurk, g kuinnurk, sjit kl mppniquk. m ppniquk. Nm gixmtijl kst mssurék pmr `ks vis sur auvkttks ju `ks njquktkmux dmclétiquks ju tjut mutrk systâdk `édjltmhnk.

;.8 - Gmãm`ks `k hmicljirks? Nks gmãm`ks `é hmicljirks dkluiséks `jivklt ïtrk ajlstituéks `k hjis résistmlt å ulk mtdjspbârk budi`k ajlgilék. Nks pmllkmux pnmqués kt nkur prilaipk `k gixmtijl `jivklt ïtrk dis kl jkuvrk `k gmãjl å mssurkr n'équinihrk bycrjtbkrdiquk kltrk nks `kux dinikux qu'ins sépmrklt.

Ajddkltmirk? Aks ajlìtijls sjlt écmnkdklt vmnmhnks pjur nks trmppks `'kltrktikl kl hjis quk nks gmãm`ks `k hmicljirks ajdpjrtklt6 qu'knnks sjiklt dmãjlléks ju dkluiséks.

;.1 - Ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts? [lk gmak mu djils `ks ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts `jit ïtrk `édjltmhnk smls mutrk `écrm`mtijl quk aknnk `ks pkilturks. Nk ajggrk iltérikur kt sm nimisjl mvka nk crjs jkuvrk `jivklt ïtrk étmlabks å n'mir. Nks pmrjis kxtérikurks kt nmdhrkquils `ks ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts `jivklt ïtrk kl dmtérimux résistmlts mux iltkdpériks. Q'ins sjlt kxpjsés mux ruissknnkdklts, nkur rivk hmssk `jit gjrdkr nmrdikr.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks `jivklt préaiskr? préaiskr? - nks ìspjsitijls å prkl`rk pjur mssurkr n'étmlabéité kltrk vjnudk ù ajggrk kt `juhnmcks isjnmlts6 - nks amrmatéristiquks `'isjnmtijl tbkrdiquk ju pbjliquk `ks ajggrks6 - nks ìspjsitijls å prkl`rk si akux-ai sjlt trmvkrsés pmr nks amlmnismtijls6 - s'ins `jivklt suppjrtkr `ks équipkdklts (trilcnks å ri`kmux)6 - nks ìspjsitigs `'kltrék `'mir. In kst rkajddml`é rkajddml`é `k prévjir `ks kltréks `'mir `'mir lkttjymhnks smls smls mvjir å `édjltkr `édjltkr nks ajggrks. ajggrks.

=9

;.0 - Prmppks `k ajdhnks? Nm trmppk `k ajdhnk kt sjl hèti `jivklt pjuvjir suppjrtkr smls `jddmck ulk abmrck stmtiquk `k =55 `mL. Nm gmak supérikurk `k n'juvrmlt `jit ajdpjrtkr ul ìspjsitig `k prébklsijl pkrdkttmlt n'juvkrturk.

;.; - Bmhinnmcks? Jl kltkl` pmr bmhinnmcks, nks djunurks, ajuvrk-ojilts, abmdhrmlnks, sjanks, pniltbks kt stynjhmtks, kta. Nks pniltbks, djunurks kt abmdhrmlnks énkatriquks sjlt `égilis pmr nks ljrdks kl vicukur. Nks prjgins kt ìdklsijls `ks bmhinnmcks sjlt `égilis pmr nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks.

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ABMUIPXK IW AJL@IPIJLQ CKLKXMNKQ @K DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ J[WXMCKQ @K DKL[IQKXIK =- XKAKUPIJL @KQ J[WXMCKQ Nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik sjlt réakptijllés `âs nkur nivrmisjl ju, mu pnus tmr`, mvmlt nkur disk kl jkuvrk (ju pjsk). Njrs `k akttk réakptijl, nm ajlgjrdité mux Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks skrm vérigiék kt pmrtiauniârkdklt nm qumnité kt nks ìdklsijls `ks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik `k dïdk quk n'budiìté `ks hjis.

=.= - Budiìté `ks hjis? N'budiìté `ks hjis skrm dksurék pmr sjl`mcks6 jl `kvrm kggkatukr =5 dksurks pmr njts `k =55 å 1 55 ulités `'juvrmcks `k dïdk typk. Nks dksurks lk `jivklt pms nmisskr `k trmaks kl pmrkdklts `ks juvrmcks. Nm disk kl jkuvrk `'ul njt kst kggkatuék si nks ajlìtijls ai-mprâs sjlt smtisgmitks pjur 95 % mu djils `ks énédklts dksurés ? -n'budiìté `ks hjis `ks ìstrihutijls kt `ks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik kxtérikurk `jit ïtrk ajdprisk kltrk =1 kt =2% 6 -n'budiìté `ks hjis `ks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik iltérikurk `jit ïtrk mussi vjisilk quk pjssihnk `k n'budiìté ajrrkspjl`mlt å n'équinihrk bycrjsajpiquk quk aks hjis mttkil`rjlt `mls nks njamux.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks ajurhks djykllks `'équinihrk bycrjsajpiquk `ks hjis sjlt `jlléks `mls nm gicurk = (abmpitrk/II).

8 - QPJAFMCK Q[X ABMLPIKX Nks dkluiskriks kxtérikurks, ìstrihutijls kt jssmturks `k anjisjls dkluiséks `jivklt ïtrk stjaféks `mls ul njamn nks pnmãmlt å n'mhri `ks iltkdpériks kt `ks prjokatijls kt sur `ks ìspjsitigs lk risqumlt pms `k nks `égjrdkr. Nk njamn `k stjafmck `jit ïtrk ska kt vkltiné. Nks dïdks préamutijls `jivklt ïtrk prisks njrs `ks stjafmcks tkdpjrmirks prâs `ks nikux `k disk kl jkuvrk. Nks dkluiskriks iltérikurks mutrks quk ìstrihutijls kt jssmtn= 'ks `k anjisjls dkluiséks `jivklt ïtrk stjaféks `mls ul njamn `jlt nks ajlìtijls bycrjtbkrdiquks sjlt mussi prjabks quk pjssihnks `k aknnks prévisihnks `ks njamux kl skrviak. Akttk ajlìtijl l'kst vmnmhnk quk si aks dkluiskriks sjlt mppknéks å rkstkr kl stjaf pnus `'ul dJIQ.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks Ambikrs `k Abmrcks préaisklt, s'in y m niku, nks ìspjsitijls prévuks pjur aks stjafmcks6 siljl aks ìspjsitijls sjlt mrrïtéks `'ul ajddul maajr` kltrk nk dmìtrk `'jkuvrk kt n'kltrkprklkur. Nks abmlckdklts abmlckdklts `k nikux `k stjafmck sur sur abmltikr sjlt å évitkr. In ajlviklt `k niditkr nks stjafmcks kl vjnudk kl ojlatijl `ks abmrcks niditks maakptmhnks pjur nks pnmlabkrs (akttk rkdmrquk s'mppniquk pnus pmrtiauniârkdklt `mls nk ams `k dkluiskriks vitréks mvmlt pjsk).

8=

ABMUIPXK W DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ GKLKPXKQ = - AJLAKUPIJL @K NM DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ GKLKPXKQ Nm ajlakptijl `k disk kl jkuvrk `jit tklir ajdptk `ks dmtérimux, `ks typks `k pjsk kt `ks gixmtijls. Nk présklt @PX trmitk `ks typks `k pjsk kl éhrmskdklt mvka gkuinnurk évkltuknnkdklt rmppjrtés mu lu iltérikur ju kl pmllkmu prégmhriqué6 sur suppjrt kl dmãjllkrik, kl hjis ju détmnniquk. Nks mutrks typks `k pjsk léakssitklt `ks préamutijls pmrtiauniârks préaiséks pmr nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks.

=.= - Gixmtijls? =.=.= - Gixmtijls sur suppjrt kl dmãjllkrik? Nks gixmtijls `k nm gklïtrk `jivklt ïtrk ajlãuks pjur trmlsdkttrk mu crjs jkuvrk nks kggjrts mppniqués å nm gklïtrk kt résuntmlt `ks matijls ù vklt, `k nm dmljkuvrk ju `ks sjnniaitmtijls å amrmatârk mhusig klvismcés pmr nks ljrdks, kt aknm smls mntérmtijl `k nm gklïtrk, ù ojilt kltrk gklïtrk kt crjs jkuvrk ju `ks juvrmcks mòmaklts. Kl ams `k `égjrdmtijl idpjrtmltk kt prévisihnk abmrck. ù crjs jkuvrk, nm disk kl pnmak kt nm gixmtijl `k nm gklïtrk `jivklt évitkr sm disk kl

=.=.=.= - Kdpnmakdklt `ks gixmtijls pmr rmppjrt mu crjs jkuvrk? @mls nk ams `ks hmiks disks kl jkuvrk `mls `ks durs, `kvmlt rkakvjir `ks anjisjls `k `juhnmck iltérikurks, nks gixmtijls `k nm gklïtrk `jivklt ïtrk rémniséks kltiârkdklt sur nk dur, il`épkl`mddklt' `k nm anjisjl `k `juhnmck.

Ajddkltmirk? @mls ak ams, ams, nm piâak `'mppui `'mppui kst sjuvklt kl pjrtk-å-gmux pmr rmppjrt å n'mppui n'mppui dmãjllé. Nks jrcmlks `k gixmtijl `k nm piâak `'mppui kt évkltuknnkdklt `k sm tmhnkttk gjrdmlt éhrmskdklt `jivklt nkur pkrdkttrk `k suppjrtkr ulk abmrck ajlakltrék stmtiquk `k =55`mL smls mntérmtijl `k nm gklïtrk ju `k nm anjisjl `k `juhnmck.

= .=.=.8 - Kdpnmakdklt `ks gixmtijls pmr rmppjrt mux cmrliturks `'étmlabéité? Njrsquk `ks cmrliturks `'étmlabéité sjlt utiniséks pjur nk amngkutrkdklt, nks gixmtijls lk `jivklt pms trmvkrskr aks cmrliturks, li s'jppjskr å nkur disk kl pnmak. Njrsquk n'étmlabéité kst mssurék pmr nm ajdprkssijl `k akttk cmrliturk, nks gixmtijls `jivklt pkrdkttrk `'mssurkr kt `k dmiltklir nm ajdprkssijl rkquisk.

=.=.=.1 - Kdpnmakdklt `ks gixmtijls pmr rmppjrt å nm gklïtrk? Qmug oustigiamtijls pmrtiauniârks, aks gixmtijls `jivklt ïtrk ìspjséks mu vjisilmck `k abmaul `ks jrcmlks `k rjtmtijl kt `ks ojilts `k ajl`mdlmtijl `ks juvrmlts sur in `jrdmlt6 n'kspmakdklt kltrk `kux gixmtijls suaakssivks sur nk péridâtrk `k nm hmik lk `jit pms ïtrk supérikur å 5,25 d. Nm gklïtrk kst récnék kt amnék `k gmãjl å répmrtir mu dikux nm sminnik ù `jrdmlt pmr rmppjrt mux hjr`s `k nm hmik kt å réskrvkr n'kdpnmakdklt ù amngkutrkdklt.

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Njrsquk nm piâak `'mppui viklt kl sminnik ù `jrdmlt, knnk `jit ïtrk ju ljl `énmr`ék kl hjut, kl gjlatijl `k n'étmt `k gilitijl ù crjs jkuvrk kt `ks ajlìtijls `k amngkutrkdklt. Mprâs `énmr`mck, nks hjis `k hjut `jivklt ïtrk idpridés mvmlt pjsk.

=.=.=.0 - Dj`k `k gixmtijl? Nm gklïtrk kst gixék pmr n'iltkrdéìmirk `ks énédklts ilajrpjrés mu crjs jkuvrk (tmqukts, `juinnks, ...) ju dis kl pnmak `mls `ks réskrvmtijls ju `ks trjus gjrés (pmttks, abkvinnks,...) Nks ajlakptijls kt ìdklsijls `ks jrcmlks `k gixmtijl sjlt m`mptéks mux tjnérmlaks `k disk kl jkuvrk kt mux sjnniaitmtijls prévuks. Nks gjrmcks lk `jivklt pms ïtrk kxéautés å djils `k 7ad `ks mrïtks si nk crjs jkuvrk kst kl hétjl ju kl dmãjllkrik `'énédklts pnkils. Nm gixmtijl `mls nks énédklts arkux `k dmãjllkrik kst gmitk pmr pmttks å saknnkdklt ju pmr ìspjsitigs spéaimux. Nks gixmtijls pmr pjiltks (saknnéks mu pistjnkt) lk sjlt pms m`disks. Nm gixmtijl ìrkatk mu crjs jkuvrk, pmr pkrakdklt ù `jrdmlt, kst m`dissihnk njrsquk nk `jrdmlt kst `k nmrckur suggismltk kt quk nm pkrgjrmtijl lk luit li å nm résistmlak, li å n'étmlabéité `k n'juvrmck6 n'mxk `k nm pkrgjrmtijl `jit ïtrk mu djils å =;dd `ks rivks ù `jrdmlt.

Ajddkltmirk? Akttk préamutijl ajlakrlk tjut pmrtiauniârkdklt nks abkdilkdklts `'kmu `mls nks skuins kt piâaks `'mppui. `'mppui. Nm gixmtijl mux gjurrurks `'épmisskur `ks gkrdkturks, y ajdpris nks ajunissks `k vjnkts rjunmlts, gmit n'jhokt `'ulk étu`k spéaimnk. Nm gixmtijl `k nm piâak `'mppui kt ù skuin kst jhnicmtjirk pjur nks gklïtrks kt pjrtks-gklïtrks `k pnus `k 5, 95d `k nmrckur. Nks gixmtijls qui lk sk trjuvmiklt pms klrjhéks `mls nk djrtikr `k saknnkdklt `jivklt ïtrk prjtécéks ajltrk nm ajrrjsijl kt duliks `k ìspjsitigs évitmlt nkur `ksskrrmck. Njrsquk nks tjnérmlaks ìdklsijllknnks `k nm hmik sjlt mhsjrhéks pmr nks gjurrurks `'épmisskur, n'épmisskur `k aknnks-ai (nmrckur `'mppui) `jit ïtrk `'mu djils 1;dd. N'msskdhnmck `k nm gjurrurk `'épmisskur mu `jrdmlt `jit répjl`rk mux spéaigiamtijls `ks ljrdks kl vicukur. Nk `jrdmlt kst gixé ìrkatkdklt mu crjs jkuvrk. Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks `jivklt préaiskr si nm gjurrurk kst gixék mu crjs jkuvrk milsi quk sks ajlìtijls `k gixmtijl.

=.=.8 - Gixmtijls sur suppjrt kl hjis? Nm répmrtitijl `ks gixmtijls kst i`kltiquk å aknnk préajlisék sur suppjrt kl dmãjllkrik kt nm nimisjl kst rémnisék? - sjit å n'mi`k `'ul systâdk `k pmttks ju hri`ks kt `k amnks moustéks kt visséks6 - sjit å n'mi`k `k vkrils kt `k vis `k sjni`mrismtijl mvka nm gixmtijl. Pjus nks systâdks `k gixmtijl `mls nk hjis pkuvklt ïtrk kdpnjyés å ajlìtijl quk nkurs énédklts sjiklt prjtécés ajltrk nm ajrrjsijl ajlgjrdédklt å n'mrtiank 8.0.0 kt qu'ins sjiklt `k skatijl ajlvklmhnk kt kl ljdhrk suggismlt pjur suppjrtkr nks kggjrts qui nks sjnniaitklt.

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=.=.1 - Gixmtijls sur suppjrt détmnniquk? Nm répmrtitijl `ks gixmtijls kst i`kltiquk å aknnk préajlisék pjur nk suppjrt kl dmãjllkrik. Nks jrcmlks `k nimisjl kt `k gixmtijl `jivklt ïtrk prjtécés ajltrk nm ajrrjsijl ajlgjrdédklt å n'mrtiank 0.0 ù abmpitrk 8. Nks nimisjls `jivklt ïtrk rémniséks ? - sjit å n'mi`k `'ul systâdk `k pmttks, hri`ks, kt `k amnks moustéks, visséks, ju sju`éks6 - sjit å n'mi`k `k vérils kt `k vis `k sjni`mrismtijl mvka nm gixmtijl. Nm prjtkatijl ajltrk nm ajrrjsijl `ks énédklts sju`és qui murmit été `étruitk pmr nk sju`mck `jit gmirk n'jhokt `'ulk rkdisk kl étmt iddéìmtk. Nks hjunjls, vis kt cjuojls skrjlt `k skatijl ajlvklmhnk kt kl ljdhrk suggismlt pjur suppjrtkr nks kggjrts qui nks sjnniaitklt6 ins skrjlt pjsitijllés `mls nks trjus, tmrmu`és ju ljl, réskrvés å akt kggkt sur nk suppjrt. N'kdpnji ù systâdk pistj-saknnkdklt kl gixmtijl `égilitivk kst m`dis pjur n'maikr sjus réskrvk `k l'kdpnjykr ak prjaé`é quk si n'épmisskur dilidmnk trmvkrsék kst `k ;dd kt quk nks gixmtijls sjiklt ìspjséks å pnus `k 8ad `ks mrïtks.

=.8 - Amngkutrkdklt? Nk amngkutrkdklt kt n'étmlabéité `jivklt ïtrk rémnisés `k gmãjl å ak quk nk ojilt kltrk gklïtrk kt crjs jkuvrk mssurk surtjut sjl péridâtrk n'étmlabéité å n'mir kt å n'kmu, ajdptk tklu `ks ajlìtijls `'kxpjsitijl kt `ks djuvkdklts ìggérkltikns prévisihnks kltrk gklïtrks kt crjs jkuvrk.

=.8.= - Abjix ù dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt? =.8.=.= - Jl ìstilcuk trjis t rjis dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt? Nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt budi`k ju Dj`k = ajlstitué `k djrtikr by`rmuniquk. Nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt budi`k rklgjraé ju Dj`k 8 ajlstitué `k djrtikr by`rmuniquk kt `'ul ajr`jl `'étmlabéité. Nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt ska ju Dj`k 1 mssuré uliqukdklt pmr `ks cmrliturks `'étmlabéité kt ajlstitué `k n'ul `ks dmtérimux suivmlts?

1m ? Hml`k idpréclék kl prjùit aknnunmirk, 1h ? Dmstia kl ajr`jl prégjrdé, 1a ? Dmstia kxtru`é å nm pjdpk. Nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt å rktklir `épkl` ù typk `k pjsk rktklu (kl mppniquk, kl gkuinnurk, mvka prjgin `k ojlatijl, ...) kt `k nm situmtijl `k n'juvrmck (vjir mrt. =.8.=.8 ù présklt abmpitrk).

=.8.=.8 - Jl `égilit milsi nks ìggérkltks situmtijls `k n'juvrmck? -

Qitumtijl m ?

Ajlstruatijls situéks å n'iltérikur `ks crml`s akltrks urhmils (vinnks jù nm djitié mu djils `ks hètidklts jlt pnus pnus `k 50 livkmux). livkmux). - Qitumtijl h ? Ajlstruatijls situéks `mls nks vinnks pktitks kt djykllks ju å nm péripbérik `ks crml`s akltrks urhmils. - Qitumtijl a ? Ajlstruatijls isjnéks kl rmsk amdpmclk. - Qitumtijl ` ? Ajlstruatijls isjnéks kl hjr` `k dkr ju situéks `mls nks vinnks aðtiârks njrsquk aks ajlstruatijls sjlt å ulk ìstmlak ù nittjrmn ilgérikurk å =; gjis nkur bmutkur réknnk kt pjur mutmlt quk nks gklïtrks ajlakrléks sjiklt `mls `ks gmãm`ks ljl mhritéks.

80

Jl kltkl` pmr gmãm`k mhriték, ulk gmãm`k `jllmlt sur ulk ruk (nm ljtijl `k ruk suppjsk nm ajltiluité `ks ajlstruatijls kl hjrùrk) kt mymlt `ks vis-å-vis? - situés mu pnus å =;d kt `k bmutkur mu djils écmnk å nm gmãm`k ju å nm pmrtik `k nm gmãm`k ajlsi`érék? - ju, situés kltrk =; kt 15d kt `jlt nm bmutkur kxaâ`k aknnk `k nm gmãm`k ju `k nm pmrtik `k nm gmãm`k ajlsi`érék `'ulk qumltité mu djils écmnk mu tikrs ù suppnédklt å =;d `k nm ìstmlak sépmrmlt nm gmãm`k `k aks vis-å-vis.

=.8.=.1 - Nk tmhnkmu = `jllk nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt dilidmn léakssmirk kl gjlatijl `k nm situmtijl `k n'juvrmck n'juvrmck.

Pmhnkmu = ? Dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt kl gjlatijl `k nm situmtijl `k n'juvrmck Bmutkur `ks gklïtrks Gmãm`ks mhritéks mu-`kssus ù sjn Qitumtijls (d) m kt h >7 7 å 82 < 82

Gmãm`ks ljl mhritéks Qitumtijls Qitumtijl Qitumtijl m kt h a `

= =

= 8 1

= 8 1

8 1 1

=.8.=.0 - Pjus nks dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt sjlt utinismhnks pjur nks suppjrts kl dmãjllkrik, kt sjlt å abjisir kl gjlatijl ù dj`k `k gilitijl ù suppjrt, `ks pkrgjrdmlaks rkquisks, rkquisks, kta. Qkun ul amngkutrkdklt ska kst klvismckmhnk pjur nks suppjrts kl détmn ju kl hjis. Nk prjùit utinisé `jit ïtrk ajdpmtihnk mvka aks suppjrts, kt sjl m`bérklak oustigiék. Nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik kxpjsés å `ks ajlìtijls anidmtiquks pmrtiauniârks (kx. récijls smbmrikllks) léakssitklt ulk étu`k mpprjpriék `k nkur amngkutrkdklt6 nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks kl préaiskrjlt nks spéaigiamtijls kt nks ajlìtijls `k disk kl jkuvrk.

=.8.8 - Urksariptijls pjur ìggérklts amngkutrkdklts? Nks kxicklaks pjur n'kxéautijl `ks ìggérklts dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt sjlt rkcrjupéks `mls nk tmhnkmu 8?

8;

Pmhnkmu 8 ? Qpéaigiamtijls `ks ìggérklts dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt Dj`ks

Qpéaigiamtijls

Gicurks

≠

* Njlcukur `k abkdilkdklt `k n’kmu 15dd.

=

* Kpmisskur `k hjurrmck ≫ =5dd.

8

* Njlcukur `k abkdilkdklt `k n’kmu ≠ 15dd. * Kpmisskur `k hjurrmck ≫ =5dd. * Xéskrvkr ulk rmilurk kltrk djrtikr kt `jrdmlt pjur rkakvjir nk ajr`jl `’étmlabéité. * @ispjskr jhnicmtjirkdklt ul gjl` `k ojilt kl gjl` `k rmilurk.

1m

1h 1

* Karmskdklt ajltrðné ù ajr`jl suggismlt pjur mssurkr n’étmlabéité. * Karmskdklt ajltrðné ù ajr`jl `jit ïtrk mu djils `k 15% `k n’épmisskur ilitimnk. * Karmskdklt dilidmn ù ajr`jl ? 1dd * kl pmrtik hmssk sur sjn >3dd

ajlgjrdks mu § 0.= ù abmp. 1

* dïdks tjnérmlaks quk aknnks `ks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s

idpridéks mvmlt pjsk ajlgjrdks mu § ;.= ù

cmilks Gmãm`ks `k hmicljirks

* okux kl péripbérik récunikrs = dd/d * okux kl `éajupk (**) > =5 dd

abmp. 1 idpridéks mvmlt pjsk ajlgjrdks mu § ;.8 ù abmp. 1

Ajggrks `k vjnkts rjunmlts

Disk kl jkuvrk ajlgjrdk mu § ;.1. ù abmp. 1

Ujrtks `k pnmamr`s Gmãm`ks `k

Hnjas pjrtks

* Ujsés smls `écjl`mck `ks vmltmux kt sur sjn gili. * Nks hnjas pjrtks nivrés gilis sjlt pjsés sur préam`rks.

(*) ? Nks pjrtks `k pnmamr`s pmrtiauniârks tknnks qu'kl "maajr`éjl"pkuvklt léakssitkr `ks okux `k gjlatijllkdklt pnus idpjrtmlt. (**) ? @kux `éajupks kspmaéks `k djils `k 1 ad skrjlt réuliks kl ulk skunk. Ujur tjus nks juvrmlts, nk `jrdmlt kst pris ajddk régérklak, `mls nm dksurk jù nks tjnérmlaks `k pjsk jlt été rkspkatéks. Nm vérigiamtijl `k nm pnmléité `ks juvrmlts lk pkut ïtrk kggkatuék qu'mprâs stmhinismtijl å n'mtdjspbârk `ks njamux kl skrviak, sjit mprâs `kux djis `'jaaupmtijl ljrdmn. Nk vmltmin étmlt vkrrjuinné ljrdmnkdklt, nm vmrimtijl ù oku kltrk nk pnml `k gjl`s `k gkuinnurk ù `jrdmlt kt nm gmak ajrrkspjl`mltk ù vmltmin lk `jit pms kxaé`kr nk =/=555âdk `k sjl péridâtrk. Kl jutrk, pjur nks pjrtks ju vmltmux mggnkurmlts, nm sminnik pmr rmppjrt mu lu ù `jrdmlt lk `jit pms kxaé`kr nk = /=555âdk ù `kdi péridâtrk. Aks ìspjsitijls lk ajlakrlklt pms nks pjrtks `k amvks kl sjus sjn.

17

8.1 - Urksariptijls pjur nks rkvïtkdklts iltérikurs vkrtiamux kt bjrizjltmux kt ajggrmcks ìvkrs? Nk djdklt `k nm disk kl jkuvrk `k aks rkvïtkdklts `kstilés å rkstkr mppmrklts ju vkrlis mvmlt pjsk kst abjisi kl ajjrìlmtijl mvka nks iltkrvkltijls `ks mutrks ajrps `'étmt, `k tknnk sjrtk quk aks rkvïtkdklts lk risquklt pms `'ïtrk `écrm`és.

8.1.=-Gixmtijl `ks rkvïtkdklts? Nks rkvïtkdklts kl hjis kt `érivés sjlt gixés sur suppjrts ajltilus ju ìsajltilus pmr vissmck, anjumck, mcrmgmck, anipsmck, å n'mi`k `k pmttks `k gixmtijl, pmr ajnnmck, kta. N'éamrtkdklt `ks suppjrts lk `jit pms `épmsskr? - 05 gjis n'épmisskur `ks hjis dmssigs6 - 75 gjis n'épmisskur `ks pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks6 - 25 gjis n'épmisskur `ks pmllkmux `k ajltrk pnmqués6 - =55 gjis n'épmisskur `ks pmllkmux `k gihrks ùrs6 - 75 gjis n'épmisskur `ks pmllkmux `k gihrmccnj. Nks éamrtkdklts ai-`kssus sjlt `égilis sjus réskrvk quk n'éamrtkdklt `ks suppjrts l'kxaâ`k pms 5,3; d. Qur suppjrt ajltilu rici`k, in l'kst pms idpjsé `'épmisskur dilidmnk si nm gixmtijl kst ajltiluk (ajnnmck). Mutrkdklt, n'kdpnmakdklt `ks gixmtijls `jit rkspkatkr nks éamrtkdklts `égilis ai-`kssus. Nks rkvïtkdklts kl pmllkmux `érivés ù hjis, ljl kdhrkvés, `jivklt ïtrk suppjrtés kt gixés sur nkur péripbérik tjus nks 5,15d mu djils. Nks jrcmlks `k gixmtijl déamliquk trmvkrsmlt nks rkvïtkdklts (anjus, vis, ...) kt pjsés smls mvmlt trju `jivklt ïtrk ìspjsés å pnus `k = ad `ks hjr`s, quknnk quk sjit nkur lmturk.

Ajddkltmirk? Akttk niditmtijl lk ajlakrlk pms nks gixmtijls `ks nmdks kl hjis dmssig. Ujur nks rkvïtkdklts iltérikurs kt nkur suppjrt, kl présklak `k durs budi`ks, in gmut prévjir ul vi`k `'mir vkltiné `k =ad `'épmisskur mu dilidud. Nm ìspjsitijl `ks suppjrts lk `jit pms kltrmvkr nm airaunmtijl vkrtiamnk `k n'mir. @ks juvkrturks `k ;5ad8 pmr dâtrk nilémirk `k dur sjlt délmcéks kl bmut kt kl hms `k nm pmrji.

8.1.8 - Unmléité `ks rkvïtkdklts iltérikurs? Nm pnmléité célérmnk `ks pmrjis kst smtisgmismltk si ulk râcnk `k 8d pnmaék kl ul kl`rjit quknajlquk lk révânk pms `k gnâabk supérikurk å ;dd. Nks ojilts mppmrklts pkuvklt ïtrk dmrqués pmr ulk sminnik ju ul arkux ju ïtrk å ojilts vigs. Nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks `jivklt préaiskr nm nmrckur kt nm récunmrité `k aks ojilts.

8.0 - Bmhinnmcks ? Qmug `mls nk ams `k prjgins å rkajuvrkdklt, nks ojilts kltrk hjis kt juvrmcks mòmaklts sjlt bmhinnés. Abmquk énédklt `'bmhinnmck `jit mvjir ulk njlcukur dilidmnk `k 8d, smug pjur akux vklmlt kl rmaajr`kdklt léakssitmlt ulk ajupk.

13

A jddkltmirk? Nks énédklts `'bmhinnmck `'bmhinnmck mhjutés ju nmdknnés `éarits `éarits mux mrtianks =.=.8.= =.=.8.= kt =.=.8.8 ù abmpitrk 1 sjlt réputés `'ul skun tklmlt. Nks ajupks `ks bmhinnmcks pjsés kl ajltilu sjlt å siggnkt. Nks pniltbks jrìlmirks sjlt ajupéks å jlcnkt mux mlcnks sminnmlts. N'mrïtk vkrtiamnk `ks mhjuts nihrks lk hutmlt pms sur ul sjank `jit ïtrk mhmttuk.

A jddkltmirk? Nm pjsk `k pniltbk kt sjank kl hjis ju `érivé kst å. évitkr `mls nks piâaks ajdpjrtmlt ul rkvïtkdklt `k sjn nmvmhnk.

12

ABMUIPXK WIII @IQUJQIPIJLQ UJ[X NKQ J[WXMCKQ @K DKL[IQKXIK AJ[UK-GK[ Nk `kcré ajupk-gku ju pmrk-gnmddk `'ul juvrmck `k dkluiskrik s'mppniquk å n'klskdhnk vmltmin, `jrdmlt, buisskrik ju hèti, nks cmrliturks `k ojilts évkltukns kt nks mrtianks `k quilaminnkrik. Nk présklt abmpitrk gixk nks ajlìtijls pjur nm disk kl jkuvrk `k pjrtks ajupk-gku ju pmrkgnmddk `k `kcré ¾ `'bkurk ju ´ bkurk. Nm oustigiamtijl ù `kcré ajupk-gku ju pmrk-gnmddk supérikur å ´ bkurks kst mppjrték sknjl n'ulk `ks gjrdks prévuks pmr nk `éarkt lµ 37.13 ù 85 gévrikr =937 rknmtig å nm séaurité ajltrk n'ilaklìk `mls nks hètidklts `'bmhitmtijl.

Ajddkltmirk? Nm oustigiamtijl pkut ïtrk ïtrk mppjrték sjit pmr pmr kssmi, sjit pmr pmr mlmnjcik.

= - DIQK KL JK[WXK @'ulk gmãjl célérmnk, nm pjsk `k aks énédklts `jit répjl`rk mux prksariptijls ù présklt @PX. Nks prksariptijls pmrtiauniârks éljlaéks ai-mprâs s’mojutklt mux préaé`kltks.

=.= - Disk kl jkuvrk `ks buisskriks kt hètis détmnniquks kt hjis? Nks buisskriks kt hètis `ks pjrtks ajupk- gku ju pmrk-gnmddks `k `kcrés ¾ b kt ´ b `jivklt mvjir gmit n'jhokt `'ul kssmi `k résistmlak mu gku `mls ul nmhjrmtjirk mcréé. Nks pmrjis kt durs kl dmãjllkrik kt nks juvrmcks vkrtiamux `k pnètrk lk léakssitmlt pms n'mppniamtijl `'ul klùit `jivklt répjl`rk mux prksariptijls `ks @PX ajrrkspjl`mlts.

=.=.=- Ilgnuklak `ks ajlìtijls `k pjsk sur nk `kcré `k résistmlak mu gku? m) -

Nks hnjas-pjrtks kl buisskrik détmnniquk dis kl jkuvrk `mls `ks pmrjis kl hétjl njrs `'kssmis `k résistmlak mu gku, pjur nksqukns ul anmsskdklt `k `kcré ajupk-gku ´ b m été mttrihué, sjlt ajlsi`érés `k `kcré ajupk-gku kt pmrk- gnmddks ´ b, njrsqu'ins sjlt dis kl jkuvrk `mls `ks anjisjls ajlstituéks `k ? -- pmllkmux pnmquks `k`k pmrkdklt klnicljaknnunjsiquks, pnètrk, pmrtiaunks djljnitbiquks, prkssés å pnmt ju kxtru`és.

h) - Nks hnjas-pjrtks kl buisskrik hjis dis kl jkuvrk `mls `ks pmrjis kl hétjl njrs `'kssmis `k résistmlak mu gku, pjur nksqukns ul anmsskdklt `k `kcrés ajupk-gku ´ b m été mttrihué, sjlt ajlsi`érés `k `kcrés ajupk-gku ¾ b kt pmrk-gnmddks ´ b, njrsqu'ins sjlt dis kl jkuvrk `mls ` ks anjisjls ajlstituéks `k ? - amrrkmux `k pnètrk å pmrkdklts nissks `k 75dd `'épmisskur6 - pmllkmux `k pmrtiaunks nicljaknnunjsiquks `k ;5dd `'épmisskur.

a) - Umr minnkurs,

nks hnjas-pjrtks réputés ajupk-gku ju pmrk-gnmddks `k `kcrés ¾ b ju ´ b cmr`klt nkurs prjpriétés njrsqu'ins sjlt iltrjùits `mls nks anjisjls `égiliks pmr nk tmhnkmu aimprâs?

19

Pypk `k anjisjl

Kpmisskur dilidmnk (dd)

Bmutkur dmxidmnk (d)

Hétjl `k crmvinnjl

35

8,75

Amrrkmux `k pnètrk å pmrkdklts nissks

75 35

8,75 1,55

Hriquks+klùit8 gmaks

35

8,75

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks niclj-aknnunjsiquks

;5 35

8,75 1,55

Unmquk `k pmrkdklt kl pnètrk

35

1,55

A jddkltmirk? Aks ajlìtijls lk préoucklt pms ù `kcré `k résistmlak mu gku `ks anjisjls.

=.8 - Buisskriks hjis? Muaul vi`k lk `jit suhsistkr kltrk nks durs ju anjisjls kt nks buisskriks. [l tmnjl hrut kst réskrvé `'buisskrik `k gmãjl quk nks djltmlts sjiklt klcrmvés `mls nk pnmlabkr `k n5ddklmupik` djils. . Akttk klcrmvurk pkut ïtrk rkdpnmaék pmr ulk gixmtijl, å ajlìtijl quk nk pik` `'buisskrik rkpjsk sur nk pnmlabkr kl dmãjllkrik. @mls ak ams, si nks gixmtijls sjlt pjlatuknnks, nm prkdiârk gixmtijl `jit sk trjuvkr å djils `k ;ad `k n'kxtrédité ù pik` `k = 'buisskrik.

=.8.= - Buisskriks trmìtijllknnks sur anjisjls djltéks mprâs disk kl pnmak `k nm ìstrihutijl? Nks anjisjls `jivklt ïtrk kl amrrkmux `k pnètrk å pmrkdklts nissks, kl hriquks pnètriârks klùitks. Nks buisskriks `jivklt préskltkr ulk lkrvurk å hriquks. Nm nimisjl kst mssurék pmr ul nmrìs `k anjus å hmtkmu ju pmr `ks pmttks å saknnkdklt å rmisjl `k trjis sur abmquk djltmlt kt `'ulk sur nm trmvkrsk pjur nks pjrtks å `juhnks hmttmlts. Nm nimisjl lk `jit ajdpjrtkr muaul vi`k kt kst mssurék pmr ù pnètrk ju ul nimlt -ajnnk å hmsk `k pnètrk.

=.8.8 - Buisskriks kl hjis sur pmllkmu `k pmrtiaunks niclj-aknnunjsiquks ? Nks ìdklsijls `ks vis sjlt tknnks qu'knnks pélâtrklt `k 15dd dilidud `mls nk pmllkmu. Nks vis sjlt ìspjséks å pnus `k 8;dd `'ulk `ks gmaks visihnks.

Ajddkltmirk? In kst rkajddml`é rkajddml`é `'utiniskr `ks vis vis spéaimnks pju pjurr pmllkmux, å ginkts prjgjl`s kt trmlabmlts. trmlabmlts.

=.8.1 - Buisskriks kl hjis pjséks sur dmãjllkriks kxéautéks? [l ojilt kl dmtérimu isjnmlt gihrkux kt ajdpridé (ju ojilt kl dmtiârk iltudksakltk) kst iltkrpjsé kltrk nk dur kt = 'buisskrik. In kst ilséré `mls ulk rmilurk `k tknnk sjrtk qu'in mggnkurk.

05

Nm pjsk pkut s'kggkatukr sur préhèti. @mls ak ams, nk préhèti `jit ajdpjrtkr ulk gkuinnurk. N'buisskrik kst vissék `mls nm gkuinnurk mvka iltkrpjsitijl ù ojilt mvka nm dïdk qumltité `k vis quk `mls nk ams préaé`klt.

=.1 - Hètis hjis? =.1.=- Kl gkuinnurk `mls durs hmlabés ju dmãjllés ? Nks gkuinnurks kl réskrvmtijl jlt ul oku `k amngkutrkdklt `'mu djils =;lul pjur pkrdkttrk ul cmrlissmck mu djrtikr ju mu pnètrk. [lk rmilurk kst réskrvék sur nk hèti kt nm nimisjl mvka nm dmãjllkrik kst mssurék pmr ul nmrìs `k anjus å hmtkmu ju pmr `ks pmttks å saknnkdklt, å rmisjl `k 1 sur abmquk djltmlt kt `'ulk sur nm trmvkrsk `mls nk ams `k pjrtks å `kux vmltmux.

Ajddkltmirk? Nks ojuks `k nm rmilurk skrvklt skrvklt `k cui`k njrs njrs `k nm ajlstitutijl `k `k n'klùit pnètrk.

=.1.8 - Hètis hjis sur préam`rk ? [l ojilt kl dmtérimu gihrkux iltudksaklt `jit ïtrk iltkrpjsé sur tjutk nm nmrckur ù hèti kltrk aknui-ai kt nk préam`rk, `k gmãjl å lk nmisskr suhsistkr muaul vi`k. Nk hèti kst gixé pmr vissmck, ak qui mssurk nm ajdprkssijl ù ojilt. Nks vis sjlt kspmaéks `k 5,;5d kt pélâtrklt `k 15dd dilidud `mls nk préam`rk. Nk préam`rk kst bmhinné `mls sm tjtmnité pmr ul abmdhrmlnk kl hjis dmssig ju pmllkmu nicljaknnunjsiquk `k =8dd `'épmisskur dilidmnk.

=.0 - Buisskriks détmnniquks? Muaul vi`k lk `jit suhsistkr kltrk nk dur ju nm anjisjl kt n'iltérikur `k n'buisskrik.

=.0.=- Buisskriks hmlabéks ? Nk rkdpnissmck `k n'iltérikur `k = 'buisskrik kst mssuré pmr nk prilaipk dïdk `k ajlstruatijl. Nm nimisjl kst mssurék pmr `kux pmttks å saknnkdklt mu djils sur abmquk djltmlt.

=.0.8 - Qur anjisjls djltéks mprâs disk kl pnmak `k nm ìstrihutijl? Nm nimisjl kst mssurék pmr `ks pmttks å saknnkdklt, å rmisjl `k trjis sur abmquk djltmlt kt `'ulk sur nm trmvkrsk `mls nk ams `k pjrtks å `kux vmltmux. N'kspmak ajdpris kltrk nk abmlt `k nm anjisjl kt = 'buisskrik `jit ïtrk kdpni `k dmtérimu å rétkltijl `'kmu? pnètrk, djrtikr `k aidklt `k crml`k pnmstiaité, nimlt-ajnnk å hmsk `k pnètrk, ... Qi `ks amlmnismtijls énkatriquks sjlt prévuks, nkur cmilk kst pjsék `mls = 'buisskrik mvmlt cmrlissmck.

=.0.1 - Qur durs hmlabés kl pjsk trmìtijllknnk? N’buisskrik détmnniquk viklt ajiggkr nk dur kt gjrdk abmdhrmlnk. Nm nimisjl mvka nm dmãjllkrik kst mssurék pmr trjis pmttks å saknnkdklt sur abmquk djltmlt kt ulk sur nm trmvkrsk `mls nk ams `k pjrtk å `kux vmltmux. Nks vi`ks kltrk dmãjllkrik kt buisskrik sjlt kdpnis `k dmtérimu å rétkltijl `'kmu? pnètrk, djrtikr `k aidklt `k crml`k pnmstiaité, nimlt-ajnnk å hmsk `k pnètrk, ...

0=

Ajddkltmirk? [lk sjnutijl ajlsistk å pkrakr ul trju kl pmrtik hmssk `k abmquk djltmlt `'buisskrik kt ul kl trmvkrsk supérikurk supérikurk kt å ilokatkr å nm pjdpk nk dmtérimu `k rkdpnissmck ousqu'å rkokt.

=.0.0 - Qur anjisjls kl pmllkmux niclj-aknnunjsiquks ? Nks ìspjsitijls `k n'mnilém m `k n'mrtiank =.=.= ù présklt abmpitrk sjlt mppniamhnks. In s'klsuit qu'ul hnja-pjrtk kl buisskrik détmnniquk, `mls ak typk `k anjisjl, l'kst réputé ajupk-gku qu'å n'issuk `'ul kssmi `k n'klskdhnk anjisjl kt pjrtk. Nks buisskriks sjlt disks kl pnmak å n'mvmlakdklt ù djltmck `ks anjisjls. Nk vi`k å n’iltérikur n'buisskrik kst kdpni `'ul isjnmlt iltudksaklt. Nm gixmtijl kst rémnisék pmr vissmck, ak qui mssurk kl dïdk tkdps n'éarmskdklt ù ojilt gihrkux dilérmn, å rmisjl `'ulk vis tjus nks =,;5d. Nks ìdklsijls `ks vis sjlt tknnks qu'knnks pélâtrklt `mls nk pmllkmu `k 15 dd dilidud.

Ajddkltmirk? In kst rkajddml`é rkajddml`é `'utiniskr `ks vis vis spéaimnks pjur pmllkmu, å ginkts prjgjl`s kt trml trmlabmlts. abmlts.

=.; - Hètis détmnniquks? Nm pjsk `ks hètis détmnniquks sur durs hmlabés ju dmãjllés `'épmisskur supérikurk å =0adl'kst klvismckmhnk quk `mls nk ams `k pjrtks ajupk-gku ju pmrk-gnmddks kt quk si n'jl pkut rémniskr ul rkdpnissmck ajdpnkt ù hèti.

08

ABMUIPXK IR ][ILAMINNKXIKQ =- LMP[XK KP ][MNIPK @KQ ][ILAMINNKXIKQ Nm lmturk kt nm qumnité `ks quilaminnkriks `jivklt ïtrk `égiliks `mls nks Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks. Nks ìdklsijls, nk ljdhrk kt nk dj`k `k gixmtijl `ks quilaminnkriks `jivklt ïtrk abjisis kl gjlatijl `ks kggjrts qui nks sjnniaitklt.

8 - UJQK @KQ ][ILAMINNKXIKQ Nm pjsk `ks quilaminnkriks ajurmltks sk gmit célérmnkdklt å n'mi`k `k vis. Mvmlt pjsk, nks piâaks djhinks `ks mrtianks `k quilaminnkriks `jivklt ïtrk nuhrigiéks.

Ajddkltmirk? Akttk prksariptijl lk s'mppniquk qu'å `ks mrtianks kl maikr ju mnnimcks. Akrtmils mrtianks, kl dmtiârk pnmstiquk kltrk mutrks, sjlt `étruits pmr ulk crmissk ju ulk buink. @'mutrks sjlt ajlãus pjur lk pms ïtrk crmissés (détmux mutjnuhrigimlts). In ajlviklt `k sk ajlgjrdkr mux prksariptijls `ks `ks gmhriamlts.

8.= - Jrcmlks `k gixmtijl `ks `jrdmlts? Nks jrcmlks `k gixmtijl sjlt ìspjsés `k dmliârk å ak qu'ins l'mppmrmissklt li sur n'klùit li sur nk ajabjllkt ù hèti mprâs bmhinnmck. Nm gixmtijl `ks pmttks sur nk crjs jkuvrk å n'mi`k `k pistjnkt `k saknnkdklt l'kst pms klvismckmhnk smug pjur nm gixmtijl `ks pik`s `k buisskrik.

8.8 - Jrcmlks `k rjtmtijl? 8.8.=-Umudknnks kt giabks? Nks nmdks `k pmudknnks sjlt klamstréks6 nm prjgjl`kur `ks kltminnks lk `jit pms kxaé`kr n'épmisskur `ks nmdks `k pnus `k =dd. Nk gjl` `k n'kltminnk `jit ïtrk pnml kt nm prjgjl`kur ajlstmltk. Ujur nks giabks å visskr, nk ìmdâtrk `k pré-pkrãmck `jit ïtrk ajlgjrdk mux prksariptijls ù gmhriamlt, kl gjlatijl `k n'kssklak ù hjis. Nks ljku`s `ks pmudknnks ju `ks giabks `jivklt sk trjuvkr sur ul dïdk mxk kt ïtrk `écmcés `'mu djils 8dd ù pmrkdklt `k nm dkluiskrik.

8.8.8 - Uklturks? Nks hrmlabks `ks pklturks sk pjsklt kl mppniquk. Nks pklturks kt nkurs cjl`s lk `jivklt pms ïtrk `édjltmhnks `k n'kxtérikur njrsquk nks vmltmux sjlt gkrdés.

8.1 - Jrcmlks `k gkrdkturk? Nks kltminnks kt djrtmisks léakssitéks pmr nm pjsk `ks jrcmlks `k gkrdkturk `jivklt ïtrk rémniséks mu pnus oustk pjur mntérkr nk djils pjssihnk nm résistmlak, nm ùrmhinité kt n' étmlabéité `ks dkluiskriks tjut kl pkrdkttmlt ulk dmljkuvrk gmaink `ks pmrtiks djhinks.

01

8.1.= - Arédjlks? Kl pjsitijl juvkrtk, nks kxtrédités `ks trilcnks `jivklt mggnkurkr nks rivks bmutk kt hmssk `k n'juvrmlt mvka ulk tjnérmlak `k ½= dd. Knnks sjlt tminnéks kl néckr hiskmu pjur gmainitkr n'kdpkllmck, smls ìdilukr n'kggiamaité ù vkrrjuinnmck.

8.1.8 - Hkas `k amlk kt skrrurks djrtmiséks? Nks cèabks `jivklt ïtrk ìspjséks mu livkmu `ks pïlks, nk oku vkrtiamn étmlt délmcé vkrs nk hms. Nk hjr` `'mttmquk `k nm cèabk `jit mggnkurkr nk pmrkdklt `k n'buisskrik. Ujur nm pjsk klamstrék, nm tïtiârk kt nm cèabk `jivklt mggnkurkr nk abmlt `k nm pjrtk ju `k n’buisskrik mvka ulk tjnérmlak `k dd kl rktrmit.

8.1.1 - Wkrrjus å kltminnk bmut kt hms? M abmaul `ks vkrrjus bmut kt hms, `jit ajrrkspjl`rk ulk cèabk m`mpték mu dmtérimu `mls nkqukn knnk skrm ilajrpjrék, smug `mls nk ams `'buisskrik kl maikr `mls nmquknnk nk vkrrju s'klcmck.

8.0 - Mrtianks spéaimux `k ]uilaminnkrik? Nks mrtianks spéaimux `k quilaminnkrik tkns quk systâdks `k suspklsijl `k gklïtrks å cuinnjtilk, équipkdklt pjur dkluiskrik ajunissmltk, pivjtmltk, hmsaunmltk, systâdk mrtiauné sur hiknnkttk, gkrrurk `k abèssis jsainnj-hmttmlt, «abmrliârks `k dkuhnks¶, kta., sjlt pjsés sknjl nks spéaigiamtijls `ks gmhriamlts. Nks kltminnks léakssmirks pjur nm pjsk `k aks mrtianks sjlt rémniséks mu pnus oustk, nk oku kltrk n'mrtiank kt nk hjis lk `kvmlt pms kxaé`kr =dd.

00

MLLKRKQ

0;

MLLKRK I PKXDILJNJCIK Mnmisk

? Knédklt ìspjsé sur nks abmlts `k nm pjrtk `kstilé å bmhinnkr kt pkrdkttrk évkltuknnkdklt n'moustmck. Hmr`kmu ? Uktitk pnmlabkttk skrvmlt å rkvïtir `ks durs pmrtiauniârkdklt kxpjsés å nm pnuik. Hèti ? Am`rk `kstilé å `kvklir `jrdmlt pmr ilajrpjrmtijl sur ulk anjisjl pjur rkakvjir ulk dkluiskrik. ? @ispjsitig `'mrrït `ks ruissknnkdklts. Hkaqukt Hnja-pjrtk ? Klskdhnk `jrdmlt kt vmltmin vmltmin (ju vmltmux), gkrré kt mousté kl usilk kt `jlt tjus nks énédklts rkstklt mssjaiés njrs `k nm pjsk. Abmdhrmlnk ? Bmhinnmck ù hèti `'ulk pjrtk pjrtk ju `'ulk `'ulk buisskrik. Anil ? Unmlabk utinisék kl hmr`mck durmn bjrizjltmn, abmquk anil rkajuvrmlt nk anil ilgérikur pjur mssurkr n'étmlabéité ajltrk nks pnuiks hmttmltks. Ajabjllkt ? Umrtik Umrtik kxtérikurk visihnk ù `jrdmlt njrsquk aknui-ai kst gixé kt quk nm hmik hmik kst gilik. Arédjlk ? Mppmrkin `k gkrdkturk å rmppkn `mls nkqukn nm rjtmtijl `'ul jrcmlk `k dmljkuvrk, célérmnkdklt sidpnk kt ljl mdjvihnk, kst trmlsdisk pmr ul déamlisdk sjitkl åskls ulkilvkrsk. trilcnk uliquk, sjit å `kux trilcnks sk `épnmãmlt siduntmlédklt @istrihutijl ? Qjlt ajdpris sjus ak titrk ? nks buisskriks, hètis, pjtkmux,... `kstilés å ïtrk ilajrpjrés `mls nks anjisjls kt nks durs milsi quk nks jssmturks `k anjisjls dkluiséks. . Khrmskdklt ? Himis `jll `jlléé mux aðtés `k n'kdhrmsurk `'ulk hmik pjur gmainitkr n'juvkrturk `ks vmltmux ju `jllkr pnus `k nudiârk. Kdpkllmck ? Matijl `k nm trilcnk ju ù pïlk å sk pjsitijllkr `mls nm cèabk. Klturk ? Msskdhnmck hjut å hjut `k `kux piâaks `k hjis kltminnéks pjur s'kdhjìtkr. Gkrdkturk ? Wjnkts pnkils, vjnkts rjunmlts, pkrsikllks, pjrtks `k cmrmck, omnjusiks, vjnkts å nmdks. Gkuinnurk ? Kltminnk gmitk å nm péripbérik `k nm hmik pjur y ilsérkr ulk dkluiskrik ju `mls ul klam`rk juvrmlt pjur nm disk kl pnmak ù vitrmck.

Giabk Gnmabk Gjurrurk

? Jrcmlk `k rjtmtijl. ? Ujrtijl `k nm surgmak `k nm crudk `'jù prjviklt nm piâak. ? Uiâak `kstilék å ajdpklskr ul dmlquk `k nmrckur ju `'épmisskur ù `jrdmlt. Akttk piâak kst niék mu crjs jkuvrk kt pmrtiaipk å n'étmlabéité `k nm nimisjl dkluiskrik / crjs jkuvrk. ? Uiâak pnmtk ju aju`ék ju gjrdmlt hjìtikr, `mls nmquknnk s'kggkatuk Cèabk n'kdpkllmck. Cjl` ? Uiâak `k skrrurkrik qui skrt å nm gjis `k pivjt kt `k suppjrt å ul vmltmin `k arjiséks, pjrtks ju vjnkts å juvkrturk nmtérmnk. Nks cjl`s sjlt saknnés `mls n'klam`rkdklt kl dmãjllkrik, ju gixés sur nk hèti `jrdmlt ju n'buisskrik. Cjuttk `'kmu ? Xmilurk å ajlamvité jriklték vkrs nk hms `jlt n'mrïtk kxtérikurk kst vivk kt suggismddklt énjiclék `k n'mrïtk iltérikurk kt `kstilék å rjdprk nk abkdilkdklt `'kmu. Knnk kst usilék sjus nk okt `'kmu kt sjus =m trmvkrsk hmssk

Buisskrik

`ks vmltmux`jrdmlt ju tjut niditmlt mutrk ìspjsitig `'mrrït `'kmu. ? Juvrmck ulk hmik juvkrtk `mls ulk anjisjl ju ul dur pjur pkrdkttrk nk pmssmck, mymlt n'épmisskur `k aknnk-ai kt rk rkakvmlt akvmlt ju ljl ulk pjrtk.

07

Nmdhrkquil ? Nmdhris Nmrìs Nmrdikr Niltkmu Nistkn Djrminnjl Djrtmisk Jlcnkt Umranjsk Umudknnk Uâlk Uniltbk Qtynjhmtk Pmhnkmu Pmsskmu Pïtiârk Wjnick

Juvrmck kxtérikur gixk ju `édjltmhnk, `kstilé å bmhinnkr nm gmak kxtérikurk `'ul ajggrk ju `'ul amissjl. ? Juvrmck ajdpjsé `'ul am`rk ajdpjrtmlt djltmlt kt trmvkrsk `mls nkqukn sjlt msskdhnéks `ks nmdks ouxtmpjséks gjrdmlt pmllkmu. ? Klskdhnk `ks anjus pmrtiknnkdklt klgjlaés `mls ulk piâak `k hjis kl vuk `k nm nikr å ulk dmãjllkrik. ? @ispjsitig gjrdmlt rkokt `'kmu sur tjutks nks piâaks `éhjr`mltks

?? Prmvkrsk bjrizjltmnk`'ul pnmaék mu-`kssus nm hmik `’ulk ju `’ulk pjrtk. Umrtik prjédilkltk djltmlt mprâs `k n'kxéautijl `'ulkgklïtrk gkuinnurk. ? Uiâak détmnniquk djhink qui viklt s'klamstrkr `mls ulk piâak gixk. ? Kvi`kdklt prmtiqué `mls ulk piâak pjur y njckr nk tkljl sminnmlt `'ulk mutrk piâak å nmquknnk jl n'msskdhnk. ? Gmãjl `k ajupk ìmcjlmnk `k piâaks `k détmn ju `k hjis, suivmlt ul mlcnk `k 0;µ. ? Uiâak `k gmihnk skatijl (hmcukttk) ajlajurmlt mu dmiltikl `ks vitrmcks ju `ks pmrtiks pnkilks `mls nks gkuinnurks gkrdéks `ks abèssis. a bèssis. ? Jrcmlk `k rjtmtijl pkrdkttmlt n'juvkrturk `k nm pjrtk ju `k nm gklïtrk pmr rjtmtijl mutjur `'ul mxk situé nk njlc `'ul aðté ù vmltmin. ? Uiâak djhink prilaipmnk `'ulk skrrurk ju `'ul vkrrju6 sjl klcmckdklt `mls nm cèabk, sjni`mirk `'ul am`rk `jrdmlt, mssurk n'iddjhinismtijl `k n'juvrmlt. ? Hml`kmu rmppjrté nk njlc `k nm hmsk `'ul dur, pjur prjtéckr aknnk-ai, kt pjur dmsqukr nm ojlatijl kltrk nk dur kt nk rkvïtkdklt `k sjn. ? Bmutk pniltbk `k hjis, `'klvirjl 8;ad, mu pik` `'ul dur iltérikur. ? Umrtik vkrtiamnk `'ulk hmik. ? Prilcnk `k hjis `k skatijl amrrék anjuék sur nks rktjdhéks `ks sjnivks `'ul pnmlabkr `k hjis, pjur pjrtkr nks hmr`kmux `k hjis. ? Unmquk gjrdmlt ulk gmak ù hjìtikr, skrvmlt å sm gixmtijl kt `kstilék å rkstkr mppmrkltk. Knnk pkut mussi skrvir å nm gixmtijl kt mu cui`mck `ks trilcnks évkltuknnkdklt mssjaiéks mu hjìtikr. ? Unmlabk nécârk utinisék kl ajuvkrturk pjur ajdpjskr `ks pnmtknmcks ojiltigs ? nks vjnicks, anjuéks bjrizjltmnkdklt sur nks abkvrjls, skrvklt å gixkr nks hmr`kmux.

03

MLLKRK M8 PJNKXMLAKQ @IDKLQIJLLKNNKQ @KQ HMIKQ @MLQ NK CXJQ JK[WXK @KQPILKKQ M XKAKWJIX [LK DKL[IQKXIK =- PJNKXMLAKQ NJAMNKQ Nks tjnérmlaks njamnks `ks dmãjllkriks lk ajlakrlklt quk nks éamrts quk n'jl pkut m`dkttrk sur nks ìdklsijls `'juvrmcks énédkltmirks milsi quk nks aðtés kltrk pnmls ju mxks `'juvrmcks énédkltmirks vjisils préaiséks `mls nm suitk ù tkxtk. Nks vmnkurs `k tjnérmlaks ilìquéks ai-mprâs ajlakrlklt n'klskdhnk `ks ìggérklts ams prmtiquks qui `éajunklt `k ajdhilmisjl `k sjnutijls préaé`kltks, dmis, `mls ul ams `jllé, skunks akrtmilks tjnérmlaks sjlt å ajlsi`érkr. Quivmlt nks `kux livkmux `'kxmatitu`k `mls n'kxéautijl ù crjs jkuvrk quk n'jl rktiklt ajurmddklt kl dmãjllkrik, nks vmnkurs `k tjnérmlaks ilìquéks ai-mprâs sjlt `ésicléks ajddk étmlt? - `k prkdikr livkmu (dmãjllkrik hrutk å klùirk), ju - `k `kuxiâdk livkmu (dmãjllkrik mppmrkltk (n) ju klùitk gilik). A'kst pjur abmquk prjokt mu stm`k `k nm ajlakptijl `ks msskdhnmcks kltrk dkluiskrik kt hmik, quk nks vmnkurs tjnérmlak nk crjs quk jkuvrk sjlt`'ul abjisiks, kl mppniamtijl `(?s spéaigiamtijls qui `k suivklt. Ljtkr pjur pmr kxkdpnk nk abjix amngkutrkrlklt ska léakssitk pjur n'kxéautijl a nu crjs jkuvrk `éniditmlt nm hmik ulk kxmatitu`k `k `kuxiâdk livkmu.

8 - AMQ @KQ HMIKQ 8.= - @iggérklts mxks sjlt å ajlsi`érkr? - Dj`k `k pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik (kl tmhnkmux, kl gkuinnurk kt kl mppniquk)6 - Kxéautijl `k n'mppui (mvmlt nm pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik, mprâs nm pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik) 6 - Dj`ks `k amngkutrkdklt (budi`k, budi`k rklgjraé, ska)

8.8 - Nmrckur `k nm hmik - mpnjdh `ks tmhnkmux -nmrckur `k gkuinnurk? Nks gicurks M8.= m, M8.= h kt M8.= a innustrklt trjis ams `k pjsk, pris å titrk `'kxkdpnk, pjur nksqukns jlt été rkpéréks nks pmrtiks `k nm hmik ajlakrlék pmr `ks ìdklsijls kt tjnérmlaks trmitéks mu présklt mrtiank 8. In s'mcit `ks ìdklsijls kt `ks mpnjdhs qui jlt ulk ilgnuklak sur nks amngkutrkdklts nmtérmux. Ak sjlt? - pjur tjus nks dj`ks `k pjsk `k dkluiskrik (vjirgic.M8.8)?  nks ìggérklaks `'mpnjdh `k abmquk tmhnkmu  nm nmrckur kltrk tmhnkmux 6 - pjur nks pjsks `k dkluiskrik kl gkuinnurk (kl pnus `ks préaé`kltks)? nm nmrckur `ks gkuinnurks (vjir gic.M8.1m)

(=)

? Qmug kl ak qui ajlakrlk nks njlcukurs kt bmutkurs `k hmik pjur nksquknnks nk prkdikr livkmu kst m`dis `mls ak ams

02

Gicurk M8.nm Hmik pjur nm pjsk `k dkluiskrik kl gkuinnurk mu lu iltérikur

Gicurk M8.nh Hmik pjur nm pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik kl mppniquk iltérikurk

= - Qjus-gmak `k niltkmu 8 - Pmhnkmu 1 - Gmak supérikurk `k n'mppui 0 - Gjl` `k gkuinnurk ; - Ojuk `k gkuinnurk 7 - Umrkdklt iltérikur `k nm dmãjllkrik 3 - Khrmskdklt "Unml `k pjsk" `k nm dkluiskrik sur nm dmãjllkrik, sur nkqukn s'kggkatuk tjut ju pmrtik ù amngkutrkdklt.

Gicurk M8.nk Hmik mvka éhrmskdklt pjur pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik kl gkuinnurk

Gicurk M8.8 Ajupk kt skatijl vkrtiamnk kt skatijl bjrizjltmnk @idklsijl rémniséks pmr rmppjrt mux ìdklsijls m`dissihnks `'ulk hmik

09

Nks gicurks M8.1mktM8.1h innustrklt sabédmtiqukdklt n'ilai`klak `ks tjnérmlaks sur nks ìggérkltks situmtijls niditks pjssihnks `k nm ojuk `k nm gkuinnurk kt ù pmrkdklt `k nm dmãjllkrik mvka? s - tjnérmlak sur dmãjllkrik v ‑nmrckur dilidmnk `k gkuinnurk t - tjnérmlak sur nmrckur `k gkuinnurk

Gicurk M8.1m Qkatijl `'ulk gkuinnurk kl tmhnkmu Gic. M8.1h Qkatijl `'ulk gkuinnurk kl niltkmu

Nks ìdklsijls kt tjnérmlaks qui sjlt ilìquéks `mls nk tmhnkmu s'kltkl`klt pjur nm dmãjllkrik `mls n'étmt jù knnk kst mu djdklt `k nm disk kl pnmak `k nm dkluiskrik (dmãjllkrik klùitk ju mu ajltrmirk ljl klùitk, pmr kxkdpnk) ? -nm ìggérklak `'mpnjdh kst aknnk kxistmltk, pjur abmquk tmhnkmu, kltrk nk pjilt nk pnus kl sminnik kt nk pjilt nk pnus kl rktrmit, ajddk innustré pmr nmgic.M8.86 -nm nmrckur dilidmnk rémnisék kst nm ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk kltrk nks pjilts nks pnus kl sminnik `ks `kux tmhnkmux6 -nm nmrckur dmxidmnk rémnisék kst nm ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk kltrk nks pjilts nks pnus kl rktrmit `ks `kux tmhnkmux 6 -nm nmrckur N, pmr rmppjrt å nmquknnk sjlt ilìquéks, `mls nk tmhnkmu M8.=, nks nmrckurs dilidmnks kt dmxidmnks kst nm nmrckur kltrk tmhnkmux prévuk mu prjokt.

;5

Pmhnkmu M8.=- Nmrckur `k hmik - Mpnjdh `ks tmhnkmux - Nmrckur `k gkuinnurk Crjs jkuvrk =kr livkmu

8âdk livkmu

(ajlìtijl pjur pjskr nm gklïtrk mvka ul amngkutrkdklt dilidmn kggiamak)

Nd

Nd

Nmrckur dmxidmnk rémnisék (dd)

Nd ≠ N+=;

Nd ≠ N+=5

@iggérklak `'mpnjdh å `rjitk kt å cmuabk (dd)

r ` g c ≠ 85 ` kn

r ` r c ≠ =5 ` kt

5

5

+15

+=5

Nmrckur dilidmnk rémnisék (dd)

Kamrts m`dissihnks sur nm nmrckur `k gkuinnurk (dd)

≫

N-=;

≫ N-=5

8.1 - Bmutkur `k nm hmik -Livkmux `ks niltkmu kt mppui - Nmrckur `k gkuinnurk? In Aks'mcit sjlt?`ks ìdklsijls kt `ks livkmux qui jlt ulk ilgnuklak sur nks klam`rkdklts bmut kt hms. - pjur tjus nks dj`ks `k pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik (vjir gicurk M8.8) ?  nks ìggérklaks `k livkmu kl niltkmu kt kl mppui  nm bmutkur kltrk niltkmu kt mppui - pjur nks pjsks `k dkluiskrik kl gkuinnurk (kl pnus `ks préaé`kltks) ?  nm nmrckur `k nm gkuinnurk kl niltkmu (vjir gicurk M8.1h). Nks ìdklsijls kt tjnérmlaks qui sjlt ilìquéks `mls nk tmhnkmu M8.8 s'kltkl`klt pjur nm dmãjllkrik `mls n'étmt jù knnk kst mu djdklt `k nm disk kl pnmak `k nm dkluiskrik (dmãjllkrik klùitk ju mu ajltrmirk ljl klùitk, pmr kxkdpnk) ? - nm ìggérklak `k livkmu, `'ulk pmrt pjur nk niltkmu, `'mutrk pmrt pjur n'mppui, kst aknnk kxistmlt, pjur `'kux, s minnik kt nk pjilt nk pnus kl rktrmit, rk trmit, ajddk innustré pmr nmabmaul gic. M8.8 6 kltrk nk pjilt nk pnus kl sminnik - nm bmutkur dilidmnk rémnisék kst nm ìstmlak vkrtiamnk kltrk nks pjilts nks pnus kl sminnik ù niltkmu kt `k n'mppui6 - nm bmutkur dmxidmnk rémnisék kst nm ìstmlak vkrtiamnk kltrk nks pjilts nks pnus kl rktrmit ù niltkmu kt `k n'mppui6 - nm bmutkur B, pmr rmppjrt å nmquknnk sjlt ilìquéks, `mls nk tmhnkmu M8.8, nks bmutkurs dilidmnks kt dmxidmnks, kst nm bmutkur kltrk mppui kt niltkmu prévuk mu prjokt. @mls nk ams jù n'mppui kst kxéauté mprâs pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik, skunks nks spéaigiamtijls rknmtivks mu niltkmu sjlt mppniamhnks.

;=

Pmhnkmu M8.8 -Bmutkur `k nm hmik - Livkmu ù niltkmu - Livkmu `k n’mppui - Nmrckur Crjs jkuvrk =kr livkmu kl niltkmu 8âdk livkmu kl niltkmu kt kl mppui 8âdk livkmu kl mppui (*) Bmutkur dilidmnk rémnisék (dd) (ajlìtijl pjur pjskr nm gklïtrk mvka ul amngkutrkdklt dilidmn kggiamak)

Bd ≫ B -=;

Bd ≫ B-=5

Bd ≠ B+=;

Bd ≠ B+=5

@iggérklak `k livkmu kl niltkmu (dd)

r n ≠ 85

r n ≠=5

@iggérklak `k livkmu kl mppui (dd)

r m ≠ 2

r m ≠ 2

5

5

+15

+=5

Bmutkur dmxidmnk rémnisék (dd)

Kamrts m`dissihnks sur nm nmrckur `k gkuinnurk (dd) (*)

? Kl ak qui ajlakrlk n'mppui in l'y m pms `k prkdikr livkmu

8.0 - Qitumtijl kt pnmléité ù pnml `k pjsk - prjgjl`kur `k gkuinnurk? Nks tjnérmlaks `jlt in s'mcit iai sjlt aknnks rknmtivks mu crjs jkuvrk, `mls nk skls `k n'épmisskur `k nm dkluiskrik kt, suivmlt nk dj`k `k pjsk, knnks ajlakrlklt tjut ju pmrtik `ks amrmatéristiquks ilìquéks ai-mprâs. Jl mppknnk «pnml `k pjsk¶ nm surgmak `k nm dmãjllkrik sur nmquknnk s'kggkatuk nk amngkutrkdklt kltrk nm gmak kxtérikurk `k nm dkluiskrik kt nm dmãjllkrik. Pbéjriqukdklt surgmak pnus sjuvklt pmrmnnânk å nmrmppjrt gmãm`k)mu `kvrmit ïtrk pnmlk kt, sur nksakttk `kssils, nm (nk situmtijl ù pnmlvkrtiamnk `k pjskktkst ajték pmr pmrkdklt iltérikur `k nm gmãm`k. @mls nm prmtiquk, akttk surgmak kst irrécuniârk. Quivmlt nk dj`k `k pjsk `k nm dkluiskrik, nk pnml `k pjsk kst ajlstitué pmr ? -nks gjl`s `k gkuinnurk, `mls nks ams `k pjsk kl gkuinnurk6 -nk pmrkdklt iltérikur `k nm dmãjllkrik mu pjurtjur `k nm hmik, `mls nk ams `k pjsk kl mppniquk iltérikurk. Nks amrmatéristiquks ajlakrléks kt tjnérmlaks ajrrkspjl`mltks sjlt `jlléks `mls nks gicurks M8.0 kt M8.;.

;8

Nks gicurksM8.0m kt.M8.0h kt nk tmhnkmuM8.1 ajlakrlklt nm pjsk kl gkuinnurk.

Ajupk bjrizjltmnk MM’

Ajupk vkrtiamnk AA’

GicurkM8.0m ? Ajupks kl tmhnkmu mvka gkuinnurk

Gicurk M8.0h ? Ajupks kl niltkmu mvka gkuinnurk

Nks gicurks M8.;m kt M8.;h kt nk tmhnkmu M8.0 ajlakrlklt nm pjsk kl mppniquk.

Ajupk bjrizjltmnk MM’ Gicurk M8.;m ? Ajupks kl tmhnkmu smls gkuinnurk

Ajupk vkrtiamnk AA’ Gicurk M8.;h ? Ajupks kl niltkmu smls gkuinnurk

m) - Umrkdklt iltérikur `k nm dmãjllkrik, mu pjurtjur `k nm hmik (tmhnkmux, niltkmu kt mppui), aknui-ai ajdpjrtmlt ju ljl ulk gkuinnurk6 sm situmtijl kst amrmatérisék pmr ? l 4 ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk kltrk nks ìggérklts pjilts ù pmrkdklt rémnisé kt nk lu iltérikur `k ak pmrkdklt tkn qu'in `éajunk `ks trmaés.

;1

h) - Urjgjl`kur `k gkuinnurk6 in s'mcit `k nm prjgjl`kur å ajlsi`érkr ù `juhnk pjilt `k vuk `k nm «prisk `k nm dkluiskrik `mls nm dmãjllkrik¶ (sur nm ojuk `k nm gkuinnurk) kt `k n'épmisskur ù amngkutrkdklt kl gjl` `k gkuinnurk? [ 4 ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk kltrk, -nk pjilt nk pnus kl rktrmit `k n'mrïtk mvmlt `k nm ojuk `k nm gkuinnurk rémnisék kt -nk pjilt nk pnus kl sminnik ù gjl` `k nm gkuinnurk. u 4 Urjgjl`kur dilidmnk prévuk mu prjokt, a'kst å ìrk nm ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk prévuk kltrk n'mrïtk mvmlt `k nm ojuk `k nm gkuinnurk kt nk gjl` `k nm gkuinnurk.

a) - Unmléité célérmnk ù pnml `k pjsk, qui kst amrmatérisék pmr? k 4 ìstmlak bjrizjltmnk kltrk nk pjilt nk pnus kl sminnik kt nk pjilt nk pnus kl rktrmit `k n'klskdhnk ù pnml `k pjsk.

`) -

Unmléité njamnk ù pnml `k pjsk, sjit kl tmhnkmu kt kl niltkmu, sjit å n'kl`rjit `'ul rmaajr`kdklt tmhnkmu niltkmu qui kst amrmatérisék pmr? ` 4 `ésmggnkurkdklt kltrk pmrtiks ajlticuæs ù pnml `k pjsk, pmr kxkdpnk `k pmrt kt `'mutrk `'ul ojilt kltrk énédklts `k ajggrmck kt, nk pnus gréqukddklt mux mlcnks niltkmu tmhnkmu

Ljtm? Ujur nm pjsk kl mppniquk, nm pnmléité célérmnk ù pnml `k pjsk ajrrkspjl` å aknnk ù pmrkdklt iltérikur ù dur

Pmhnkmu M8.1 ? Ujsk `k nm dkluiskrik kl gkuinnurk Dmãjllkrik (vmnkurs kl dd) =kr livkmu Umrkdklt iltérikur `k nm dmãjllkrik

8âdk livkmu

5 > l ≠ 85

5 > l ≠ =5

[ ≫ u kt [ + k ≠ u +15

[ ≫ u kt [ + k ≠ u +=5

Unmléité célérmnk ù pnml `k pjsk (gjl` `k gkuinnurk)

k ≠ 85

k ≠ =5

Unmléité njamnk ù pnml `k pjsk a.å.` `ésmggnkurkdklt sur gjl` `k gkuinnurk

` ≠ ;

` ≠ 1

Urjgjl`kur iltérikurk `ks gkuinnurks

Pmhnkmu M8.0 ? Ujsk `k nm dkluiskrik kl mppniquk Dmãjllkrik (vmnkurs kl dd) =kr livkmu

8âdk livkmu

pmrkdklt iltérikur `k nm dmãjllkrik

5 > l ≠ 85

5 > l ≠ =5

Unmléité njamnk ù`mls pnmlnk`kpnml pjsk`ka.å.` `ésmggnkurkdklt pjsk

` ≠ ;

` ≠ 1

;0

MLLKRK M1 KRKDUNKQ @K XKMNIQMPIJLQ UXMPI][KQ = - UJQK KL DMÃJLLKXIK DMÃJLLKXIK GILIK, @MLQ @KQ KNKDKLPQ UXKGMHXI][KQ J[ MWKA UXJGINQ KL OJLAPIJL Ak dj`k `k pjsk kst rkajddml`é `mls tjus nks ams, kl pmrtiaunikr `mls `ks gklïtrks pkiltks kt vitréks mvmlt pjsk. In pkrdkt nm sépmrmtijl ajdpnâtk `ks ajrps `'étmt, n'kltrkprisk `k dkluiskrik mssurmlt nm gixmtijl `égilitivk `k nm gklïtrk milsi quk nk amngkutrkdklt.

=.= - Ujsk kl dmãjllkrik gilik ju `mls `ks énédklts prégmhriqués? - Nk amngkutrkdklt kltrk n'mppui `k hmik kt nm piâak `'mppui kst rémnisék ajddk ilìqué mu pmrmcrmpbk =.8.8.ù abmpitrk ;. - Ujur nks mutrks aðtés, n'étmlabéité pkut ïtrk sur nks suppjrts kl hétjl ju kl dmãjllkrik (sjus réskrvk quk nks prksariptijls rknmtivks å n'étmt `k surgmak kt `k tjnérmlaks ù crjs jkuvrk sjiklt rkspkatéks) ? -idpréclék mu djdklt `knks nm dïdks pjsk `kajlìtijls nm gklïtrk,quk pmrpjur éarmskdklt ajltrðné `mls n'mppui `k hmik6 `'ulk hml`k aknnunmirk - mprâs nm pjsk pmr amngkutrkdklt å ska rémniskr ajddk ilìqué mu pmrmcrmpbk =.8.8.ù abmpitrk ;.

=.8 - Ujsk mvka prjgins `k ojlatijl rkajlstitumlt nm gkuinnurk ? N'étmlabéité kltrk prjgin `k ojlatijl kt crjs jkuvrk kst rémnisék? - pmr ul dmstia sur gjl` `k ojilt ìspjsé mprâs pjsk kt gixmtijl ù prjgin `mls ulk réskrvmtijl délmcék nk njlc ù prjginé. Nks skatijls `k dmstia sjlt aknnks `égiliks mu tmhnkmu ù pmrmcrmpbk =.8.8 ù abmpitrk ;6 - ju pmr éarmskdklt ajltrðné `'ulk hml`k aknnunmirk idpréclék `mls nks ajlìtijls `égiliks mu pmrmcrmpbk 8.8 ù abmpitrk ;. N'étmlabéité kltrk prjgin `k ojlatijl kt skuin `jit ïtrk mssurék tjut kl évitmlt nks risquks `k stmclmtijl `'budiìté kl pik` ù prjgin.

Ajddkltmirk? Nm rémnismtijl `k akttk étmlabéité pkut léakssitkr n'utinismtijl `k piâaks ajdpnédkltmirks spéaimnkdklt m`mptéks.

N'étmlabéité kltrk gklïtrk kt prjgin `k ojlatijl kst rémnisék `mls nks dïdks ajlìtijls quk n'étmlabéité kltrk prjgin kt crjs jkuvrk.

@mls nk ams pmrtiaunikr `k nm disk kl jkuvrk `ks pjrtks - gklïtrks `jllmlt sur `ks tkrrmssks prjtécéks pmr ul rkvïtkdklt `'étmlabéité, nm bmutkur `ks skuins `ks pjrtks - gklïtrks `jit ïtrk `étkrdilék `k tknnk dmliârk quk nm pmrtik bmutk ù rknkvé `'étmlabéité `épmssk `’mu djils ? - =; ad `mls nk ams `k tjits å pkltk lunnk ju `k tjiturks - omrìls6 - =5 ad `mls nks mutrks ams.

;;

8 - UJQK MWKA KLAM@XKDKLP @K HMIK DKPMNNI][K Nks klam`rkdklts `k hmik gjrdmlt `jrdmlt sjlt visés pmr n'mrtiank 8.8.1 .ù abmpitrk ;. Nk amngkutrkdklt kltrk crjs jkuvrk kt klam`rkdklt kst célérmnkdklt rémnisé pmr hjurrmck mu djrtikr kxéauté å n'mvmlvkdklt kl tmhnkmu kt niltkmu, kt å hmil `k djrtikr sjus mppui. N'kltrkprklkur `k dmãjllkrik kggkatumlt nks hjurrmcks vérigik quk nk djrtikr m`bârk hikl mu détmn kt dkt kl pnmak nks ajdpnédklts évkltukns `'étmlabéité kltrk crjs jkuvrk kt klam`rkdklt `k hmik. Aks ajdpnédklts sjlt léakssmirks? - kl ams `k amngkutrkdklt `k dj`k 8, - kl ams `k amngkutrkdklt `k dj`k =, njrsquk `ks ruissknnkdklts kl niltkmu sjlt prévisihnks. N'étmlabéité kltrk gklïtrk kt klam`rkdklt `k hmik kst rémnisék pmr amngkutrkdklt ska (dj`k 1).

1 - UJQK M[ L[ KRPÉXIK[X Hikl quk `éajlskinné, ak typk `k pjsk léakssitk ul rytbdk `'kltrktikl énkvé. @mls ak ams, skuns sjlt m`dis nks amngkutrkdklts skas ù typk dmstias kxtru`és å nm pjdpk kt nk ojilt `k niltkmu kst prjtécé pmr ulk hmvkttk.

0 - OJLAPIJL KLPXK DKL[IQKXIKQ Nm ojlatijl kltrk dkluiskriks vjisilks `jit ïtrk trmiték mvka sjils pmrtiaunikrs. N'étmlabéité kltrk `jrdmlts `k aks dkluiskriks `jit ïtrk mssurék `mls nks dïdks ajlìtijls quk n'étmlabéité kltrk crjs jkuvrk gili kt dkluiskrik. Qkun nk amngkutrkdklt å ska pmr dmstia kxtru`é, `mls nks ìdklsijls `égiliks mu tmhnkmu ù pmrmcrmpbk =.8.8 ù abmpitrk ;, kst utinisé.

Ajddkltmirk? Aks préamutijls `jivklt ïtrk `égiliks pmr `ks arjquis ojilts mux Ambikrs `ks Abmrcks. Nks ajnnmcks sur abmltikr sjlt iltkrìts.

; - DIQK KL JK[WXK @KQ UJXPKQ - GKLKPXKQ Ams célérmn ? Qmug ìspjsitijls pmrtiauniârks pkrdkttmlt `'évitkr n'mrrivék `k n'kmu `k pnuik ìrkatkdklt ju ilìrkatkdklt kl sjus-gmak `k nm piâak `'mppui (hmnajl ljl sjni`mrisé mu crjs jkuvrk, amlivkmu rkajuvkrt `'ul aminnkhjtis, ...), nk crjs jkuvrk kst ìdklsijllé `k tknnk dmliârk quk nm pmrtik ilgérikurk ù skuin `k pjrtks-gklïtrks sk trjuvk situék å ;ad mu djils mu `kssus ù livkmu `k nm `mnnk kxtérikurk (bmutkur `k n'mrïtk supérikurk ù skuin dksurék kl iltécrmlt nks pkltks supérikurks å =5 %).

;7

MLLKRK M0 PMHNKM[ @KQ UXKQAXIUPIJLQ PKABLI][KQ @KQ UMLLKM[R @K UMXPIA[NKQ Q[XGMAKQ DKNMDILKQ Amrmatéristiquks

[lité

Wmnkurs célérmnks ju kxickltiknnks Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks `jlt nks surgmaks sjlt ajlstituéks pmr ulk ju

pnusikurs ajuabks `k pmpikrs idpréclés `k résilks tbkrdj ùraiks sjus prkssijl. Mspkat `ks gmaks N'mspkat (`éajr, étmt `ks surgmaks) kst ilìqué pmr nk prjùatkur. = Célérmnkdklt? 2, =5, =8, =1, =7, =9, 88, 8;, 1;, ;5. Kpmisskurs (=) Kpmisskur ljdilmnk? k 4 5,; Pjnérmlaks dd Njlcukurs kt nmrckurs ìvkrsks sknjl nks prjùatkurs ½ ; dd sur Njlcukurs, nmrckurs njlcukur ju nmrckur. 8 dd pmr d sur n'équkrrmck Pjnérmlaks (8) Ilìquék pmr nk prjùatkur. Célérmnkdklt mu `épmrt usilk `k 2 Budiìté % ½ 1 % 1 Dmssk vjnudiquk fc/d Ilìquék pmr nk prjùatkur k ≫ =1dd kt k ≠ 8;dd k ≫ 2dd kt k ≠ =1dd Cjlgnkdklt kl @égilitijl

=

(=)

%

iddkrsijl Wmrimtijls ìdklsijllknnks kl mtdjspbârk

%

DUm (8) Xésistmlak kl gnkxijl (=) Xésistmlak å nm trmatijl trmlsvkrsmnk (=) Pkluk `ks vis

DUm (8) `mL

M`bérklak `ks gkuins (=) Xésistmlak å nm gissurmtijl (=) Xésistmlak mux prjùits

DUm (8)

djykllk ≠ =8% djykllk ≠ =1% dmxidud ≠ =;% dmxidud ≠ =7% nks vmrimtijls `k njlcukur ju `k nmrckur njrs `'kxpjsitijls prjnjlcéks kl mtdjspbârks sâabks ju budi`ks sjrt ilìquéks pmr nk prjùatkur. Jl m célérmnkdklt ? - kl mtdjspbârk sâabk ul rktrmit ≠ 5,85 % - kl mtdjspbârk budi`k ul mnnjlckdklt ≠ 5,15 % k ≫ 2dd kt k ≠ =1dd k ≫ =1dd kt k ≠ 85dd k ≫ 85dd kt k ≠ 8;dd Ajltrmiltk `k rupturk Ajltrmiltk `k rupturk Ajltrmiltk `k rupturk djy. ≫ =3.; djy. ≫ =; djy. ≫ 85 dil. ≫ =1 dil. ≫ == dil. ≫ =; Nk djùnk `’énmstiaité kst ilìqué pmr nk prjùatkur. In kst `k n’jr`rk `k ? 8;55 DUm (k 4 88, 8;dd) 1555 DUm (k 4 =7, =9dd) 1;55 DUm (k 4 2, =5, =1dd) k ≫ 2 dd kt k ≠ =1 dd k ≫ =1dd kt k ≠85dd k ≫ 85dd kt k ≠8; dd djy. ≫ 5.0 djy. ≫ 5,1; djy. ≫5,1 dil. ≫ 5,1 dil. ≫5,8; dil.≫ 5,8 nks vmnkurs ajlakrlmlt nks tkluks `mls nk pmrkdklt kt `mls nk abmlt sjlt ilìquéks pmr nk prjùatkur. M`bérklak djykllk ≫ 5.2 Muaulk trmak `k gissurmtijl mprâs n'étuvmck `'kssmi nm surgmak `ks pmllkmux lk `jit pms ïtrk mggkaték pmr nks prjùits `jdkstiquks dkltijllés `mls nm ljrdk, li pmr nm smnkté, typk `'kssmi

(=)

`jdkstiquks

suivmlt détbj`k `'kssmi `k n'MCCNJQ 035

;3

Xésistmlak å n'mhrmsijl (=)

nm pkrtk `k pji`s pmr =55 rjtmtijls kst mlljlaék pmr nk prjùatkur. Knnk `jit ïtrk ilgérikurk ju écmnk å 95 dc.

Pkluk å nm nudiârk

n'ilìak résistmlak å nm nudiârk kst mlljlaé pmr nk prjùatkur.

Xésistmlak mu abja

nm vmnkur mu résuntmt `'kssmi kst mlljlaék pmr nk prjùatkur.

(=)

Wmnkurs kxickltiknnks.

(8)

= DUm 4 =5 `mL/ad8.

;2

MLLKRK M; ANM[QKQ UMXPIA[NIKXKQ KLPXMLP @MLQ NKQ AMBIKXQ @KQ ABMXCKQ Xklskiclkdklts å gjurlir pmr nk dmìtrk `’juvrmck ju sjl dml`mtmirk @mls nk `jssikr `k ajlsuntmtijl `ks kltrkprisks `jivklt gicurkr, kltrk mutrks, nks préaisijls suivmltks? ∘ ∘ ∘

∘

∘

∘

∘ ∘

∘

@ksariptijl `ks juvrmcks préaismlt nkur typk, nks ìdklsijls, nks dmtérimux ajlstitutigs, nks quilaminnkriks. Nks pnmls kt `kssils `égilissmlt nks amrmatéristiquks ìdklsijllknnks ù crjs jkuvrk sur nkqukn sk rmaajr`klt nks juvrmcks `k dkluiskrik. Nm lmturk `ks gixmtijls mu crjs jkuvrk kt nk ajrps `'étmt abmrcé `k sjl kxéautijl. Nk dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt rktklu kt nk ajrps `'étmt abmrcé `k sjl kxéautijl. Nks gilitijls prévuks kt nks prjtkatijls `ks juvrmcks å nm abmrck `k n'kltrkprklkur. Nm lmturk, n'épmisskur `ks vitrmcks kt nkur dj`k `k amngkutrkdklt. Nm lmturk `ks gkrdkturks kt jaauntmtijls évkltuknnks kt nkur ilai`klak sur nks dkluiskriks kxtérikurks. Nks ìspjsitijls prévuks pjur nk stjafmck. Nk amnkl`rikr célérmn.

Nks `jssikrs `jivklt écmnkdklt préaiskr nks kdpnmakdklts kt ìdklsijls `ks dkluiskriks, nks mxks kt ìdklsijls `ks trjus `k saknnkdklt milsi quk nkur lmturk kt nks ìdklsijls `ks gkuinnurks å réskrvkr.

Ajltrðnk prémnmhnk Mvmlt nm `mtk prksaritk pmr nk dmrabé, ju pmr jr`rk `k skrviak `k prjaé`kr å nm pjsk `ks dkluiskriks, n'kltrkprklkur s'mssurk quk? ∘

Nks trmvmux `k crjs jkuvrk sjlt suggismddklt mvmlaés pjur qu'in l'y mit pms, pmr nm suitk, `k `étérijrmtijl ju `k `épnmakdklts `ks dkluiskriks kt pjur pkrdkttrk ulk ajltiluité `k sjl trmvmin6 ∘ Nks trmaés å nm abmrck ù crjs jkuvrk, sjlt kggkatués (trmit `k livkmu kt mxk vkrtiamn `ks hmiks) 6 ∘ Nks juvrmcks muxqukns sjlt `kstiléks nks dkluiskriks sjlt ajlgjrdks mux ìspjsitijls ilìquéks `mls sjl dmrabé kt å aknnks `ks piâaks crmpbiquks6 ∘ Q'in l'kl kst pms milsi, in mvisk pmr éarit nk dmìtrk `k n'juvrmck mu pnus tmr` å nm `mtk prksaritk pjur nk `éhut `k nm pjsk.

;9

MLLKRK M7 XKGKXKLAKQ LJXDMPIWKQ Xégérklaks

@ésiclmtijl

LM ;99

Hjis - Amrmatéristiquks tkabljnjciquks kt abidiquks

LM 755 LM 75=

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `k = 'budiìté Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm `klsité - (dmssk vjnudiquk)

LM 758

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm rétrmatihinité

LM 751

Hjis - Kssmi `k ajdprkssijl mximnk

LM 750

Hjis - Kssmi `k gnkxijl stmtiquk

LM 75;

Hjis - Kssmi `k gnkxijl `ylmdiquk

LM 757

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm ùrkté DJLLIL

LM 753

Qaimcks `k hjis résilkux - @égmuts, anmssigiamtijl

LM 752

Qaimcks `k hjis résilkux - @égmuts, tkrdks kt `égilitijl

LM 759

Qaimcks `k hjis résilkux - @idklsijl - Détbj`ks `k dksurmck

LM 7=5 LM 7==

Qaimcks `k hjis résilkux - @idklsijls, tkrdks kt `égilitijls Qaimcks `k hjis gkuinnus - @égmuts - Anmssigiamtijl

LM 7=8

Qaimcks `k hjis gkuinnus - @égmuts - Pkrdks kt `égilitijls

LM 7=;

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @égilitijls kt anmssigiamtijls

LM 7=7

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kabmltinnjllmck

LM 7=3

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Ajlìtijls célérmnks `ks kssmis

LM 7=2

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Dksurmck `ks ìdklsijls `k nm rkatitu`k kt `k n’équkrrmc n’équkrrmckk

LM7=9

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @étkrdilmtijl `k = 'budiìté

LM 785

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm dmssk vjnudiquk

LM 78=

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @étkrdilmtijl ù djù djùnk nk `'énmstiaité kl trmatijl kt `k

LM 788

résistmlak å nm trmatijl pmrmnnânk mux gmaks Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `k trmatijl pkrpklìaunmirk mux gmaks

LM 781

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `k ùrkté HXILLKN

LM 780

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `k ùrkté DJLLIL

LM 78;

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `k gnkxijl `ylmdiquk

LM 787

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `k aisminnkdklt (éprjuvkttks HXJ@KM[)

LM 783

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kssmi `'mrrmabkdklt `ks pjiltks kt `ks vis

LM 782

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @étkrdilmtijl `k n'mhsjrptijl `'kmu kt `ks vmrimtijls ìdklsijllknnks mprâs iddkrsijl

LM 789

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kprkuvk `'iddkrsijl `ml `mlss n'kmu hjuinnmltk - Détbj`k ìtk "W =55"

LM 715

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - Kprkuvk `k vikinnisskdklt maaénéré pmr nm détbj`k ìtk "W1=1"

75

LM 71=

Ajltrk pnmqué - Ajlìtijls célérmnks `'kssmis

LM 718

Ajltrk pnmqué - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm dmssk vjnudiquk

LM 711

Ajltrk pnmqué - @étkrdilmtijl `k = 'budiìté

LM 710

Ajltrk pnmqué - Dksurmck `ks ìdklsijls `k n’équkrrmck kt `k nm rkatitu`k

LM 71;

Dkluiskrik -Gklïtrks pjur njckdklts å usmck `'bmhitmtijl kt pjur équipkdklts ajnnkatigs - @idklsijls

LM 717

Dkluiskrik - Abèssis `k gklïtrks pjur njckdklts å usmck `'bmhitmtijl kt pjur équipkdklts ajnnkatigs - @idklsijls

LM 713

Dkluiskrik - Ujrtks kt pjrtk- gklïtrks pjur njckdklts å usmck `'bmhitmtijl kt pjur équipkdklts ajnnkatigs - @idklsijls

LM 712

Dkluiskrik - Jaaunus kt mnnâck - @idklsijls

LM 372

Détbj`ks `'kssmis `ks gklïtrks - Uréskltmtijl ù rmppjrt `'kssmi

LM 379

Ujrtks - Dksurmck `ks ìdklsijls kt `ks `égmuts `’équkrrmck `ks vmltmux `k p pjrtks jrtks

LM 33=

Ujrtks - Kssmi `k abja `ks ajrps ùrs sur nks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM 338

Ujrtks - Kssmi `k `égjrdmtijl ù vmltmin `mls sjl pnml

LM 331

Ujrtks - Dksurmck `ks `égmuts `k pnmléité njamnk `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM =8==

]uilaminnkrik - Qkrrurks - @égilitijls - Anmssigiamtijl - @ésiclmtijl

LM =8=8

]uilaminnkrik `k hètidklts - Arédjlks - @égilitijl - Anmssigiamtijl - @ésiclmtijl

LM =893

Ujrtks - Dksurmck `ks `égmuts `k.pn!nléité célérmnk `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM =899

Détbj`ks `'kssmis `ks pjrtks- Kssmi `k abja `k ajrps dju kt njur` sur nks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM =107

Ujrtks - Kssmi `'éhrmlnkdklt ù vmltmin

LM =103

Ujrtks - Kssmi `k aisminnkdklt ù pnml `'msskdhnmck `ks mnmisks `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM =102

Ujrtks - Kssmi `'iddkrsijl å n'kmu grji`k `k nm pmrtik ilgérikurk ù vmltmin `k nm pjrtk

LM =109

Ujrtks - Kssmi `k tkluk mux sjnniaitmtijls bycrjtbkrdiquks `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM =1;5

Ujrtks - Kssmi `'mrrmabkdklt `ks vis

LM =175

]uilaminnkrik - Amrmatéristiquks célérmnks `ks skrrurks `k hètidklt

LM =;79

]uilaminnkrik - Umudknnks å nmdks pjur dkluiskrik kl hjis

LM =;35

Ajltrk pnmqué - Anmssigiamtijl

LM =;3=

Ajltrk pnmqué - Wjamhunmirk

LM =;38

Ajltrk pnmqué - @étkrdilmtijl `ks éprjuvkttks

LM =917

]uilaminnkrik `k hètidklts - Arédjlks - Amrmatéristiquks kt kssmis

LM 87=2 LM 87=9

Umllkmux `k gihrks - @égilitijls - Anmssigiamtijl Umllkmux `k gihrks - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm résistmlak å nm gnkxijl

LM 8785

Umllkmux `k gihrks - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm stmhinité `k surgmak

LM 878=

Umllkmux `k gihrks - @étkrdilmtijl `k n'étmt `k surgmak (rucjsité)

LM 8788 LM 8781

Umllkmux `k gihrks - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm tklkur kl smhnk Umllkmux `k gihrks - Kssmi ìt `k trmatijl pkrpklìaunmirk mux gmaks - (éprjuvkttk å skdknnk)

7=

LM 8780

Umllkmux å hmsk `k hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `ks ìdklsijls `ks éprjuvkttks

LM 878;

Umllkmux `k gihrks - @étkrdilmtijl `k = 'budiìté

LM 8787

Ajltrk pnmqué å pnis mvka pnmamcks `érjunés pjur usmck cél célérmnérmn- Xâcnks célérmnks `k anmssigiamtijl sknjl n'mspkat

LM 8783

Ajltrk pnmqué å pnis mvka pnmamcks `érjunés pjur usmck célérmn- anmssigiamtijl sknjl

LM 8782

n'mspkat `ks pmllkmux å pnmamcks kxtérikurs `k bïtrk Ajltrk pnmqué å pnis mvka pnmamcks `érjunés pjur usmck célérmn- anmssigiamtijl sknjl n'mspkat `ks pmllkmux å pnmamcks kxtérikurs `k hjunkmu

LM 8789

Ajltrk pnmqué å pnis mvka pnmamcks `érjunés pjur usmck célér célérmnk mnk - anmssigiamtijl sknjl n'mspkat `ks pmllkmux å pnmamcks kxtérikurs `k pkupnikr

LM 8282

Gkrdkturks kxtérikurks `k hètidklt - @égilitijls - Anmssigiamtijl - @ésiclmtijl

LM ;131

Hjis -Kssmi `k gkl`mck

LM ;130

Hjis - Kssmi `k aisminnkdklt

LM ;13;

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl ù rktrmit

LM ;137

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl ù cjlgnkdklt vjnudiquk

LM ;133

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl ù cjlgnkdklt rmìmn kt tmlckltikn

LM ;132

Hjis saiés - @étkrdilmtijl `k = 'budiìté djykllk `'ul njt

LM ;139

Hjis - Kssmi `k trmatijl pkrpklìaunmirk mux gihrks

LM ;125

Hjis saiés - @idklsijls - Kamrts m`dissihnks kt rktrmit

LM ;121

Détbj`ks `'kssmis `ks gklïtrks - Kssmi `k pkrdémhinité å n'mir

LM ;120

Hjis `k dkluiskrik - Lmturk kt qumnité

LM ;122

Hjis - Détbj`ks `’éabmltinnjllmck kt ajlìtijls célérmnks pjur nks kssmis pbysiquks kt déamliquks

LM ;129

Hjis - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm ajltrmiltk `k rupturk kl trmatijl pmrmnnânk pmrmnnânk mux gihrks

LM ;197

Hjis - Wjamhunmirk

LM ;193

Hjis - Qaimcks `ks hjis résilkux - Anmsskdklt `'mspkat, `égilitijl `k abjix

LM ;192

Anmsskdklt `’mspkat `ks hjis ilìcâlks - Qaimcks mvivks `k gkuinnus ùrs

LM ;199

Hjis - Amrmatéristiquks pbysiquks kt déamliquks ù hjis

LM ;055

Hjis - Ajlìtijls célérmnks `ks kssmis - Kssmis pbysiquks déamliquks

LM ;058

Hjis - Qaimcks `ks hjis résilkux kt gkuinnus tkl`rks - @idklsijls ljdilmnks - Qkatijls kt njlcukurs

LM ;051

Dkluiskrik kl hjis- Pkrdiljnjcik

LM ;05;?

Mlmnysks `ks risquks hijnjciquks - @égilitijls `ks anmssks - Qpéaigiamtijls dilidmnks `k préskrvmtijl å titrk prévkltig

LM ;052

Umllkmux å hmsk `k hjis - @étkrdilmtijl ù djùnk `’énmstiaité kl gnkxijl kt `k résistmlak å nm gnkxijl

LM LM;059 ;0=1

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks pjur célérmn) usmcks kl- Anmsskdklt diniku ska - `'mspkat Qpéaigiamtijls Ajltrk pnmqué å pni (`'usmck `ks pmllkmux å pnis kxtérikurs kl pil dmritidk

78

LM ;0=2

Hjis kt juvrmcks kl hjis - trmitkdklt prévkltig - Mttkstmtijl

LM;0=9

Amrmatéristiquks `ks gklïtrks

LM ;085

Détbj`ks `'kssmis `ks gklïtrks - Détbj`ks `'kssmis

LM ;088

@idklsijls `ks ajlstruatijls - @idklsijls `ks pjrtks å vmltmux hmttmlts

LM ;081

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks - @étkrdilmtijl `ks vmrimtijls ìdklsijllknnks sjus n'ilgnuklak `k = 'budiìté mtdjspbériquk

LM ;080 LM ;08;

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm résistmlak mu abja Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm résistmlak å nm gissurmtijl

LM ;087

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - @étkrdilmtijl `k nm résistmlak å n'mhrmsijl

LM ;083

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - @étkrdilmtijl `k n'mrrmabkdklt `k surgmak

LM ;082

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - Qpéaigiamtijls

LM ;089

Umllkmux `k pmrtiaunks surgmaés dénmdilés - Kssmis `k résistmlak mux prjùits abidiquks

LM ;012

Dkluiskrik kl hjis - Ajdpjsitijl `ks arjisés

LM ;019

Dkluiskrik kl hjis - @idklsijls `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks iltérikurks

LM ;005

Dkluiskrik kl hjis - Ujrtks pnmlks iltérikurks kl hjis - Amrmatéristiquks célérmnks

LM ;00=

Ujrtks pnmlks iltérikurks `k ajdduliamtijl kl hjis - Qpéaigiamtijls

LM ;008

Ujrtks pnmlks iltérikurks pmniârks hjis -Qpéaigiamtijls

LM ;001

Dkluiskrik kl hjis - Qpéaigiamtijls tkabliquks `ks gklïtrks, pjrtks gklïtrks kt abèssis gixks kl hjis

LM ;002

Détbj`ks `'kssmi `ks pjrtks - Kssmi `k `égjrdmtijl kl tjrsijl `ks vmltmux `k pjrtks

LM ;009

Ukrgjrdmlaks `mls nk hètidklt - Uréskltmtijl `ks pkrgjrdmlaks `ks pjrtks kt hnjas pjrtks

LM ;0;5

Ujrtks kt hnjas pjrtks - @égilitijl `ks pkrgjrdmlaks mssjaiéks mux rðnks

LM ;0;=

Ajltrk pnmqué - ]umnité `k ajnnmck - Détbj`ks `'kssmi

LM ;0;8

Gklïtrks kt pjrtks-gklïtrks - @égilitijls `ks pkrgjrdmlaks mssjaiéks mux rðnks

LM ;0;1

Dkluiskrik kl hjis -Gklïtrks `k sérik kl hjis - @idklsijls

LM ;0;;

Ajltrk pnmqué - ]umnité ù ajnnmck - Kxicklaks

D.T.R. e 5-1travaux de Menuiserie en Bois

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