Drug Education and Vice Control

Page 1 of 12

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL National Drug Situation As early as 1996, the United Nation has noted the rising popularity of amphetamine- type stimulants (ATS) among drug users, and termed ATS as the “Drugs of the 21st Century”. In its 2005 world drug report, The UN office on Drugs and crime reported that the largest number of methamphetamine clandestine laboratories dismantled in East and south East Asia in 2003 was recorded by the Philippines. In a survey conducted by the DDB in 1999, there were around 1.8 million regular users and 1.6 million occasional users of Dangerous drugs in the country. In 2004, the country’s rehabilitation centers reported 5, 787 admissions reflecting a decreased of 32% compared with 7, 113 admission in the previous year. Statistics from these rehabilitation centers show the following trends:

majority of patients are in the 20- 29 age group The ratio of male users to female is 9:1 Shabu is the most popular drug of choice, abused by 84% of patients For thirty years, RA 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972, had been the backbone of the Philippine drug Law enforcement system. Recognizing the need to strengthen or replaced the existing anti- drug laws, Pres. Gloria Arroyo signed RA 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, on June 7, 2002 and it took effect on July 4, 2002. The new anti- drug law defines more concrete course of action for the national anti- drug campaign and imposes heavier penalties on offenders. The enactment of RA 9165 as reorganized the Philippine Drug Law Enforcement System. While the DDB remains as the policy making body, it created the PDEA under the office of the Pres. The new law also abolished the National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center, PNP Nargrp, NBI narcotics unit, and the customs interdiction office. Personnel of these abolished agencies were to continue to perform their tasks on detail service with the PDEA subject to a rigid screening process. The PDEA was officially activated on July 30, 2002 when the Pres. Appointed its first director Gen, Undersec. Anselmo Avenido Jr. One year after the creation of the PDEA, the Pres. Issued E.O. 218 on June 18, 2003 to strengthen the support mechanism for the PDEA as the lead agency in the campaign against illegal drugs. The PNP organized the PNP AIDSOTF, NBI Anti- drug task force. Causes and influences of drug abuse; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Peer pressure Curiosity Boredom Frustration (due to personal, family, school and work problems) Poor self-image Weak personality (unable to cope with stress, conflict, etc.) Desire to escape from reality Lack of parental guidance

Tolerance Abusers who frequently take the substance require progressively higher doses to achieve the desired effects. Tolerance sets in after a few weeks of regular use. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE This chemical substance is known to produce psychological and physical dependency. These are characterized by anxiety, tension and craving for the substance. This substance-seeking behavior can lead to various criminal and other anti-social acts. Withdrawal symptoms occur when drug use is abruptly stopped. Among these are feeling of apathy, hypersomnia (excessive period of sleep) and depression Depression may lead to suicide. Methamphetamine in Pregnancy

Page 2 of 12 Pregnant women should never abuse drugs. Metamphetamine is known ‘to cause cardio-vascular anomalies (malformation of the heart and blood vessels), biliary atresia (absence of bile ducts) leading to severe jaundice and microcephaly (small brain with mental retardation) among babies born to mothers who took the substance during pregnancy. Abuse The abuse problem began in 1932 with the introduction of benzedrine inhaler. It was furthered by the introduction of benzedrine and dexedrine tablets. Overproduction during World War II provided the initial materials for methamphetamine abuse. Japan was the first country to experience a serious abuse problem in the intravenous use of methamphetamine while the United States experienced the first serious problem in the abuse of benzedrine inhaler. Effects Symptoms, in progressive stages, of the acute toxic effects of either methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse include restlessness, tremor, talkativeness, irritability, insomnia, anxiety, delirium, panic states, paranoid ideation, palpitation, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, circulatory collapse, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, convulsions, coma and death. The toxic dose varies widely and may occur as an idiosyncrasy after as little as two mg. but more usually it occurs in doses far above the recommended amounts. In an analysis of 310 cases of high-dose intravenous methamphetamine abuse, psychological adverse reactions were divided into five categories. 1. Anxiety reactions in which the individual becomes fearful and tremulous with concerns about his physical well-being. 2. Methamphetamine psychosis, in which the individual misinterprets the actions of others, hallucinates, and becomes unrealistically suspicious. 3. Exhaustion syndrome, as intense feeling of fatigue and need to sleep following the stimulation phase. 4. Prolonged depression. 5. Prolonged hallucinosis, in which the individual continues to hallucinate after the drug has been metabolized. Secondary effects of the use of the drug, when malnutrition is a factor, include skin lesions, abscesses, respiratory problems, acute gastrointestinal distress and abdominal cramps resulting from factors in the user’s environment. High-dose users usually sustain a marked weight loss, multiple vitamin deficiencies and dental decay. The possibility of brain damage has been suggested since coma and its resultant brain damage can occur from both methampetamine and amphetamine overdose. Withdrawal. There is a controversy as to whether a Methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome exists. For many years the medical consensus was that methamphetamines were not addicting because of the supposed absence of a withdrawal syndrome. Part of the difficulty lay in disagreement over the definition of addiction, but a greater part was the failure to recognize the withdrawal syndrome because of its qualitative difference from the narcotic of general depressant withdrawal syndrome. The Methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome is characterized by apathy, decreased activity, and to a greater degree, sleep disturbances which can last for weeks or months. It was also found that, following abrupt withdrawal from large doses of Methamphetamines, an increase in the percent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurred. REM returned to normal when Methamphetamine was given but increased again when Methamphetamine was withheld. This phenomenon, observed under clinical conditions, provides additional evidence for the existence of physical dependence. Since suicides have occurred during methamphetamine withdrawal, doctors have been advised to bring about withdrawal slowly, in a controlled environment.

EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES): -

Causes irritability, restlessness, hyperactivity, anxiety etc. Impairs judgment and causes deep depression and physical exhaustion after single dose of moderate strength wears off Causes undesirable, acute psychotic consequences such as suspiciousness, hostility, persecutory delusion, violent and destructive behavior and recklessness Physiological effects like hypertension, chest pain, irregular heart rate, convulsion and cardiac arrest leading to death. Minds slow down the body reactions to such extend that accidental deaths and suicides usually happen.

Page 3 of 12

EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS: -

Produced a short lived feeling of pleasure, euphoria and a positive sense of well being known as “thrill”, “rush”, or a “high”. Constrict pupil of the eye causing difficulty in vision On a large dose, it causes nausea, vomiting , and difficulty in breathing

EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA: -

Faster hear beat and pulse rate Blood shot eye Dry mouth and throat Altered sense of time disorientation Forgetfulness and inability to think Impaired reflexes/coordination Acute panic – anxiety reaction – extreme fear of losing control

FIELD TEST FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS: - Marijuana –Duquenois – Levine test (Red) - Shabu – Symone’s test (Purple) - LSD – Van urk test (Blue purple) - Opium – Marquis Test (Violet) - Amphetamines – Marquis Test (Red/orange) - Barbiturates – Dilli Koppanyi/ Zwikkers test (Violet/blue) - Cocaine – Cobalt thiocynate (Blue) The VOLATILE SUBSTANCES sometimes called: Solvents or Inhalants (i.e. Glue, Gasoline, Kerosene, Ether, Paint Thinner, Lacquer etc.) NARCOTICS OPIUM AND ITS DERIVATIVES History is fraught with stories concerning the use of opium. Some are facts and some are fables. However, it is interesting to know that references to its use predates tile birch of Christ. We know, for example, that ancient civilizations used opium, in various preparations, both for pleasure and medical purposes. One of the most significant developments in history took place in the early 19th century (18031805), when a German scientist isolated morphine from opium. Morphine was later introduced as a cureall for all kinds of illness as well as for opium addiction. This discovery marked the beginning of narcotics use and abuse as we know it today. Codeine was isolated in 183Z from morphine, and shortly thereafter, many other alkaloids of opium were identified and isolated. At first it was thought that opium and its derivatives were a cure- all for many ailments but very little was known of their pharmacological effects or toxicity. Certain individuals began to glamorize the stupefying effects of the drugs and large numbers of people began to abuse the drugs. Through continuous promiscuous use, the number of addicts began to swell in countries throughout Europe. In 1875 two English chemists developed the chemical compound diacetylmorphine out of morphine which they called HEROIN. This was done by subjecting the morphine alkaloid to chemical alteration. Studies were then initiated in Europe as to the physiological properties of this new compound. In 1898 the Bayer Company began marketing heroin as a cure for opium and morphine addiction and said that it was absolutely non-addictive. MORPHINE Raw opium contains approximately 10% morphine, ½% codeine, 1/5% of the baine, and 1% papaverine, plus more than 35 additional alkaloids in smaller amounts. The word morphine comes from the name of the Greek god of dreams, “Morpheus.’ The process of extracting morphine from opium involves heating water to a proper temperature and then thoroughly mixing the raw opium with the water. HEROIN

Page 4 of 12 The name is derived from the word “hero” which connotes audacity, courage. and power. But these perceived traits in the use of heroin are largely illusory and temporary as great harm is usually swiftly inflicted to self and social status. Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is the most commonly abused narcotic in the world. To produce heroin, the chemist takes an equal amount of morphine and acetic anhydride and heats them together for approximately six hours at exactly 185 degrees Fahrenheit, The morphine and acid become chemically bonded. Codeine has long been the drug of choice among physicians as an ideal analgesic. Addiction to codeine is rare, although ‘it has gained some popularity with the addict who cannot obtain heroin. It will relieve moderate pain and seldom cause respiratory problems. STIMULANTS: COCA AND COCAINE Since pre-historic times, the coca plant has been cultivated in the highlands of the Andes of South America. Its leaves were chewed by the natives for relief from fatigue and as refreshment from work at high altitudes. However, the coca plant is also found in Taiwan and Java in the Far East as well as in Colombia, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Argentina in South America, Cocaine, in its pure form, is also white and made up of shiny, colorless crystals and under stably called “snow” in the junkie jargon. In powder form, cocaine is odorless and has a bitter taste, Some drug addicts inject cocaine directly into the bloodstream for a more heightened effect. Cocaine is habit forming as the user develops a strong dependence on the drug due to the compelling need to experience once more the intense stimulation and hallucinations provides by cocaine. The coca plant is an evergreen, native to South America, particular the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Colombia, and should not be confused with the cacao or cocoa plant, from which chocolate is made. Although the coca plant is natural to South America, it has been successfully cultivated in Java, West Indies, India and Australia. OTHER STIMULANTS There are several specific compounds in the nature of stimulants with which the narcotics investigator should be familiar, These compounds fall into three categories: amphetamines, nonamphetamine stimulants, and combination (amphetamine-barbiturate) products. Within the amphetamine category, three products are very important - Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, and Methamphetamine AMPHETAMINES Benzedrine is the trade name for the racemic compound produced by Smith, Kline and French Laboratories (SKF). The recommended dosage is 10 to 100 mg per day for obesity in adults. For treatment of narcolepsy, hyperkinesis and minimal brain disfunction in children, similar doses are prescribed. Dexedrine is the trade name for dextroamphetamine sulfate produced by SKF. The recommended dosage is 30 to 50 mg per day for obesity in adults. For treatment of narcolepsy and minimal brain dysfunction in children, smaller doses are prescribed. This drug comes in three forms - as an elixir, tablet, and capsule. Desoxyn is the trade name for amphetamine hydrochloride produced by Abbot Laboratories. The recommended dosage is 2.5 to 5 mg up to three times a day for obesity and for adjunctive treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. Desoxyn comes in two forms - as tablets and as Gradumet (registered trade name) tablets. The regular tablet is white in color in 2.5 and 5 mg dosage form and bears the Abbot logo. The Gradumet tablets are white, orange, or yellow in 5, 10, and 15 mg dosage form, respectively, and bear the same Abbot logo. The Amphetamines and Metamphetamines (Stimulants) INTRODUCTION

Page 5 of 12 The two most prevalent stimulants are nicotine in tobacco products and caffeine, the active ingredient of coffee, tea and some bottled beverages. When used in moderation, these stimulants tend to relieve fatigue and increase alertness. They are an accepted part of our culture. There are, however, more potent stimulants that, because of their dependence-producing potential, are under the regulatory control of many governments. These controlled substances are available on prescription for medical purposes hut they are also clandestinely manufactured in vast quantities for distribution in the illicit market. Definition Stimulants are compounds which affect the central nervous system by accelerating its activities. Stimulants are either natural, such as epinepherine, or synthetic, such as amphetamine ormethamphetamines (Shabu). Origin The first natural stimulant discovered was epinephrine (adrenalin). This substance was found in adrenal glands of animals. Its effects were first described in 1899. In 1919 a Japanese chemist developed the first synthetic stimulant which he called “Shabu” fish and meat. This substance was later identified as methylamphetamine. In 1927, a substance called 1phenyl-2-aminopro-pane and its actions were first described by Gordon Alles. Smith, Kline and French Laboratories conducted research on 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane and developed benzedrine and dexedrine. It was during this development that the compound was called by its true chemical name methyl-phenetylamine or amphetamine. HALLUCINOGENS

The term “hallucinogens” refers to a group of drugs which affect the central nervous system, producing perceptual alterations, intense and varying emotional changes, ego distortions and thought disruption. Most of these substances have no medical use and are taken simply because of their effects. They are not considered addictive, although they can and do produce psychological dependence. Hallucinogens are exotic drugs which have received considerable attention from the media and drug abuse educators. While many of these drugs enjoy periods of fad-like popularity with an accompanying temporary demand for them in the illicit drug market, others, such as PCP, have been abused over the last decade. Hallucinogens (also called psychedelics) are capable of provoking alterations of time and space perception, illusions, and delusions. Results are variables a “good trip” or a ‘bad trip” may be experienced by the same person on different occasions. Many drugs will cause delirium accompanied by hallucinations and delusions when taken by people who are hypersensitive to them. Extraordinarily large amounts of other types of drugs may also produce hallucinations because of their direct action on the brain cells. Most of the hallucinogenic drugs in illicit channels of distribution are manufactured in clandestine laboratories. Legitimate chemical manufacturers in some countries produce some hallucinogenic drugs, but only for research or chemical purposes. Some of these drugs have been diverted to the illicit market through thefts or illegal purchases. History of Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana) History is replete with examples of the production of cannabis for different reasons. George Washington, for example, attempted to grow Indian hemp (Cannabis) for the production of rope. He failed, according to records he left, due to the lack of female plants. Indian hemp production goes much further back in history and its antecedents may be traced to texts of both ancient Chinese and Indian origin dating back to 1200-500 B.C. Uses includes rope, canvas and fine linen as well as for psychoactive purposes. Seeds have been used for bird- feed. The oil from Cannabis Sativa is akin to linseed oil and has been used to promote rapid drying of paint. The use of Cannabis Tetrahydrocannabinol, a product of the resin of Cannabis Satiya ,may be traced to Chinese herbal text in 1200B.C., where it was described as a surgical anesthetic. In 1090, Marco Polo returned from China with tales of a Persian religious cult that used hashish to induce visions

Page 6 of 12 of paradise for cult members. The cult leader, called “Old Man of the Mountain” recruited men who were given the drug, subjected to real pleasures and then sent on suicide missions of Origin and Description Cannabis Sativa L, from the genus Cannabis and the family Cannabinaceae, is the botanical name for a tall annual, woody, dioecious shrub commonly known as marijuana. The term “marijuana”, as defined by law means all parts of the plant whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, the resin extracted from any part of such plant, every compound, manufacture, salt derivative, mixture or preparation of such plant, its seeds and or resins. The term does not include the mature stalks of such plants, fiber produced from such stalks, oils or cakes made from the seeds of such plants, any other compound, manufacture, salt derivative, mixture or preparation of such mature stalks (except the resin extracted there from), fiber, oil or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is incapable of germination. Marijuana and hashish are derivatives of the cannabis plants which has been cultivated for centuries for its fiber, oil and psychoactive resin. There are more than 400 known chemical constituents in this plant. More than 60, known as cannabinoids, are found only in cannabis. One of these is delta-9retrahyth’ocannabinol, also referred to as delta 9-THC. It accounts for the major psychoactive effects of the plants. There are two varieties of the cannabis plants. One is resin-producing and the other is fiberproducing. THC is found most abundantly in the upper leaves, barks, and flowers of the resin-producing variety. Marijuana, the dried leaves, may contain up to 5% of this compound. Hashish, the dried and pressed flowers and resin, up to 12% and hashish oil, a crude extract of hashish, up to 60%. The fiberproducing variety has much lower concentrations of THC, The true origin of the name marijuana is lost in antiquity. Gray attributes a Greek derivation of the word “Cannabis” from the Persian “Kanab”. Other authors cite many words from many languages as the possible morphological root of the word. History tells us of the murderous frenzy of the Malays, characterized by running “amok” after habitual use of hashish. It is also reported that Mohameddan leaders, opposing the Crusaders, utilized the services of individuals while under the influence of hashish to commit secret murders. The frenzy produced by the drug led these persons to be called “haschichin”. “hashihash”, or “hashishi” from which comes the modern English word “assassin”. Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) The most powerful and possibly the most widely used of the “mind-expanding” drugs is LSD, a semi-synthetic alkaloid substance extracted from a fungus which grows on rye, wheat, and other grains. It is an extremely potent drug, requiring only a small amount to induce a “trip”. The effects of an average dose (about 100 micrograms) usually last from to twelve hours. One ounce is enough to provide 300,000 doses. LSD is encountered as liquid or powder. In its original state it is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It is often put on or in: sugar cubes, toothpicks, aspirin, crackers, postage stamps, or bread. Physical effects of LSD include dilated pupils, a flushed face, increased blood pressure, lowered temperature, profuse sweating, nausea, and a rapid heartbeat. These effects disappear as the action of the drug subsides. Considerable psychological effects on various levels are also triggered by the ingestion of LSD. These are highly subjective, depending on mood, anxieties, tensions, dosage, and the conditions under which the drug is taken. The drug is not considered to be physically addicting because the body does not develop a need for it nor experience physical sickness when it is withdrawn. However, a psychological dependence may develop. The regular user will also build-up a tolerance for the drug requiring an increased dosage to produce the desired effect. The user may also suffer periods of acute anxiety or depression for varying length of time after the trip. Recurrence of hallucinations (“flashbacks”) may occur days, months, or even years after the last dose. Panic reactions to his phenomenon have occasionally culminated in suicide. LSD was first synthesized by a Swiss chemist. Albert Hoffman, in 3938. Five years later, Hoffman accidentally discovered its mind altering properties while performing an experiment. Its use spread rapidly both through legitimate research and illicit trafficking, reaching its peak during the 1960’s. PCP (Phencycidine), had leaped recently into the forefront of the drug scene. Known in the streets as “angel dust” and numerous other exotic names, PCP has become very popular among youthful drug users.

Page 7 of 12 The effects of PCP vary widely. Although its exact physiological actions on the body are not yet clear, PCP is known to affect the brain and the central nervous system. In small doses, Phencyclidine causes sedation like most depressants. In moderate doses, analgesia and anesthesia occur, characterized by sensory disturbances. In large dose PCP may produce convulsions and coma leading to death. Most persons using PCP experience a confused state characterized by feelings of weight less ness, unreality, and hallucinations. Reports of difficulty in thinking, poor concentration and preoccupation with death are frequent. Other effects include nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), double vision and restlessness. It has also been reported that PCP users have increased rates of fetal loss, chromosome breakage and decreased fertility. More PCP users die from accidents caused by the strange behavior the drug produces in them than from actual chemical effects of the drug itself. People on PCP have drowned in shallow water because they are so disoriented they cannot tell which way is up. Others have had auto accidents, fallen off from roofs and out of windows because of the drug’s intoxicating effects. Some have died in fires because PCP made them insensitive to the pain of burning and disoriented that they could not escape from the flames. Mescaline is the primary active ingredients of the peyote cactus. Lophophora Williamsii Lemaire, a plant which has been employed by Indians in Northern Mexico from the earliest recorded time. By the time of the Spanish conquest, peyote had been adopted by a number of tribes who spanned the geographic distance from Central America to Texas. In this setting, individuals ingested the mescalinecontaining peyote buttons to relieve fatigue and hunger and to treat victims of various diseases. The dried tops were worn as amulets for protection against danger. In tribal rites, mescaline was used in group settings to facilitate the achievement of a trance state necessary for tribal dances. The incidence of illicit mescaline use in the street has never been accurately determined. The drug, in the form of the peyote buttons was available for personal experimentation from the beginning of this century but it did not gain much of a following until the 1960’s. Peyote buttons average one to two inches in diameter. They are brown in color and resemble the underside of a dried mushroom. They are occasionally found in the illicit market. Because peyote has an intensely bitter taste, the buttons are generally ground up into a dark brown powder held in clear gelatin capsules. Psilocybin and Psilocyn. Psilocybin occurs naturally in several spc4bf mushrooms, notably Psilocybin Mexicana, Albert Hoffman, and his colleagues at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, who discovered LSD, isolated two substances from Psilocybin Mexicana. Psilocyn was also found in small amounts, but was equally active. These alkaloids have since been found present in numerous varieties of mushrooms. Interestingly, Psilocybin is relatively unstable and upon ingestion is converted to Psilocyn by the enzyme alkaline phosphates. Therefore, it seems likely that Psilocyn is actually responsible for the drug effects accredited to Psilocybin. DOM STP. and DOM (methyl/dimethox/methyl/phenyl/ ethylamine), commonly known as STP, is a synthetic drug which wa introduced to the drug scene in the early spring of 1967. In 1964, Dr. Alexander T. Shulgin synthesized DOM while working on the development of the series of methoxylated amphetamines for the Dow Chemical Company. DOM, MDA (3-4-methylene-dioxyamphetamine) and MMDA (3-methoxy-4, 5-methylenedioxy-amphetamine) are included in a group of some 28 psychoactive drugs referred to as “psychotomimetic” amphetamines. The psychotomimetic amphetamines display hallucinogenic activity and are chemically related to both mescaline and amphetamine. DOM has been estimated to be approximately 100 times more potent than mescaline, but 30 to 50 times less potent than LSD. Effects reported by subjects in clinical circumstances may be summarized as follows: nausea, appetite decrease increased paresthesias (numbness); tensions; tremor; fatigue. Measured physiological symptoms such as papillary dilation, increase deep tendon reflexes, tremor and increased pulse rate present evidence of sympathomimetic stimulations. Early in the course of the drug’s effects-drowsiness was noted with no apparent direct control of nervous system stimulations. Increased pupil size, blood pressure and increased pulse rate were more clearly related to subjects receiving higher doses. Only three of eighteen subjects had a temperature increase of 1 degree centigrade or more and all were on the higher doses. Although subjective feelings of weakness were reported, none was detectable clinically. DOM/STP is very seldom encountered in the street today.

Page 8 of 12 DET (Diethytryptamine). DET is one of the latest hallucinogenic drugs to be brought under control. It is a fast-acting synthetic analogue of DMT, and is chemically related to bufotenine and psilocybin, although it is yet to be found in plant life. DET is produced in both liquid and powder form and is not easily manufactured in a laboratory. It does not have any reported therapeutic use. DET causes a rise in blood pressure and may rupture small blood vessels in the brain, There are no reports of its having over dose potential. Injecting a dose of 50 or 60 milligram of DET causes visual distortions, dizziness and vague sense of time. The experience may last two to three hours. For street use, parsley tobacco, tea or marijuana leaves are soaked in DET solution, dried; and then either smoked or ingested. Presently however, there is little demand for DET and its use is rare. DMT (Diethytryptamine). DMT is a short-acting hallucinogen found in the seeds of a plant native to the West Indies and in parts of South America. The powdered seeds have been used for centuries as a snuff-called-”cohoba”, used in religious ceremonies to produce a state of mind which the Haitian natives claimed enabled them to communicate with their gods. It is also produced synthetically by clandestine chemists. DMT is not taken orally. Instead its vapor is inhaled from smoke given off by burning ground seeds or powder mixed with tobacco, parsley leaves, or even marijuana. It can also be injected. The effects of a single dose — 6o to 150 milligrams last only from 45 to 60 minutes and will produce mainly hallucinations. For this reasons, it is sometimes known as the “Businessman’s Trip” or “the lunch hour trip.” DMT may cause psychological but not physical dependence. It may appear as an orange liquid or orange crystal. Ibogaine, an alkaloid, extracted from the roots of the Taber-manthe Ibiga plant, which is native to Africa. This drug causes a rise in blood pressure and stimulates the central nervous system in addition to rendering hallucinogenic effects. No street dosage is reported for Ibogaine. In fact little information is available on the drug. The drug is illegal because of its potential dangers, rather than because of its past history of abuse. For all practical purposes, Ibogaine is non-existent in the illicit market. Bufotenine, is related chemically to DMT. It is also a recent addition to the list of hallucinogens controlled under the Drug Abuse Control Amendments. Bufotenine is derived from the dried glandular secretions of certain toads, from the amanista fungus, and can also be found in the seeds and pods of the Cahobe bean (Piptadenia peregrina), a shrub found in the northern parts of South America and in the West Indies. However, Bufotenine can also be prepared in the laboratory. Moderate doses will increase blood pressure, while abuse of the drug produce hallucinations. Bufotenine is used as a snuff. Symptoms appear immediately. Morning Glory Seeds. Ingestion of approximately 300 Morning Glory seeds may cause hallucinations qualitatively similar to LSD. The effects are described as mild with the “high” lasting from seven to fourteen hours. Like other naturally occurring hallucinogens, Morning Glory seeds were used by American Indians. The Indians ground the seeds to flour, which was then soaked in water. The moisture was then strained and the liquid residue ingested. Dizziness and diarrhea are frequent side effects. The active ingredients in Morning Glory seeds is believe to be Lysergic Acid amide, an alkaloid chemically related to LSD. Morning Glory seeds are a common garden item, and their possession is not illegal. Ingestion of Morning Glory seeds was a fad a few years ago, but is almost unheard of at present. Barbiturates Barbiturates are classified into four categories based on the speed of onset and the length of action. The long-acting barbiturates have a speed of onset ranging from 30 to 60 minutes and a length of action extending up to eight hours. Barbital and Phenobarbital are examples. The intermediate-acting barbiturates take effect within 15 to 30 minutes and last from four to six hours. Amobarbital and Butabarbital are examples. Short-acting barbiturates produce an onset of action within 10 to 20 minutes and remain effective for two to six hours. Penthobarbital and Secobarbital are examples. The ultra-short-acting barbiturates have a speed of onset of 0-45 seconds and a length of action of up to 30 minutes. Thiopental sodium is an example. The short- and intermediate-acting barbiturates are the choice drugs of abuse due to their speed of onset, the length of time the effects last, and the euphoria produced by the drugs.

Page 9 of 12 Although one can become addicted to barbiturates at normal dosage, use of barbiturates can be continued for years without difficulty. However, prolonged use of high doses leads to addiction and tolerance. More than 400 mg. per day can lead to barbiturate poisoning, drug automatism, physical dependence and possibly death. In conjunction with alcohol or some other drugs, there is also a potentiating effect. If, for example, someone used secobarbital or pentobarbital in high doses, such as 800 or 1000 mg daily (eight to ten capsules) for about ten weeks, he would develop physical dependence. The daily doses used by some addicts may be as high as fifteen capsules of 100 mg each, or 1500 mg. During the treatment for barbiturate addiction, the dose of the barbiturate is gradually lowered over a period of weeks while the patient is hospitalized. This is done cautiously to avoid more serious withdrawal symptoms. During untreated withdrawal, the addict may have more severe symptoms including delirium and severe convulsions. Generally, the symptoms which an officer would notice in a barbiturate user undergoing withdrawal would be similar to delirium tremors and morphine withdrawal. In progression these withdrawal symptoms are:

Insomnia Irritability Anxiety Hallucinations Tremors Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pains The barbiturate abuser can also overdose. The toxic or lethal dose for barbiturates is essentially the same in addicts as in non-addicts. This differs from Heroin addiction, since the heroin addict can tolerate much higher doses than the non-addict. In other words, an increase tolerance correspondingly increases the lethal dose. However, there is a potentiating effect when barbiturates are used in conjunction with alcohol, or some other drugs. Generally, death from over dosage with barbiturates is due to respiratory failure. In some cases, the patient may be in a coma for days and death may ultimately result from heart failure or pneumonia. The barbiturate abuser often has the appearance of drunkenness without the odor of alcohol. For instance, he may appear drowsy and confused, his muscle control may be impaired, which will result in poor coordination and a staggering gait. His speech may also be slurred, his memory impaired and he may exhibit an inability to concentrate. Hypnotics Hypnotics are compounds which affect the central nervous system by slowing its activities. They may be natural or synthetic. Hypnotics can also be categorized as DEPRESSANTS (producing or inducing sleep) Depressants are sometimes called sedatives or producing a relaxed state that can lead to sleep. The second category of hypnotics are the TRANQUILLIZERS, so called because they bring about relief of anxiety, relaxation of muscles, and calming without sleep or drowsiness. This class of drugs was first discovered in 1864 by Adolf von Baeyer, a German chemist, who synthesized barbituric acid. Research led to the development of the first hypnotic derivative of barbituric acid, called Barbital, in 1903. Since that time, over 2,500 derivatives have been developed. Depressants have additional legitimate medical uses, as anaesthetics for minor surgery, pre- and post-operative sedation, and as anti-convulsants but there is also a withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from non-narcotic depressants can be fatal and should be medically supervised. These non-narcotic depressants can be divided into three main categories: barbiturates, tranquilizers, and non-barbituric acid drugs. Tranquillizers Tranquillizers are commonly classified as either major or minor. Those designated as major tranquillizers are generally not abused. Major tranquillizers are used in the treatment of various psychoses, while minor tranquillizers are used in the treatment of neuroses. The major tranquillizers are so named because of their potent antipsychotic effects. Included in this group are the following: What are Sedative-Hypnotics?

Page 10 of 12 Sedative-Hypnotics (tranquilizers, sleeping pills, sedatives) are drugs which depress or slow down body functions. These are drugs that can be dangerous when not taken according to a physician’s instructions. Some Pertinent Provisions of Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES SECTION. 1. Short Title - This Act shall be known and cited as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”. SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. — It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation. In view of the foregoing, the State needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs, it being one of today’s more serious social ills. SEC. 3. Definitions. — As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean: (a)

(b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g)

(h) (i) (j)

(k) (l) (m) (n)

Administer. — Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication. Board. — Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board under Section 77, Article IX of this Act. Centers. — Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents referred to in Section 75, Article VIII of this Act. Chemical Diversion. — The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, intransit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud. Clandestine Laboratory. — Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical. Confirmatory Test. — An analytical test using a device, tool equipment with a different chemical or physical principle that is more .1111 if n which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test. Controlled Delivery. — The investigative technique of allowing net an unlawful or suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, ii iii facilitate prosecution of that offense. Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. —Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention- Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex, which is an integral part of this Act. Cultivate or Culture. — Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which Cite source of a dangerous drug. Dangerous Drugs. — Include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single tilt ye eel ion on Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex which is an integral part of this Act. Deliver. — Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug hi a not her, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without it consideration. Den, Dive or Resort. — A place where any dangerous drug cited/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, tie I lye red, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form. Dispense. — Any act of giving away, selling or distributing cit tin-inc or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription. Drug -Dependence. — As based on the World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among iii leers, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the substance tutu the difficulties in controlling substance - taking behavior in terms iii us onset, termination, or levels of use.

Page 11 of 12 (o) (p)

(q) (r) (s) (t)

(u)

(v)

(w) (x) (y)

(z)

(aa) (bb) (cc)

(dd) (ee)

Drug Syndicate. — Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act. Employee of Den, Dive or Resort. — The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the den, dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, distributed, sold or used, with or without compensation, in connection with the operation thereof. Financier. — Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act. Illegal Trafficking. — The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical. Instrument. — Any thing that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses. Laboratory Equipment. — The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for use or designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/puri1’ing equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute. Manufacture. — The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose. Cannabis or commonly known as “Marijuana” or “Indian Hemp” or by its any other name. — Embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis sativa L including, but not limited to, Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or 1K iii ion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or commonly known as “Ecstasy”, or by its any other name. — Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or commonly known as “Shabu”, “Ice”, “Meth”, or by its any other name. — Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form. Opium. — Refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum ) and embraces every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic preparations thereof or there from; morphine or any alkaloid of ‘opium; preparations in which opium, morphine or any alkaloid of opium enters as an ingredient; opium poppy; opium poppy straw; and leaves wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not. Opium Poppy. — Refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L, Papaver stigerum DC, Papaver orienfale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoea.s, which includes the seeds, straws branches, leaves or any part thereof, or substances derived there from, even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes. PDEA. — Refers to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under Section 82, Article IX of this Act. Person. Any entity, natural or juridical, including among others a corporation, partnership, trust or estate, joint stock company, association, syndicate, joint venture or other unincorporated organization or group capable of acquiring rights or entering into ions. Planting of Evidence. — The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching Iuirct1y or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of ‘n innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of this Act. Practitioner. — Any person who is a licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian or ‘pharmacist in the Philippines. Protector/Coddler.—Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of this Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.

Page 12 of 12 (ff)

Pusher. — Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this Act. (gg) School. undertaking educational operation for pupils/students pursuing certain studies at defined levels, receiving instructions from teachers, usually located in a building or a group of buildings in a particular physical or cyber site. (hh) Screening Test. — A rapid test performed to establish potential presumptive positive result. (ii) Sell. — Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration. (jj) Trading. — Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, •email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act. (kk) Use. - Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, any of the dangerous drugs.

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES Section 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs • Penalty•

life imprisonment and fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

Importation of any controlled precursor and essential chemical •

Penalty-

•

imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)

Maximum penalty for the following: •

import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same.

•

organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities

Sec 4"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section. •

penalty -

•

twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)