Drilling Operations

Drilling operations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-001-E

Drilling operations

a) Overview of drilling plants, equipment, components b) Overview of drilling fluids: muds, cements & chemicals c) Outline of drilling techniques. Innovative vs traditional drilling. On-shore & off-shore drilling d) Blow –out prevention and control e) Drilling site organisation f) Cutting disposal: problems and solutions

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-002-E

What’s the purpose of well drilling? The main goal is to reach the target!

Original Well Path

Directional well Vertical well Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-003-E

How should you drill a well?

0m 30" 20" 2000 m

Sand

13 3/8"

Sand + shale

4000 m 9 5/8"

Shale Limestone

Hy

d

r ca o r

n bo

Reservoir 7"

6000 m

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-004-E

What’s the purpose of well drilling?

Reservoir

Reservoir Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-005-E

Drilling Rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-006-E

Type of rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-007-E

Drilling Rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-008-E

Drilling Rigs

Swamp rigs

Floating rigs

Land rigs

Stationary platforms

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-009-E

Land Rig

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0010-E

Off-shore Rigs

Stationary Platform

200 m

Jack up rig

100 m

(Anchored) drilling ship Semi sub rig

1000 m

Tension legs (Dynamic positioning) Drilling ship

Maximum operational depth

3000 m Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0011-E

Off-shore Rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0012-E

Inland Drilling Barge

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0013-E

Inland Drilling Barge

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0014-E

Posted Barge

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0015-E

Non Posted Barge

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0016-E

Submersible Rig

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0017-E

Platform Rgis

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0018-E

Platform Rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0019-E

Platform Rigs

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0020-E

Tender rig type

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0021-E

Tender Unit

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0022-E

Tender Units Type

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0023-E

Tender Units Type

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0024-E

Stationary Platform

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0025-E

Off-shore Rigs Jack up rig

Surface Wellhead

0m 100 m

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0026-E

Jack-up rig

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0027-E

Jack-up rig In legs-out position

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0028-E

Off-shore Rigs Semisub rig Subsea Wellhead

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0029-E

Semi-sub rig

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0030-E

Off-shore Rigs

Subsea Wellhead

(Anchored) Drilling ship

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0031-E

Off-shore Rigs (Dynamic positioning) Drilling ship

Subsea Wellhead

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0032-E

Drilling Ship

Ultra Deep Water Drillship SAIPEM 10000 Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0033-E

Off-shore Rigs Max Water Depth 3000

TotalFinaElf

2500 Expl. 2000

SHELL SHELL SHELL

Prod.

Subsea Tree TLP

ELF TEXACO

1500

PETROBRAS SHELL

PETROBRAS

EXXON

1000

SHELL PETROBRAS SHELL

SHELL EXXON HUMBLE OIL EXXON

500 0

SHELL

+ 1950

1960

1980

1990

2000

2001 Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0034-E

Rig Equipment

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0035-E

Hoisting System E A) A)Top AstaDrive motrice B) Mobile pulley block B) Taglia mobile C) C)Hook Gancio D) Derrickman D) PiattaformaFloor del pontista E) E)Fixed Tagliapulley fissa block F) F) Winch Water table Driller’s G) G) Arganocabin head H) H) Injection Baracca del perforatore hose I I)) Jacket Testina d'iniezione pipes LL)) Drill Rotary hose Mast M) M) Aste di perforazione N) N)Blow Tool Out jointPreventer (BOP) O) O)Wellhead Torre

D M L

A

H A

B C F

I

G

N O

Ground Floor

Cellar Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0036-E

Rotary system

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0037-E

Old Rotary System The old rotary system comprises: kelly – kelly bushing – rotary table – injection head – hook – travelling block

Drilling line Kelly

Section

Hook

Travelling block

Rotary Hose

Bushing Injection Head Kelly Rotary Equipment

Hoisting Equipment Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0038-E

Drilling Gear and Wellheads

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0039-E

Drilling String Drill Pipes Heavy Weight (intermediate stiffness pipes) X-over Drill Collars (Heavy weight pipes) Jar (Shock tool to be activated while drilling string stuck) Drill Collars Stabilizer (for hole reaming) Drill Collar Shock absorber (vibrations damper) Stabilizer Drill Collar Near bit Drill bit Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0040-E

Drilling String

Drill pipe

3-joint drill pipe stand

28,5 m - (94 ft) Drill pipe

9,5 m (31 ft)

Drill pipe

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0041-E

Drill Bits

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0042-E

Drill Bits PDC BITS

Steel Body

Matrix Body

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0043-E

Drill Bits NATURAL DIAMOND BITS

Nat. Diamond

Impregnated

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0044-E

Coil Tubing

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0045-E

Coil Tubing

•

Coiled tubing can be used in several wellbore operations: perforating, fluid pumping, bridge plug setting, etc.

•

It allows to carry out operations in a well while other operations are performed in a second well

•

It can also be used in the drilling phase

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0046-E

Drill Pipes

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0047-E

Steel for drill pipes Steels used for drill pipes are alloys of: – – – – –

Iron-carbon Manganese Silicon Molibden Nickel, etc…in different percentages. In these alloys impurities must not exceed the following values: 0,060 % of sulphur 0,040 % of phosphorus (API Standard)

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0048-E

Material of drill pipe

Tubular goods are classified according to the Minimum Yield Strength. TYPES OF STEEL

Minimum Yield Strength

Minimum Yield Strength

psi

kg/mm2

Common steel X_42

42000

29,52

Mud pipes X-52

52000

36,55

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0049-E

Pipe body and pipe joint The drill pipes, are composed by : Drill pipe body Tool joint •

Drill pipe body – Hollow cylindrical pipe with upset at the end. – Built using different tipes of steel (E, X, G e S).

•

Tool joint – Box or pin end of the drill pipe: – Build using 120000 steel type

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0050-E

Upset • An upset is done at the two ends of the drill pipe body in order to have higher thickness in the end part and therefore a gradual change in section from drill pipe body to tool joint • There are three kinds of upsets:

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0051-E

Tool Joint

• Finished Tool Joint

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0052-E

Tool Joint

The connection of a drill pipe body and a tool joint should be provided by:

FLASH WELDING

FRICTION WELDING

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0053-E

Non-destructive Tests

Types of a drill pipe inspections : – – – –

Visual Inspection Magnaflux Penetrant Liquids Ultrasounds And Gamma Rays

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0054-E

Non-destructive Tests

PENETRANT LIQUIDS: They enable the identification of discontinuities having an outlet to the surface. Unlike the MAGNAFLUX method, with penetrant liquids it is possible to survey discontinuities (cracks) also at high depth only with an outlet on the surface. ULTRASOUND AND GAMMA RAY: These nondestructive test methods are very effective. They are able to survey not only the presence of discontinuities inside the drill pipe, but also its position and extent. They also enable to verify the thickness and transversal section of the drill pipe.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0055-E

Heavy Weight Drill Pipes

The Heavy Weights are semi heavy drill pipes: something between DP and DC (drill collar) They have similar configuration to normal drill pipes. However, the tool joints are much longer and have an upset in the centre, working as stabilizer. Both the tool joints and the centre upset are protected from wear by hard facing bands.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0056-E

Heavy Weight Drill Pipes Heavy Weights are normally installed between the drill pipes and the drill collars to connect the flexibility of the drill pipes and the stiffness of the drill collars, reducing the fatigue stress acting on the last drill pipes, just above the DC. HWDP are design to work also in compression: their positioning above the DC enables the compensation of the shifting of the neutral point during normal drilling. Their function is providing weight to the bit, when the well conditions require fewer drill collars. In deviated wells characterized by high dip, they can be used instead of DC. They must work in tension when used in vertical wells with high diameter. Field experiences have shown that excessive bend, in high diameter wells, damages the HWDP: Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0057-E

Drill Collar

The drill collars (heavy drill pipes) are manufactured from a solid bar, externally turned, internally bored and thread at its ends.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0058-E

Drill Collar External Configuration:

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0059-E

Drill Collar

They are produced in a wide range of dimensions – Minimum external diameter: – Maximum external diameter:

2 7/8” 14”

– Minimum internal diameter: – Maximum internal diameter:

1” 3 1/4”

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0060-E

Drilling Muds

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0061-E

What are the main functions performed by drilling mud?

• Containing formation fluids by exercising a hydrostatic pressure at bottom hole • Consolidating the borehole walls by creating a filter cake • Cooling and lubricating the drill bit • Conveying drilling debris from the bottom hole to the surface • Keeping cuttings in suspension when circulation is halted • Providing information on drilled formations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0062-E

What Is A Drilling Fluid? Mud is a two-phase compound:

- LIQUID PHASE

- SOLID PHASE

• Fresh H2O • Salt H2O • Low Toxic OIL • Sintetic OIL

Weigh-down materials Solids incorporated in mud

• Foreign elements Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0063-E

How many mud types do we know?

- (inhibiting or non-inhibiting) WATER-BASED MUDS

- (direct or reverse-emulsion) OIL BASED MUDS

- AIR-CUT MUDS (seldom employed)

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0064-E

Control Formation Pressure: Density •

One of the main functions of drilling fluid is to keep the formation pressure under control

•

The pressure exerted by the mud column in static conditions (without circulation) is called hydrostatic pressure.

•

Hydrostatic pressure is the product of the mud weight and the True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the well. If the hydrostatic pressure of the column of drilling mud is equal to or higher than the formation pressure, formation fluids can’t flow into the wellbore

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0065-E

Control Formation Pressure: Density

•

Formation pressure typically increases with depth

•

To compensate for this we increase the density of the mud with barite

•

Mud weight must be limited to the minimum necessary to control the well, maintain its stability, and still stay below the fracture gradient

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0066-E

Cool and Lubricate the Drillstring and Bit Circulation of the drilling fluids cools the bit and the drillstring assembly, to temperatures lower than the bottom-hole temperature •

Mechanical and hydraulic energy generated by pumping mud to the bit, and abrasion between the drill string and the hole, produces a great amount of heat

•

Since the formation is a poor conductor the heat has no where to go

•

Circulating fluid helps to dissipate this heat at surface

•

Because of the composition of the mud, it has a lubricating effect which also cuts down on the heat production. Indicators of poor lubrication are high torque and drag

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0067-E

Transmit Hydraulic Power to Bit Hydraulic Power is used to: • • • •

Maximize penetration rate (ROP) Remove cuttings from under the bit and up to the surface Run downhole motors and other special equipment The hydraulic program is based on using the right diameter nozzles in the bit, the pump’s efficiency, and choosing the proper circulation pressures and rates for the hole conditions

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0068-E

Mud Circuit

Mud chemicals store

Mixing hopper Shale shaker

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0069-E

Directional Wells

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0070-E

Logistical problems

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0071-E

Environmental concerns

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0072-E

Multi-target wells

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0073-E

To aim at a different target

Original Well Sidetrack

Corrected Well Path

Original Well Path

Sidetrack Original Well

Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0074-E

Unapproachable targets

Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0075-E

Relief Wells

Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0076-E

Horizontal Wells

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0077-E

Why use horizontal drilling? To increase well productivity

Horizontal well Vertical well

Horizontal wells have wider drainage areas than vertical ones Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0078-E

Different types of horizontal wells

Long Radius

Medium Radius Short Radius

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0079-E

Directional Drilling Tools

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0080-E

Downhole Motors PDM - (Positive Displacement Motors)

Bent Sub & Motor

Kick Off Sub (KOS) Motor

Bent Sub

1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m)

Double Kick Off (DKO) Motor

≤ 6°/100ft (30m)

Large BOS

Large BOS

No Surface Rotation

No Surface Rotation 1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m) Smaller BOS No Surface Rotation

Double Kick-Off Sub

Kick-Off Sub

BOS = Bit offset

BOS

BOS

BOS

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0081-E

Basic Steering Concept

Rotating shaft

Movable piston

Non-rotating sleeve Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0082-E

AUTOTRAK (for deviated wells) AutoTrak Features Rotary Closed-Loop Drilling System • It can change direction while rotating • Expandable ribs create a side force on the bit, producing a controlled closed loop with the MWD tool

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0083-E

Standard Steerable Drilling System compared to Autotrak

Standard steerable

Autotrak

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0084-E

Casing

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0085-E

What is a “Casing” ? •

Casing is metallic pipe that is lowered in a well in order to cover the open hole, isolating it from the drilled formations.

•

Once positioned at the desired depth, casing is cemented in place by pumping a slurry inside it. The slurry goes out of the casing’s bottom, which is called “shoe”, and rises in the casing/open hole annulus. Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0086-E

What is the casing function? •

To support the wellhead and the BOPs

•

To allow mud circulation to the surface

•

To isolate formations having different pore pressure or fracture gradients

•

To exclude formations that can cause problems to drilling activities on account of their geological characteristics

•

To isolate productive formations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0087-E

Different Types of Casing

•

Conductor pipe

•

Surface casing

•

Intermediate casing

•

Production casing

•

Liner (a casing string that does not extend to the top of the wellbore) Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0088-E

Cementing Operations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0089-E

What is casing cementing? Casing is cemented in place by pumping slurry in the open hole/casing annulus. As the slurry solidifies, it acquires the necessary mechanical resistances.

Why a cement should be use? • To cement casing in place (single-stage or multi-stage operations) • To run cement plugs (permanent abandonment, plugs to start a sidetrack, isolation of depleted productive formations) • To squeeze cement into a formation to avoid lost circulation

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0090-E

Manufacturing Portland Cement The following reactions take place during the product baking stage: 100º C

evaporation of free water

600º C

dehydroxylation of clay minerals

900º C

crystallization of dehydroxylated clay minerals

900º - 1200º C

reactions between CaCO3 and CaCO with the

aluminiumsilicates 1250º - 1280º C start of the liquid phase above 1280º C

the material becomes Clinker

It will then be ground and mixed with gypsum to become CEMENT.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0091-E

Properties of cement slurry The characteristics of a cement slurry can be altered depending on its use. These characteristics can be summed up as follows: 1. Easy mixing and pumping. 2. Ideal rheological characteristics for the removal of the mud. 3. Rapid development of compressive strength. 4. Capacity to prevent the passage of gas. 5. Maintain a good level of compressive strength over time. 6. Capacity to fix to the surfaces. 7. Elasticity. 8. Capacity to maintain these characteristics at high temperatures. Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0092-E

Reasons for using cement

Filling the annular space between the wall of an uncased hole and the casing is the first operation after the bit has been run out of the hole and the casing has been run in for the following reasons: a) To support the casing and anchor it to the borehole wall. b) To prevent the borehole from caving. c) To protect the casing from corrosion. d) To protect the casing from crushing or bursting. e) To isolate adjacent zones of the borehole and prevent the different formation fluids from mixing. f) To extend and optimize the life of a well. g) To increase well safety and control.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0093-E

Types of cementing jobs

Cement slurries can be used in three types of jobs: a) Cementing of casing or strings (primary) b) Remedial or complementary cementing c) Cement plugs.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0094-E

Casing Cementing

Depending on the order, their position and purpose, casing can be called: a) b) c) d)

Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Liner

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0095-E

Most common diameters

The normal dimensions of the casing or liner and in which open hole they are run in are shown below; the dimensions are given in inches: casing/ liner dimension (inches)

open hole dimension (inches)

20” 18 5/8” 13 3/8” 9 5/8” 7” 5”

26” 24” 17.5” 12.25” 8.5” 6.5”

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0096-E

Types of casings

    

Conductor pipe Surfaces Intermediate Production Liner

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0097-E

Main characteristics of cement slurry YIELD This is an important value on which the calculation of the final volumes, in bottomhole conditions, depends. There are additives such as Sferelite whose microsfers tend to break under pressure and so undergo fluid invasion when they are in the well, increasing the need for mixing water compared to the 0 pressure conditions on the surface. It will therefore be the down hole yield, based on the volume of liquid cement required for the job, which will therefore tell us the quantity of powdered cement needed. Yield is expressed in litres of slurry per 100 kg of cement, or in cubic feet per sack. For a class “G” cement without additives, these values are around 760 lt / 100 kg, or 1.15 cuft / sk. Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0098-E

Main characteristics of cement slurry THICKENING TIME

This is perhaps the most significant and closely examined value in a lab report. For a very good reason, because the Thickening Time (T.T.) is the value which allows us to carry out the job in safe conditions. Underestimating the time can result in disastrous cementing which can even lead to the well having to be abandoned in the most serious cases.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-0099-E

Main characteristics of cement slurry RHEOLOGY (Fann Reading) Cement slurry is classified as a “non Newtonian” fluid; i.e. a fluid whose viscosity is not constant but varies with the speed at which it flows through a pipe. Rheology measurements on slurry allow the characteristics of its flow to be predicted as well as its capacity to suspend solids. The PV (Plastic Viscosity) and YP (Yield Point) values can be obtained on the basis of the apparent viscosity values, determined for example using a Fann Viscosimeter. These values tell us to what extent a slurry is fluid and if it is able to transport solids and keep them in suspension. Moreover, the Flow Index (n’) and Consistency Index (K’) are obtained and allow us to estimate the pressure loss caused by friction during the motion of the slurry and its flow type; that is, if it movement is plug, laminar or turbulent.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00100-E

Cementer

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00101-E

1)Displacement 1)Displacementof ofcement cementby byaadrilling drilling mud mud 2)The 2)Theplugs plugsare arein incontact contactand and displacement displacementisiscompleted. completed. Cement Cementstarts startsto tosolidify solidify

Fango

Fang o Malta Fango

Operational sequence of casing cementing

The Thetime timeneeded neededthe thecement cementto toset set at atthe theend endof ofdisplacement displacement(WOC) (WOC) will willvary varyaccording accordingto tothe thetype typeof of used usedslurry slurry

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00102-E

What is the chemical composition of cement?

• Cement is a complex mixture of silicates and calcium aluminates. Its grinding fineness determines its hydration capacity. • A little difference in the chemical composition or in the physical condition of cement can cause a strong performance variation. • It is essential to perform lab tests before each operation, using water, cement and additives samples obtained from the site where the operation will take place.

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00103-E

Difficulties in drilling operations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00104-E

Lost Circulation • PARTIAL LOSSES Absorption up to a maximum value of about 8 m3/h • TOTAL LOSSES Mud doesn’t return to the surface during drilling operations Absorptions are caused by: • High-porosity and high-permeability formations • Fractured formations • Underpressured formations • Karst

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00105-E

Lost Circulation

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00106-E

Stuck Pipe

Main stuck pipe causes are: • • • •

Key seats Differential pressure (sticking) Wedging in (Packing off) - While the drill string is being lowered - While the drill string is being pulled out A collapse caused by: - Total circulation loss - Unstable formations - Debris accumulation in caved-in boreholes

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00107-E

Stuck Pipe: Key Seat Block

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00108-E

Sticking Block

Drill pipes

Borehole Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00109-E

Fishing Operations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00110-E

Overshot

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00111-E

Magnetic Fisher

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00112-E

Underground Blow-out

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00113-E

Underground Blow-out Gas Migration

Charged formation

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00114-E

Underground Blow-out - 1 Gas Migration

Shear Rams (open)

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00115-E

Underground Blow-out - 2 Gas Migration

Shear Rams (closed)

Fracturing below csg. shoe

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00116-E

Underground Blow-out - 3 Gas Migration

Shear Rams (closed)

Initiation of underground blow out

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00117-E

Well Capping Techniques

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00118-E

Capping 1) 1) Well Well Flowing Flowing

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00119-E

Capping 2) 2) positioning positioning BOP BOP

= Valves Closed Guide Line Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00120-E

Capping 3) 3) Set Set Up Up Choke Choke & & Kill Kill lines lines

BOP open

= Valves Closed

Choke line

Kill line

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00121-E

Capping 4) 4) opening opening Choke Choke & & Kill Kill lines lines

BOP open

Choke line

Kill line

= Valves Open

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00122-E

Capping 5) 5) Closing Closing BOP BOP

BOP closed

Choke line

Kill line

= Valves Open

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00123-E

Capping 6) 6) Gradual Gradual Closing Closing of of Choke Choke ee Kill Kill lines lines (the (the well well is is in in pressure) pressure)

BOP closed

Choke line

Kill line

= Valves closed

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00124-E

Capping 7) 7) Well Well Killing Killing by by pumping pumping through through kill kill line. line.

BOP closed

Choke line

Kill line

= Choke closed = Kill open

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00125-E

Surface Bop Stack

Bag Preventer

Double rams Preventer

Single ram Preventer

Used on land, offshore, jack-up, tender rigs and stationary platforms

The BOP stack components are: • Bag BOP • Ram BOPs • Drilling spool (optional) • Choke valves • Kill valves They are usually built according to API 16 A standards.

Drilling Spool Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00126-E

Snapshots of real operations....

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00127-E

Snapshots of real operations..

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00128-E

Relief Well Techniques

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00129-E

Relief well

Reservoir Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00130-E

Relief well

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00131-E

Surface Bop Control System .

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00132-E

Well Control

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00133-E

Kick: Rise in Pit Levels 0

LOSS GAIN Indicator placed on the driller’s console

Pit Gain

Suction Pit

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00134-E

Causes of a kick

Drilling Drilling in in an an over over pressurized pressurized formation formation Gas

Gas

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00135-E

Blowout Control Systems

•• Blowout Blowoutcontrol controlsystems systemscan canbe bedivided dividedinto: into: •• Primary Primary(active): (active):these theseare arethe thesystems systemsthat thatprevent preventthe the occurrence occurrenceof ofaablowout blowout(i.e. (i.e.hydrostatic hydrostaticload loadof ofaamud) mud) •• Secondary Secondary(passive): (passive):all allsafety safetyequipment equipmentcontributes contributesto to close close aawellbore wellborewhen whenaaserious seriouspossibility possibilityof ofblowout blowoutexists exists or orwhen whenaablowout blowoutis isalready alreadyunder underway way

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00136-E

Logistical Services

•

Road transports

•

Sea transports

•

Communications

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00137-E

Road Transports

• This service provides logistical assistance

and

transport

of

materials in onshore operations

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00138-E

Sea Transports Supply Vessel – Helicopter • The Supply Vessel Service provides logistical assistance and transport of materials in offshore operations • The Helicopter Service provides in – out rig personnel transport

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00139-E

Communications

The Communications Service allows data transmission in the rig – operational district – headquarters loop

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00140-E

Drilling Waste Management And Cycle

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00141-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Drilling Waste •Drilling Cuttings •Exhaust mud •Wash water •Drilling fluids •Municipal solid wastes Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00142-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

•Drilling waste from WBM (mud and cuttings): non-hazardous •Drilling waste from OBM (mud and cuttings): hazardous

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00143-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Operations priorities: Reduction at source Recycle – Re-use Recovery

Waste Reduction

Treatment Disposal

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00144-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Guiding criteria Waste volume reduction Re-use of wash water

Storage by type

Use of dedicated corrals (excluding shallow wells)

Solids control equipment

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00145-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Disposal methods:

On-site treatment Transport to treatment plant

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00146-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Semataf: aerial view of treatment and disposal site (2B type) in Lanciano Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00147-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings Cuttings can be treated chemically, physically or mechanically in order to separate or fix contaminants to reach legal standards

• Consolidation/stabilization • Thermal treatment • Biodegradation Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00148-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Consolidation and inertization Shale shakers Cement

CORRAL excavator

silos

Sodium Silicate

pomp Mixing conveyer

Landfill CONSOLIDATION CORRAL

Re-use Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00149-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Thermal treatment of cuttings The process consists of heating the cuttings to reach a water-oil gaseous stage and subsequent condensation low Temp 250° - 370° (oil recovery) high Temp >900° (incinerator)

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00150-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Biodegradation A natural process where adapted microorganisms degrade complex hydrocarbons to a more elementary chain that can be easily reduced to environmentally acceptable Carbon compounds Operationally simple

Does not need special equipment (farm equipment) Does not generate a biproduct: recyclable cuttings/soil Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00151-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Disposal methods: •On-site treatment

Landfill Re-use

Cuttings Dehydration process

Exhaust mud

Solid Water

Washing water Re-use on rig Waste water depuration plant Discharge

Depuration process Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00152-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Dehydration

Filterpress for dehydration of exhaust mud Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00153-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Off-shore disposal methods:

•Up to 1987 :

•From 1987:

Discharge into the sea of cuttings (OBM/WBM) and muds (WBM) Zero-discharge and consequent transport to shore of solid and liquid waste (WBM - OBM) Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00154-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Closed Loop System

Cuttings washer

vibrovagl Shale shakers i

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00155-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings slurrification and re-injection Options : -- Existing well (production well) -- Drilling and re-injection simultaneously well -- Dedicated well

Drilling Operations

Agip KCO

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

BO-018-GIA-00156-E

Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings re-injection cuttings Exhaus drilling fluids water

Injection fluid characteristics: Particle size in suspension Concentration (volume) Density