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ExxonMobil Proprietary WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

CHEMICAL OXIDATION DESIGN PRACTICES

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - For Authorized Company Use Only

Section XIX-A11

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SCOPE............................................................................................................................................................ 2 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 2 DESIGN PRACTICES............................................................................................................................. 2 EXXON WATER AND WASTEWATER DESIGN GUIDES..................................................................... 2 OTHER REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 2 DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 2 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................. 2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES................................................................................................ 3 MAJOR OXIDANTS ................................................................................................................................ 3 CURRENT APPLICATIONS WITHIN EXXON ........................................................................................ 3 PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION .............................................................................................. 3 INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION INTO AN OVERALL TREATMENT SYSTEM................... 4 IDENTIFYING APPLICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL OXIDATION ..................................................................... 4 PROCESS TYPES .......................................................................................................................................... 4 AIR / OXYGEN SYSTEMS...................................................................................................................... 4 PEROXIDE INJECTION.......................................................................................................................... 4 FENTON'S REAGENT............................................................................................................................ 5 CHLORINE ............................................................................................................................................. 5 BLEACH AND SOLID CHLORINE COMPOUNDS ................................................................................. 5 OZONE ................................................................................................................................................... 5 ULTRAVIOLET ....................................................................................................................................... 5 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................................................... 6 TREATMENT GOALS AND ENDPOINTS............................................................................................... 5 DURATION OF SERVICE....................................................................................................................... 6 SAFETY .................................................................................................................................................. 6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6 PREPARING THE DUTY SPECIFICATION.................................................................................................... 6

FIGURES Figure 1

Potential Applications Of Chemical Oxidation ............................................................................... 9 Revision Memo 12/02

Addiional information added to current applications section Sub-sections added to materials of construction Added dosage rules of thumb for hydrogen peroxide

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CONTENTS Section

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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

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CHEMICAL OXIDATION

December, 2002

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - For Authorized Company Use Only

DESIGN PRACTICES

SCOPE This subsection presents guidelines for preparing duty specifications for facilities that utilize one of several forms of chemical oxidation for the removal of contaminants from wastewater. Process and design conditions are not specified in the Practice as they vary greatly with technology and from application to application. At this point in time, all major new applications of chemical oxidation should be piloted tested in the field to define treatment performance and to provide information to size facilities.. Standard applications of reducing odors due to H2S, or trim treating COD for short term applications can be done in small scale laboratory tests. This subsection does not address the use of chemical oxidants to produce useful products, nor does it attempt to show applications of the oxidants in non-wastewater service.

➧

REFERENCES DESIGN PRACTICES Section XIX-A Section XIX-A5 Section XIX-A9

Guidelines for Selecting Wastewater Treatment Systems Biological Treatment of Wastewater Water/Wastewater Chemical Feed Systems

EMRE WATER AND WASTEWATER DESIGN GUIDE (TMEE 080) DG 11-6-1 DG 11-6-3

Chemical Feeders for Boilers and Deaerators Chemical Feeders for Wastewater Treating

OTHER REFERENCES 1. 2. 3.

➧

Bigda, R. J., Fenton's Chemistry, Environmental Technology May/June 1996 (p. 34). Eckenfelder, W. W., Industrial Water Pollution Control, (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989. Eckenfelder, W. W., et al. ed., Chemical Oxidation Technologies for the Nineties, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster PA, 1992. 4. Malley Jr., J. P., et al, The Performance and Microbiology of Ozone-enhanced Biological Filtration, J.A.W.W.A., December 1993 (p. 47). 5. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York 1991. 6. Scherer, G., et al., Practical Environmental Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Petroleum Industry, Proceedings of AIChE 1995 Spring Meeting, Houston TX, 1995. 7. Intertech Conferences, Osicative Treatment of Pollutants in Wastewater, Conference Proceedings, March 12-22, 1994, Philadelphia, PA.

DEFINITIONS Oxidation - The chemical reaction of a material with an oxidizing substance. Oxidant/Oxidizer - A chemical that can easily accept electrons from another substance in an oxidation/reduction reaction. The valence state of the oxidizer is decreased and the valance state of the oxidizable wastewater contaminant is increased (oxidation). Oxidation Potential - A scale of the oxidizing potential of substances expressed in the voltage generated by a standard electrode (units are typically measured in millivolts). Higher values indicate more powerful oxidants.

BACKGROUND Chemical oxidation (Chem Ox) is a collective term for a number of related technologies for the destruction or change in oxidation state of contaminants in wastewater. In general, the processes work by combining an oxidizing agent (chemical) with the contaminant and reacting the two compounds to make a third more desirable compound. There are a number of potential oxidizing agents ranging in strength (oxidation potential) from air to ozone (O3). There are also some notable non-oxygen oxidizers, the primary one being chlorine (Cl2). During oxidation the oxidizer removes one or more electrons (oxidizes) increasing the valence state of the target contaminant. This action can be accomplished on both organic and inorganic materials. For instance, an organic contaminant could be oxidized from an aromatic ring (C in the +1 state) to CO2 (C in the +4 state). Sulfides (H2S, S = -2) can be converted to SO2 (S = +4).

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ExxonMobil Proprietary WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

CHEMICAL OXIDATION DESIGN PRACTICES

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PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - For Authorized Company Use Only

Section XIX-A11

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December, 2002

Temperature, pH, salt and the presence of other contaminants can have an impact on the oxidation reaction and dramatically change the reaction time and dosages needed, and the end product formed. For example, a typical application of reducing odors due to H2S (actually NaS or NaHS forms in most cases) in wastewater with hydrogen peroxide can yield either a sulfate or an elemental sulfur end product. At pH >8, the predominant form will be Na2SO4, and at pH < 7 the predominant form will be solid sulfur particles (suspended in water) of elemental S. The oxidant generally reacts with all the oxidizable material in the wastewater in proportion to the relative reaction rates. Typically large "excess" quantities of oxidant may be required to ensure that an adequate amount is "left over" to decompose the target contaminant. Chemical oxidation is an exothermic reaction meaning heat is released by the operation. For wastewater treatment applications, this is rarely an issue, except that addition facilities need to be designed to ensure oxidant chemical cutoff in pipelines when wastewater flow is diverted or stopped, during maintenance for example. . The contaminants are in solution at parts per million levels and the heat of reaction may not raise the water temperature by a noticeable amount. This must always be confirmed however by calculation and by laboratory analysis. Some oxidation processes on concentrated waste streams can generate sufficient heat to be a problem if not anticipated.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ➧

The major advantages of chemical oxidation of wastewater is that the equipment required is usually small and inexpensive, and rapidly deployed. Also, some contaminants in the wastewater can be oxidized where they would normally be resistant to biological removal. These advantages can be utilized, for instance, by operating facilities that have a short term issue with a contaminant, perhaps because of a unit turnaround or malfunction. A peroxide storage tank and injection skid can be rented from a vendor, be installed on site, and treating the problem within a few days (the skid may have to be modified to meet site equipment requirements). The other major advantage is that some compounds are resistant to biological wastewater treatment, and can inhibit the operation of the main plant waste treatment system. In these cases, it may be advantageous to oxidize the contaminant in a small concentrated stream. The treated stream might either meet discharge criteria as is, or else be sufficiently non-inhibitory to be treated in the main biological treatment system. The most common disadvantage of chemical oxidation is the operating cost of the oxidants compared to biological treatment. If the wastewater can be biologically treated, it is very unusual for chemical oxidation to be a long term preferred option. In one study, the cost per mole of delivered oxygen was three times higher for hydrogen peroxide than it was for compressed air. Operating and capital cost can be traded-off during the process selection process; often a more capital intensive ozone process can be substituted for a more operating cost intensive peroxide system.

MAJOR OXIDANTS ➧

The most common oxidation systems in use in wastewater treatment are hydrogen peroxide, Fenton's Reagent, ozone, chlorine in the preferred hypochlorite (bleach) form,, chlorine dioxide, and air/oxygen. Sometimes, ultraviolet light (UV) is used to catalyze the peroxide and ozone reactions to speed conversion.

CURRENT APPLICATIONS WITHIN EXXON

➧

There are relatively few chemical oxidation wastewater treatment systems within Exxon. The systems that are used are primarily peroxide addition systems. Campana Refinery has used hydrogen peroxide injection to remove phenols from stripped sour water prior to commingling the stream in the general wastewater. Ingolstadt Refinery and the former Karlsruhe Refinery periodically add peroxide to the treated effluent to ensure adequate COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal. Sriracha Refinery has installed peroxide on their tank bottom water drawoffs to reduce odors of the wastewater going to and in the oxidation pond biological treatment system. Sakai Refinery has used sodium hypochlorite bleach for treatment of sulfides in desalter washwaters. Other sites have investigated Chem Ox as a treatment option for individual problematic streams, but it has not been the least cost alternative. Hydrogen peroxide has also been used occasionally at some Exxon plants that have biological treatment plants for filamentous bacteria control (poor settling biomass).

PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION The primary goal of many Chem Ox systems is to pretreat the wastewater to make further treatment more effective. In these situations, it is not necessary to react the material all the way to complete removal. Partial reaction to change the undesirable contaminant into one less toxic is often sufficient. Oxidation of organic molecules can lead to many compounds, in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2). Most written descriptions simplistically indicate that organics are decomposed to CO2 and water. While this is true, each potential application should be checked for the possible formation of undesirable compounds through partial oxidation of the contaminants. This is especially true if chlorine is used. With a few materials, the partially oxidized material is less biodegradable than the original compound. Ozone and peroxide can lead to the formation of aldehydes and organic acids in the treated water.

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CHEMICAL OXIDATION PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - For Authorized Company Use Only

DESIGN PRACTICES

INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION INTO AN OVERALL TREATMENT SYSTEM Any potential application should be evaluated as part of a total treatment system. Chemical oxidation of an entire effluent stream can sometimes be avoided by treatment of selective sources. The treatment goals for source treatment system can often be reduced if the source and final treatment steps are considered together. Likewise, the cost of grassroots whole effluent treatment systems may be reduced by chemical oxidation of a few of the more bio-refractory contaminant streams. Chem Ox can also be used for bridging certain types of peak events. This could allow for tighter initial designs or debottlenecking of treatment systems. Selective treatment of individual source streams can also avoid the need for more expensive whole effluent treatment upgrades.

IDENTIFYING APPLICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL OXIDATION There are many potential applications of chemical oxidation within the petrochemical industry. The primary selection criteria that separates successful applications from others is cost relative to other alternatives. In general Chem Ox should be considered as a treatment alternative for streams that are: •

too “concentrated” in a particular contaminant to treat biologically

•

too “dilute” to be treated biologically

•

toxic to bacteria or otherwise present a hazard in an open system

•

located in a place where the wastewater cannot be easily transferred to a treatment system (e.g., remote tankage or locations)

•

a temporary treatment need exists because of an emergency or turnaround

•

adding oxygen during high chemical oxygen demand overload

•

reducing H2S odors due to anaerobic conditions in lagoons, tanks, and sumps

• marginal improvement to an existing system is required to avoid major upgrades There are also situations where Chem Ox is not likely to be a preferred option: •

the stream has significant free oil that must be removed

•

the contaminants present are easily biodegradable and the treatment need is long term

•

the stream is biodegradable and there is a biotreatment system at the facility

•

analysis and lab tests show that partial oxidation generates undesirable byproducts

•

the stream contains large amounts of easily oxidized non-target compound such as sulfides (dosage rates can become excessive) Figure 1 shows applications of potential use to the petrochemical industry drawn from literature sources. Some are based on similar wastewater problems in other industries. Shaded boxes indicate applications for which successful treatment has been reported in the literature. Successful application as reported does not remove the recommendation to pilot test any potential application.

PROCESS TYPES AIR / OXYGEN SYSTEMS The simplest systems use air or oxygen enriched air to oxidize wastewater contaminants. This is usually accomplished by sparging air through a tank of wastewater. Wastewater equalization and feed tanks are sometimes air sparged to maintain an aerobic condition inhibiting sulfate reducing bacteria and to promote mixing and solids suspension. During this air sparging, the more easily oxidized components of the wastewater (usually sulfides) are reduced, reducing the chemical oxygen demand. Sparging systems can also remove some of the contaminants by stripping; the potential for air emissions and worker exposure needs to be considered.

PEROXIDE INJECTION

➧

Hydrogen peroxide is one of the more common oxidants used. It is delivered to the plant by bulk tank truck at a concentration of 30% or 50%, and stored and injected from a small onsite skid. Peroxide is a powerful oxidant and can usually react with most organic compounds, given optimum conditions. There are two major reaction pathways for peroxide depending on the pH. Acidic conditions (pH 3-5.5) favor formation of a powerful free radical intermediate oxidant. It is this condition that is usually chosen for treatment of organics, such as phenolic compounds. Optimization of this process involves picking a pH that is acidic enough to give high reaction rates (favored by low pH) but has acceptable corrosion rates for the carbon steel equipment (less corrosion is encountered at higher pH). As the organics in the system are reacted to organic acids (R-COOH), the pH of the system can be observed to drop. The initial pH of the system needs to be selected low enough to initiate oxidation, but not so low as to cause corrosion concerns. This is more of a problem with batch treatment systems than continuous ones.

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ExxonMobil Proprietary WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

CHEMICAL OXIDATION DESIGN PRACTICES

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - For Authorized Company Use Only

Section XIX-A11

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December, 2002

Neutral or alkaline conditions tend to favor formation of a peroxide ion which is an effective oxidant but not as powerful as the free radical form. Final treatment of the plant effluent for marginal BOD/COD control is usually in this form. Since the alkaline process is significantly less powerful than the acidic form, pH control of the treatment system can have a major impact on effectiveness. Loss of pH control that leads to a high pH condition can have the appearance of "shutting off" the reaction even thought the peroxide is still being added. A system with fluctuating effectiveness should be checked for the stability of the pH control system.

FENTON'S REAGENT Fenton's Reagent is acidic peroxide to which ferrous catalyst is added to enhance the free radical formation. In application, the iron is added as a solution of ferrous sulfate usually in a ratio of 20:1 peroxide:iron. The catalyst can lead to the formation of an iron oxide sludge at higher pH, so the entire system should be evaluated as an integrated system. Other sources of dissolved iron (corrosion) also can act as catalysts so the advantage of adding iron to the treatment should not be assumed.

CHLORINE

➧

Chlorine is best known as a biocide because of its very strong oxidizing properties. It is used in drinking water and cooling water disinfection, but is rarely used in wastewater treatment, except for residual ammonia removal in special cases, due to its capacity to form halomethanes and chlorophenols. There are also safety issues related to storing containers of liquid chlorine gas. It is not a recommended option for wastewater treatment, and most locations have installed liquid hypochlorite (bleach) injection systems to treat with this chlorine compound.

BLEACH AND SOLID CHLORINE COMPOUNDS Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) can be used in some situations to treat wastewater contaminants. The primary advantage of bleach is that it is less expensive on a mass basis than peroxide. The drawbacks are its lower oxidation potential that can lead to high required dosage rates for equivalent treatment, and the residual chlorine in the treated wastewater. It is generally not a preferred option when the source being treated is upstream of a biological treatment system, since bleach is a powerful biocide should the dosage system upset. The amount of residual chlorides must also be compared to any applicable limits. Bleach is also used similarly to peroxide to control filamentous bacteria in biological treatment systems.

OZONE Ozone (O3) is manufactured onsite in packaged units by passing oxygen or enriched air through a high voltage corona discharge device. Some of the oxygen is converted to ozone, and the gas stream is sparged or mixed into the wastewater. Ozone in solution forms the same free radical intermediate oxidant as peroxide, so they are generally effective against the same type of contaminants. The selection of ozone vs. peroxide is often based on the time the treatment system is required. Long term application can favor ozone as the initial capital investment in ozone generators and electrical supply can offset the alternative operating cost of peroxide. Potential ozone treatment applications should be pilot tested however because some refinery streams appear to have contaminants that interfere with ozonation. Recent pilot testing of one particular application showed ozone was not effective while acidic peroxide was very effective for phenol removal.

ULTRAVIOLET Peroxide or ozone effectiveness can be improved if ultraviolet light is used as a catalyst. In this process variation, the wastewater is mixed with peroxide or ozone and pumped through a chamber having banks of ultraviolet lamps. The photons from the lamp assist the O3 or HOOH molecules to form free radicals. As the pathways that use up the free radicals are constant, the additional free radical generation pathway has the effect of increasing the concentration of free radicals. This leads to faster reaction rates, or greater final removal levels. UV systems are prone to lamp fouling by suspended oil, particulates, and scale. The lamps also have a 6 month life and must be replaced routinely or the system looses the reaction benefits. For these reasons, UV systems require specialized applications where adequate treatment cannot be accomplished by other means.

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TREATMENT GOALS AND ENDPOINTS The designer should be completely familiar with the treatment goals of the plant. The potential role of Chem Ox in the overall treatment scheme must be considered. The treatment endpoint should be considered carefully; over specification can greatly increase the residence time and chemical dosage rate.

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CHEMICAL OXIDATION

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DURATION OF SERVICE For this evaluation, the project duration can be divided by the length of time the plant will have the need for the additional treatment Chem Ox would supply. As a general guideline (but subject to more careful evaluation): DURATION OF NEED

POTENTIAL CHEMICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS

•

Days/Weeks or One Time Use

Hydrogen Peroxide

•

Months

Peroxide, Ozone, Fenton's Reagent

•

Years or Permanent

Peroxide, Ozone, Fenton's Reagent, UV

Long term treatment requires a careful evaluation and the relative advantages of biological treatment should be considered.

SAFETY ➧

Peroxides are powerful oxidants and should be handled in a way that minimized the potential for bulk peroxide to come into contact with reactive organic material or metals in dry or semi-dry form. For example, peroxide use should be carefully evaluated for sewer applications where significant hydrocarbons are possible or the sewer can be dry with metal corrosion products present. In addition, there are personnel protection procedures that should be identified prior to use on site. Peroxide feed pumps should have a cut-off switch system when the wastewater in the lines is stopped or diverted for maintenance. In the Ingolstadt Refinery, the peroxide storage/skid area was surrounded with a toe curb for spill control and water sprays for cooling.

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ➧

➧

The materials used in the wastewater part of chemical oxidation systems are generally those normally encountered in aqueous systems. Specific guidance should be requested from the chemical vendor and from EMRE materials specialistsconcerning the oxidizing reagent portion of the system. The chemical oxidizers have different materials requirements and vessel design criteria. In addition, there may be compatibility issues that influence where oxidizers are stored in the plant. Some guidance from major peroxide vendors (FMC Corp. and Dupont)is provided below: For bulk storage tanks and other materials with permanent contact with H2O2 + Use Class I materials such as + High purity aluminum alloy (FMC recommends alloy 5254, DuPont also lists 1060, 1260, 5652.) + Dupont also lists stoneware, porcelain, pyrex glass, and TEFLON. For transfer piping: + Aluminum alloy 1060 (per FMC) + Dupont recommends stainless steel (304, 316 "L" grades) only for short-time transfer contact with H2O2 For transfer pumps, valves: + Type 304 or 316 stainless steel or B356 Aluminum (per FMC--only for short-time transfer contact with H2O2) + Dupont recommends stainless steel (304, 316 "L" grades) only for short-time transfer contact with H2O2 There are additional requirements for welding filler and pipe thread compounds.

PREPARING THE DUTY SPECIFICATION The process engineer should establish a rough feasibility of treating the source based on past experience and literature sources. Once a number of options have been identified, a representative sample of the stream should be collected and split among the selected vendors for bench scale tests. In addition a complete analysis of the wastewater should be accomplished to identify contaminants that would interfere or compete with the planned treatment. Among the issues to be evaluated: Stream Properties (normal and maximum) Flowrate

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ExxonMobil Proprietary WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

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Temperature pH Analysis of Contaminants (at least COD, BOD, TOC, metals, oil, H2S, NH3) Treatment Technology Chemical oxidant to be used Catalyst if any Dosage rate in mass of oxidant per mass of contaminant Dosage Rules -of -Thumb for Selected Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide, A Most Often Used Oxididant* Contaminant or Application

Dosage Rate, ppm

Comments

Filamentious Microbe Destruction in Biox

Start at 50, increase to max of 200

Applied to return activated sludge line

H2S, < pH 7

2 ppm/ 1 ppm of H2S

Reaction time 10-30 min. at 25 deg C Primary end product in elemental S

H2S, > pH 8

4 ppm/ 1 ppm of H2S

Reaction time 5 minutes at 25 deg C Primary end product is sulfate (SO4)

R-SH (mercaptans or thiols, R group >CH3 group)

0.5 ppm/ 1 ppm of RSH

Reaction time 5 minutes at 25 deg. C Primary end product is disulfide (RSSR), and oily layer that is physically removed

Phenols

2 ppm/ 1 ppm phenols

Reaction time 15 minutes at 25 deg. C Needs 0.5 ppm Fe/ppm phenol to catalyze reaction, at pH 5-6

* Provided as starting point to define chemical amounts; lab tests or reference literature should be used for definitive estimates of dosage and estimating sizing of storage tanks and inventory. Iron addition and higher temperatures, low pH speed up reaction times Removal Efficiency and Rate Contaminant removal required Contaminant removal expected at different dosage rates at constant residence time Residence time required (for batch systems) Reaction rate constants for flow through systems Pretreatment of the wastewater prior to Chem Ox Is oil/water separation or filtration required prior to treatment? Is scaling a concern? pH adjustment Equipment Required Storage tanks for chemicals Dosage pumps pH control equipment Specialized generators or reactors Ozone destruction catalysts (required on ozone vents in some jurisdictions) Process control equipment (flow meters, pH indicators, control valves, etc.) Electrical system upgrades Plot space requirements Utilities Required Electrical power Cooling water Chemical dilution water (and quality required) Safety

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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

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Electrical area classification Personnel protection Tank truck access, hookups, delivery procedures These considerations should be addressed during the scoping/pilot testing phase of the project and will provide enough details to make a preliminary process technology selection. To develop the duty specification the design engineer must select the range of acceptable technologies, the flowrate of the wastewater, and the required treatment target. The residence time can be specified. The wastewater contaminant analysis will also need to be included, but the type of analyses needed vary with different technologies, so the needed information should be negotiated with the vendors.

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CHEMICAL OXIDATION DESIGN PRACTICES

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XIX-A11

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FIGURE 1 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL OXIDATION OXIDANT

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

(Oxidation Potential) UV + H2O2 + O3 (2.8)

Y Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

UV + H2O2 (2.8)

Y Y Y

Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Fe + H2O2 (2.8)

Y Y Y

Y

Y Y Y Y

Y

O3 acidic (2.1)

Y Y Y Y

H2O2 + O3 (2.8) UV + O3 (2.7)

Y

KMnO4 (1.68)

Y Y Y

Y Y

Y N N

Y Y Y Y Y Y

Cl2 (1.35)

Y

O3 alkaline (1.24)

Y Y Y

O2 (1.23)

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y

N

N N N

Y Y Y Y N

Y N N N

Y Y

Y

N

N

N

N

Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

KEY

Notes:

Y

Reported

N

Not Applicable

(1)

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(2)

e.g. MTBE, Naphthenic Acids, BTEX

(3)

e.g. PCE, TCA, MeCl

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OIL & GREASE

(3)

VOC'S ALKANES

(2)

REFRACTORY ORGANICS

ETHYL ACETATE

TCE

PCE

ETHANOL

CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS

2-BUTANOL

(1)

PAH'S ALCOHOLS

ETHERS

ALDEHYDES

COD

N N N METALS

ORGANOSULFUR

ACETONE

DISULFIDES

KETONES

METHYL ETHYL KETONE

AMMONIA

BTEX

PARAFFINS

N BENZENE

PHENOLS

AROMATICS

AMINE

N ALKENES

N CYANIDE

Y N H2S

ODOR

H2O2 alkaline (0.85)

NITRITE TO NITRATE

Y

MERCAPTANS

ClO2 (1.5)

Y

Y

Y

Y Y Y

Y

Y N Y Y Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y Y

N

Y Y

Y N Y

Y

Y

Y Y N Y N N N

H2O2 acidic (1.75)

N Y