Dowsing

Dowsing

1

Dowsing Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to

locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, [1]

gravesites,

and many other objects and materials, as well

as so-called currents of earth radiation, without the use of  scientific apparatus. Dowsing is also known as divining (especially in reference to interpretation of results), doodlebugging

(in

the

US),

or

(when

[2]

searching

specifically for water) water finding or water witching. A Y- or L-shaped twig or rod, called a dowsing rod, divining

rod

(Latin:

virgula

divina

or

baculus

divinatorius) or witching rod is sometimes used during

dowsing, although some dowsers use other equipment or no equipment at all. Dowsing appears to have arisen in the context of  Renaissance magic in Germany, and it remains popular among believers in Forteana or radiesthesia

[3]

although

there is no accepted scientific rationale behind the concept and no scientific evidence that it is effective.

History Dowsing as practiced today may have originated in Germany during the 15th century, when it was used to find

A dowser, from an 18th century French book about

metals. As early as 1518 Martin Luther listed dowsing for

superstitions.

metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism). The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labelled "Virgula Divina  –  Glück rüt" (Latin: divine rod; German: fortune rod or stick), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556 Georgius Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore,  De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing for [4]

metal ore.

In 1662 dowsing was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he later noted that he wasn't sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod.

[5]

An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick  (1651) runs thus: Virgula divina.

"Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod, Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice, And (borne about) will strangely nod To hidden Treasure where it lies; Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine, For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline." The use of divining rods was a popular branch of folk magic in early 19th century New England. The early leaders in Mormonism, a religion that erupted out of that environment, were not exempt. Oliver Cowdery, the Book of 

Dowsing

2

Mormon scribe and "Second Elder" of the Church, used a divining rod for revelatory purposes.

[6]

In a revelation

given to Joseph Smith through his seer stone, God affirmed Cowdery's use of "working with the rod", and said that it was a divine gift through which Cowdery could learn the "mysteries of God".

[6]

This gift later became known in the

revelation as "the gift of Aaron", referencing Moses' brother Aaron's use of a rod in the Old Testament.

[6]

In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing to attempt to locate weapons and tunnels.

[7]

An extensive book on the history of dowsing was published by Christopher Bird in 1979 under the

title of  The Divining Hand . James Randi ’s 1982 book  Flim-Flam!  Flim-Flam! devotes 19 pages to comprehensive double-blind tests done in Italy which yielded results no better than chance.

Dowsing rods Traditionally, the most common dowsing rod is a forked (Y-shaped) branch from a tree or bush. Some dowsers prefer branches from particular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly cut. Hazel twigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionally commonly chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. The two ends on the forked side are held one in each hand with the third (the stem of the "Y") pointing straight ahead. Often the branches are grasped palms down. The dowser then walks slowly over the places where he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be, and the dowsing rod supposedly dips, inclines or twitches when a

A forked tree branch

discovery is made. This method is sometimes known as "Willow Witching." Many dowsers today use a pair of simple L-shaped metal rods. One rod is held in each hand, with the short arm of the L held upright, and the long arm pointing forward. When something is found, the rods cross over one another making an "X" over the found object. If the object is long and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods will point in opposite directions, showing its orientation. Some dowsers claim best success with rods made of particular metals, commonly brass, although others think that the material is irrelevant if it is the human body itself that does the detecting. Two L-shaped metal wire rods

[8]

The rods are sometimes fashioned from wire coat

hangers, and glass or plastic rods have also been accepted. Straight rods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were not

uncommon in early 19th century New England. In all cases, the device is in a state of unstable equilibrium from which slight movements may be amplified.

[9]

Dowsing

3

Revelatory rods Besides dowsing, divining rods were also used as revelatory devices. Sometimes a rod would be held up in the air, and the rodman would ask a question. If the rod moved, the answer was "yes". If it did not move, the answer was "no". The source for this was believed to be either magical spirits or God; sometimes these types of rods were referred to as a "Mosaic rod" or "rod of Aaron", referencing the Old Testament prophet Moses and his brother Aaron, who both used rods (presumably straight ones).

Other equipment used for dowsing A pendulum of crystal, metal or other materials suspended on a chain is sometimes used in divination and dowsing. In one approach the user first determines which direction (left-right, up-down) will indicate "yes" and which "no" before proceeding to ask the pendulum specific questions, or else another person may pose questions to the person

A man demonstrating dowsing technique using a

holding the pendulum. The pendulum may also be used over a pad or

Y-shaped branch

cloth with "yes" and "no" written on it and perhaps other words written in a circle. The person holding the pendulum aims to hold it as steadily as possible over the center and its movements are held to indicate answers to the questions. In the practice of radiesthesia, a pendulum is used for medical diagnosis.

Suggested explanations Early attempts at a scientific explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining rod was physically affected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation is from William Pryce's 1778  Mineralogia Cornubiensis :

The corpuscles corpuscles ... that rise ris e from the Minerals, Minerals, entering the rod, determine determine it to to bow down, in order to render it parallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the Mineral particles seem to be emitted from the earth; now the Virgula [rod], being of a light porous wood, gives an easy passage to these particles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia then driven forwards by those that follow them, and pressed at the same time by the atmosphere incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little interstices between the fibres of the wood, and by that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, to become parallel with the little columns which those vapours form in their rise. Such explanations have no modern scientific basis. A 1986 article in  Nature included dowsing in a list of "effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormal but which can now be explained from within orthodox science." terms of sensory cues, expectancy effects and probability.

[10]

Specifically, dowsing could be explained in

[10]

Skeptics and some supporters believe that dowsing apparatus has no power of its own but merely amplifies slight movements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect: people's subconscious minds may influence their bodies without their consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rods a conduit for the diviner's subconscious knowledge or perception. There is disputed evidence that dowsers have subliminal sensitivity to the environment (through electroception, magnetoception, telluric currents or otherwise) or other paranormal faculties. Soviet geologists have made claims for the abilities of dowsers,

[11]

which are difficult to account for in terms of the reception of normal sensory cues. Some

Dowsing

4

authors suggest that these abilities may be explained by postulating human sensitivity to small magnetic field gradient changes.

[12] [13] [14]

Evidence A 1948 study tested 58 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than chance.

[15]

A 1979

review examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found that none of them showed better than chance results.

[16]

In a study in Munich 1987-1988 by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially tested for their "skill" and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water was pumped through a pipe on the ground floor of a two-storey barn. Before each test the pipe was moved in a direction perpendicular to the water flow. On the upper floor each dowser was asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years the dowsers performed 843 such tests. Of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates at least 37 showed no dowsing ability. The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters' conclusion that some dowsers "in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high r ate of success, which can scarcely if at all be explained as due to chance ... a real core of dowser-phenomena can be regarded as empirically [17]

proven."

Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology and a leading skeptic who emphasised correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent with statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided "the most convincing disproof  imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim,"

[18]

stating that the data analysis was "special, unconventional and

customized." Replacing it with "more ordinary analyses,"

[19]

he noted that the best  dowser was on average 4

millimeters out of 10 meters closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.0004%. The study's authors responded, saying "on what grounds could Enright come to entirely different conclusions? Apparently his data analysis was too crude, even illegitimate."

[20]

The findings of the Munich study were also confirmed in a paper by Dr. S. Ertel,

[21]

a

German psychologist who had previously intervened in the statistical controversy surrounding the "Mars effect", but Enright remained unconvinced. More recently a study

[23]

[22]

was undertaken in Kassel, Germany under the direction of the Gesellschaft zur

Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP) [Society for the Scientific Investigation of the Parasciences]. The three-day test of some 30 dowsers involved plastic pipes through which water flow could be controlled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters under a level field, the position of each marked on the surface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowsers signed a statement agreeing this was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100 percent success rate, however the results were no better than chance. Some researchers have investigated possible physical or geophysical explanations for alleged dowsing abilities. One study concluded that dowsers "respond" to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field, but this response does not occur if the kidney area or head are shielded.

[24]

Dowsing

5

Commercial and "hi-tech" dowsing devices A number of devices resembling "high tech" dowsing rods have been marketed for modern police and military use: none have been shown to be effective. [26] [27]

GT200.

[25]

The more notable of this class of device are ADE 651, Sniffex, and the

A US government study advised against buying "bogus explosive detection equipment".

[25]

Devices: • Sandia National National Laborator Laboratories ies tested tested the MOLE Programmable Programmable System System manufactured manufactured by Global Global Technical Technical Ltd. of  Kent, UK and found it ineffective.

[26] [27]

• The ADE 651 651 is a device produce produced d by ATSC (UK) (UK) and widely widely used by Iraqi Iraqi police to to detect explosiv explosives. es. [27] [28]

Many

have denied its effectiveness and contended that the ADE 651 failed to prevent many bombings in

Iraq. On 22nd January 2010, the director of ATSC, Jim McCormick was arrested on suspicion of fraud by [29]

misrepresentation.

Earlier, the British Government had announced a ban on the export of the ADE-651

[30]

• SNIFFEX SNIFFEX was the subject subject of a report by the United States States Navy Explosive Explosive Ordnanc Ordnancee Disposal Disposal that concluded concluded "The handheld SNIFFEX explosives detector does not work."

[31] [32] [33]

• Global Technica Technicall GT200 is a dowsing dowsing type explosive explosive detector detector which which contains contains no scientific scientific mechanism. mechanism.

List of well-known dowsers Well-known dowsers include: • Karl Karl Spie Spiesb sber erge gerr • Lud Ludwig wig Stra Strani niak  ak  • A. Fran Frank k Glahn lahn • J. Fra Franc ncis is Hit Hitch chin ing g • Hell Hellmu mutt Wolff  olff  • Uri Geller • Thom Thomas as Char Charle less Lethb Lethbri ridg dgee

[34]

See also • Rhabdomancy • Long Long rang rangee loc locat ator or • Michel Mo Moine •  Reveal the Power of the Pendulum by Karl Spiesberger • Pig Pigeon Post • Prof Profes esso sorr Calc Calcul ulus us • Geop Geopat athi hicc stre stress ss • ADE 651

External links • Mystery Mystery Robot Robot Said Said to Solve Crimes, Crimes, Find Mines in Chile Chile

[35]

- Manuel Salinas, a 39-year-old inventor, claims he

has built a machine that has extraordinary capabilities for finding buried objects. • Dowsin Dowsing g Archa Archaeol eologi ogical cal Featur Features es

[36]

An empirical study at Cressing Temple, Witham, Essex.

• Geor George ge P. Hans Hansen en:: Dowsing: A Review of Experimental Research

[37]

. In: Journal of the Society for Psychical

67  Research, Band 51, Nr. 792, Oktober 1982, S.343 – 67 • Linda Linda K. K. Barre Barrett tt und und Evon Evon Z. Vogt Vogt:: The Urban American Dowser . In: The Journal of American Folklore 325 (1969), S. 195-213 • Adol Adolph phee Lan Lands dspu purg rg

[38]

, Honorary President of the Dowser and Geobiologist's Association of Europe.

Dowsing

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• ISD - Internat International ional Society Society of of Dowsing Dowsing Research Research • Interna Internatio tional nal Digit Digital al Dowser Dowserss Forum Forum Board Board

[40]

[41]

• ASD - Ameri American can Societ Society y of Dowser Dowserss • BSD - Briti British sh Societ Society y of of Dowse Dowsers rs

[39]

[42]

• CSD - Canad Canadian ian Societ Society y of Dowser Dowserss

[43]

• SIDG SIDG - School School of India Indian n Dowsers Dowsers and and Geoma Geomancy ncy • Jame Jamess Ran Randi di on Dows Dowsin ing g • The The Ske Skept ptic icss Dict Dictio iona nary ry

[44]

[45]

[46]

- Includes details of various scientific tests.

• Austra Australia lian n Skepti Skeptics cs Divi Divinin ning g Test Test

[47]

• An Aust Austral ralian ian televi televisio sion n progr program am

[48]

about the above divining test at Google Video.

• Dows Dowsin ing g In In Con Conne nect ctic icut ut

[49]

- by Perry DeAngelis

• "Bey "Beyon ond d Sci Scien ence ce"" vid video eo

[50]

PBS show Scientific American Frontiers on dowsing featuring Ray Hyman,

November 19, 1997 • Experi Experimen mental tal protoc protocol: ol: Dowsin Dowsing g

[51]

- Scientific test conducted by the Observatoire Zetetique

• The Straigh Straightt Dope: Dope: Does Does dowsing dowsing for water water really really work?

[52]

(2007)

References [1] Kenney, Andrew. Andrew. The Herald (Johnson County, North North Carolina) (http://www.theherald-nc. (http://www.theherald-nc.com); com); "Grave Hunters." http://www. theherald-nc.com/front/story/10836. theherald-nc.com/front/story/10836.html; html; 29 July 2009, page 1. Article also reproduced as a source document at WeRelate (http://www. werelate.org/wiki/Source:United_States,_North_Carolina,_Johnston. werelate.org/wiki/Source:United_States,_North_Carolina,_Johnston._Grave_Hunters). _Grave_Hunters). [2]  Discovering Dowsing and Divining, p. 5 (http://books.google. (http://books. google.co. co.uk/books?id=8v uk/books?id=8vBAX1_UPGsC&pg=PA BAX1_UPGsC&pg=PA5), 5), Peter Naylor [3] As translated from from a preface of the the Kassel experiments, experiments, "roughly 10,000 active dowsers in Germany Germany alone can generate a conservatively-estimated conservatively-estimated annual revenue of more than 100 million DM (US$50 million)". GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar für PSI-Fähigkeiten (http://www.gwup. (http://www.gwup.org/psitest/) org/psitest/) (in German) and English version (http://www.phact. (http://www.phact.org/e/z/kassel. org/e/z/kassel.htm). htm). [4] William William Barrett Barrett and Theodore Theodore Besterma Besterman. n. The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. (1926) Kessinger Publishing, 2004: p.7 [5] Michel Michel Eugène Eugène Chevr Chevreul, eul, De La Baguette Divinatoire du pendule dit explorateur at des table tournants au point de vue de l'histoire, de la critique, and de la méthode expérimentale, Paris, 1854. " Le père Gaspard Schott (jés.) considère l'usage de la baguette comme superstitieux ou plutôt diabolique, mais des renseignements qui lui furent donnés plus tard par des hommes qu'il considérait comme religieux et probe, lui  firent dire dans une notation à ce passage, qu'il ne voudrait pas assurer que le demon fait toujours tourner la baguette." ( Physica  Physica Curiosa ,

1662, lib. XII, cap. IV, pag. 1527). See facsimile (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kzsAAAAAQAAJ) on Google Books [6]  BYU Studies Volume 24: "The Mature Joseph Smith and Treasure Searching," by Richard Lloyd Anderson [7] FIX ME (could not access entire entire article) Claudia Sandlin (1989-11-30). (1989-11-30). "Divining "Divining Ways; Dowsers Use Use Ancient Art in Many Kinds of  Searches" (http://www.highbeam. (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1225953. com/doc/1P2-1225953.html). html). Washington Post . . "[Louis Matacia] worked as a Marine Corps analyst at Quantico during The Vietnam War teaching Marines how to dowse..." [8] [8] http http:// ://ww www. w.devondowsers. devondowsers.co. co.uk/whatis.htm uk/whatis.htm [9] [9] http http:// ://ww www. w.randi. randi.org/library/dowsing/  org/library/dowsing/  [10] Marks, David F. (March 13, 13, 1986). "Investigating the paranormal". paranormal". Nature (Nature Publishing Group) 320: 119 – 124. 124. doi:10.1038/320569b0. doi:10.1038/320569b0. ISSN 0028-0836. 0028-0836. [11] [11] Willia Williamso mson, n, T. T. New Scientist 81 Scientist 81, 371 (1979) [12] [12] Roca Rocard rd,, Y. La Recherche 12, 792 (1981) [13] Presti, Presti, D. & Pettgre Pettgrew, w, J. Nature 285, 99 (1980) [14] [14] Bake Baker, r, R. Nature 301, 78 (1983) [15] Ongley, Ongley, P. (1948). (1948). "New Zealand Zealand Diviners". Diviners". New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 30: 38 – 54. 54. via Hines, Terence (2003).  Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. I SBN 9781573929790. 9781573929790.

[16] Vogt, Vogt, Evon Z.; Z.; Ray Hyman Hyman (1979 (1979). ). Water Witching U.S.A. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 9780226862972. 9780226862972. via Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (Second ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 420. ISBN 9781573929790. 9781573929790. [17] Wagner, H., H.-D. Betz, and H. L. König, König, 1990. Schlußbericht Schlußbericht 01 KB8602, Bundesministerium Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. As quoted quoted by Enright in Skeptical Enquirer  [18] Enright, Jim T. (Jan/Feb 1999). 1999). "The Failure of the Munich Experiments" Experiments" (http://www.csicop. (http://www.csicop.org/si/show/  org/si/show/  testing_dowsing_the_failure_of_th testing_dowsing_the_failure_of_the_munich_ex e_munich_experiments). periments). Skeptical Inquirer . Paul Kurtz. . Retrieved 2006-11-14. 2006-11-14. "The researchers themselves concluded that the outcome unquestionably demonstrated successful dowsing abilities, but a thoughtful re-examination of the data indicates that such an interpretation can only be regarded as the result of wishful thinking."

Dowsing [19] Enright, J. T. 1995. Water dowsing: dowsing: The Scheunen Scheunen experiments experiments (http://www.springerlink. (http://www.springerlink.com/content/n43h56431w17j5v7/  com/content/n43h56431w17j5v7/  ?p=87fa35b761de4e7dbf1cd ?p=87fa35b761de4e7dbf1cdcd4d317f48b cd4d317f48b&pi=4). &pi=4).  Naturwissenschaften 82: 360-369. [20] Betz, H.-D., H. L. König, König, R. Kulzer, R. Trischler, and J. Wagner. Wagner. 1996. Dowsing Dowsing reviewed —    the effect persists (http://www.springerlink. (http://www.springerlink. com/content/x5p4458g31777814/?p=8 com/content/x5p4458g31777814/?p=87fa35b761de 7fa35b761de4e7dbf1cdcd4d 4e7dbf1cdcd4d317f48b&pi=5). 317f48b&pi=5).  Naturwissenschaften 83: 272-275. [21] Ertel, S. (May, 1996). 1996). "The dowsing dowsing data defy Enright's Enright's unfavorable unfavorable verdict" (http://www.springerlink. (http://www.springerlink.com/content/  com/content/  h7577m1087734mlh/). Naturwissenschaften (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 83 (5): 232 – 235. 235. doi:10.1007/BF01143332. ISSN 1432-1904. . Retrieved 2009-09-26. [22] Enright, J. T. (June, 1996). 1996). "Dowsers lost in a Barn" (http://www.springerlink. (http://www.springerlink.com/content/km4q44357k557w90/). com/content/km4q44357k557w90/). Naturwissenschaften (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 83 (6): 275 – 277. 277. doi:10.1007/BF01149601. doi:10.1007/BF01149601. ISSN 1432-1904. 1432-1904. . Retrieved 2009-09-26. 2009-09-26. [23] GWUP-Psi-Tests 2004: Keine Million Dollar für PSI-Fähigkeiten (http://www.gwup.org/psitest/) (http://www.gwup.org/psitest/) (in German) and English version (http://www.phact. (http://www. phact.org/e/z/kassel. org/e/z/kassel.htm). htm). [24] Harvalik, Z. V. (1978). "Anatomical "Anatomical localization of human human detection of weak electromagnetic electromagnetic radiation: experiments experiments with dowsers.". dowsers.". Physiol 34. Chem Phys 10 (6): 525 – 34. [25] Guide for the Selection of of Commercial Explosives Explosives Detection Systems for for Law Enforcement Applications Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99), 100-99), Chapter 7. WARNING: DO NOT BUY BOGUS EXPLOSIVES DETECTION EQUIPMENT (http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178913-2. ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178913-2.pdf) pdf) [26] Double-Blind Field Evaluation of the MOLE Programmable Programmable Detection System, [[Sandia National National Laboratories (http://www. justnet.org/   justnet.org/  Lists/JUSTNET Resources/Attachments/440/moleev Resources/Attachments/440/moleeval_apr02. al_apr02.pdf)]] pdf)]] [27] Iraq Swears by Bomb Bomb Detector Detector U.S. Sees Sees as Useless (http://www.nytimes. (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/middleeast/04sensors. com/2009/11/04/world/middleeast/04sensors.html?_r=1& html?_r=1& ref=world) [28] A Direct, Specific, Specific, Challenge From James Randi and the JREF (http://www.randi.org/site/index. (http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/  php/swift-blog/  231-a-direct-specific-challenge-from-james-randi-and-the-jref.html) html) [29] "'Bomb "'Bomb detector' detector' maker maker arrested" (http://ne (http://news. ws.bbc. bbc.co. co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8476381. uk/2/hi/uk_news/8476381.stm). stm). BBC News . 2010-01-23. . Retrieved 2010-05-01. [30] "Government statement on 'bomb 'bomb detectors' detectors' ban" (http://news.bbc. (http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8475875. co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8475875.stm). stm). BBC News. 2010-01-22. . Retrieved 2010-05-01. 2010-05-01. [31] Test Report: The detection capabilities capabilities of the SNIFFEX SNIFFEX explosive detector, detector, p.8 (http://s3. (http://s3.amazonaws. amazonaws.com/propublica/assets/docs/  com/propublica/assets/docs/  NavyReport.pdf) NavyReport.pdf) [32] [32] http http:// ://ww www. w.cnn. cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/16/thailand. com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/16/thailand.bomb.scanner/index. bomb.scanner/index.html?eref=rss_topstories& html?eref=rss_topstories& utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign =feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+rss/cnn_topstories+(RSS:+Top =Feed:+rss/cnn_topstories+(RSS:+Top+Stories) +Stories) [33] [33] http http:// ://ww www. w.e-k9. e-k9.net/gt200main. net/gt200main.php php [34] Tom Lethbridge's dowsing measurments (http://www.thewhitegoddess.co. 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Article Sources and Contributors http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=363926029 p?oldid=363926029 Contributors: 17boat, 999, Afluent Rider, Akeron, Alai, Alansohn, Alex Peppe, Alexlds, Alienlifeformz, Altenmann, Dowsing Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph Amatulic, Andre Engels, Antelan, Anthony Appleyard, Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The, Anuraagvaidya, Appleseed, Art C arlson, Arthur Warrington Thomas, Ask123, Aspro, Aunt Entropy, Beetstra, BillC, Billwhittaker, BlackAndy, Bobo192, Bobstay, B ongwarrior, Brinerustle, Bryan Derksen, BullRangifer, CDN99, Captain Disdain, CatchE22, Cdynas, Charliemeyers, Chris the speller, ChrisO, CliffC, Coffee, Cédric Boissière, DE, DR04, Daveclarkecb, Davidhorman, Davkal, Dbachmann, Dchall1, Diberri, Diza, Dorien Thomas, Dr Amit K Saiya, Dr.K., Dude33369, Dukemeiser, Dumbo1, Eggdude50770, Epbr123, Excirial, Exexpert, Famousdog, Favonian, FivePointPalmExplodingHeart, FrancisDrake, Fr eederick, Friday, Friman, Froth, Furrykef, GSlicer, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, GarnetRChaney, Gary D, Geni, Geo8rge, Geoff B, Geotech, Gillyweed, Gingermint, Glenn, Globetour, Gores95, Guyonthesubway, HaeB, Haikupoet, Harry Mudd, Hatmaskin, Havermayer, Heron, Herorev, Hosiah, Hu12, Idahorover, Infophile, Ino5hiro, Irbisgreif, Itai, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDCAce, Jason Recliner, Esq., Jcbutler, Jefffire, Jni, JoeSmack, John Turner 67, John.Conway, Johnuniq, JoshuaZ, Joyous!, Jusdafax, Just plain Bill, Juxtatype, Jw21, JzG, Kaiwhakahaere, Kampen, Karada, Kcfru, KeithHilborn, Kenneth Cooke, Kingmundi, Kjkolb, Konusmotor, Kpjas, Kuebi, Kumioko, LabFox, Leandrod, LeoO3, Leperous, Liftarn, Linas, Lord Kenneth, LorenzoB, Lottiotta, Lowellian, Lozeldafan, Luna Santin, Madball9er, Malcolm Farmer, MarkAnthonyBoyle, MartinHarper, MartinPoulter, Martinphi, Mattingly23, Maustrauser, Maximus Rex, Mddake, Mellibere, Mentifisto, Metao, Michael Hardy, Michael Shields, MickWest, Minderbinder, Mlewis000, Monedula, Moriori, Mortene, Murderbike, Mütze, Neilbeach, Nemodomi, Nev1, Nightscream, Northmeister, NurseryRhyme, Osioni, Otheus, Pablo X, Perfectblue97, Pesco, PeteShanosky, Phil Harley, PierreAbbat, Pigman, Pjacobi, PlasmaDragon, Plazak, Pramanujan, Pro Game Master87, Pseudomonas, Qutezuce, RPG Advocate, Radionica VISAK, Ravanosh, Redheylin, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Riluve, Rjwilmsi, Rodhullandemu, Ronz, RossPatterson, Rrburke, Ruakh, RyanGerbil10, Sam Hocevar, Sapphic, Satori Son, ScienceApologist, Secasc, Self-ref, Septegram, Shantavira, Shpoffo, Sig, Skeptic za, Smithbcs, Spdrder, Spinfisher, StaticGull, StoatBringer, Storkk, Stupid Corn, Sunray, Synchronism, Tabithacat, Tappel, Tarquin, Taweetham, Tevildo, The Anome, Thenickdude, Thumperward, Timc, Timwi, Toby D, Tom Hartley, Tom harrison, TomEarth, Toussaint, Unibond, Varnav, Vassyana, Verbal, Vsb, Warut, Wbrameld, WhoMadeGod, Wik, WikHead, WikiLambo, WinterSpw, WoweeeZoweee, Xenon chile, Yath, ZimZalaBim, Zuytdorp Survivor, 417 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:18th century dowser.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/i http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18th_century_do ndex.php?title=File:18th_century_dowser.jpg wser.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Akeron, Skipjack, 3 anonymous edits

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