Dosage-Chapter-7.docx

Aira Jhamaica DImacale •

Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Dosage Chapter 7: Capsules Capsules and Tablets •

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Alternative Products if Patients cannot (wallow an Intact (olid Dosage #orm

Chewable tablet • Preferred Preferred when administe administered red orally by adults: adults: convenient conveniently ly Instant dissolving tablet • carried readily identified easily ta!en /ral li&uid • "ariety "ariety of dosage strengths providing: /ral or nasal inhalation solution •  #le$ibility to the prescriber  (uppository •  Accurate individuali%ed dosage for the patient In4ection •  Pac!aged and shipped by manufacturers at lower cost and with less brea!age than comparable li&uid forms Characteristics  'ore stable and have a longer shelf life

Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical (tandpoints

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(olid dosage forms: 'anufactured efficiently and productively   Pac!a Pac!aged ged and shippe shipped d at lower lower cost cost and with less less  brea!age  'ore stable  )ave longer shelf life than li&uids

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Disadvantages of Tablets and Capsules

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 Provide prolonged release of the medication (ublingual or buccal tablets  To dissolve under the tongue or in the mouth

(wallowing #ormulation d ifficulties ifficulties (ome have poor bioavailability or poor water solubility (ome have irritant effect on the *IT when ta!en orally

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+ey #eatures of a *ood Tablet or Capsule

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'ay be swallowed whole by patient 'ay be inserted into the rectum for drug release and absorption from site The The cont conten entt may may be remo remove ved d from from the the gela gelati tin n shel shelll and and employed as pre measured medicinal powder the capsule shell  being use to contain contain a dose of the medicinal medicinal substance5 substance5  2$: Theo3dur (prin!le 2legance 2ase of use Portability Tasteless Tasteless shell to mas! the unpleasant taste0 odor  Permits physician to prescribe the e$act medication needed buy the patient Conveniently carried 6eadily identified 2asily ta!en Tasteless when swallowed Comm Common only ly embo emboss ssed ed or impri imprint nted ed on thei theirr surf surfac acee the the manufacturers name and product code readily identified Available Available in variety o f dosage strength Provide fle$ibility to the prescriber and accurate individuali%ed dosage for the patient Pac!aged Pac!aged and shipped shipped by manufactu manufacturers rers at lower lower cost cost less  brea!age than li&uid li&uid forms 'ore stable and longer shelf life

(tability of the active drug Accurate dose • • ,nifor ,niformi mity ty -weigh -weight t amoun amountt of active active ingred ingredien ient t coatin coating g • • thic!ness etc. Cons Consis iste tent nt perf perfor orm mance ance -man -manuf ufac actu turi ring ng para parame mete ters rs • •  pharmaco!inetics. Appropriate disintegration and dissolution • • Can withstand pac!aging shipping handling without brea!age • 'as!ing of taste and odor  • )ard *elatin Capsules Pharmaceutically Pharmaceutically elegant • Also referred to as 8D#C9 Dry #illed Capsule manufactured • Production economically sound • into two sections the capsule body and a shorter cap /verview of Capsules 'anufactur 'anufacturee most of the commercia commercially lly availabl availablee medicate medicated d • capsules Capsules •  2mployed in clinical drug trials  'edicinal agents and0or inert substances enclosed in a  #or e$temporaneous compounding of prescriptions small shell of gelatin Contains ;< to =< moisture •  (wallowed wholly 'anufactured form: • /pen capsule or crushed tablets •  *elatin  'i$ed with food or drin! -children or patients who are  Titanium dio$ide -opacifying agent. unable to swallow solid dosage forms.  >5?< (/@ -prevents decomposition of gelatin.  Colorants (olid Dosage #orms that must be 1eft Intact •

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2mpty Capsule (hells 2nteric coated tablets  To pass throug through h the stomach stomach for drug drug relea release se and 'ade of gelatin sugar and water  • absorption in the intestine )ard or soft • 2$tended3release dosage forms

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(oftened -made elastic or plastici%ed. by adding glycerin or   polyhydric alcohol li!e sorbitol. Can be: clear colorless tasteless Colored with various #DC and DC dyes 'ade opa&ue by adding agents li!e titanium o$ide •

*elatin

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To assist the brea! up and disintegration of the capsules contents in the stomach  Pregelatini%ed starch  Croscarmellose  (odium starch glycolate 1ubricant or glidant  2nhances flow properties  (ilicon dio$ide  'agnesium stearate  (tearic acid or talc -about >5@?3 coating the inner surface of the ater3miscible and relatively nonvolatile compounds • cap prior to placement on the Propylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol -depending on  filled capsule body factors as concentration used and pac!aging Cleaning and Polishing Capsules conditions. (mall scale (oft 'edications Commercially Prepared into (oft *elatin Capsules  By rubbing with a clean gau%e or cloth 1arge scale • Aceta%olamide: Diamo$ se&uels: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor  •  Cleaning vacuum affi$ed to the capsule3filling Cyclosporine: (andimmune eoral: Immunosuppressive • machines -removes any e$traneous material. using 2thosu$imide: Harontin: Anticonvulsant • Accela3Cota apparatus 6anitidine )Cl: Hantac *eldose: )istamine ) @ receptor inhibitor  • (ome 'edications Commercially Prepared into (oft *elatin Capsules •

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Aceta%olamide: Diamo$: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor  1i&uids that cannot be 2ncapsulated into a (oft *elatin Capsule Cyclosporine: (andimmune: Immunosuppressive 2asily migrate through capsule shell li!e materials with water  • Cyclosporine: eoral: Immunosuppressive above ?< Digo$in: 1ano$icaps: Cardiac glycoside 1ow molecular weight • 2thosu$imide: Harontin: Anticonvulsant ater soluble and water volatile organic compounds -alcohols • 6anitidine )Cl: Hantac *eldose: )istamine ) @ receptor inhibitor  !etones acids amine and esters.

Preparation of (oft *elatin Capsules •

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(olids that may be 2ncapsulated into a (oft *elatin Capsule

Plate process (olutions in a suitable li&uid solvent suspensions dry powders •  ,ses set of molds to form capsules granules pellets or small tablets 6otary die process  'ost commonly used  6otary die machine Compendial 6e&uirements for Capsules  1i&uid gelatin flowing from an overhead tan! into two continuous ribbons brought together between rotating Added substances may only be used: • die  )armless in the &uantities used  'ore efficient and productive  Do not e$ceed the minimum amount re&uired to  6esults in bicolored capsules  provide their intended effect  "ery accurate filling -033;