Doors and Windows PDF

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS AMMARSYAHMI AIMAN B. AHMAD MAZLI NUR DIYANA BINTI AZMI KHADIJAH BINTI AHMAD SABRI SYAMIL ARIF BIN MOHAMAD NASIR HAFIZ SHAHIR BIN OSMAN

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CONTENTS 6.1 Define Doors 6.2 Determine,explain the type and Materials of Doors 6.3 Define Windows 6.4 Determine,explain the type and Materials of Windows 6.5 Define Lintel, classification of lintel and method of construction

& DOOR

OF

TYPE OF DOORS 1) Hinged doors 2) Revolving doors 3) Sliding doors 4) Collapsible doors 5) Rolling shutter 6) Folding doors

1. HINGED DOORS o These doors are hinged along one side to allow to pivot away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. o It is the most common type of door. o It is simple and rigid. o The panel swings, opens and closes on hinges. o Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and cleaning. o They are not expensive and have an excellent insulating ability. o However they take up precious room space to swing in.

2. REVOLVING DOORS oThe wings are usually fully or partly glazed. oPeople can walk out and walk in at the same time. oThey are usually provided in public buildings.

3. SLIDING DOORS oThey can be easily cleaned and maintained. oThey have very poor sound insulation. oThey must be of high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide out of them.

4. COLLAPSIBLE DOORS

5. ROLLING SHUTTER oThey act like steel curtains. oThey are made up of thin steel slabs called laths or slates about 1.25 mm thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially designed pipe shaft called drum which is mounted at the top.

6. FOLDING DOOR oA gentle push can fold a whole door into a flat package that will slide easily oFolding door technology is sophisticated and reliable. oWhichever folding door variant is chosen, the result is an enduser solution that is functional, attractive and extremely practical.

MATERIAL FOR DOOR Standard size of door 900 mm

1800 mm

2100 mm

2100 mm

single

double

WOOD DOOR -

Affordable, renewable and sustainable Sound proofing and secure Used for internal and main door Warp with presence of moisture

Plywood door

Resistant door

Hollow door Solid door

STEEL DOOR -

Strong material Corrodes in the presences of moisture Need high quality of painting Use for security door Use for large freezer door

GLASS DOOR -

not peel, rust or damage by chemical Not swell from exposure to moisture Allow natural light But easily broken or crack Usually use for office or hotel door

PVC ( polyvinyl chloride ) • • • • •

Lightweight and easy to use Come in variety of design and colour Do not corrode and no need much maintenance Not scratch proof Usually for toilet

ALUMINIUM DOOR -

lightweight, affordable Resistant from insect Able to handle large piece of glass But its staining from water expensive

DEFINITION & FUNCTION OF WINDOW DEFINITION A vented barrier secured in a wall opening. The window consists of two parts which is window frame and window shutter FUNCTION -To admit light and air to the building. -To give a view to the outside.

TYPE OF WINDOWS 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Double or Single-hung Pivoted Casement Naco Fixed sliding

1. Double or Single-hung • On double hung windows, both sashes in the window frame are operable or move up and down. • On single hung windows, the top sash is fixed in place and does not move, but the bottom sash is operable. • A single hung also offers a unique option to incorporate a geo shape option into the top sash.

Double-hung windows

https://greatlakeswindow.com/double-hung-vs-single-hung-windows-casements-or-sliders/

Single-hung windows

2.Pivoted windows • The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically. • The frame has no rebate. • The shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame.

https://www.slideshare.net/ashishvasava1995/doors-and-windows-building-construction

3.Casement window • A window attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the side. • They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame, in which case they are hinged on the outside. • They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame.

hopper

awning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_window

Standard

4.Naco window • A window composed of parallel glass, or wooden. • Naco windows maximize natural ventilation by allowing airflow through the entire window area. • Windows split horizontal sections which can be open and close at an angle.

https://modernize.com/windows/types/jalousie-windows https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalousie_window

5.Fixed window • • • •

Window that cannot be opened. Whose function is limited to allowing light to enter. Often found in homes with high or vaulted ceilings. Installed as an arched window over vaulted areas, doors and even other windows. • Easy to maintain. reference https://www.4feldco.com/articles/fixed-window/ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window

6.SLIDING WINDOW • Can be constructed as either a 2-section slider, or more for wider window openings. • Perfect choice for kitchens, recreation rooms, and bedrooms. • Sliding windows lift out easily, cleaning simple. • Very little effort just release a latch and slide. https://www.4feldco.com/windows/sliding-windows/

Type sliding window

https://www.stanekwindows.com/what-is-a-sliding-window.aspx

MATERIAL FOR WINDOW Standard size of window

1200 mm

600 mm

600 mm

ALLUMINIUM • • • •

Light and excellent for window Does not warp, expand or shrink Powder coaled or anodized in the factory. Corrosion resistant

WOOD • • • •

Heavy but easily work on site Cause jam or warp Need painting or polishing Poor conductor of heat

PVC ( polyvinyl chloride) • • • • •

Light affordable Weak compared to aluminium Change colour during exposure to sunlight Easy damage during installation

STEEL • • • •

Strong material Corrodes in the presences of moisture Dificult work on site (cut and weld) Need high quality painting process

REFERENCE • http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/KaranChauchan72/doorswindowsVentilator-in-building-construction • https://www.google.com/search?q=door+and+window+materials&oq =door+and+window+material&aqs • Book – Uniform Building By-Law 1985

WHAT IS LINTEL • A lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when openings like doors, windows. • The main function: • The main function of the lintel is to take loads coming from the above wall and transfer its load to the side walls.

lintel Load

https://www.acivilengineer.com/rcc-lintel/

To the walls above the openings like doors and windows. To a safeguard of the windows and doors. To the imposed loads coming from above bricks or block including the roofing members. To its load to the side walls.

Construction process of RCC lintel is simple and it doesn’t need much technical knowledge. Anyone can make RCC lintel with little construction knowledge.

Normally used concrete for RCC lintel is ratio 1:2:4 REINFORCED CONCRETE CEMENT LINTEL

Types of RCC lintel : 1. Pre-cast RCC lintel 2. Cast-in-place RCC lintel.

Types of design loads on lintel: 1. Self – weight or dead load of the lintel 2. Dead load of the wall above the opening 3. Dead load and live load transferred from the roof or the floor supported

pre-cast lintel requires only two-side formwork.

pre-cast lintel requires only few supports as it is poured on floor.

Pre-cast lintel is cost effective than cast-place-lintel.

This type of lintel is casted separately somewhere on floor. When wall is ready to place lintel then it is just placed on both sides walls of opening.

Pre-cast RCC lintel is made on floor. So, we don’t need to lift formwork up to lintel level. That reduces required time to make lintel.

Pre-cast RCC lintel As pre-cast lintel is made separately, so lintel and masonry wall can be done simultaneously.

Surface finishes of pre-cast lintel can be better than cast-in-place lintel.

When wall making is finished up to lintel level then formwork is made on wall for lintel. After making formwork, concrete is poured into it.

cast-in-place RCC lintel requires more time to make.

Cast-in-place RCC lintel.

As formwork for cast-in-place RCC lintel is made on wall, so it requires to make formwork in three sides.

Cast-in-place lintel requires more supports to hold its formwork in place.

The reason why I prefer cast-in-place RCC lintel is its bond-ability with masonry wall. The bond between cast-inplace RCC lintel and masonry wall is very well. But pre-cast lintel doesn’t make any bond with masonry wall. Construction process of RCC lintel: Construction process of RCC lintel is simple and it doesn’t need much technical knowledge. Anyone can make RCC lintel with little construction knowledge.

TIMBER & STONE & STEEL & BRICK & REINFORCED BRICK & REINFORCED CONCRETE TIMBER LINTEL

STONE LINTEL

STEEL LINTEL

REINFORCED BRICK LINTEL

BRICK LINTEL

REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTEL

Time

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Time Consuming Construction

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Time Consuming Construction

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Time Consuming Construction

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Time Consuming Construction

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Time Consuming Construction

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Time Consuming Construction

Quality

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It Is Less Durable. Flammable Natural Material

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• •

Strength Highly Durable Metal

  

Economical Fire Resistance Poor Tensile Strength Weak Form Construction

• • • •

High Strength Fire Resistance Economical Hard And Durability

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Its Inability To Withstand Excessive Transverse Stress Durability

Highly Fire Resistance Durability High Compressive Strength

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High Cost

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Low Cost

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Low Maintenance Cost High Form Cost

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Cost

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Low Cost

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Low Cost

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•

• •

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Low Maintenance Cost High Form Cost

TIMBER LINTEL

STEEL LINTEL

STONE LINTEL

REINFORCED BRICK LINTEL

BRICK LINTEL

REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTEL

CONSTRUCTION OF LINTEL

To transfer load from slab to columns/ walls.

Required to rest the wall above the openings door and window in a wall.

Beam carries load slab, floor and roof.

Lintel carries load of wall above the opening door and window.

Cast with slab as a whole.

Casted separately during construction of masonry wall.

Can be used as decorative architectural element.

Mainly as a structural member.

• Website 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

• Book

https://civiltoday.com/construction /building/170-lintel-definitiontypes https://theconstructor.org/building /lintel-types-uses/11420/ https://ms.decorexpro.com/okna/ peremychki/ https://youtu.be/55eMbP4Zc9k

1. Roger Greeno. 1997 : Principle of Construction. https://books.google.com.my/books?id= E2ISBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&dq=lintel+cons truction&hl=ms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHlf Hu6t_kAhVq8HMBHVQVAMYQ6AEIWDAF #v=onepage&q=lintel%20construction&f =false

https://www.slideshare.net/partee ks9/doors-windows-12082151

2. Dr.Anil Kumar Misra S. Chand,2018 : Construction & Materials https://books.google.com.my/books?id= qERxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276&dq=constru ction+lintel+material&hl=ms&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjY5Nze7d_kAhVZ8HMBHZhsDlY Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=construction %20lintel%20material&f=false

• YouTube 1. https://youtu.be/0yGYp-_rKFM