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August 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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TKHZDY]HA@A K@MHEK@F ]@K @KQEKHE @I@A ADF MT]ME

J@MTFQ@A AD HKNDKHDYH@ NDEFENHM@ ,BHK@] X BDQ@FTYNHM@ M@YYDY@ SYEJD]HEK@F AD HKNDKHDYH@ BDQ@FTYNHM@ F@IEY@QEYHE AD JH]HM@ HHH  NTÂ@ AD F@IEY@QEYHE ZHYQT@F 3:  

HKATMMHÝK DFDMQYEB@NKDQHM@ AEMDKQD YTIDK HKNFD] @Q@TMGH

 KEBIYD ]TNDX GDXAH M@FFE GT@K@ME MEAHNE 08=7:4 @ÐE 9390

 

PTÈ D] F@ HKATMMHÝK DFDMQYEB@NKÈQHM@5

 

Tthfhz`a` dk ndkdr`aerds y dk beterds dfèmtrhmes, f` hkaummhýk dfdmtreb`nkèthm`  dxpfhm` mýbe uk m`bpe b`nkèthme m`bih`ktd pudad preaumhr uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm`  y, ` f` hkvdrs`, mýbe uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` ndkdr` uk m`bpe b`nkèthme ` su `frdadaer. F` `pfhm`mhýk bàs mebÿk ad f` hkaummhýk dfdmtreb`nkèthm` ds f` ndkdr`mhýk ad dfdmtrhmha`a,, mu`kae uk` ieihk` ad b`tdrh`f mekaumter, ndkdr`fbdktd ad meird, sd budvd dfdmtrhmha`a dk prdsdkmh` ad uk m`bpe b`nkèthme preaumhae per dodbpfe per uk hbàk. F`s fâkd`s adf m`bpe b`nkèthme adf hbàk g`mdk qud jfuy`k fes dfdmtrekds dk df m`ifd ad f` ieihk`. Df rdspeks`ifd ad dstd adsmuirhbhdkte mhdktâjhme jud Bhmg`df J`r`a`y. J`r`a`y. J`r`a`y, uk jâshme y quâbhme hknfès k`mhae dk 0>80, ghze hbpert`ktds mektrhiumhekds dk df m`bpe ad f` quâbhm`, pdre ds dspdmh`fbdktd mekemhae per f` Fdy ad J`r`a`y, rdf`mhek`a` mek f` dfdmtrhmha`a y df b`nkdthsbe. Ad premdadkmh` gubhfad, jud hkhmh`fbdktd `yua`ktd ad uk hbpert`ktd mhdktâjhme ad su èpem`, Gubpgry A`vy, ` quhdk ffdný ` dmfhps`r per f` tr`smdkadkmh` ad sus `pert`mhekds. Df nr`k adsmuirhbhdkte ad J`r`a`y sumdahý dk 07=0 `f mebprei`r qud sd pudad ndkdr`r uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` mu`kae sd beahjhm` uk m`bpe b`nkèthme. J`r`a`y sd hksphrý dk fes g`ff`znes ad Edrstda dk 0793, quhdk bestrý mýbe df p`se ad f` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` per uk mekaumter mrd`i` uk m`bpe b`nkèthme ` su `frdadaer. J`r`a`y hktdktý rdpreaumhr df dxpdrhbdkte `f rdvès, ds admhr, uthfhz`kae uk hbàk p`r` preaumhr uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm`. ]hk dbi`rne, sefe mekshnuhý su eiodthve mu`kae ghze nhr`r uk` dsphr` ad meird dk prdsdkmh` ad uk hbàk, adsmuirhdkae uk premdahbhdkte p`r` ndkdr`r merrhdktd dfèmtrhm`. Djdmthv`bdktd, df jfuoe b`nkèthme qud `tr`vhds` `f `khffe ad meird v`râ` sdnÿk v` nhr`kae f` dsphr`, p`s`kae ad uk jfuoe bàxhbe dk f` shtu`mhýk ad f` jhnur` ` uk jfuoe bâkhbe dk m`se ad qud f` dsphr` nhrd 83³. Dst` v`rh`mhýk adf jfuoe b`nkèthme ds fe qud preaumd f` `p`rhmhýk ad uk` tdkshýk dfèmtrhm` hkaumha` dk f` dsphr` y per t`kte f` mhrmuf`mhýk ad uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` sh sd mekdmt` uk rdmdpter dktrd sus ierkds. @sâ, f` Fdy ad J`r`a`y dst`ifdmd qud f` tdkshýk dfèmtrhm` hkaumha` dk uk mhrmuhte dfèmtrhme ds prepermhek`f `

f` v`rh`mhýk adf jfuoe b`nkèthme qud fe `tr`vhds`.

 

 

Df adsmuirhbhdkte ad J`r`a`y jud dsdkmh`f p`r` df mebhdkze ad f` preaummhýk ad merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` `ftdrk` y df tr`kspertd ad dfdmtrhmha`a g`mh` jhk`fds adf shnfe WHW, y per t`kte p`r` f` dfdmtrhjhm`mhýk ad f` dmekebâ` y ad f` semhda`a. J`r`a`y t`bihèk mektrhiuyý mek ket`ifds g`ff`znes dk df m`bpe ad f` quâbhm`, dktrd etres f` dfdmtrýfhshs. Gey f` dfdmtrýfhshs dstà buy ad bea`, y` qud ds df premdahbhdkte qud sd uthfhz` p`r` preaumhr gharýndke ` p`rthr ad `nu`, uk mebiusthifd buy prebdtdaer p`r` susthtuhr ` fes `mtu`fds mebiusthifds p`r` vdgâmufes, per su kuf` dbhshýk ad n`sds týxhmes.

 

 

EQY@] @SFHM@MHEKD] AD F@ HKATMMHÝK DFDMQYEB@NKÈQHM@ Df jdkýbdke ad f` hkaummhýk dfdmtreb`nkèthm` mekthkÿ` `pfhmàkaesd ` kudv`s y pràmthm`s sefumhekds tdmkefýnhm`s, mebe f` memhk` ad hkaummhýk, f`s fàbp`r`s ad hkaummhýk, fes gerkes ad hkaummhýk e f` rdm`rn` ad i`tdrâ`s dfèmtrhm`s per hkaummhýk.

MEMHK@ AD HKATMMHÝK F`s memhk`s ad hkaummhýk  hkaummhýk  pdrbhtdk df m`fdkt`bhdkte ad fes `fhbdktes dk df hktdrher ad uk rdmhphdktd bdtàfhme nr`mh`s `f prhkmhphe ad f` hkaummhýk dfdmtreb`nkèthm`. ]d g`md mhrmuf`r merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` ad `ft` jrdmudkmh` per uk`s ieihk`s dfèmtrhm`s mefem`a`s adi`oe ad f` pf`m` ad f` memhk`, fe qud preaumd uk m`bpe b`nkèthme qud hkaumd ` su vdz uk` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` dk df rdmhphdktd bdtàfhme qud mekthdkd f` mebha`. F` i`sd ad f`s m`zudf`s, s`rtdkds y eff`s p`r` dstd thpe ad memhk`s adid sdr ad b`tdrh`f jdrreb`nkèthme, p`r` qud f` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm` sd tr`ksjerbd dk m`fer dk df bdt`f ad fes rdmhphdktds.

SYDNTKQ@] SE]Q F@I 0)   µMýbe adpdkad f` ahrdmmhýk ad f` merrhdktd hkaumha` ad què pefe adf hbàk pdrb`kdktd sd hksdrt` dk df sefdkehad5 Df jfuoe b`nkèthme ds df `kàfene b`nkèthme `f jfuoe dfèmtrhme. Dstà rdf`mhek`ae mek df kÿbdre ad fâkd`s ad m`bpe b`nkèthme qud p`s`k ` tr`vès ad uk àrd` adtdrbhk`a`. Dk f` hb`ndk 0, df m`bpe b`nkèthme ds pdrpdkahmuf`r `f àrd` fhbht`a` per uk shbpfd mhrmuhte jerb`ae per uk` vudft` ad mekaumter. Dk dstd m`se, df jfuoe b`nkèthme sd adjhkd mebe df preaumte adf m`bpe b`nkèthme I y df àrd` @ fhbht`a` per df mhrmuhte? F` ukha`a ad jfuoe b`nkèthme ds f` adf m`bpe b`nkèthme bufthpfhm`a` per f` ukha`a adf àrd`, tdsf`-bdtre mu`ar`ae, y sd adkebhk` wdidr (^i)? 0 ^i  2 0 Z¾s  2 0 Q¾b9  2 0 b9¾ln ln¾¾s-9¾ @  @-0. Mebe df m`bpe b`nkèthme ds prepermhek`f `f kÿbdre ad fâkd`s ad m`bpe b`nkèthme per ukha`a ad àrd`, df jfuoe b`nkèthme ds prepermhek`f `f kÿbdre ad fâkd`s qud `tr`vhds`k df àrd`.

9) µMýbe adpdkad f` b`nkhtua ad f` merrhdktd hkaumha` ad f` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm`5 Dstd gdmge sd eisdrv` jàmhfbdktd dk df shnuhdktd dxpdrhbdkte dxpdrhbdkte?? sh `mdrm`bes e `fdo`bes uk hbàk ` uk mekaumter qud ke dstà mekdmt`ae ` khknuk` judktd ad judrz`dfèmtrhm` dfdmtrebetrhz, sd adtdmt` F` mekmerrhdktd uk `bpdrâbdtre qud sh `p`rdmd merrhdktd dk df mekaumter. ads`p`rdmd df hbàkuk` sd

 

b`kthdkd dk f` bhsb` peshmhýk, per fe qud sd ffdn` ` f` mekmfushýk ad qud sýfe uk` v`rh`mhýk adf jfuoe adf m`bpe b`nkèthme  mek rdspdmte `f thdbpe ndkdr` merrhdktd dfèmtrhm`. 4) ]h sd subhkhstr` uk` judktd ad merrhdktd `ftdrk` ` f` ieihk` prhb`rh` y df hktdrrupter dstà mdrr`ae (adod qud df mhrmuhte jukmhekd ad b`kdr` mektdkmhes`), µquè thpe ad eisdrv`mhýk dspdr` vdr dk f` ieihk` sdmuka`rh`5

@KÀFH]H] X MÀFMTFE] AD A@QE] @. Nràjhme ad f`s fâkd`s adf m`bpe b`nkèthme `frdadaer ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm`. • Hkvdsthnud f`s fâkd`s adf m`bpe b`nkèthme ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` us`kae uk shbuf`aer d hksdrtd f`s hbàndkds ad fes nràjhmes ad m`bpe b`nkèthme `frdadaer ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm`.

Q`if` 0. B`p` adf m`bpe b`nkèthme `frdadaer ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm`. F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 94%

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 43%.

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf >4%

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 033%

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 94%

 

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 43%.

F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf >4%

 

  F` judrz` ad f` i`rr` b`nkèthm` ds adf 033%

 

I. Ts`r uk judrtd hbàk ad i`rr` p`r` hkaumhr merrhdktd dk uk sefdkehad Q`ifd 9. Tk judrtd hbàk ad i`rr` sd budvd g`mh` df sefdkehad

Sefe kertd dk df sefdkehad

]d budvd ràpha`b dkt d g`mh` `adktre

Ahrdmmhý k ad f` merrhdktd dk df n`fv`kýbd tre

Srudi`-0

Srudi`-9

Srudi`-=

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb dtre \ R

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb dtre \ R

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb dtre \ R

Srebdahe B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb dtre \ R

-

04.80

01.:4

0>.78

0:.04

Dst`mhek `rh e per adktre

+

017.94

014.7

011.1

01:.04

]d budvd ràpha`b dkt d g`mh` `judr`

+

3.>>

3.>4

3.:8

3.>1

]d budvd fdkt`bd ktd g`mh` `adktre

+

94.>7

91.7>

9:.>7

94.70

]d budvd fdkt`bd ktd g`mh` `judr`

+

3.8:

3.7>

3.87

3.81

0.-  ]d budvd

 

ràpha`bdkt d g`mh` `adktre

9.-  Dst`mhek`rh e per adktre

 

=.-  ]d budvd ràpha`bdkt d g`mh` `judr`

1.-  ]d budvd fdkt`bdktd g`mh` `adktre

 

4.-  ]d budvd fdkt`bdktd g`mh` `judr`

 

Q`ifd =. Tk judrtd hbàk ad i`rr` sd budvd g`mh` df sefdkehad

Sefe sur  dk df sefdkehad

Ahrdmmhý k ad f` merrhdktd dk df n`fv`kýbd tre

Srudi`-0

Srudi`-9

Srudi`-=

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb

B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb

dtre \ R

dtre \ R

dtre \ R

Srebdahe B`x Adjfdxhýk dk N`fv`kýb dtre \ R

-

70.>3

70.0

73.:

70.=

Dst`mhek `rh e per adktre

-

=9.>9

=9.3

=3.37

=0.1

]d budvd ràpha`b dkt d g`mh` `judr`

+

=33

=33

=33

=33

]d budvd fdkt`bd

+

=3

98.8

=3

=3

+

83

83

83

83

]d budvd ràpha`b dkt d g`mh` `adktre

ktd g`mh` `adktre ]d budvd fdkt`bd ktd g`mh` `judr`

 

0.-

9.-

=.-

 

1.-

4.-

 

M. M`bpe b`nkèthme hkaumhae adihae ` f` merrhdktd dk df sefdkehad. Q`ifd 1. M`bpe b`nkèthme adihae ` f` merrhdktd dk df sefdkehad Ahrdmmhýk adf m`bpe b`nkèthme

Zeft`od peshthve ad f` i`tdrâ` \R

hktdksha`a adf m`bpe b`nkèthme \R

Zeft`od kdn`thve ad f` i`tdrâ` \R

Ahrdmmhýk adf m`bpe b`nkèthme

Hktdksha`a adf m`bpe b`nkèthme \R

0Z

+

=3

073

=Z

+

83

3

1Z

+

093

3

4Z

+

043

33

>Z

+

903

3

7Z

+

913

3

03Z

+

=33

3

}

 

A. M`bihe ad merrhdktd dk uk sefdkehad p`r` hkaumhr merrhdktd dk df sefdkehad sdmuka`rhe Q`if` 4. Hkaumhr merrhdktd dk f` ieihk` sdmuka`rh` Zeft`od peshthve ad f` i`tdrâ` dk f` ieihk` prhb`rh` Àrd` ad sdmmhýk tr`ksvdrs `f ad f`

Ahrdmmhýk ad f` adsvh`mhýk adf

ieihk` sdmuka`rh`

n`fv`kýbdt re

Adjfdxhýk bàxhb` adf n`fv`kýbdt re \ R

Zeft`od ad i`tdrâ` kdn`thve dk ieihk` prhb`rh` Ahrdmmhýk ad f` adsvh`mhýk adf

Adjfdxhýk bàxhb` adf n`fv`kýbdt re \ R

n`fv`kýbdt re

93%

+

3

93.37

93.37

13%

+

04.94

==.3

09.>8

:3%

+

03.>:

03.:>

>.=>

73%

+

09.89

09.>>

-7.8:

033%

+

09.89

09.>>

-7.8:

 

8. MEKMFT]HEKD]. Hkahm`r f`s mekmfushekds `f qud ffdn` Ta. p`r` m`a` uke ad f` sdhs prdnukt`s adf htdb 7.

03.- YDMEBDKA@M YDMEBDKA@MHEKD]. HEKD]. Hkahqud f`s eisdrv`mhekds y sundrdkmh` p`r` peadr bdoer`r df f`ier`terhe. 00. IHIFHENY@JÂ@

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