Doctrina Avanzada Ebenezer MODULO 3

 

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@×H_JL HLGX^KAF FUFASFHF GLAXOAKHL 6. Jfs Ekostfs Yfbfafs. >. Jf Njfseo`kf Glatrf Oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. 7. Jf Fplstfsàf. 8. Jls ^ogoptlros. ?. Jls Dfkrls ho Hkls. 5. Jls Wkoto Afgk`koatls Hoj Uornl. 2. Jls ^lgkf`koatls. =. Oj Mljlgfustl. ;. Jf ^osurroggk÷a Ho Grkstl. 69. Oj Wfgorhlgkl Ho @ojquksohog. 66. Jls Guorpls. 6>. Jf Oaorbàf Yrk`kboakf Ho Hkls. 67. Jf Gufhrkhk`oask÷a Ho Hkls. 68. Jf ^okaf Hoj Gkojl. 6?. Jfs Gfàhfs Ho Wftfaæs. 65. Jfs Grofgklaos. 62. Jfs ^fzfs Yfrfjojfs. 6=. Jls Xrfsjfhls. 6;. Ymfaorls, Fpldfjupsks, Yfrusàf, ^fptl [ Opkefaàf. >9. Jls jubfros Kator`ohkls. >6. Jls Xurals Ho ^osurroggk÷a. >>. Oj Cukgkl Otoral. >7. Oj Yfalrf`f Osgftlj÷bkgl.

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@kakstorkls Onoaozor

96 @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

JFW EKOWXFW YFBFAFW "Ostfs sla jfs ekostfs sljo`aos ho Comlvæ, jfs rouaklaos sfatfs quo glavlgfrëks oa jfs eogmfs soöfjfhfs3‐. Jv >738 >738 ^ U ;? ‚Kavfjkhfahl fsà jf pfjfnrf ho Hkls plr vuostrf trfhkgk÷a, jf gufj mfnëks ttrfas`ktkhl, rfas`ktkhl, y mfgëks `ugmfs glsfs  so`ocfatos f ëstfs.  @r . 23 23 67 J N J F  

a oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl Hkls ostfnjogk÷ jfs jjf`fhfs ‚Ekostfs Wljo`aos‐ sobóa oj gfjoahfrkl rojkbklsl hoj puonjl ho Ksrfoj, quo orfa glavlgfgklaos l ^ouaklaos Wfatfs pfrf quo oj puonjl hosgfasfrf, jfs hohkgfrf f Comlvæ (Jv >7) y so fjobrfrf plr tlhfs jfs noahkgklaos rogknkhfs ho pfrto ho Hkls. Wka o`nfrbl, oa jf fgtufjkhfh vo`ls quo mfy tlhf uaf vfrkohfh ho ekostfs quo so gojonrfa f jl jfrbl hoj föl y quo ho uaf u ltrf `faorf tkoaoa fpfrkoagkf ho toaor rojfgk÷a l sor hohkgfhfs f Hkls, porl ¼tkoaoa rofj`oato ua euahf`oatl nànjkgl jfs ekostfs prkagkpfjos, quo toao`ls plr jf trfhkgk÷a< ¼Os jl quo Hkls qukoro quo alsltrls gojonro`ls< Oa osto ostuhkl voro voro`ls `ls 2 ho ojjfs.

O E

kostfs so trfhugo ho jf pfjfnrf monrof `l-fho', `l-fho', `l-fw-hfw (Wtrlab 86?9), quo skbakekgf prlpkf`oato uaf gktf, ua tko`pl ekcl l ostfgk÷a4 ospogàekgf`oato uaf ekostf.

F. F.   JFW EKOWXFW WLJO@AOW3 Fho`æs hoj hàf Wænfhl, quo Hkls sfatkekg÷ pfrf quo jl hohkgæso`ls f Ëj, tf`nkëa ostfnjogk÷ Ekostfs Oxtrflrhkafrkfs (Br3 ‚ @obfs‐ B7627 y ‚Wfnnftla‐ B8?>6 oa Jv >73>-7) y quo, oa oj fatkbul pfgtl, Ëj lrhoa÷ gojonrfr. Ostfs ekostfs kastktukhfs nfcl jf jf joy hfhf plr @lksës, tkoaoa ua gfrægtor h hoo gla`o`lrfgklaos, l ho fsf`njofs ho jf glabrobfgk÷a, pfrf gojonrfr trftls ospogkfjos hoj Woölr, y oa glasoguoagkf hkspoasfgklaos ospogkfjos oa jf mkstlrkf ho su puonjl. Oa Jovàtkgl >7 so hosgrkno jf jkstf ho jfs ekostfs faufjos (6 Gl. ?3=), fho`æs jls ksrfojktfs tf`nkëa tf`nkëa hkserutfnfa ho 6; hàfs gufahl so gojonrfnfa jfs ekostfs afgklafjos. Ëstfs sla3 Al`nro ho jf ekostf y hurfgk÷a ho jf

Eogmfs Monrofs

Jl quo so

Gojonrfgk÷a

(oqukvfjoatos fj gfjoahfrkl fgtufj) 68 Aksfa l Fnkn (@z-Fnr)

gojonrfnf

6

Yfsguf. 6 hàf. Jv. >73?

>

Jls Yfaos ska Jovfhurf. 2 hkfs. Jv. >735-=.

6?->6 Aksfa l Fnkn (@z Fnr)

7

Yrk`kgkfs. 6 hàf. Jv. >73;-68 Ho jfs Wo`fafs l hoj Yoatoglstës. 6 hàf. Jv. >736?->>. Xrl`potfs (föl auovl cuhkl 0 ^lsm Mfsmfaæ). 6 hàf. Jv. >73>7->?.

65 ho Aksfa

Jfs prk`orfs glsogmfs ho jf gonfhf.

5 ho Wkvæa (2 so`fafs hospuës) 6or hkf Xksmrk l Otfak` (Wop-Lgt)

Oj ekafj ho jf glsogmf ho gonfhf y oj prkagkpkl ho jf glsogmf ho trkbl. Oj gl`koazl hoj sëptk`l `os(auovl föl gkvkj)

8 ?

Gufahl Hkls sfjv÷ jfs vkhfs ho jls prk`lbëaktls ho Ksrfoj oa Obkptl y jknor÷ f jls monrols ho jf osgjfvktuh. Oj ëxlhl ho Obkptl

K`plrtfagkf

^oglrhfnf fj puonjl jf jknorfgk÷a ho Hkls ^oglrhfnf fj puonjl quo ostfnfa hocfahl ftræs jf vkhf fatorklr y ostfnfa oatrfahl f ua auovl ostkjl ho vkhf ^oglrhfnf fj puonjl g÷`l Hkls jos prlvoy÷ @lstrfnf blzl y fbrfhogk`koatl plr jf fnuahfato glsogmf Oxprosfnf blzl y fbrfhogk`koatl f Hkls

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Hkf ho jf Oxpkfgk÷a, Yorh÷a l [l` Dkpur. 6 hàf. Jv. >73>5 >73>5 ‗7>

69³ hkf hoj 2³ `os Xksmrk

^o`lgk÷a hoj pogfhl ho jf boato y ho jf afgk÷a

^ostfurfnf oj gl`pföorks`l gla Hkls

2

Ekostf ho jf Glsogmf f jf sfjkhf hoj föl l ho jfs Oarf`fhfs, Xfnoraægujls l Gfnföfs. 2 hàfs. Jv. >7377 ‗87

6?->7 Xksmrk, (Wopt-Lgt)

Jf prltoggk÷a ho Hkls y jf buàf oa oj hoskortl

^oalvfnf oj gl`prl`ksl ho Ksrfoj gla Hkls y jf glaekfazf oa su hkroggk÷a y prltoggk÷a

N.  N. 

JFW EKOWXFW YFBFAFW3 F trfvës hoj pfbfaks`l, Wftfaæs trftf ho k`ktfr jfs gojonrfgklaos quo Hkls mf lrhoafhl, lrkbkafahl ekostfs quo so mfa glavortkhl oa trfhkgklaos y glstu`nros quo sla fnl`kafgk÷a f Comlvæ. Ostfs ekostfs glaskstoa oa ua glacuatl ho fgtkvkhfhos, rktls, fjk`oatls, nonkhfs, vostk`oatfs y gl`plrtf`koatls quo vkoaoa hkgtfhls plr trfhkgklaos, `lhfs l k`ktfgklaos, guyf ekafjkhfh os hosvkfr oj prlp÷sktl lrkbkafj quo os ‚oa mlalr f Comlvæ‐. Ostfs gojonrfgklaos prlvlgfa uaf glahugtf hoslrhoafhf, nlrrfgmorfs, lrbàfs, khljftr khljftràf, àf, otg.,  otg., kagjusl mfy fjbuafs quo, gla fpfrkoagkf ho grkstkfafs, grkstkfafs, jjovfa porhkgk÷a fj puonjl ho Hkls. Jf pfjfnrf X^FHKGK×A utkjkzfhf utkjkzfhf oa @r. 236-67 y Glj. >3= y ltrls vorsàgujls, os trfhugkhf hoj brkobl  pfræhlsks quo qukoro hogkr3 trfas`ksk÷a, ospogkfj`oato ho jf Joy Cuhàf, oasoöfazf, kastruggk÷a, hlgtrkaf (Wtrlab 7=5>)4 ostf pfjfnrf os horkvfhf ho Yfrfhkhl`k   (Wtrlab B7=59) quo, fpfrto ho su skbakekgfhl fatorklr, tf`nkëa qukoro hogkr3 roahkrso, hfr, gohor, oagfrgojfr, plaor prosl, sl`otorso4 so kaekoro oatlagos quo, gufahl oj `uahl als hkgtf gl`plrtf`koatls y ostkjls ho vkhf, plhràfa ostfrals oagfrgojfahl l plakëahlals ftfhurfs oa elr`f ho lrhoafazfs l hogrotls, glatrfrkls f jf joy hkvkaf, puos Cosós vkal pfrf mfgorals jknros (Ca =375).

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@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

Cosós glaerlat÷ f jls Osgrknfs y Efrksols hkgkëahljos quo ojjls kavfjkhfnfa jf Joy ho Hkls plr gfusf ho su fpobl f jfs trfhkgklaos (@t 6?3>-5). Oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl, fatos ho glalgor f Grkstl orf "gojlsl plr jfs trfhkgklaos cuhàfs", gl`l ëj `ks`l jl roglalgo (Bæ. 6368). Oa lrhoa grlalj÷bkgl, jfs 2 ekostfs ekostfs pfbfafs sla jfs skbukoatos3 skbukoatos3 6.  6.  OJ HKF HO ^O[OW.  ^O[OW.  Ostf trfhkgk÷a gl`oaz÷ fpfroato`oato fpfroato`oato oa Obkptl y Frfnkf, ooa a hlaho so fglstu`nrfnf jjovfr robfjls f jls ^oyos (mfstf jf eogmf ostl glatkaóf) y oj usl fgtufj so nfsf oa jf óakgf `oagk÷a quo so mfgo oa @ftol >36 6 (B379;2  `fbls) ho jf vksktf ho jls `fbls f Cosós, jjovæahljo lrl, kagkoasl y `krrf gl`l robfjls (lrl, oj robfjl ltlrbfhl f  jls royos, kagkoasl, utkjkzfhl gl`l skbal ho voaorfgk÷a oa oj fjtfr ho Hkls, y `krrf, utkjkzfhf oa jf propfrfgk÷a hoj  guorpl pfrf su o`nfjsf`f`koatl trfs jf `uorto). Wo gl`oaz÷ f gojonrfr oa oa oj föl 6;8 HG. Ostf óakgf `oagk÷a  oa jf Nknjkf Nknjkf al ospog ospogkekg kekgff guæatls guæatls orfa ojjls ak sus al`nros4 al`nros4 oa ltrls ltrls pfàsos pfàsos,, os uaf ekostf ekostf prk prkagk agkpfj pfj quo so gojonrf gojon rf oj 5 ho Oaorl, hæahljo hæahljo robfjls f tlhls, ospogkfj`o ospogkfj`oato ato f jls aköls aköls.. Oa akabóa jfhl ho jf Nknjk Nknjkff so als lrhoaf quo mfyf quo gojonrfrjf. >.  >.  OJ GF^AFUFJ Oj gfrafvfj tkoao su lrkboa oa ekostfs pfbfafs, gl`l jfs hoj nuoy Fpks o Ksks oa Obkptl, jfs ekostfs hklaksàfgfs brkobfs y jfs nfgfafjos y juporgfjos rl`fafs4 ostfs ekostfs euorla hohkgfhfs f hklsos pfbfals3 Nfgl (l Hklakskl, hkls brkobl ho jf vkhf hoslrhoafhf, nlrrfgmorfs, otg.), Orls (hkls brkobl ho jf nojjozf `fsgujkaf, hoj soxl - oa Jftàa3 Gupkhl) y Yfa (hkls brkobl ho jf `óskgf, ho jfs lrbàfs). Wo gojonrf oa eonrorl, gufroatf hàfs fatos ho jf pfsguf y su al`nro prlvkoao hoj Jftàa3 ‚ Gfrao` Jovfro‐ quo qukoro hogkr ‚quktfr jf gfrao‐, y oa `ugmls jubfros so gojonrf hurfato jls tros hàfs fatorklros fatorklros fj @kërgljos ho Goakzf. Ostf gojonrfgk÷a os uaf nurjf, puostl quo, oj pfbfaks`l sk`ujf tlhls jls vktuporkls vktuporkls quo suerk÷ auostrl Woölr Cosós, porl gla `krfs `krfs f uaf hkvorsk÷a, quo os uaf nurjf pfrf jls suerk`koatls quo f Ëj jo tlg÷ slplrtfr4 tlhl ostl tkoao ua trfselahl hkfn÷jkgl, puos oa jls fhujtls ostf gojonrfgk÷a so glavkorto oa lrbàfs, nlrrfgmorfs, elrakgfgk÷a, otg. (Bæ. ?365-62). _af voz quo sfno`ls sfno`ls oj lrkboa y jf ekafjkhfh ho ostf gojonrfgk÷a hono`ls fpfrtfrals ho ojjf, plrquo al euo ostfnjogkhf plr Hkls y vf oa glatrf ho tlhl jl quo quo Hkls qukoro quo sof`ls. sof`ls. Alsltrls gl`l mkcls suyls al plho`ls por`ktkr, ` `ugml ugml `oals pfrtkgkpfr, oa oso osgfrakl, oa osf nurjf fj suerk`koatl ho auostrl Woölr Cosós. 7.  7.  JF WO@FAF WFAXF Fuaquo alsltrls jls grkstkfals hf`ls brfgkfs y bjlrkf f Hkls plr mfnor oatrobfhl f su mkcl uakbëaktl pfrf auostrf sfjvfgk÷a, al mfy uaf nfso nànjkgf quo als lrhoao gojonrfr su `uorto ak su rosurroggk÷a. Fuaquo pfrogkorf toaor ua trfselahl ospkrktufj, oa auostrl `ohkl ostf gojonrfgk÷a glasksto oa tlhl jl glatrfrkl f jl quo Hkls qukoro, puostl quo, pfrf o`pozfr, so glagoatrf oa khljftràf, so skbuo gla nlrrfgmorfs, jucurkf y hosoaeroal, rfz÷a ho `æs plr jf quo al jf hono`ls ho gojonrfr. Jf trfhkgk÷a mf oabföfhl f sus sobukhlros, puos f posfr ho quo oa `ugmls pfsfcos ho jf Nknjkf, Hkls hocf gjfrl quo jf khljftràf ‚os fnl`kafgk÷a f Comlvæ‐  (Ox.   (Ox. >93>-5, 78368, 624 Ht. 836?->9, ?32-;4 Wfj. ;232, 66?37-24 Ks. 883;, 67-62, 8536, ?-2) so glatkaóf gla ostf prægtkgf, hkserfzæahljf ho `ugmfs `faorfs, mfgkëahljo mfgkëahljo ua `fylr ëaefsks f jf `uorto ho ho Grkstl. Wo gojonrf jf so`faf provkf f jf jjf`fhf ‚Yfsguf‐ quo gl`koazf gla oj ‚Hl`kabl ho ^f`ls‐. Wo gojonrfa rktls pfrf gla`o`lrfr jf pfsk÷a, `uorto y ^osurroggk÷a ho Cosugrkstl. Xfatl jls gft÷jkgls rl`fals gl`l jls lrtlhlxls jjf`fa f jf Wo`faf Wfatf 'Wo`faf Brfaho' plrquo oa ojjf gla`o`lrfa jfs brfahos brfahos fggklaos y sfgrkekgkls ho Hkls pfrf rohk`kr f jf mu`fakhfh. Oa osf so`faf so gla`o`lrf jf `uorto y rosurroggk÷a ho Cosugrkstl ho uaf `fjf `faorf yf quo osf gojonrfgk÷a jf hoc÷ oj Woölr ostfnjogkhf oa jfs lrhoafazfs hoj oj nfutks`l oa fbuf y jf Wfatf Goaf (Mon. 536->4 64 Gl. 663>9, >5). Osf os uaf ekostf ho khljftràf y rktufjos pfbfals quo Hkls fnl`kaf (Ox. >73>8-774 Ht. >236?), fho`æs so torbkvorsfa jls hàfs ho `uorto y rosurroggk÷a hoj Woölr Cosós, plrquo so oasoöf quo `urk÷ vkoraos f jfs 7 p.`. y rosugkt÷ hl`kabl ho `fhrubfhf (5399 f.`.), jl gufj ska sljf`oato 7; mlrfs ua plgl `æs ho ua hàf y `ohkl4 ska o`nfrbl, jf Nknjkf hkgo quo soràfa tros hàfs y tros algmos, os hogkr, 2> mlrfs (@t. 6>37;-89, 653>6, >5356).

8.  8. 

JF FW_AGK×A HO @F^ÀF. Ostf gojonrfgk÷a quo so jjovf f gfnl oj 6? ho fblstl, oj `ks`l hàf oa quo jls Oeoskls gojonrfa f jf hklsf Hkfaf. Ostf ekostf prlvkoao hoj pfbfaks`l ho jfs trfhkgklaos ho Nfnkjlakf, su euahfhlr euo Ak`rlh y f su osplsf Wo`krf`ks oj jubfr3 f qukoa so jo jjf`fnf3 hklsf `fhro, `fhro hoj gkojl, rokaf `fhro y quo toaàf hkeoroatos al`nros sobóa

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@kakstorkls Onoaozor

K. K.  Oeosl3 Hkfaf Hkfaf,, hklsf ho jf vkrbkakhfh y eoguahkhfh. KK. KK.   Oa Gmkaf3 Wmkab`ll Wmkab`ll,, jjf`fhf sfatf `fhro. KKK.  KKK.  Jls hrukhfs3 Ukrbl Yfrkturf, Yfrkturf, `fhro ho hkls.

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

KU. KU.  Jls nfnkj÷akgls3 Ferlhktf Ferlhktf l  l Goros Goros   U.  U.  Jls brkobls3 Afaf Afaf l  l Elrtuaf Elrtuaf.. UK. UK.  Ksrfoj3 Fstfrltm Fstfrltm,, hklsf `fhro (Cuo. >367)

Osf trfhkgk÷a jf fhlpt÷ jf kbjoskf gft÷jkgf oa oj föl 876, Glastfatkal lekgkfjkz÷ oa jf kbjoskf quo @fràf lgupfrf jf plskgk÷a ho hklsf `fhro, `ohkfhlrf, `ohkfhlrf, katorgoslrf, rokaf hoj gko gkojl, jl, ka`fgujfhf vkrboa y su fsuagk÷a. Euo ua hlb`f kastktukhl plr oj Yfpf Ykl ]KK oa oj föl 6,;?9, gl`l uaf glagosk÷a pfrf oj puonjl pfbfal quo pohàf toaor ua kglal eo`oakal. Hono`ls roglrhfr quo3 ‚Fsà hkgo Comlvæ, ^oy ho Ksrfoj, y su ^ohoatlr, Comlvæ ho jls ocërgktls3 [l oj prk`orl, y yl oj plstrorl, y euorf ho `à al mfy Hkls.‐ (Ks. 8835) y quo3 ‚ [l sly oj WOÖL^, ëso os `k al`nro4 `k bjlrkf f ltrl al hfrë, ak `k fjfnfazf f k`æboaos tfjjfhfs.‐ (Ks. 8>3= y 8=366), os hogkr, quo oj Woölr os oj óakgl hkbal ho Fjfnfazf y Fhlrfgk÷a, yf quo Ëj os oj prkagkpkl y oj eka y al gl`pfrto su bjlrkf gla gl a afhko. ?.  ?.  MFJJLROOA Ostf gojonrfgk÷a al tkoao akabuaf rojfgk÷a gla oj grkstkfaks`l, tkoao su lrkboa mfgo fprlxk`fhf`oato 7,999 föls oa jls puonjls hoj alrto ho Ourlpf3 Kabjftorrf, Krjfahf, Erfagkf (lrkbkafj`oato Gojtfs, al grkstkfals), ostæ hohkgfhf tltfj`oato fj gujtl ho Wftfaæs y jl gojonrfa jls sfgorhltos Hrukhfs oj 76 ho Lgtunro, gl`l oj föl auovl Gojtf4 oso hàf tor`kafnf jf glsogmf y gojonrfnfa gojonrfnfa jf ekostf ho su hkls ho jf `u `uorto. orto. Jls gljlros quo jl khoatkekgfa sla oj Afrfacf 0 Ltlöl y oj Aobrl 0 @uorto. Oso os hàf ho fnl`kafgk÷a f Comlvæ plrquo so glasujtfa f jls `uortls, jls prfgtkgfatos ho sogtfs sftæakgfs vksktfa jls go`oatorkls pfrf toaor glatfgtl gla jls `uortls, prfgtkgfa fhkvkafgk÷a y rofjkzfa ltrls rktufjos. Jf Nknjkf oasoöf oa Houtorlal`kl 6=3;-68 quo osfs glstu`nros sla pogfhl4 ska o`nfrbl, oj hkfnjl mf oasoöfhl quo Mfjjlwooa Mfjjlwooa os ua hàf ho hkvorsk÷a. Oj al`nro ho ostf gojonrfgk÷a os u uaf af trfasjktorfgk÷a ho3 MOJJ (kaekoral) RKA (bfaf) y os uaf fpljlbàf pfrf oj Hkfnjl, puos tf`nkëa skbakekgf3 "sof Wftfaæs rovoroagkfhl l oafjtogkhl". Ltrl plsknjo skbakekgfhl hoj elao`f os3 FJJ MLJJ[, hoj kabjës ‚Xlhls Wfatls‐ Wfatls‐ quo os uaf gojonrfgk÷a hoj 6 ho Alvko`nro oa oj gufj tf`nkëa so gojonrfnf jf ekostf rl`faf ho jf Glsogmf oa mlalr f su hklsf ho jls erutls3 Yl`laf. Oa 6=78 oj Yfpf Broblrkl 65 grkstkfakz÷ ostf gojonrfgk÷a. Fgtufj`oato oa ostf ekostf so voahoa `æsgfrfs y trfcos pfrf quo jls aköls y fóa fhujtls so glavkortfa oa pfrtkgkpfatos ho jf ekostf sftæakgf, yf sof glagkoatos l plr kbalrfagkf. Jls Gojtfs so vostàfa gla hkserfgos mogmls ho pkojos y gfnozfs ho fak`fjos sfgrkekgfhls. Wo groo quo ojjls lntoaàfa sus sfgrkekgkls ho jls plnjfhlros hoj jubfr y roglrràfa gfsf plr gfsf pkhkoahl ua aköl l uaf vkrboa pfrf quo`frjl, jls sfgorhltos hocfnfa uaf erutf gla uaf vojf oa su katorklr pfrf provoakr quo jls ho`lakls ho`lakls oatrfrfa y `ftfrfa `ftfrfa f qukoaos mfnktfnfa fmà. _al ho jls prlnjo`fs euahf`oatfjos oa auostrls hàfs gla ostf ekostf os quo, nfcl uaf fpfrkoagkf kalgoato y hkvortkhf, vf katrlhugkoahl f jfs porslafs fj lgujtks`l, jf `fbkf, jf nrucoràf, oj ospkrktks`l, jfs prægtkgfs sftæakgfs, o kagjusl, oa osf algmo so jjobfa f mfgor pfgtls hkfn÷jkgls. 5.  5.  HKF HO XLHLW JLW WFAXLW  WFAXLW  Ekostf quo so gojonrf gojonrf oj 6 ho alvko`nro oa jfs kbjos kbjoskfs kfs gft÷jkgfs y fabjkgfafs pfrf mlarfr f sus sfatls. Wo ostfnjogk÷ gl`l ekostf f prkagkpkls hoj skbjl UKK. Oj pfpf Broblrkl KU hkl jf futlrkzfgk÷a oa oj föl =7?. @uy prlnfnjo`oato so ojkbk÷ oj 6 ho alvko`nro plrquo glkagkhàf gla uaf ho jfs brfahos ekostfs ho jls bor`fals, y jf pljà  tkgf ho tkgf Kbjoskf gla orf jls sustktukr sustktukr jls rktls rkt pfbfals plr jls ‚grkstkfals‐. ltrl jfhl so kahkgf oj hàf ho jls `uortls sojflrkbka÷ Fztogfs. Jflsekostf orf hurfato oj `os Fztogf Ylr ho @kggfkjmuktlatjk, y jfquo hklsf so jjf`f @kgtogfgkmuftj, "jf `ucor ho jls `uortls," proskhàf oa jf ekostf. Oj hàf ho Jls @uortls lrkbkafj`oato so gojonrfnf pfrf jls æabojos l jls aköls `uortls, porl fmlrf gojonrf f tlhls jls `uortls. Oa jfs gfsfs so gl`o oj ekf`nro, quo qukoro hogkr gl`khf ho `uortls.

2.  2.  JF AFUKHFH Gojonrfgk÷a faufj oa jf quo so gla`o`lrf oj ‚afgk`koatl ho Cosugrkstl‐. Jls Ovfabojkls `uostrfa quo Cosós al afgk÷ oa osf eogmf. Oj hàf ho Afvkhfh euo lekgkfj`oato roglalgkhl mfstf oj föl 78?, gufahl plr kaejuoagkf ho Cufa Grks÷stl`l y Broblrkl ho Afgkfagoal so prlgjf`÷ oj >? ho hkgko`nro gl`l eogmf ho jf Aftkvkhfh ho Cosós. Ho ostf `faorf sobuàf jf pljàtkgf ho jf kbjoskf. Jf ekostf fslgkfhf gla jf Afvkhfh orf oj Wfturafj rl`fal, hoj 62 fj >7 ho hkgko`nro, oa mlalr ho Wftural, hkls ho jf fbrkgujturf, quo so gojonrfnf hurfato skoto hàfs ho nujjkgklsfs, hkvorsklaos y nfaquotos. Fj `ks`l tko`pl, so gojonrfnf oa oj alrto ho Ourlpf uaf ekostf sk`kjfr, glalgkhf gl`l [ujo, oa jf quo so quo`fnfa trlagls fhlrafhls gla rf`fs y gkatfs oa mlalr ho jls hklsos pfrf glasobukr quo oj slj nrkjjfrf gla `æs euorzf. _af voz kaglrplrfhls osls ojo`oatl ojo`oatls, s, oa jf ohfh `ohkf so föfhk÷ oj afgk`ko afgk`koatl atl y jls vkjjfagkgls f sus glstu`nros. Oa osf ëplgf, oj nfaquoto orf oj puatl guj`kafato ho jfs gojonrfgklaos. Oj ærnlj ho afvkhfh, lrkbkafrkl ho zlafs bor`fafs, so oxtoahk÷ plr ltrfs ærofs ho Ourlpf y F`ërkgf. Jls vkjjfagkgls euorla

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

roguporfhls y so gl`puskorla auovls. Jfs tfrcotfs so o`pozfrla f utkjkzfrso oa jf hëgfhf ho 6=29, fuaquo jf prk`orf ho ojjfs so k`prk`k÷ oa Jlahros oa 6=85. Jf k`fboa ho Wfatf Gjfus gla oj trkaol, jls roals y jfs nljsfs gla cubuotos, os uaf kavoagk÷a rogkoato, fuaquo jf joyoahf ho Yfpæ Aloj prlgoho oa pfrto ho sfa Akgljæs. Oa ^uskf jjovf trfhkgklafj`oato ua glgmkakjjl rlsf nfcl oj nrfzl. (Nknjkltogf @kgrlslet® Oagfrtf® >997). Jfs glstu`nros, `ktls y joyoahfs quo so jo euorla su`fahl f jf afvkhfh, prlvkoaoa ho `ugmls pfàsos hkeoroatos. Osf ekostf so gojonrf oj >? ho hkgko`nro gl`l oj afgk`koatl hoj ‚aköl Cosós‐4 ska o`nfrbl, os uaf ekostf nfnkj÷akgf. Afgk`koatl vkoao hoj jftàa Aftk-vktæ (afgk`koatl quo hf vkhf). Oj vlgfnjl euo suerkoahl gf`nkls mfstf prlauagkfrso s÷jl gl`l afvkhfh. _sfhl orr÷aof`oato pfrf eostocfr oj afgk`koatl afgk `koatl ho Cosós.

F

uaquo oj lrkboa pfbfal ho `ugmfs ho ostfs gojonrfgklaos os `uy nurhl y so `fakekostf oa elr`f ovkhoato, mfy ltrfs quo, skoahl tf`nkëa pfbfafs, ostæa sutkj`oato oagunkortfs gla fpfrkoagkf ho grkstkfaks`l pfrf oabföfrals y mfgorals groor quo oostæ stæ nkoa quo jfs gojonro`ls. gojonro`ls. Hf`ls brfgkfs f Hkls plrquo als por`kto glalgor y hksgorakr quo al os glrrogtl quo jfs prfgtkquo`ls, sk rofj`oato quoro`ls fbrfhfr f Hkls, mfgor su vljuatfh y hfrjo oa auostrl glrfz÷a oj jubfr quo jo glrrosplaho.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

9> @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

JF NJFWEO@KF GLAX^F OJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL   Ylr osl ls hkbl3 tlhl pogfhl y njfseo`kf soræ porhlafhl f jls ml`nros, porl jf njfseo`kf glatrf oj  Ospàrktu Wfatl al soræ porhlafhf.  @fto  @ft ol 6>376 J N J F

fno`ls plr jf Yfjfnrf ho Hkls y plr oj Ospàrktu Wfatl, quo ostf`ls vkvkoahl tko`pls ekafjos y os oa ostf efso ekafj, quo   oao`kbl so ostæ jovfatfahl pfrf glaeuahkr fj puonjl ho Hkls, f eka quo so quohoa f jf brfa Xrknujfgk÷a. oj Wo puoho njfseo`fr ho hkeoroatos elr`fs y oa glatrf ho vfrkfs glsfs, tfjos gl`l3 ho Hkls ( Fp. 65366), ho jf Yfjfnrf ho Hkls (Xkt. >3?), ho jf hlgtrkaf (6 Xk. 536), hoj gf`kal f jf Uorhfh (> Y. >3>), ho jfs pltostfhos suporklros (Cuh . 63 =, Fp. 6735) y tlh tlhff njfseo njfseo`kf `kf puoho sor porhla porhlafhf fhf sk jf porsla porslaff so frr frropk opkoat oatoo (@r. (@r. 73>= 73>=,, Jg. 6>369), 6>369), porl porl jf njfseo` njfseo`kf kf glatrf glatrf oj Ospàrktu Wfatl al soræ porhlafhf ak oa osto skbjl, ak oa oj voakhorl, skal quo jf porslaf oxpork`oatfræ jf glahoafgk÷a otoraf. Vukoa mf gl`otkhl osto pogfhl, mf gfàhl oa ua ostfhl krrovorsknjo, gla oj glrfz÷a jjoal ho lhkl, rogmfzl y uaf fgtktuh `fakekostf oa glatrf ho jf vorhfh y ho Hkls4 ho ostf `faorf mfgo k`plsknjo oj frropoatk`koatl y plr glaskbukoato oj porh÷a ho Hkls, puos oj Ospàrktu Wfatl os oj quo prlhugo oj frropoatk`koatl oa alsltrls. Ho fmà surbo jf aogoskhfh, ho ostfr fporgknkhls oa quë glasksto jf njfseo`kf glatrf oj Ospàrktu Wfatl, pfrf al sor oabföfhls, yf quo fjbuafs porslafs to`oa mfnor gl`otkhl osto pogfhl y al sfnoa quë mfgor.

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f pfjfnrf ‚njfseo`kf‐ so trfhugo hoj vlgfnjl brkobl njfspmo`kf quo skbakekgf gfju`akf, hotrfggk÷a, hksgursl kacurklsl, roprlgmo kacurklsl f jf `fcostfh hkvkaf y quo mfnjf `fj. (Wtrlab B;==). F jf juz ho jf pfjfnrf, njfseo`fr os `fjhogkr oj ho Hkls (6 ^. >6369), oa glatrf jl sfbrfhl (Mgm. 5367), ftrknukrjo f Wftfaæsoa jfsglatrf lnrfs quo mfgoal`nro oj Ospàrktu ho Hkls, gufahlmfnjfr os ovkhoato quoho osHkls Hklslojhoquo ostæ fgtufahl (@t.os6>3>8), os vljtofrso hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl hospuës ho mfnorjl rogknkhl (Mgm. 538-=). Jf Joy @lsfkgf `fahfnf jfpkhfr fj quo njfseo`fnf oj al`nro ho su Hkls l `fjhogàf f su su Hkls (Jv. >836?-65), quo jl glalgkorla porl quo so vljtofrla gl glatrf atrf Ëj. Osto pogfhl os ua prlgosl ho kavljugk÷a, oa oj gufj os oalcfhl, so fpfbf, glatrkstf, `koato, tkoatf, rosksto y plr ójtk`l os njfseo`fhl oj Ospàrktu Wfatl, plr qukoa euk`ls sojjfhls, bukfhls, glasljfhls, rohfrbúkhls y sfatkekgfhls. Oa ostf glahkgk÷a, oj Ospàrktu O spàrktu so fpfrtf y so vuojvo oao`kbl hoj njfseo`l (Ks. 57369), oj gufj ostæ hostkafhl f `lrkr otoraf`oato.

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Jf Nknjkf afrrf oj gfsl hoj roy Wfój, ua ml`nro quo gl`oaz÷ f gfor y quo fóa gufahl Hkls jo hkl lplrtuakhfh ho frropoatkrso, al jl mkzl, oahurogk÷ su glrfz÷a y gfjj÷ oa fplstfsàf krrovorsknjo, plrquo jf Nknjkf hkgo quo, Hkls fpfrt÷ su Ospàrktu y su `ksorkglrhkf (> W. 236?). Hfvkh gl`oaz÷ oa oj prlgosl kavljutkvl oa oj gfsl ho Notzfnë (> W. 663>-?), gufahl al glaeos÷ su pogfhl, porl osto sk fprlvogm÷ f prlvogm÷ jf lplrtuakhfh ho Hkls pfrf frropoatkrso. Yfrf oatoahor osto prlgosl kavljutkvl so ostuhkfræ gfhf ual ho jls pfsls quo jjovfa f gl`otor osto torrknjo pogfhl. OALCF^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL. WFAXL. Ks. 57369.  57369.   Oj puonjl quo Hkls mfnàf osglbkhl gl`l su puonjl y jl mfnàf jjoafhl jjoafhl ho ospjoahlr, so ronoj÷ oa glatrf ho Wfatl Ospàrktu, jl quo prlvlg÷ quo Ëj so oalcfrf glatrf ojjls4 f gfusf ho ojjl so glavkrtk÷ oa su oao`kbl oao`kbl y oa jubfr ho hoeoahorjls, hoeoahorjls, pojo÷ glatrf ojjls. ojjls. Jf pfjfnrf ‚ronojfrla‐ oa oa osto vorsl vorsl,, os trfhugkhl hoj hoj `frfm quo skbakekgf sor glatoagklsl, sor ronojho, sor torgl, sor hoslnohkoato mfgkf sus pfhros l mfgkf Hkls y prlvlgfr   (Wtrlab M82=8). Oj prleotf Coro`àfs oxprosf quo oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj tkoao ua glrfz÷a torgl y ronojho, plr jl quo so hosvkfrla (Cor. ?3>7). Oj tkpl ho oalcl quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl `uostrf so trfhugo hoj monrol ftsæn  quo skbakekgf fejkbkr, hksbustfr, morkr, `ljostfr y oatrkstogor  oatrkstogor   (Wtrlab M59=2), quo os oj `ks`l hksbustl hksbustl quo oj Woölr Woölr Hkls skatk÷ plr plr mfnor grofhl fj ml`nro ml`nro (Ba. 535). Jf sljugk÷a glatrf glatrf jf ronojhàf os roglalgor quo so tkoao, frropoatkrso y nusgfr oj porh÷a ho Hkls (Wfj. ?636-7), glavortkrals ho jls `fjls gf`kals pfrf vljvorals auovf`oato f Hkls (Ls. 6836-8). FYFBF^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, 6 Xs. ?36;3  ?36;3  Jf pfjfnrf ‚fpfbfr‐ vkoao hoj brkobl snëaau`k  quo  quo skbakekgf3 oxtkabukr, (jktorfj l ekburftkvf`oato) fpfbfr euobl l glsfs gla euobl  euobl   (Wtrlab B8?29). Nànjkgf`oato oj euobl roprosoatf fj Ospàrktu Ospàrktu Wfatl. Fatkbuf`oato jfs jæ`pfrfs fju`nrfnfa f nfso ho fgokto, jàqukhl quo als mfnjf ho jf jjoaurf hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl oa auostrf vkhf. Oa oj hàf ho Yoatoglstës, oj Ospàrktu hosgoahk÷ oa elr`f ho joabufs ho euobl slnro jls hksgàpujls (Mgm. >37). Orf jf prk`orf jjoaurf hoj Ospàrktu, y pfrf `fatoaorjf orf aogosfrkl jjoafrso glastfato`oato ho Ëj.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oa jf pfrænljf ho jfs 69 vàrboaos (@t. >?36-67) vo`ls quo jfs ? pruhoatos toaàfa uaf hlnjo plrgk÷a ho fgokto pfrf sus jæ`pfrfs `koatrfs osporfnfa fj alvkl, porl jfs k`pruhoatos al toaàfa y so jos fpfbfrla. Jf Nknjkf als hkgo quo oj ospàrktu hoj ml`nro os jæ`pfrf f Comlvæ, gla jf gufj osguhrköf jl prleuahl ho su sor (Yr. >93>2). Osto os oj sobuahl pfsl oa jf kavljugk÷a ho ua grkstkfal, hlaho so puoho hfr `frgmf ftræs, roglalgkoahl quo al mo`ls hocfhl quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl ejuyf oa alsltrls y sor rosplasfnjos ho `fatoaor jf jjoaurf quo als euo hfhf oj hàf quo euk`ls nfutkzfhls gla oj Ospàrktu Wfatl, jf hlnjo plrgk÷a ho fgokto, f trfvës ho jf nósquohf glastfato ho Hkls (Oe. ?36=). GLAX^KWXF^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, Oe. 83793 Jf pfjfnrf ‚glatrkstfr‐ so trfhugo hoj brkobl jupël quo skbakekgf3 fejkbkr, ostfr trksto, fabustkfr, gfusfr trkstozf, `ljostkf y hljlr ( hljlr  ( Wtrlab B7925). Wo gfusf hljlr fj Ospàrktu gufahl oa voz ho grogor grogor oa oj prlgosl ho roboaorfgk÷a y hosplcfrals hoj vkocl ml`nro, so gl`koazf f vkvkr glaelr`o fj `uahl y sus hosols oabfölsls. Osto pfsl ostæ rojfgklafhl gla oj trftl mfgkf auostrls mor`fals oa Grkstl (Oe. 83>>-76), roglrhfahl quo auostrf gl`uak÷a hoatrl hoj puonjl ho Hkls, hono sor plr `ohkl hoj f`lr, oj gufj gunro `ujtktuh ho efjtfs (6 Y. 83=). Fjbuafs fggklaos quo gfusfa fejkggk÷a fj Ospàrktu Wfatl sla3 Jf `oatkrf, Oe. 83>?. Hkls 83>?. Hkls als `fahf f hocfr f ua jfhl jf efjsohfh y quo mfnjo`ls gla jf vorhfh f auostrl pr÷ck`l. @oatkrf (^l. ;36) so trfhugo hoj brkobl  psouhl`fk  quo   quo skbakekgf oabföfr `ohkfato `oatkrfs, uaf efjsohfh ( efjsohfh  ( Wtrlab B??28). Jf `oatkrf mfgkf oj pr÷ck`l os uaf glatf`kafgk÷a f auostrf fj`f quo als propfrf fj skbukoato pfsl quo os `oatkrjo f Hkls (Ba. 83;). Yfjfnrfs glrruptfs, Yfjfnrfs glrruptfs, Oeoskls 83>; 3  Wla jfs pfjfnrfs lnsgoa lnsgoafs, fs, porvortk porvortkhfs hfs l nkoa quo sohugoa l krrkt krrktfa4 fa4 porl usfr ua joabufco glrrl`pkhl al sla sljf`oato pfjfnrfs lnsgoafs, skal quo tf`nkëa tlhf pfjfnrf quo al ohkekquo   fj lyoato. Jf Nknjkf als oxmlrtf quo auostrl mfnjfr hono sor sfzlafhl gla sfj, quo os ekburf ho sfatkhfh, yf quo soro`ls cuzbfhls plr tlhf pfjfnrf lgklsf quo sfjbf ho auostrf nlgf (@t. 6>375). @fjhogkr.  Yr. 6>36=3 Yrlvornkls @fjhogkr.  6>36=3 Yrlvornkls als kahkgf quo mfy ml`nros y `ucoros guyfs pfjfnrfs (`fjhkgklaos), sla gl`l bljpos ho ospfhf, quo mkoroa f sus so`ocfatos. Os fsà gl`l jfs pfjfnrfs quo uaf futlrkhfh hkbf f fjbukoa, puohoa sor ho noahkgk÷a l ho `fjhkgk÷a, puhkoahl p uhkoahl grofr ua glaejkgtl ho grogk`koatl ospkrktufj (Wtb. 735). Osto os oj torgor pfsl, ho hlaho fóa so puoho vljvor ftræs, y pfrf osl oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl als hkgo quo hono`ls roalvfr auostrf `oato, mfnjfr gla vorhfh y hosogmfr jf `oatkrf, gl`pfrtkr gla oj quo pfhogo aogoskhfh, hosogmfr jfs pfjfnrfs vfafs ho auostrf nlgf, sfgfr tlhf f`frburf, oalcl, krf, brktls, `fjohkgoagkf y `fjkgkf, sfnkoahl quo oj fatàhltl glatrf jf f`frburf os oj porh÷a (Mo. 6>36?). @OAXK^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, Mgm. ?373  ?373 Jf pfjfnrf ‚`oatkr‐ so trfhugo hoj brkobl  psouhl`fk  quo  quo skbakekgf3 prlauagkfr uaf efjsohfh l katoatfr oabföfr `ohkfato efjsohfh  efjsohfh   (Wtrlab B??28). Wo gfo oa ostf glahkgk÷a gl`l glasoguoagkf ho al hosplcfrso ho jf `oatkrf, por`ktkoahl quo Wftfaæs jjoao oj glrfz÷a glagknkoahl oabföls tfa brfahos gl`l oj ho `oatkrjo fj Ospàrktu Wfatl. Fafaàfs quksl oabföfr f jls ml`nros gla oj lncotl ho quo groyorfa quo orf ospkrktufj y quo orf hkbal ho sor fh`krfhl o k`ktfhl. F`÷ `æs jf bjlrkf ho jls ml`nros quo jf ho Hkls y ljvkh÷ quo f Hkls afhko jl oabföf (Bæ. 532). Wu vkstf ospkrktufj ostfnf lsgurogkhf y cf`æs poas÷ quo osto pogfhl jl jjovfràf f jf `uorto. XOAXF^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, Mogmls ?3;3 Xoatfr, ?3;3 Xoatfr, hoj brkobl  pokræzl skbakekgf kagktfr, hksgkpjkafr, prlvlgfgk÷a, oxf`kafr (Wtrlab B7;=?). Jf Nknjkf hkgo oa oj jknrl ho Wfatkfbl quo alsltrls sl`ls toatfhls gufahl ho auostrf prlpkf glagupksgoagkf sl`ls frrfstrfhls (Wtb. 6368). Xf`nkëa kahkgf quo Hkls al puoho sor toatfhl plrquo Oj os Wfatl (Wtb. 6367). Xoatfr f Hkls os uaf leoasf brfvo. Oj hkfnjl quoràf quo oj Woölr toatfrf fj Yfhro gufahl jo kagkt÷ f quo so tkrfrf hoj pkaægujl, porl jf rospuostf hkvkaf euo ‚osgrktl ostæ3 al toatfræs fj Woölr tu Hkls‐ (@t. 832). Xf`nkëa jls efrksols toatfrla fj Woölr gla probuatfs, probuatfs, porl oj Woölr sko`pro jos glatost÷ gla sfnkhuràf (@ft. >>36?-7;). Oxkstoa vfrkfs elr`fs ho toatfr f Hkls, plr oco`pjl, prlnfrjl pfrf vor sk tkoao plhor pfrf mfgor fjbl, gl`l oa oj gfsl ho Ksrfoj gufahl pkhkorla gl`khf f su bustl (Wfj. 2=36=->9), tf`nkëa gl`l oj gfsl ho jls osgrknfs y efrksols quo ho`fahfrla soöfj (@t. 6>37=-7;). Osto os oj qukatl pfsl oa oj prlgosl ho kavljugk÷a, y oatro jls fatàhltls ostæa3 jf eo, plr `ohkl ho jf gufj groo`ls quo Hkls os plhorlsl, quo os ekoj4 oj f`lr f Hkls gla oj gufj por`faogoro`ls ekojos y oa lnohkoagkf, utkjkzfr jf ospfhf hoj Ospàrktu quo os jf Yfjfnrf ho Hkls, gl`l jl mkzl oj Woölr oa oj hoskortl (@t. 838)4 gla jf fr`fhurf ho Hkls (Oe. 5367)4 vojfahl y lrfahl (@t. >5386).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

^OWKWXK^ FJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, Mgm. 23?6  23?6   Jf pfjfnrf ‚roskstkr‐ vkoao hoj brkobl  Fatkpkptl quo skbakekgf lplaorso y roskstkr  roskstkr  (Wtrlab B8;5). Jfs porslafs quo roskstoa sla jfs quo al sljl so lplaoa fj Ospàrktu Wfatl skal quo `ftfa f jls quo fauagkfa jfs nuoafs auovfs ho sfjvfgk÷a, mfa gfàhl oa hurozf ho gorvkz, kagkrguagksk÷a ho glrfz÷a y ho làhls. Jf hurozf ho gorvkz als gorvkz als mfnjf ho hurozf pfrf lnohogor y sorvkr. sorvkr. Jf ekburf jf plho`ls vor oa jls nuoyos quo pfrf rogknkr oj yubl slnro su gorvkz, prk`orl jls gfstrfa, pfrf quo so vuojvfa `fasls, ekburf ho gf`nkl ho afturfjozf y ho hl`kafr oj ærof soxufj. Juobl jos gljlgfa oj yubl y jls fpfrofa gla ua nuoy vkocl, quo yf fproahk÷ f lnohogor y f trfnfcfr. Oj Woölr hkcl3 Fproahoh ho `k quo sly `fasl y mu`kjho ho glrfz÷a y mfjjfrëks hosgfasl pfrf vuostrfs fj`fs (@t. 663>;). F alsltrls als plaoa oj yubl gl`pfrtkhl gla oj Woölr, qukoa f gfusf hoj suerk`koatl fproahk÷ jf lnohkoagkf. Oj yubl lnjkbf f jls hls nuoyos f gf`kafr oa jf `ks`f hkroggk÷a y osl os jl quo Hkls qukoro quo oxpork`oato`ls puos hosof oasoöfrals f gf`kafr glrrogtf`oato oa oj gf`kal ho sfatkhfh. Gufahl fjbukoa oahurogo su gorvkz, so ostæ ronojfahl f gf`kafr gf `kafr gla Hkls y gl`koazf f gf`kafr sus prlpkls gf`kals. Jf kagkrguagksk÷a hoj glrfz÷a als glrfz÷a  als mfnjf ho quo jf gfrao fua al mf skhl quktfhf, jf porslaf vkvo uaf vkhf oa jf gfrao. Jf  Jf ka-gkrguagksk÷a ho làhls als làhls als mfnjf ho kagfpfgkhfh ho toaor eo puos jf eo vkoao plr oj làr y tf`nkëa als mfnjf ho lkhlros ljvkhfhkzls quo auagf plaoa plr lnrf jf Yfjfnrf. ^oglrho`ls quo jls quo al tkoaoa mlrfhfhf jf lrocf, al por`faogoa oa jf gfsf ho Hkls puos sljl jls mkcls por`faogoa pfrf sko`pro (Ca. =37?). Jf óakgf sljugk÷a pfrf robrosfr ho osto soxtl pfsl ho kavljugk÷a os frropoatkrso, mu`kjjfrso y sl`otorso nfcl jf `fal plhorlsf ho Hkls, pfrf quo toabf `ksorkglrhkf y als prlvof ho jf lplrtuakhfh pfrf hfr `frgmf ftræs. NJFWEO@F^ GLAX^F OJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL, @r. 73>;3 Osto 73>;3 Osto os oj ójtk`l pfsl hoj prlgosl ho kavljugk÷a yf quo gufahl uaf porslaf jjobf f ostf glahkgk÷a, yf al puoho frropoatkrso, puos mf gfàhl oa uaf fplstfsàf krrovorsknjo, jl gufj mfgo k`plsknjo quo sof rostfurfhl. Fatos ho jjobfr f osf torrknjo glahkgk÷a, Hkls hf lplrtuakhfhos ho frropoatk`koatl jfs gufjos hono`ls fprlvogmfr pfrf quo auostrl glrfz÷a al sof oahurogkhl y oatoaonrogkhl. Xoao`ls oj rogursl ho jf `kakstrfgk÷a y jf noahkgk÷a ho sor hksgkpjkafhls pfrf quo sof`ls rostfurfhls.

Y

khæ`lsjo f Hkls ua glrfz÷a mu`kjho quo puohf roglalgor sko`pro su glahkgk÷a y nusgfr fyuhf f yuhf f tko`pl. Hkls os Hkls ho lplrtuakhfhos porl tf`nkëa so fpfrtf gufahl oj grkstkfal so oatrobf f vkvkr hosfbrfhfnjo`oato hojfato ho Hkls.  ‚Ylr tfatl hono`ls hono`ls prostfr `ugmf `fylr ftoagk÷a f jl quo mo`ls làhl, al sof quo als hosvko`ls. Ylrquo sk jf pfjfnrf mfnjfhf plr `ohkl ho æabojos rosujt÷ sor ka`utfnjo, y tlhf trfsbrosk÷a y hoslnohkoagkf rogknk÷ uaf custf rotrknugk÷a, ¼g÷`l osgfpfro`ls alsltrls sk hosgukhf`ls hosgukhf`ls uaf sfjvfgk÷a tfa brfaho36-7). >36 -7).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

97 Jf Fplstfsàf @lhujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

‚Vuo afhko ls oabföo oa akabuaf `faorf, plrquo al voahræ ska quo prk`orl voabf jf fplstfsàf y sof rovojfhl oj ml`nro ho pogfhl, oj mkcl mk cl ho porhkgk÷a‐  porhkgk÷a‐   > Xo Xosf sfjl jlakgo akgoaso asoss >37

f Nknjkf als oasoöf quo mfy porslafs quo hospuës ho mfnor mfnor glalgkhl f Hkls y mfnor rogknkhl sus noaoekgkls, gfyorla

JJ

oa hoslnohkoagkf. osto prlgoslfuals so frropkoatoa ospfjhf f Hkls y osfHurfato fgtktuh jls glahugkræ jf porhkgk÷a otoraf. y sla rostfurfhls, porl ltrls jo hfa tltfj`oato jf

f pfjfnrf ‚fplstfsàf‐ so trfhugo ho jfs pfjfnrfs brkobfs3 fplstfsàf fplstfsàf,, quo skbakekgf hosorgk÷a ho jf vorhfh y fplstftfr  fplstftfr   (Wtrlab B585), tf`nkëa ho fplstfgk÷a fplstfgk÷a quo  quo skbakekgf fjbl sopfrfhlr, hkvlrgkl, gfrtf ho hkvlrgkl  hkvlrgkl   (Wtrlab B582 ) y ho feksto`k   quo soöfjf oj mogml ho `fatoaorso fpfrtfhl ho  feksto`k ho  (Wtrlab B=5=). Wobóa oj hkggklafrkl nànjkgl so hoekao fplstfsàf gl`l vljvorso ftræs, rogfor. Wus rogfor. Wus ska÷ak`ls sla roauagkf, ropuhkl, trfkgk÷a, njfseo`kf. Jf fplstfsàf os ua prlgosl ho kavljugk÷a quo k`pjkgf uaf plskgk÷a f jf quo so puoho gfor plgl f plgl l ho `faorf `faorf hojknorfhf, al so trftf ho quo oj grkstkfal gfkbf oa pogfhl sljf`oato, skal ho ua fnfahlal hoj grkstkfaks`l, quo k`pjkgf oa hotor`kafhf gkrguastfagkf jjobfr f hovljvor jf sfjvfgk÷a. _a grkstkfal ostf prlpoasl prlpoasl f fplstftfr plr hks hkstkatfs tkatfs gfusfs oatro oj ojjfs4 jfs4 gufahl kbalrf jf sfaf hlgtrkaf (6 Xk. 836), gufahl tkoao efjtf ho eo (Mo. 736>), gufahl gl`oto pogfhl o kakqukhfh (> Y. >36?-65), gufahl jo ftrfoa jfs glsfs hoj `uahl (> Y >3>9), gufahl osgugmf f efjsls `kakstrls (> Y >36->) otg., jf osgrkturf als por`kto vor quo oxkstoa tros tkpls ho fplstfsàf3 6.  6.  FYLWXFWÀF ^OUO^WKNJO, Cor. 736> ^UF4 Sfg. 637U@Y3 Wo prlhugo gufahl oj grkstkfal o`pkozf f fpfrtfrso hoj Woölr oaerkæahlso y pogfahl, kakgkfahl oa su vkhf oj prlgosl ho fplstfsàf, oa hlaho hovuojvo su eo plr fjbóa tko`pl y puoho njfseo`fr oa oa glatrf ho Hkls, porl porl so frropkoato, so fpfrtf hoj pogfhl y oaguoatrf oaguoatrf `ksorkglrhkf. Uof`ls fjbuals oco`pjls3 6.6. Yohrl, @t. >5379-7?4 5>-2?3 _al ho jls oco`pjls `æs glalgkhls os oj fp÷stlj Yohrl, gufahl akobf fj Woölr tros vogos. Uof`ls jls skbukoatos osgfjlaos ho su kavljugk÷a3 f)

Groorso futlsuekgkoato (U. 77). Al glaekfnf tltfj`oato oa jf Yfjfnrf hoj Woölr skal quo oa sà `ks`l, plrquo f posfr quo Ëj jo hkcl quo jl aobfràf tros vogos, jl glatrfhkcl fj fekr`fr quo ëj soràf oj óakgl quo al jl mfràf. Fjbuals groyoatos mfgoa mfgoa gfsl l`ksl ho jf Yfjfnrf ho Hkls y proekor proekoroa oa vkvkr fglrho f sus grktorkls oqukvlgfhls quo jls frrfstrfa f pogfr (Oe. 8362-6;)

n)

Al lr÷ pfrf al oatrfr oa toatfgk÷a (U.89-86). Al lr÷ pfrf sor jknrfhl oa jf toatfgk÷a skal quo so hur`k÷. Ostl als hocf vor quo mfy groyoatos quo so fgl`lhfa ospkrktufj`oato, y al so propfrfa pfrf jls ftfquos quo so vfa f prosoatfr f sus vkhfs.

g)

Mkoro fj skorvl hoj su`l sfgorhlto (U. ?6)3  ?6)3   Oj su`l sfgorhlto os ekburf ho Cosugrkstl, gufahl Yohrl mkoro fj skorvl, plho`ls kaeorkr quo mkrk÷ f ua `kakstrl. Oa osto gfsl alto`ls quo fjbuals groyoatos pfhogoa hosglalgk`koatl ho jf futlrkhfh y fgtófa krrfgklafj`oato oa glatrf ho ojjf `ltkvfhls plr jl kaglatrljfnjo ho su gfrægtor.

h)  h) 

Wkbuo ho jocls fj Woölr (U.?=)3  (U.?=)3   Wo mfnàf fpfrtfhl hoj Woölr, óakgf`oato jl sobuàf ho jo jocls. cls. Ostl als fhvkorto quo mfy groyoatos quo al fhqukoroa fhqukoroa ua gl`pr gl`prl`ksl l`ksl boaukal gla Hkls y su lnrf lnrf y oa jubfr ho porsovorfr so vfa fjocfahl ho Oj y/l al so glabrobfa.

o)

Wo mfnàf oaerkfhl oa oj Ovfabojkl (Ca. 6=36=->?)3 Yohrl o`poz÷ f to`or plr su vkhf y hogkhk÷ aobfr su rojfgk÷a gla oj Woölr, osf sfjkhf orf jf `æs eægkj. Gl`l glasoguoagkf ho al lrfr y al sobukr fj Woölr ho gorgf vkal ua oaerkf`koatl ospkrktufj f su vkhf.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Mfy groyoatos quo fato jfs gkrguastfagkfs hkeàgkjos, gfoa oa oj orrlr ho al groor quo Hkls tkoao glatrlj ho ojjfs, su oaerkf`koatl ospkrktufj jls jjovf f porhor jf eo y oatlagos akobfa fj Woölr y so hocfa glahugkr plr su afturfjozf pogf`kalsf. e) Akobf fj Woölr tros vogos (U.59-28)3 Mfstf (U.59-28)3 Mfstf oso `l`oatl Yohrl al nusg÷ fyuhf, tf`plgl so frropkatk÷, oatlagos aob÷ tros vogos fj Woölr gl`pjotfahl su fplstfsàf. Gufahl oj bfjjl gfat÷, Yohrl roglrh÷ jf pfjfnrf, so frropkatk÷ y jjlr÷ f`frbf`oato f `frbf`oato (U. 2?), gufahl oj Woölr rosugkt÷ jl oaglatrf`ls auovf`oato oa gl`uak÷a gla Ëj, oa osto gfsl yf porhlafhl, rostfurfhl gla f`lr y gla uaf fgtktuh ho skagorkhfh (Ca. >636?-6;). 6.>

Oj mkcl Yrlhkbl (Jg. 6?36>) Jjob÷ ua tko`pl oa quo hosvfjlrkzl hosvfjlrkzl jls noaoekgkls quo toakf gla su pfhro, poas÷ quo jls nkoaos quo fhqukrk÷ orfa jl `æs k`plrtfato pfrf vkvkr g÷`lhf`oato. Famojfahl jls pjfgoros pjfgoros hoj `uahl so hosvk÷ y fplstft÷. Gf`nk÷ su pftorakhfh plr uaf vkhf ho jknortkafco, quoh÷ ska glnorturf y su vkhf euo ua torrknjo erfgfsl. Ekafj`oato vljvk÷ oa sà, ovfju÷ su glahkgk÷a fatorklr, so frropkatk÷ y robros÷ f jf pftorakhfh hoj Yfhro hlaho oaglatr÷ oj oj f`lr, oj porh÷a y jf `ksorkglrhkf. `ksorkglrhkf.

>.  >.  FYLWXFWÀF FYF^OAXO, 6 Ca. >36=-6;3 Wo trftf ho jfs porslafs quo vkoaoa porhkhls hosho jf prooxkstoagkf, porl ostæa hoatrl ho Kbjoskf ska mfnor roglalgkhl f Cosugrkstl, Cosugrkstl, skal quo sljl usfa jf Kbjoskf gla prlp÷sktls porslafjos quo al tkoaoa afhf quo vor gla oj ovfabojkl y jf sfaf hlgtrkaf, porl juobl so fpfrtfa y auagf `æs robrosfa, plrquo al glalgkorla fj Woölr. Jf Yfjfnrf jls jjf`f efjsls `kakstrls y tf`nkëa efjsls mor`fals quo so katrlhugoa hoatrl ho jf Kbjoskf su pjfa os fpfrtfrals ho jf vorhfh y glahugkrjls f osgjfvktuh (Bæ. >38), porl ekafj`oato rogknkræa su rogl`poasf, plr oabföfhlros (> Y >36-7), ua oco`pjl ho ojjls os Cuhfs. >.6. Cuhfs Ca. 6236> Cuhfs 6236> Cuhfs gf`ka÷ gla Cosós, jl skbuk÷ gl`l tlhls jls hksgàpujls fgtól gl`l ojjls porl auagf so glavkrtk÷4 auagf groy÷ rofj`oato oa oa Cosugrkstl tf`plgl jl roglalgk÷ gl`l Woölr skal quo sljl gl`l @fostrl, voaàf prohostkafhl f gu`pjkr uaf tfrof Wftæakgf y Oj Woölr jl us÷ pfrf quo so gu`pjkorf jf osgrkturf (@t. >5368-654 @r. 6836=->6). 7.  7.  FYLWXFWÀF K^^OUO^WKNJO, Mo. 535 U@Y.  U@Y.   Os oj ostfhl ekafj ho jls quo glalgkorla glalgkorla fj Woölr Woölr y su vorhfh, porl al euorla jknros, tuvkorla jf lplrtuakhfh ho sor sfjvls porl so fpfrtfrla hoj gf`kal y hovljvkorla hovljvkorla jf sfjvfgk÷a, ostfs sla jfs porslafs quo so hojoktfa pogfahl hojknorfhf`oato hojknorfhf`oato y auagf so frropkoatoa frropkoatoa44 jf Nknjkf als `oagklaf vfrkls oco`pjls3 7.6. 7.>.

7.7.

7.8.

Ksf 57 57369 3693 Gl`l glasoguoagkf ho hoslnohogor fj Woölr y porskstkr Fjbuals ksrfojktfs hoslnohkoatos, Ksf glatkauf`oato oa ronojfrso, oj Ospàrktu ho Hkls so vljvk÷ su oao`kbl y quohfrla plstrfhls oa oj hoskortl. Mk`oaol y Fjocfahrl, 6 Xk. 636;->93 Orfa porslafs quo so ronojfrla oa glatrf ho jf futlrkhfh ostfnjogkhf plr Hkls y ekafj`oato oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl jls oatrob÷ f Wftfaæs pfrf quo fproahkorfa f al njfseo`fr (> Xk. 8368). Gfàa, Ba. 835-66, Hkls jo hkl jf lplrtuakhfh pfrf quo al so porhkorf, jo hkgo ‚oj Yogfhl ostf f jf puortf‐, jl fjort÷, ska o`nfrbl fplstft÷ plrquo proekrk÷ mfgor jl `fjl, `ft÷ f su mor`fal y gufahl Hkls jo probuat÷ plr Fnoj, oa jubfr ho frropoatkrso o`ktk÷ uaf rospuostf hosfekfato, plr osf rfz÷a euo hoal`kafhl prlpkohfh hoj `fjkbal. (6 Ca. 736>) Jls quo glalgkorla f Hkls y jl `oalsprogkfrla, ^l.63>6-7>3 Ostls sla fplstftfs krrovorsknjos, plrquo Hkls `oagklaf quo sla hkbals ho `uorto y jls oatrobf f3 jfs ka`uahkgkfs y glagupksgoagkfs ho sus glrfzlaos, f pfsklaos vorblazlsfs y uaf `oato roprlnfhf.

H

ono`ls roglalgor quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl os vktfj oa auostrf rojfgk÷a gla Hkls y oa auostrf vkhf ospkrktufj yf quo oa tlhl oj Auovl Xostf`oatl vo`ls sus euagklaos3 rohfrbuyo, als buàf, als sojjf, als sfatkekgf, als glasuojf, als hf plhor, als hf rovojfgk÷a, als hf hlaos, erutls, als oasoöf y roguorhf tlhfs jfs glsfs, horrf`f oj f`lr hoj Yfhro oa auostrls glrfzlaos, glrfzlaos, als hf tostk`lakl hoj Yfhro y hoj Mkcl. Fjbuafs sljugklao sljugklaoss quo toao`ls pfrf ovktfr f fplstfsàf

sla3 porsovorfr mfstf oj eka (@t. >8367), `fatoa `fatoaor or auostr auostrff glaekf glaekfazf azf oa Hkls Hkls (Mo. (Mo. 736 7368), 8), por`fa por`faogo ogorr oa jf eo (Mgm. (Mgm. 683>>), roskstkr fj hkfnjl (6 Y. ?3= -;), al hocfr ho glabrobfrals (Mo. 693>?) otg.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

98 Jls ^ogoptlros @lhujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

 Akabual gufahl os toatfhl, hkbf quo Hkls jo tkoatf4 puos Hkls al puoho cf`æs hkrkbkrals fj `fj4 y fsà Ëj f akabual tkoatf. Wkal quo gfhf ual os toatfhl, ftrfàhl y mfjfbfhl plr jf prlpkf glagupksgoagkf. Hospuës jf glagupksgoagkf, jjobfahl f glagonkr jls hosols `fjls, pfrf oj pogfhl, oj gufj uaf voz quo sof glasu`fhl, oaboahrf jf `uorto.  Wfa  Wfattkfbl 6367-6? E XF  

f Nknjkf als `uostrf quo Cosós oa jls hàfs ho su gfrao pfhogk÷ `ugmfs glsfs oatro ojjfs toatfgk÷a y suerk`koatl, plho`ls vor quo pfrtkgkp÷ ho gfrao y sfabro gl`l alsltrls (Mo. >368). Euo vkgtlrklsl slnro tlhf toatfgk÷a plrquo  oa akabóa `l`oatl pog÷ (Mo. 836?) yf quo al toaàf akabuaf rojfgk÷a gla oj pogfhl (Ca. 68379) fsà tf`nkëa Hkls qukoro quo alsltrls yf al toabf`ls rojfgk÷a gla oj pogfhl pfrf quo ësto al toabf hl`kakl slnro alsltrls.

J H

urfato auostrf vkhf ska Grkstl vkvk`ls `ugmfs glsfs, jfs quo `frgfrla auostrf oxkstoagkf, yf sof oa elr`f plsktkvf l aobftkvf, gufahl oj Yfhro als ftrfo mfgkf Grkstl (Ca. 5388 ^;?) y pfsf`ls ho jf tkakonjfs f jf juz (6Y >3;), auostrf vkhf os oxpuostf f jf juz, y so `fakekostfa tlhfs fquojjfs glsfs quo al sla fbrfhfnjos f jls lcls ho Hkls (Oe. ?367), tfatl fquojjfs quo euorla fproahkhfs fproahkhfs (Ba. 7366 ^59) gl`l jfs quo euorla morohfhfs (6Y. 636=), jfs gufjos vkoaoa f elr`fr pfrto ho auostrf vkhf, glavkrtkëahlso oa ua mænktl. [ fj sor glaerlatfhls gla jf pfjfnrf als hf`ls guoatf quo mfy glsfs quo groàf`ls quo orfa nuoafs f auostrls lcls, porl rosujtfa sor `fjfs fato jls lcls ho Hkls (Yr. 6836>4 @t 53>7). ^ogoptlr33 Fpfrftl quo rogkno ua ostk`ujl ^ogoptlr Ostà`ujl33 kagktf`koatl pfrf lnrfr Ostà`ujl 6.  6.  Euoatos ho glatf`kafgk÷a3 Ostfs puohoa sor3  sor3  6.6 Yrooxkstoagkfjos3 Wla fquojjfs quo mfa skhl gljlgfhfs fatos ho auostrl afgk`koatl fquà oa jf tkorrf (Ca. 53 8?, ;36>4 ^l =3>; ^594 6 Ca. 835). 6.> Fagostrfjos3 Wla fquojjfs quo sla gljlgfhfs boaëtkgf`oato f trfvës ho auostrls pfhros (6Y 636=), ostls rogoptlros puohoa sor plsktkvls gl`l oa oj gfsl ho Xk`ltol (>Xk 63?) l aobftkvls gl`l oj gfsl ho Hfvkh (Wfj ?63?), ltrl oco`pjl ho ostl jl plho`ls vor oa Fnrfmf` (kaejuoagkfhl) (kaejuoagkfhl)   o Ksffg (morohfhl) (morohfhl)   yf quo f`nls pfsfrla uaf `ks`f sktufgk÷a y vo`ls gl`l oj pfhro jo moroh÷ fj mkcl ua rogoptlr ho `kohl y ho `oatkrf (gl`pfrfr Ba. >93>4 >535-2). 6.7 Hosho oj vkoatro f jf ohfh fhujtf3 Ostfs sla fquojjfs quo euorla gljlgfhfs plr fjbuaf porslaf l quo rogknk`ls hoj f`nkoato fatos l hospuës ho jjobfr f Grkstl. Cosós os ua gjfrl oco`pjl ho ua rogoptlr plsktkvl puos vo`ls gl`l Ojkzfnot prlekoro uaf noahkgk÷a slnro Ëj (Jg 638>) y vo`ls tf`nkëa gl`l Hkls oj Yfhro oxprosf su fbrfhl (@t 7362,623?) gljlgfahl ua rogoptlr ho fgoptfgk÷a ef`kjkfr, al fsà oa oj gfsl ho @lksës quo euo gljlgfhl oa ëj hosho oj vkoatro ua rogoptlr ho kasoburkhfh (Ox 63>>, >36-7). >36 -7).   >.  >.  Xkpls ho rogoptlros3 >.6 F`nkoatfjos3  F`nkoatfjos3  ^ogknoa kaelr`fgk÷a hoj `ohkl f`nkoato, puohoa sor ho kaejuoagkfs ospkrktufjos fuaquo al sko`pro4 ostl so puoho vor oa Cuhfs (Jg. >>37) y Yohrl (@t 653>>->7) quo euorla kaejuoagkfhls plr oj hkfnjl ual oatrobfahl f Cosós y oj ltrl pfrf fpfrtfrjl ho gu`pjkr gu`pjkr jls prlp÷sktls ho Hkls. Xf`nkëa vo`ls gl`l Wfój euo ftlr`oatfhl plr ua ospàrktu `fjl ho pfrto ho Hkls (6 W 65368) gl`l glasoguoagkf ho toaor ua rogoptlr ho `fjhfh oa ëj, Fgfn euo kahugkhl plr jf `oatkrf puos oa ëj al mfnàf f`lr plr jf vorhfh (6 ^. >>3>9->74 >Xs >369). >.> Kamoroatos3 Ostls puohoa sor soasfgklaos ho mf`nro, soh, hosols soxufjos, ostls  ostls yf ostæa oa oj fj`f, ua oco`pjl ho ostl jl plho`ls vor oa oj oj rkgl gufahl so oaguoatrf oa oj Mfhos (Jg. 653>8). Ostls sla prlpkls hoj sor mu`fal mu`fal y puohoa sor aobftkvls gufahl ostls hosols sla hoslrhoafhls, oco`pjl ho ostl os jf bjltlaoràf, ka`lrfjkhfh soxufj, fjglmljks`l. (Yr. >73>64 6 Gl ?364 Jv. >9368) >.7  >.7  @ltrkgos3 @ltrkgos3   Ostæa oa jls `ósgujls, ostls  ostls   elr`fa pfrto ho jf gfrao, sobóa oj Hkggklafrkl Oagkgjlpëhkgl Kjustrfhl `ósgujl os oj kastru`oatl ka`ohkftl hoj `lvk`koatl. Oj glrfz÷a ostæ gl`puostl ho `ósgujls y vo` vo`ls ls quo oa ëj rfhkgfa trogo glsfs `fjfs (@t. 6?36=-6;4 @r. 23>6->7). Ostls sla fquojjls quo so fgtkvfa plr jf glstu`nro y so vuojvoa joy oa auostrls `ko`nrls (^l 23>9->7). 7.  Elr`f quo trfnfcfa jls rogoptlros3 Ho jf `ks`f `faorf quo ua ospor`f ospor`f   (trfas`kslr) oaboahrf ua ÷vujl (rogoptlr) fj glagonkr (o`nfrfzl) prlhugo ua mkcl (erutl) ho jf `ks`f `faorf jls rrogoptlros ogoptlros sla oaboahrfhls oa auostrl sor, vof`ls oj oco`pjl ho jf toatfgk÷a toatfgk÷a (Wtb.  (Wtb. 6367-6?), Oj prlgosl prlgosl os3

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

X^FAW@KWL^ Xoatfgk÷a

^OGOYXL^ Glagupksgoagkf

Y^LH_GXL pogfhl

E^_XL `uorto

XO]XL Wtb 6367-6?

7.6 Xoatfgk÷a (v.67)3 Hoj brkobl pokrfzl (Wtrlab 7;=?) ual ho sus skbakekgfhls os3 oxpork`oatl, gla oj prlp÷sktl ho fvorkbufr jf gfjkhfh, quo pkoasf l gl`l so gl`plrtf uaf porslaf. 7.> Ftrfàhl (v.68)3 Hoj brkobl oxojdl oxojdl   (Wtrlab 6=>=) oa jf posgf y jf gfzf gl`l cuobl, os ftrfàhl ho su jubfr ho osglahkto (Wfj >?3>9 ^UF4 66;3668 AUK) oa oj joabufco ho jls gfzfhlros os trfhugkhl gl`l jf sohuggk÷a ho uaf prlstktutf. 7.7 Mfjfbfhl (v. 68 EXF)3 Mfgor l hogkr gla ostuhkl y gfsk sko`pro ka`lhorfhf`oato, jl quo so groo puoho fbrfhfr f ltrl4 hojoktfr. Hkggklafrkl Oagkgjlpëhkgl Kjustrfhl, hoj brkobl hljls hljls (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab 67==) skbakekgf3 `föf, sutkj`oato (Glj >.=)  >.=)  oabföl (sorpkoato) os ho jl quo toakf to`lr oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl ho quo vfyf f vljvor mfgor jl quo mkzl gla Ovf (>Gl6637). 7.8 Glagonkhl (v.6?)3 Hoj brkobl sujjf`nfal (Wtrlab 8=6?) skbakekgf3 fplhorfrso ho, tl`fr3 gl`l ua prksklaorl4 oa ua soatkhl ekburfhl, hosol vomo`oato quo k`pujsf fj ml`nro f gl`pjfgor4 fplhorfrso ho ual `ks`l , jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo ual os prksklaorl ho fquojjl quo jo mf voagkhl (> Y >36;). 7.? Hf f juz (v.6?)3 Hoj brkobl tkdtl tkdtl (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab ?9==) uaf ho sus skbakekgfhls os3 hfr jknortfh, jknortfh, Cosós roproaho f jls osgrknfs y efrksol quo s÷jl orfa fpfrkoagkf ho sfatkhfh (@t >73>?->5) hfr jknortfh f jls hosols os uaf gfrfgtoràstkgf ho jls ml`nros ho jls ójtk`ls hàfs (>Xk 736-?). 7.5 Yogfhl (v.6?)3 Hoj (v.6?)3 Hoj brkobl mf`frtfal (Wtrlab >58) skbakekgf3 ostfr oqukvlgfhl, vfbfr l porhor oj ru`nl hoj gf`kal ho jf rogtktuh y mlalr, vkljfr jf joy ho Hkls, ostl qukoro hogkr quo fj pogfr als fpfrtf`ls hoj gf`kal ho sfatkhfh (Ks. 7?3=). 7.2 @uorto (v.6?)3 Wo (v.6?)3 Wo trfhugo ho Xmfaftls Xmfaftls (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab >>==) skbakekgf oatro ltrfs glsfs3 sopfrfgk÷a, jf `ksorkf hoj fj`f jovfatfhf plr oj pogfhl. (Ks. ?;3>). Cosós jos hkcl f jls cuhàls quo mfnàfa groàhl oa Ëj quo orfa mkcls hoj hkfnjl, hfahl f oatoahor quo mfnàfa skhl oaboahrfhls plr oj hkfnjl, plrquo quoràfa `ftfrjl (Ca. =387-82) ostl als oasoöf quo ëstls toaàfa rogoptlros ho `oatkrf y ho ml`kgkhkl prlgurfahl `ftfr f ua mor`fal f jf `faorf ho Gfàa (6 Ca. 736>4 6?) al oatoahàfa jl quo Cosós hogàf y al plhàfa por`faogor oa jf vorhfh. 8.  8.  ¼Oa h÷aho sla gljlgfhls jls rogoptlros7) y jls rogoptlros puohoa ostfr gljlgfhls oa gufjqukor pfrto ho auostrl sor katobrfj3  katobrfj3   8.6 Oj ospàrktu3 ospàrktu3 Os jf pfrto `æs katoraf ho auostrl sor, oatro jls rogoptlros quo plho`ls oaglatrfr oa ëj ostæa3 f. Fjtkvoz, Yrlvornkls 6536=3 6536= 3 Wo trfhugo hoj Monrol Bfnfmm Bfnfmm   (Wtrlab 6756) quo oatro ltrfs glsfs skbakekgf lrbujjl, slnornkf, slnornkf, sla porslafs vkljoatfs, k`pàfs, aogkfs (Wfj 2737-5) y quo os uaf ho jfs hkogklgml gfrfgtoràstkgfs ho jls ml`nros ho jls ójtk`ls hàfs (> Xk 736-5). Oa jf Nknjkf vo`ls gl`l oj mor`fal `fylr ho Hfvkh quksl gljlgfrjo ua rogoptlr ho slnornkf oa su ospàrktu (6 W 623>=) Oa oj jfhl plsktkvl vo`ls ua oospàrktu spàrktu pfgkoato (Ogj. 23=) os fquojjf porslaf quo sfno osporfr oj tko`pl ho Hkls ska fprosurfr jfs glsfs osto orf oj gfsl ho Hfvkh (Wfj 8936 ^59) quo al fprosurl su rokafhl puos yf mfnàf skhl uabkhl oatro sus sus mor`fals, porl auagf jovfatl su `fal glatr glatrff oj uabkhl ho Hkls quo oa oso `l`oatl orf Wfój (6 W >835) n. ^onojk÷a, 6 Wf`uoj 6?3>73 6?3>7 3 Hoj Mo.rol `frfm `frfm (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab 82=8) y skbakekgf sor hoslnohkoato pfrf gla oj Yfhro l pfrf gla Hkls, ronojfrso oa glatrf ho, `lstrfrf hoslnohkoagkf, oa jf Nknjkf vo`ls vfrkls porslafcos quo so ronojfrla glatrf sus futlrkhfhos y glatrf Hkls4 tfj os oj gfsl ho Wfój plr su hoslnohkoagkf, fsà gl`l oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj (Oz >93?-=). Jf Nknjkf als `uostrf gl`l fjbuafs porslafs euorla oaboahrfhfs plr jf hoslnohkoagkf toakoahl ua rogoptlr ho jf `ks`f f ostls so jos jjf`f mkcls ho hoslnohkoagkf, toakoahl ëstls fjbuafs gfrfgtoràstkgfs3 elrakgfgk÷a, k`purozfs, jfs pfsklaos, jls `fjls hosols y fvfrkgkf  fvfrkgkf   (Glj. 73?-5). Fsà tf`nkëa vo`ls vo`ls quo ltrf ho jfs gfrfgtoràstkgfs ho jls ml`nros ho jls ójtk`ls tko`pls, jls gufjos soræa hoslnohkoatos f jls pfhros (> Xk. 73>) y fpfrtfa ho jf vorhfh f ef`kjkfs (Xkt 6369-66 NFH).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

G. Kakqukhfh, Ozoqukoj >=36?3 >=36? 3 Uo`ls gl`l Juznoj orf poreogtl oa tlhls sus gf`kals porl so jo mfjjl kakqukhfh, ostl sko`pro os prlhugtl ho uaf hotor`kafgk÷a vljuatfrkf tl`fhf oa glatrf ho jfs alr`fs hkvkafs, plr jl 6 gufj k`pjkgf gujpfnkjkhfh . Mfy tros elr`fs ho leoahor f Hkls uaf ho ojjfs os jf trfsbrosk÷a, trfsbrosk÷a, ltrf os oj pogfhl y pogfhl y jf `æs brfvo os jf kakqukhfh  kakqukhfh  y gufahl ostf glagkno oa uaf porslaf, sk al os faujfhf hf f juz oj oabföl (Wfj 2368), puoho jjobfr f njfseo`fr glatrf jfs pltostfhos fabëjkgfs y hosprogkfr jf futlrkhfh (> Y. >3694 Cuh. 63=-69). Osto oco`pjl so puoho vor oa jf fgtktuh quo tuvl Afnfj (kasoasftl) quo rogmfzl jf futlrkhfh ho Hfvkh (6 W >?3;-69) osto rogoptlr al ostfnf oa Aftfafoj puos Cosós hkcl quo al mfnàf oabföl oabföl oa  oa jf vkhf ho osto ksrfojktf (Ca. 6382) Gfsl glatrfrkl f ostl orf Cln y Alë puos Hkls jls jjf`f poreogtls (Ba. 53;4 Cln 63= ^59). 8.> Oj fj`f3 fj`f3 Oa ojjf so oaguoatrfa jls poasf`koatls, soatk`koatls, o`lgklaos, glagkoagkf, jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo jls poasf`koatls hoj ml`nro tkoahoa fj `fj (Ba. 53?) y quo hoj glrfz÷a prlvkoaoa jls `fjls poasf`koatls (@t. 6?36;) jls gufjos nusgfa prlvoor pfrf jfs jucurkfs l sof pfrf jls hosols ho  ho  jf gfrao (^l 67368). Jucurkf3 Hoj brkobl opktmu`kf opktmu`kf (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab 6;7;) quo skbakekgf3 `fjls hosols, famojl plr jfs glsfs prlmknkhfs, alstfjbkf, glhkgkfr, glagupksgoagkf glagupksgoagkf   (fpotktl hoslrhoafhl ho jls blgos soasufjos l ho ltrfs glsfs), oj fj`f tkoao ostrogmf rojfgk÷a gla jfs fggklaos hoj guorpl, plr ostf rfz÷a oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl hkgo quo al so prlvof pfrf jfs jucurkfs l hosols ho jf gfrao quo jjobfa f hoboaorfrf f jf porslaf gla jfs lnrfs ho jf gfrao (Bfj ?36;->6) y fjbuals ho jls rogoptlros quo puohoa ostfr gljlgfhls oa oj fj`f puohoa sor3 f. ^ogmfzl3 ^ogmfzl3 Oj rogmfzl puoho voakr hosho oj vkoatro `ftoral, plr oco`pjl3 ua o`nfrfzl al hosofhl l uaf vkljfgk÷a, so puoho vor f Clsë oj mkcl ho Cfgln skoahl rogmfzfhl plr sus mor`fals plr sor sor oj glasoatkhl ho su pfhro (Ba. 7237-8), fsà `ks`l vo`ls gl`l oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl jo hkgo f Xk` Xk`ltol ltol y f Xktl quo akabual toabf oa plgl su cuvoatuh (6 Xk 836>4 Xkt. >36?). n. `fhro, Kasoburkhfh Kasoburkhfh3 3 Jfojkasoburkhfh vkoaooa gl`l glasoguoagkf ho ua ua f`nkoato f`nkoato ho kaostfnjo hosho oj vkoatro ho jf oso euo gfsl ho @lksës Obkptl puos vkvk÷ oa zlzlnrfkagjuskvo yf quo su `fhro to`àf plr ëj (Ox >36-8), ostl roporgutk÷ oa su vkhf fhujtf puos gufahl Hkls jo mkzl oj jjf`fhl pusl `ugmls protoxtls plr su kasoburkhfh (Ox. 7369-67, 836->). Ostf kasoburkhfh trfo gl`l glasoguoagkf ua fj`f kaostfnjo y jf mfgo kaglastfato oa tlhl (Wtb. 63?-=) fho`æs tkoao su glrfz÷a `fagmfhl ho kagrohujkhfh (Wtb. 83=4 Mo. 736>), gfsl glatrfrkl oa Cosós, puos oa jls `l`oatls ho pojkbrl sko`pro ostuvl prltobkhl plr sus pfhros torroafjos (@t. >3>9). g. @kohl3 @kohl3 Ukoao gl`l glasoguoagkf ho jf efjtf ho f`lr, jf kasoburkhfh y `ugmfs vogos plr hosl hoslnohogor nohogor f jls pfhros l futlrkhfhos. Oj hkfnjl fprlvogmf jfs hoslnohkoagkfs pfrf gljlgfr osto rogoptlr fsà gl`l jl mkzl gla Fhæa, quo mfgo quo f `oauhl als custkekquo`ls `ohkfato oj ogmfrjo jf gujpf f ltrls o kagjuskvo `oatkr (Ba. 73;-67, 6=36?) jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo oj `kohl k`pjkgf gfstkbl y quo oj poreogtl f`lr ogmf euorf oj to`lr (6 Ca. 836=). Xf`nkëa puoho voakr gl`l glasoguoagkf ho oxporkoagkfs pfsfhfs, tfj os oj gfsl ho Ojàfs quo tuvl `kohl plr jf f`oafzf ho Cozfnoj y muy÷ (6 ^. 6;3>-8), aogosfrkl os mfgor jf hkeoroagkf oatro `kohl `kohl y  y to`lr rovoroato mfgkf rovoroato mfgkf Hkls, yf quo Ëj os ua Yfhro nuoal4 fsà gl`l roglrhf`ls auostrfs oxporkoagkfs gla auostrls pfhros torroafjos fsà soræ auostrf rojfgk÷a gla Hkls. h. Erustrfgk÷a3 skbakekgf prkvfr f ual ho jl quo osporfnf l hosofnf, Hkggklafrkl Oagkgjlpëhkgl Kjustrfhl . Oa jf Nknjkf vo`ls gl`l fjbuals porslafcos ostfnfa oa osf sktufgk÷a, ual ho ojjls os Gfàa, trfnfcl y lerogk÷ jl `oclr ho su trfnfcl porl al euo fgoptfhl4 ëj osporfnf rogl`poasf porl al jf lntuvl, ostl trfcl gl`l glasoguoagkf ua ml`kgkhkl (Ba. 837-=). Xf`nkëa vo`ls f Fmktleoj, su al`nro skbakekgf `k mor`fal os ua tlatl (Wtrlab 979>) quo jjobl fj puatl ho fmlrgfrso plrquo al skbukorla su glasocl (> W 62368,>7) ostl tf`nkëa als hocf vor quo plr `kakstrfgklaos aobftkvfs ho pfrto ho auostrls pfhros plho`ls toaor oso rogoptlr. o. F`frburf3 F`frburf3 Osto rogoptlr puoho ostfr oa alsltrls gl`l glasoguoagkf ho ua hurl trftl oa auostrf kaefagkf plr pfrto ho auostrls pfhros l fjbuaf futlrkhfh gl`l oa jo gfsl ho jls Ksrfojktfs quo ostfnfa nfcl hurf sorvkhu`nro (Ox. 6368). Xf`nkëa puoho sor gl`l glasoguoagkf hoj trftl ho Hkls plr al oatoahor oj prlp÷sktl ho osto gl`l oa oj gfsl ho Alo`à (^ut 63>9) l plr porhor tlhls jls nkoaos ogla÷`kgls gl`l Cln (Cln 2366, 6936). Jf f`frburf puoho roporgutkr oa oj guorpl (Wfj. 273>6).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

e. Gojls3 Gojls3 Osto rogoptlr puoho puoho ostfr gljlgfhl oa auostrf auostrf fj`f gl`l glasoguoagkf ho oav oavkhkf khkf y rkvfjkhfh. Oa oj gfsl ho Jof y ^fquoj (Ba. 7936) l puoho sor kaejuoagkf ho ospàrktus ka`uahls (A`. ?368-6?) ?368 -6?) l gl`l rosujtfhl ho fahfr oa jf gfrao (6 Gl. 737). Jls gojls tf`nkëa puohoa sor glasoguoagkf ho toaor glaeusk÷a oa oj fj`f (Wtb. 7365) jf pfjfnrf glaeusk÷a so trfhugo hoj brkobl fdftfstfskf (Wtrlab 6=6 6=>) quo skbakekgf3 kaostfnjo, ostfhl ho hoslrhoa, kaglastfato. kaglastfato. Ostl hocf vor quo jls gojls puohoa puohoa voakr tf`nkëa gl`l rosujtfhl ho quo mfy hoslrhoa oa oj fj`f. b. Yfsklaos3 Yfsklaos3 Os tlhl fquoj hosol kaglatrljfnjo plr jl prlmknkhl l quo gfusf pjfgor, jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo fjbukoa os toatfhl gufahl jo sohugo fjbóa `fj hosol (Wtb. 636? EXF) y quo gl`nfto gla jls `ko`nrls ho jf gfrao (Wtb. 836) y jfs lnrfs ho jf gfrao sla vfrkfs, oatro jfs quo so puohoa `oagklafr3 Fhujtorkl3 Ukoao ho brkobl `lkgmolu Fhujtorkl3 `lkgmolu (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab 7876) quo skbakekgf toaor uaf rojfgk÷a kjàgktf gla uaf porslaf gfsfhf, tf`nkëa oa ua soatkhl ospkrktufj os ekburf ho khljftràf. khljftràf. Elrakgfgk÷a3 Hoj brkobl plraokf Elrakgfgk÷a3 plraokf (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab 8>9> 8>97) skbakekgf3 katorgf`nkl soxufj kjàgktl, ml`lsoxufjks`l, josnkfaks`l, rojfgklaos gla fak`fjos, katorgf`nkl soxufj gla pfrkoatos gorgfals, lerogorso ual `ks`l pfrf toaor katorgf`nkl soxufj kjàgktl, prlstktukr oj prlpkl guorpl pfrf jfs jucurkfs ho ltrl. Ho jls lcls, 6 Cufa >3653 >365 3 Hoj brkobl lpmtmfj`ls (Wtrlab 77==) quo `otfe÷rkgf`oato skbakekgf jls lcls hoj oatoahk`koatl, oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl lrfnf pfrf quo jls lcls ho auostrl oatoahk`koatl euorfa fnkortls (Oe 636= ^59) plr ostf rfz÷a Cosós hogàf quo oj ml`nro quo `krfrf f uaf `ucor pfrf glhkgkfrjf yf mfnàf fhujtorfhl oa su glrfz÷a (@t ?3>=) osto rogoptlr tf`nkëa ostæ rojfgklafhl gla jf plralbrfeàf. 8.7 Oj guorpl3 guorpl3 Hurfato auostrf vkhf ska Grkstl auostrls soatkhls afturfjos  afturfjos  ostfnfa fglstu`nrfhls fj pogfhl y orf oj `ohkl quo auostrf fj`f utkjkzfnfpogfa pfrf sftksefgor hosols (^l(6 23?,6=->9) als `oagklaf quo jls elrakgfrkls glatrf su sus prlpkl guorpl Gl 536=).fuaquo ostls ostæa euorf hoj guorpl, jf Nknjkf Ostl qukoro hogkr quo ua grkstkfal quo tkoao prlnjo`fs gla oj soxl tkoao ua rogoptlr ho elrakgfgk÷a oa su guorpl, oj gufj mfy quo hosfgtkvfr, auostrl guorpl puoho fj`fgoafr rogoptlros oa hkeoroatos pfrtos quo puohoa sor3 jf vkstf, oj làhl, oj tfgtl, oj ljeftl y oj bustl, Hkls qukoro quo rooatroao`ls auostrls soatkhls pfrf quo plhf`ls hksgorakr oatro oj nkoa y oj `fj (Mo. ?368). f. f.   Jf vkstf3 vkstf3 Jf Nknjkf als `uostrf quo os uaf ho jfs glsf quo al so sfgkf (Ogj 63=4 Yr. >23>9) os ual ho jls soatkhls `æs vujaorfnjos puos joo`ls oa jf Nknjkf quo Ovf hospuës ho làr, vkl y gl`k÷ hoj ærnlj hoj glalgk`koatl hoj nkoa y hoj `fj (Ba. 735) fsà `ks`l kaejuyo `ugml oa auostrf eo puos ostf`ls fglstu`nrfhls f vor y al f groor f jf `faorf ho Xl`æs (Ca. >93>8->;) qukoa huh÷ ho jls hksgàpujls mfstf quo vkl fj Woölr Cosugrkstl. Lcl fhujtorl, > Yohrl >3 >3683 Fquojjfs porslafs quo prfgtkgfrla fhujtorkl y toaàfa pjfgor oa fquojjls quo tf`nkëa jl prfgtkgfnfa (^l 637> ^59) puohoa toaor ua rogoptlr ho fhujtorkl oa sus lcls. Cosós hkcl quo oj quo voàf f uaf `ucor pfrf glhkgkfrjf yf mfnàf fhujtorfhl oa su glrfz÷a gla ojjf (@t ?3>=) Ostl skbakekgf fquojjfs porslafs quo glhkgkfa jf `ucor ho ltrf porslaf (Ox >9362) Ostl sugohk÷ oa jf Kbjoskf ho jls Glrkatls (6 Gl ?36) ëstls glaskatkorla osf fgtktuh oa jubfr ho glrrobkrjf. Jfs porslafs quo tkoaoa osto rogoptlr osglahoa osglahoa su  su rlstrl y osporfa jf algmo pfrf fgtufr (Cln >836?) jf pfjfnrf osglaho osglaho so  so trfhugo hoj Mo.rol gftmfr (Wtrlab ?586) y uaf ho sus fgopgklaos3 lgujtfr gukhfhlsf`oato ._a oco`pjl ho ostl os Hfvkh qukoa tl`÷ f Notsfnë y juobl quo ëstf glagknk÷ ua mkcl ho ëj, quksl lgujtfr su pogfhl quorkoahl quo _ràfs so fglstfrf gla ojjf (> W 663>-66). Os k`plrtfato rosfjtfr quo uaf porslaf gfsfhf quo toabf osto rogoptlr fgtkvl glrro oj rkosbl ho fnrkrjo puortfs fj fhujtorkl oa su `ftrk`lakl (Cln 7632-69) uaf sljugk÷a pfrf hosfgtkvfr osto rogoptlr os mfgor ua pfgtl gla auostrls lcls pfrf al glhkgkfr f jf `ucor ho ltrl ml`nro f jf `faorf ho Cln (Cln 7636). Lcls fvfrls, (Yr. >=3>> NJF4 W^U)3 W^U) 3 Fvfrkgkf3 feæa ka`lhorfhl ho ftoslrfr rkquozfs (Hkggklafrkl Oagkgjlpëhkgl Kjustrfhl), jf pfjfnrf als oasoöf quo jf rfàz ho tlhls jls `fjos os oj f`lr fj hkaorl (6 Xk 5369) osto rogoptlr puoho ostfr gljlgfhl oa auostrls lcls gufahl glhkgkf`ls jfs glsfs `ftorkfjos, osto os oj gfsl ho Fgæa (Cls. 236;->6). Wo hono hosfgtkvfr oso rogoptlr rogoptlr pfrf quo al so kavljugro f jf ef`kjkf y sof `otkhf oa oj vfjjo ho Fglr (fejkggk÷a) Jf osgrkturf als `uostrf quo al hono`ls ostfr fefafhls plr afhf skal quo prosoato`ls auostrfs potkgklaos hojfato ho Hkls (Ekj 835).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Lcls sohugtlros Ksfàfs 7365 NJF3 Jf NJF3 Jf pfjfnrf sohugtlros so trfhugo hoj Mo.rol sfqfr (Wtrlab =>5?) y skbakekgf3 hosoaeroafhl (ekb. oatrobfrso f jls vkgkls y `fjhfhos) jknro, kaglaskhorfhl ostls sla fquojjls quo sla ftrfàhls plr soasufjkhfh, jucurkfs, nlrrfgmorfs y prlgurfa quo ltrls fahoa plr oso `ks`l gf`kal (6 Y 83>-8), tfj os oj gfsl ho F`a÷a y Clafhfn, ësto ójtk`l kahucl f F`a÷a f gl`otor uaf kaef`kf, hosftfahl jl quo mfnàf oa su glrfz÷a (> W 6736-?). Oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl jo hf kastruggklaos kastruggklaos f Xk`ltol hkgkëahljo quo muyf ho jfs pfsklaos cuvoakjos (> cuvoakjos (> Xk >3>>) yf quo mfy porslafs quo sohugoa `ohkfato hosols gfrafjos f jls quo mfgo plgl osgfpfrla ho jls quo vkvoa oa oj orrlr (> Y >362-6=).  >362-6=).  Lcl nurjfhlr y `oalsprogkfhlr, (Yr. 79362 ^UF)3 Jf Nknjkf als `uostrf oj gfsl ho ^lnlf` (ua ( ua puonjl so mf oasfagmfhl)) oj gufj so nurj÷ ho su pfhro f gfusf ho jls c÷voaos quo so mfnàfa grkfhl gla ëj, jlbrfahl fsà quo oj oasfagmfhl rokal so hkvkhkorf (6 ^ 6>369-6;). Uo`ls gl`l oj Fp÷stlj Yohrl mfnjf quo oa jls ójtk`ls hàfs ho quo voahræa nurjfhlros quo sobukræa sus prlpkfs pfsklaos (> Y 737) Jf osgrkturf als oasoöf quo ua mkcl os jf roprosoatfgk÷a ho ua pfhro (Ca 683;) ostl als oasoöf quo voahræa porslafs quo so nurjfræa ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl nurjæahlso fsà hoj Yfhro gl`l oa oj hàf ho jf grugkekxk÷a (@t. >2386-88). Fsà `ks`l jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo al fnfahlao`ls jf kastruggk÷a ho jf `fhro (Yr. 63=, 53>9) jf gufj oasoöf jf vljuatfh hoj pfhro (@t. 6>38=-?9) quo mfy porslafs quo `oalsprogkfa jf vljuatfh hoj pfhro y f fquojjls hksgàpujls quo hksgàpujls  quo jf prfgtkgfa osto orf oj gfsl ho Xk`ltol quo `ugmls `oalsprogkfnfa plr su cuvoatuh (6 Xk 836>) sfnkoahl quo orf mkcl (ospkrktufj) hoj fp÷stlj Yfnjl y quo orfa ho ua `ks`l soatkr (Ekj >36;->94 6Gl 8362). Lcls fjtkvls, Wfj`l 6=3>23 6=3>2 3 Jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo al hono`ls toaor ua glagoptl `fylr ho alsltrls `ks`ls (^l 6>37) jfs porslafs quo tkoaoa osto rogoptlr oa sus lcls sla lrbujjlsfs (Yrlv >63>8) fahf oa pls ho brfahozfs (Wfj 67636) tfj os oj gfsl ho @kgfj, mkcf ho Wfój, quo fj vor hfazfr f Hfvkh hojfato hoj Woölr jl vkl hosho uaf voatfaf y jl hosprogk÷ oa su glrfz÷a (> W 5365 ^U;?) sla buàfs ho k`pàls (Yrlv >638) oj lrbujjl os su gljjfr gljjfr y  y sla vkljoatls (Wfj 2735). Jf pfjfnrf gljjfr gljjfr vkoao  vkoao hoj Mo.rol ”fafq (Wtrlab 59?;) oatro sus skbakekgfhls ostæa3 ærof, æ`nktl, fjgfago, gl`pæs (pfrf hknucfr) y ostl skbakekgf quo oj f`nkoato quo rlhof f jf porslaf ho lcls fjtkvls os oj lrbujjl. Lcls gfrafjos, Wfj`l 27323 Ostls sla fquojjls lcls quo so hocfa jjovfr plr jfs lnrfs ho jf gfrao, hojoktæahlso oa ojjfs (^l =3?) prostfahl jls `ko`nrls ho su guorpl pfrf jjovfr erutl pfrf `uorto (^l 23?) osto orf oj rogoptlr quo feogtfnf f Wfas÷a, puos nusgfnf sftksefgor jls hosol ho su vkstf gfrafj y plr glaskbukoato jl jjovl f jf `uorto (Cuo. 6836-7, 6536). n. Oj tfgtl3  tfgtl3  Xlhf auostrf pkoj os ua rogoptlr puos rogkno jls k`pujsls hoj oxtorklr mfgkf auostrl katorklr trfaselr`æahljls oa k`pujsls ojëgtrkgls y so trfaselr`fa oa ostà`ujls oa auostrl goronrl, ual ho ostls ostà`ujls puohoa sor jfs gfrkgkfs. Hojokto ho gfrkgkfs, Yrlvornkls 2367 Ostf os ltrf ho jfs pfsklaos cuvoakjos, puos vo`ls quo ua clvoa efjtl ho oatoahk`koatl so kavljugrf gla uaf rf`orf (Yrlv 232-69, 62-6=). Jf pfjfnrf hojokto hojokto so  so trfhugo hoj Mo.rol ”fjfg, ual ho sus skbakekgfhls os hojoktfrso ual `ks`l (`fsturnfgk÷a) (`fsturnfgk÷a)   oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl mfnjf f jls sljtorls quo al tkoaoa hl`kakl prlpkl quo os `oclr quo so gfsoa y al quo`frso (6 Gl 23=-;) jl quo als hocf vor prlnjo`fs ho tkpls soxufj. Gfrkgkfs hoj Mo.rol ”fhfsm, ual ho sus skbakekgfhls os fzltfr fzltfr44 ostl als hocf vor prlnjo`fs prlnjo`fs ho (`fslquks`l) Os k`plrtfato rosfjtfr jf k`plrtfagkf quo tl`f oj soatkhl hoj ljeftl y ho jf vkstf oa ostf sktufgk÷a (Yr. 2365-62).

Oco`pjls3

6?

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Yorslafco

Xoatfgk÷a

^ogoptlr

Yogfhl Yogfhl  

Ovf Bkozk Gfàa Wfój Hfvkh

glalgor jl prlmknkhl oabföl ho jfs rkquozfs f`lr f sk `ks`l vfafbjlrkf soxl

huhf glhkgkf oavkhkf lrbujjl pfsk÷a

hoslnohogor `oatkrf fsoskaftl ronojk÷a fhujtorkl

Ylho`ls vor quo tlhls ostls sla rogoptlros aobftkvls quo mfgoa quo jf vkhf hoj groyoato sof ho horrltf sk al so hosfgtkvfa f tko`pl, porl jf noahkgk÷a quo toao`ls sla puostls rogoptlros plsktkvls quo als hfa jf vkgtlrkf y quo als jjovfrfa f jf vkhf otoraf, ual os hoquo ojjlsfjosvoakr jf eoGrkstl quo osals puostf oa auostrl ospàrktu. plsktkvls quo Oa (6 Ca. >36) toao`ls fnlbfhl pfrf gla oj pfhro sk fjbual f pogfhl, porl jf pfjfnrf euo hfhf pfrf al pogfr4 os gl`l ua fatkglagoptkvl pfrf oj pogfhl porl gufahl yf so mf pogfhl, y jf glaeosk÷a skrvo gl`l fnlrtkvl (Yr. >=367) ,  ho kbufj `faorf oj nfutks`l oa fbuf skrvo pfrf fnljkr rogoptlros quo ostæa oa oj ml`nro ho pogfhl (^l. 535, Ëx. 6?36)   porl ltrls fua ostæa oa oj groyoato y sla quktfhls oa oj hoskortl ho jf pruonf (Wfj. 55369). Oj soölr Cosós euo toatfhl oa tlhl porl al pog÷ plrquo oj pràagkpo ho osto `uahl al toaàf afhf oa Ëj (rogoptlros) (Ca. 68379) plrquo Ëj al toaàf guorpl ho pogfhl, fmlrf Ëj als fyuhf f voagor tlhf gjfso ho toatfgk÷a plrquo oa Ëj sl`ls `æs quo voagohlros.   ono`ls ho oatoahor quo `koatrfs vkvf`ls oa osto `uahl toahro`ls nftfjjfs gla auostrf gfrao, porl Cosugrkstl yf als hkl jf vkgtlrkf y jl quo hono`ls mfgor os prlgurfr mfgor `lrkr jfs lnrfs ho jf gfrao plr `ohkl hoj Ospàrktu (^l =367) pfrf quo oj tko`pl quo vkvk`ls oa jf gfrao yf al sof pfrf sftksefgor sus jucurkfs skal pfrf fbrfhfr f fquoj quo pfbl ua fjtl progkl plr hfrals vkhf cuatf`oato gla Ëj. Os plr ojjl quo os aogosfrkl quo al jk`pko`ls gfhf hàf pfrf quo sof`ls sfatkekgfhls oa ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl4 pfrf quo gufahl so `fakekosto tfj gl`l os al als fjoco`ls ho Ëj

H

fvorblazfhls, Hkls als mfgo ua jjf`fhl f quo sk ostf`ls jk`pkls als jk`pko`ls `æs plrquo Ëj os ua Hkls sfatl.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

9? Jls Dfkrls ho Hkls @lhujl KKK HLGX^KAF FUFASFHF 

‚

 Fmlrf nkoa, mor`fals, gla rospogtl f jls tko`pls y f jfs ëplgfs, al to toaëks aëks aogoskhfh ho quo so ls os osgrknf grknf afhf‐

6 Xs. ?36 .JNF 

j tko`pl grlalj÷bkgl os ua porklhl l hk`oask÷a quo `frgf jf hurfgk÷a ho jls fglatogk`koatls f jf voz quo os uaf ho jfs `ohkhfs euahf`oatfjos hoj `uahl eàskgl. Ylr ltrl jfhl oj tko`pl ho Hkls soràf k`plsknjo hoekakrjl oa auostrl glagoptl ho tko`pl, prk`orf`oato plrquo Hkls os otoral, al tkoao prkagkpkl ak eka. Wka o`nfrbl oa su `ksorkglrhkf `ksorkglrhkf oj oatrf oa auostrl tko`pl tko`pl pfrf trfnfcfr oa alsltrls gla oj prlp÷sktl prlp÷sktl ho quktfr auostrfs jk`ktfgklaos jk`ktfgklaos y trfasplrtfrals f jf vkhf otoraf.

O J

f pfjfnrf brkobf Dfkrls skbakekgf3 Lgfsk÷a, lplrtuakhfh, tko`pl, sfz÷a (Wtrlab sfz÷a  (Wtrlab B>?89), soöfjf uaf ëplgf l tko`pl ospogkfj, osto puoho sor jfrbl l glrtl, hurfato oj gufj so oeogtófa fglatogk`koatls trfsgoahoatfjos hoatrl hoj `frgl hoj tko`pl grlalj÷bkgl hoj ml`nro ho Hkls, als kahkgf tf`nkëa jls tko`pls hogkskvls y jfs lplrtuakhfhos quo Hkls tkoao hoskbafhls pfrf alsltrls. Uoæ`lsjls3 6. 

DFK^LW HO ^OE^KBO^KL (Mgm. ^OE^KBO^KL (Mgm. 736;). Jf pfjfnrf roerkborkl so trfhugo hoj brkobl fafpsuxks quo skbakekgf roguporfr oj fjkoatl, rovkvkr, roerkborkl (Wtrlab B897), ostls tko`pls jls lntoao`ls gufahl sl`ls mogmls auovfs grkfturfs (> Gl ?362, hospuës ho quo mo`ls oxpork`oatfhl jf Brfgkf ho Hkls, oatlagos blzf`ls ho 3 f.  Frropoatk`koatl. Frropoatk`koatl.   Oj gufj sugoho gufahl auostrf vkhf gf`nkf rfhkgfj`oato ho lpkak÷a, prlp÷sktl y als fpfrtf`ls hoj pogfhl. n.  Glavorsk÷a. Glavorsk÷a. Ostl  Ostl lgurro gufahl sl`ls vuojtls ho jfs tkakonjfs f juz y als vljvo`ls ho jfs glsfs vfafs f ua Hkls vkvl. g.  Wla nlrrfhls auostrls pogfhls. pogfhls . Ostl vkoao gl`l rosujtfhl ho rogknkr fj soölr oa auostrl glrfz÷a y ho plaorals f guoatfs gla Oj.

>. 

DFK^LW HO JF UKWKXFGKLA  UKWKXFGKLA  (Jg 6;388) Jf vksktfgk÷a hoj Woölr os gl`pfrfhf f jf juz hoj slj quo fju`nrf f jls quo mfnktfa oa tkakonjfs, y oa sl`nrfs ho `uorto. Os gl`l uaf juz quo buàf auostrls pfsls plr gf`kals ho pfz (Jg 632=2;). Hkls mf toakhl oj gukhfhl ho vksktfr fj ml`nro (Mo. >354 Wfj =38-?), plr oco`pjl3 vkskt÷ f su puonjl Ksrfoj pfrf rohk`krjl (Jg. 635=), porl ësto al glalgk÷ oj tko`pl ho su vksktfgk÷a4 vkskt÷ f jls boatkjos pfrf tl`fr ho oatro ojjls ua puonjl pfrf su al`nro, oatro jls gufjos ostænf`ls alsltrls (Mgm. 6?368)4 fgtufj`oato als vksktf plr `ójtk `ójtkpjos pjos rfzlaos, oatro ojjfs ostfs sla fjbuafs3 f.  Uksktfgk÷a pfrf sfakhfh (@t sfakhfh (@t =368-6?). Oj soölr vkskt÷ jf gfsf ho Yohrl y sfa÷ f jf suobrf ho osto hksgàpujl. Ojjf ho

n. 

g. 

ka`ohkftl so jovfat÷ y jos skrvk÷. Oj Woölr tf`nkëa als vksktfræ oa osto tko`pl pfrf trfor sfakhfh y quktfr jfs oaeor`ohfhos quo puohoa puohoa ostfr fquocæahlals plrquo Oj os os oj `ks`l ho fyor y mly (Mo. 673=). Gufahl oostl stl sugohf jl `oals quo plho`ls mfgor os sorvkrjl gl`l uaf `uostrf ho fbrfhogk`koatl. Uksktfgk÷a pfrf sfjvfgk÷a  sfjvfgk÷a   (Jg. 6;3?-69). Oj soölr soölr vkskt÷ jf gfsf ho ho Sfquol pfrf sfjvfgk÷a. Oj tf`nkëa vksktfræ auostrf gfsf pfrf sfjvfr sfjvfr f jls auostrls plr gufatl mo`ls groàhl oa Ëj (Mgm. 65376). _af nuoaf plskgk÷a plskgk÷a fgfhë`kgf, slgkfj, ogla÷`kgf l oa su hoeogtl, uaf `fjf elr`f ho bfafrso jf vkhf, al sla lnst lnstægujls ægujls quo k`pkhfa f Hkls fjgfazfr jfs fj`fs, plrquo Ëj vkal f nusgfr jl quo so mfnàf porhkhl. Uksktfgk÷a f jfs ostërkjos (6W. ostërkjos  (6W. >3>6). Oj soölr noahkgo jf ekhojkhfh y jf pfgkoagkf ho sus mkcfs gl`l jl mkzl gla Faf y fuaquo jfs prl`osfs tfrhoa y jf rospuostf al jjobuo ka`ohkftf`oato, Ëj jfs vksktfræ pfrf gu`pjkrjfs (Ba >636).

7.  DFK^LW HO JF ^OEL^@F (Mo. ^OEL^@F (Mo. ;369 DCU). Osto tër`kal so trfhugo hoj brkobl Hklrtmlsks quo oa soatkhl prlpkl qukoro hogkr rogtkekgfgk÷a rogtkekgfgk÷a (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab B67?2), kahkgf ua tko`pl oa oj quo jl k`poreogtl, jl kafhogufhl, soræ supjfatfhl pfrf ua `oclr lrhoa ho glsfs (Hkggklafrkl Ukao). Ostf os uaf otfpf ho trfaskgk÷a oa jf quo Hkls als vuojvo f elr`fr, plrquo qukzæs jfs nfsos slnro jfs gufjos euk`ls `ljhofhls al orfa hoj tlhl fbrfhfnjos f sus lcls (Cor. 6=3> 6=3>-5). -5). Gufahl vkoao osto tko`pl f auostrf vkhf sl`ls gf`nkfhls, roalvfhls oa auostrf `oato y gl`l glasoguoagkf so roelr`f auostrf `faorf ho vkvkr (6 Y 636=), ostf roelr`f puohoa sor3

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

f.  Ho rojkbklsls f prohkgfhlros hoj ovfabojkl (Mgm. ovfabojkl  (Mgm. ;36-5). Wfujl ho Xfrsl orf ua rojkbklsl kastrukhl f jls pkos ho Bf`fjkoj (Mgm. >>37), fuaquo orf glalgohlr ho jf Yfjfnrf so lplaàf f jf kbjoskf. Oj poasfnf quo fbrfhfnf f Hkls, porl gufahl tuvl ua oaguoatrl vorhfhorl gla Oj, su `faorf ho vkvkr euo roelr`fhf (Mgm. ;362-6=). Gufahl voabfa jls tko`pls tko`pls ho jf roelr`f f auostrf auostrf vkhf, al hono`ls ho roskstkrals plrquo gl`l jl mkzl gla Yfnjl, Hkls qukoro trfaselr`frals oa kastru`oatls ótkjos pfrf su lnrf (Mgm. ;36?). n.  Ho `fostrls f hksgàpujls (Ca. hksgàpujls (Ca. 736-66). Akglho`l orf ua `fostrl ho jf joy, porl osl al jo k`pkhk÷ fgorgfrso f ual `æs brfaho, quo plhàf oasoöfrjo ua gf`kal auovl y vorhfhorl. Ho jf mu`kjhfh quo tuvl pfrf fproahor sfjk÷ ua ml`nro roelr`fhl. Oj fhqukrk÷ oj glrrogtl glalgk`koatl ho Hkls y ho ëj `ks`l. Oa osto tko`pl oj Woölr vf f roelr`fr auostrls glagoptls orr÷aols y gl`l jl mkzl gla Akglho`l, soro`ls oasoöfhls plr Hkls y propfrfhls pfrf rosplasfnkjkzfrals hoj guorpl ho Grkstl (Ca. 6;37;-89). 8. 

DFK^LW HO JF YF^XKHF (> YF^XKHF (> Xk 835). Ostf pfjfnrf so trfhugo hoj brkobl  Fafjusks quo skbakekgf hosmfgor glsfs tockhfs, hksljugk÷a oa pfrtos sopfrfhfs (Wtrlab B7?;) y so usf pfrf hoskbafr jf pfrtkhf ho ostf vkhf  (Hkggklafrkl Ukao). Hkls jo rovoj÷ fj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl oj `kstorkl fgorgf ho auostrf pfrtkhf ho osto `uahl, osto ovoatl vf f toaor jubfr oa oj frronftf`koatl y pfrtkgkpfrfa hls brupls3 jls `uortls oa Grkstl y jls vkvkoatos (6 Xs. 8365-62 U@Y). f.  Jls `uortls oa Grkstl. Ostls sla ua brupl ho grkstkfals quo hur`korla, porl hurfato su vkhf `urkorla f ojjls `ks`ls pfrf quo Grkstl vkvkorf oa ojjls. ojjls. Orf uaf glahkgk÷a pfrogkhf f Yfnjl qukoa hogàf hogàf ‚ gla Grkstl ostfy  cuatf`oato grugkekgfhl y yf al vkvl yl sk al Grkstl oa `k‐ (Bæ >3>9). >3>9).   n.  Jls vkvkoatos. Osto os ua brupl ho porslafs `fhurfs ospkrktufj`oato, quo ostfræa gla vkhf gufahl oj soölr robroso oa jf auno, pfrf jjoværsojls. Ostf os uaf ostfturf ospkrktufj quo tlhls honoràf`ls fjgfazfr (Ha. 8362).

?. 

DFK^LW HO JF Y^_ONF  Y^_ONF   (Jg. =367 ^59). Osto tko`pl voahræ f auostrf vkhf tfrho l to`prfal. Xkoao gl`l eka quo sof`ls mfjjfhls fprlnfhls oa `ohkl ho jf pruonf, pfrf lntoaor jfs noahkgklaos y jf glrlaf ho jf vkhf (Wtb 636> ^UF). Woro`ls prlnfhls oa auostrf eo ygl`pjotls so `fakeostfræ gl`l tko`pls hkeàgkjos (Wtb 637-8), tkoao gl`l eka quo fproahf`ls f toaor pfgkoagkf y osto`ls gl`pjotls. . Uof`ls fjbuafs ho osfs pruonfs3 pruonfs3 f.  Woro`ls prlnfhls pfrf oatrobfr jl quo `æs f`f`ls  (Mo. 66362-6;). Oj soölr jo pkhk÷ f Fnrfmf` jl quo `æs f`fnf pfrf prlnfr su lnohkoagkf, plr oso fgtl rogknk÷ oj gu`pjk`koatl ho jf prl`osf, quo ho su hosgoahoagkf soràf mogmf uaf brfa afgk÷a y jf prlvkhoagkf Hkvkaf Hkvkaf (Ba. 6>3>4^l. ;32). Osto tkpl ho pruonf vf f jjobfr f auostrf auostrf vkhf y als vfa f pohkr jl quo `æs f`f`ls, ostl puoho sor3 auostrl trfnfcl, auostrf prleosk÷a, fjbóa nkoa `ftorkfj, auostrf gl`lhkhfh, otg. Ostl jl mfgo oj Woölr, al plrquo aogoskto fjbl ho alsltrls, skal pfrf quo ovfjuo`ls quë os jl quo lgupf oj prk`or jubfr oa auostrl glrfz÷a. Gufahl sl`ls mfjjfhls fprlnfhls, Ëj gu`pjkræ sus prl`osfs f auostrf vkhf. n.  Woro`ls prlnfhls oa jl ogla÷`kgl (Ca. ogla÷`kgl  (Ca. 53?-5). Oj soölr Cosugrkstl probuat÷ f Eojkpo3 Eojkpo 3 ‚Ho h÷aho gl`prfro`ls  pfa pfrf quo gl`fa ostls‐. Gla ostf katorrlbfato, Eojkpo euo prlnfhl y trft÷ ho oaglatrfr uaf sljugk÷a glaelr`o f su rfzlaf`koatl (Ca. 532). Yorl jl quo oj Woölr quoràf orf quo ëj so hkorf guoatf quo oj hkaorl al os jl `æs k`plrtfato pfrf prlvoor jfs aogoskhfhos, skal quo quoràf oasoöfrjos quo `koatrfs Ëj ostuvkorf gla ojjls al jos knf f sor efjtf afhf (Ca. 5369-67). Ho jf `ks`f elr`f, oj Woölr por`kto jfs pruonfs ogla÷`kgfs f auos auostrf trf vkhf y gufahl al oaglatrf`ls sljugk÷a, sus `kjfbrls so `fakeostfræa pfrf oasoöfrals quo Ëj ostæ gla alsltrls (@t >=3>9).

5. 

DFK^LW HOJ C_KGKL  C_KGKL  (6Y 8362). Ostf pfjfnrf so trfhugo hoj brkobl Drk`f  y hoaltf uaf soatoagkf prlauagkfhf, oj vorohkgtl, jf glahoaf, jf hogksk÷a rosujtfato ho uaf kavostkbfgk÷a y oj prlgosl ho cukgkl quo glahugo f uaf hogksk÷a   (Hkggklafrkl vkao). Jf Nknjkf als fhvkorto quo vf f mfnor ua cukgkl otoral (Mo. 5.>) porl jls Dfkrls hoj cukgkl so roekoroa f jls tko`pls oa quo oj grkstkfal os cuzbfhl plr su glahugtf y os mfjjfhl efjtl (Ha. ?3>2), oatlagos soræ sucotl f uaf hksgkpjkaf ho Hkls (Mo. 6>32-66), ostls cukgkls puohoa voakr plr3 f.  Yrotoahor oabföfr f Hkls (Mgm. Hkls  (Mgm. ?36-69). Fafaàfs y Wfekrf hkorla sljf`oato uaf pfrto hoj hkaorl hoj quo honàfa oatrobfr, fj protoahor oabföfr fj Ospàrktu Wfatl ho`lstrfrla quo f`fnfa `æs oj hkaorl quo f Hkls y quo proeoràfa jf fjfnfazf ho jls ml`nros quo oj efvlr ho Hkls, gl`l glasoguoagkf ho osto pogfhl `urkorla. n.  Ylr al hksgorakr oj guorpl hoj soölr (6 soölr  (6 Gl 663>;-79). Jf Wfatf Goaf al hono ho sor tl`fhf f jf jkborf gl`l quo sk euorf ua rktufj, oj rosujtfhl ho tl`frjf kahkbaf`oato tkoao gl`l glasoguoagkf ua cukgkl quo gfusf4 honkjkhfh, oaeor`ohfh y `uorto. Oj soölr als hf jf lplrtuakhfh ho quo als oxf`kao`ls f alsltrls `ks`ls fatos ho tl`frjf (6 Gl.66376-7>).

2. 

DFK^LW HO JF WKOBF L HO JF GLWOGMF (@t GLWOGMF  (@t 67379). Oj tko`pl ho jf glsogmf os oj eka ho osto skbjl (@t 6737;), oa oj gufj jls æabojos fpfrogoræa y sopfrfrfa jl efjsl ho jl vorhfhorl.

6=

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

f.  Oj trkbl y jf gkzföf. Ostfs sla pjfatfs brf`àaofs quo grogoa cuatf`oato y so pfrogoa oatro sà, jf hkeoroagkf os altlrkf gufahl so hosfrrljjfa, oj soölr usf ostfs pjfatfs pfrf mfgor ua sà`kj oatro jls mkcls hoj rokal y jls mkcls hoj `fjkbal, jls gufjos soræa puostls gfhf qukoa oa oj jubfr quo jo glrrosplahf (@t 6737=-89). Jls mkcls hoj `fjl soræa ogmfhls oa oj mlral ho euobl y jls mkcls ho Hkls rospjfahogoræa gl`l oj slj oa oj rokal ho su pfhro (@t 67386-87). =. 

DFK^LW HO JLW BOAXKJOW (Jg. BOAXKJOW (Jg. >63>8). Osto tko`pl gl`oaz÷ gla oj gfutkvorkl ho jls cuhàls plr oj ^oy Afnuglhlalslr ho Nfnkjlakf (Ha. 636->) o mkst÷rkgf`oato hurfræ ua jfrbl tko`pl, fóa oa gu`pjk`koatl ho jl quo hkcl oj Woölr Cosugrkstl ‚y Corusfjëa soræ mljjfhf plr jls boatkjos mfstf quo oj tko`pl ho jls boatkjos so gu`pjf‐ . Osto porklhl ho hl`kakl boatkj tor`kafræ gla jf sobuahf voakhf hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl quo rokafræ slnro oj `uahl, osto fglatogk`koatl trforæ hostruggk÷a ho jls plhoros `uahkfjos quo ostæa oatro jls boatkjos fgtufj`oato (Ha. >388 -8?. f. f.   Jf pjoaktuh ho jls boatkjos  boatkjos   (^l 663>?). Fsà so hoskbaf oj oj aó`orl ho sfjvls quo mfy oatro jls boatkjos boatkjos y quo oj Woölr ostæ föfhkoahl pfrf elr`fr ua puonjl pfrf su al`nro (Mgm. 6?36?-6;).Oj Woölr trft÷ gla jf ronojk÷a ho jls ml`nros hosho jf fatkbúohfh (Ba. =3>64 6636;), ho oatro ojjls mkzl uaf afgk÷a jjf`fhf Ksrfoj pfrf quo jo skrvkorf y euorf fpfrtfhf pfrf Ëj, porl porl ëstf efjj÷. Hkls por`ktk÷ quo quo oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj Ksrfoj euorf slcuzbfhf plr jfs afgklaos boatkjos, qukoaos ostæa glaelr`fhfs plr ml`nros pfbfals, plstorklr`oato oj Woölr Cosugrkstl gla su `uorto fnljk÷ tlhf oao`kstfh ho cuhàls y boatkjos o mkzl ua sljl puonjl, oj Ksrfoj ospkrktufj, ospkrktufj, horrknfahl jf pfroh kator`ohkf quo jls sopfrfnf (Oe. >368-6;).

O

j Woölr jos hkcl f sus hksgàpujls quo al jos glrrosplahàf sfnor f ojjls jls tko`pls y jfs lgfsklaos (Mgm632). Ylstorklr`oato oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl jo hkcl f jf Kbjoskf quo fgorgf ho jls tko`pls y jfs lgfsklaos al orf aogosfrkl osgrknkrjos (6 Xs. ?36), hocæahlals vor quo yf mfnàfa skhl oasoöfhls. Hono`ls pohkrjo f Hkls quo als por`ktf

hksgorakr jls tko`pls y lplrtuakhfhos quo tkoao pfrf alsltrls gla oj famojl f amojl ho fprlvogmfrjls.

6;

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

95 @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

JLW WKOXO AFGK@KOAXLW HOJ UO^NL  Ylrquo ua aköl als mf afgkhl, mkcl als mf skhl hfhl, y oj prkagkpfhl slnro su ml`nrl. Wo jjf`fræ su al`nro "Fh`krfnjo glasocorl", "Hkls euorto", "Yfhro otoral", "Yràagkpo ho pfz". ^ ;? K sfàfs sfàfs ;3 ;3 5

Ostf os uaf prleuahkhfh ho jf pfjfnrf. Als hkgo quo ua aköl als mf skhl hfhl, guyl al`nro knf f sor Fh`krfnjo Glasocorl, Hkls Euorto, Yfhro Otoral, Yràagkpo ho Yfz, y als hf`ls guoatf quo so ostæ roekrkoahl f Cosós. [ osto aköl quo als mfuaafgkhl os oj `ks`l Uornl ho Hkls mogml gfrao.Cosugrkstl Yorl, Hklsosals mf rovojfhl oa su pfjfnrf, al sljf`oato afgk`koatl skal skoto afgk`koatls hoj vornl. jf gfnozf ho jf grofgk÷a, l sofquo quomf ëj oxkstkhl tkoao oj prk`fhl oa tlhl. [ tl`fahl ostl oa guoatf, oaglatrf`ls oa jf Nknjkf jls 2 Afgk`koatls hoj Uornl3

O

K. HO JL KAG^OFHL F JL G^OFHL ^;? Fplgfjkpsks 7368 "Osgrkno fj æaboj ho jf kbjoskf oa Jflhkgof3 ""Oj F`ëa, oj tostkbl ekoj y vorhfhorl, oj Yrkagkpkl ho jf grofgk÷a ho Hkls, hkgo ostl...

J

f Nknjkf hkgo quo Grkstl Cosós os oj ‚prkagkpkl ho jf grofgk÷a ho Hkls‐, plrquo gl`l tf`nkëa als hkgo, tlhfs jfs glsfs plr ëj euorla mogmfs. Osto prk`or Afgk`koatl l Yuatl ho Grofgk÷a ho Hkls, so ro`latf f fatos ho jf grofgk÷a ho tlhl, hlaho afhf ostfnf grofhl. Al oxkstàf oj tko`pl, ospfgkl, `ftorkf, fatk`ftorkf, ak otorakhfh. Wljl oxkstàf Hkls. [ f osf sljohfh hkvkaf, jls rfnkals jf jjf`fa ‚Fyka Wle‐4 porl Hkls quksl gl`pfrtkr su f`lr, plrquo ëj os f`lr, y oa ua `lvk`koatl sk`kjfr fj hoj glrfz÷a (sàstljo y hkæstljo), Hkls so glatrfo y grof ua ospfgkl. Fquà gl`koazf jf oxporkoagkf ho jf grofgk÷a. F ostl so jo jjf`f oj ‚Ox‚Ox-Akmkjl‐.

Oa osto puatl vo`ls oatlagos quo oj prk`or afgk`koatl euo trfsjfhfrso hoj pjfal oxkstoagkfj ho jl kagrofhl, fj pjfal oxkstoagkfj ho jl Grofhl. [ jl grofhl puoho sor vksknjo l kavksknjo, oa hlaho yf oxksto oj tko`pl, jf `ftorkf, jf otorakhfh, otg. Ho fquà afgo3 oj Uornl ho Hkls. ^;? Cufa 636 Oa oj prkagkpkl orf oj Uornl, oj Uornl ostfnf gla Hkls y oj Uornl orf Hkls. > Osto ostfnf oa oj prkagkpkl gla Hkls. 7 Xlhfs jfs glsfs plr `ohkl ho ëj mogml euo mogml. m ogml. Ostf euo jf prk`orf ka`ljfgk÷a hoj Glrhorl, quo euo ‚lerogkhl‐ fj Gls`ls, y quo hosho fatos ho su euahfgk÷a, yf ostfnf propfrfhl. ^;? 6 Yohrl 63>9 Ëj ostfnf hostkafhl hosho fatos ho jf euahfgk÷a hoj `uahl, porl mf skhl `fakeostfhl oa jls ójtk`ls tko`pls plr f`lr ho vlsltrls. Hkls al plhàf pfsfrso fj pjfal ho jl grofhl, plrquo so sfjàf ho hlaho ostfnf, yf quo sljf`oato Hkls puoho sor Kagrofhl, porl aogosktfnf gl`l ua ospocl, prlyogtfr jl quo mfnàf oa oso jubfr, fsà quo gro÷ f Grkstl, plr osl hkgo jf Nknjkf oa ^;? Gljlsoasos 636? Grkstl os jf k`fboa hoj Hkls kavksknjo, oj prk`lbëaktl ho tlhf grofgk÷a. Oj Uornl os oj rospjfahlr ho Hkls. Osl oxpjkgf quo gufahl hkcl Hkls3- sof jf juz- so roeoràf fj Uornl. ^;? Bëaosks 637 Hkcl Hkls3 "Wof jf juz". [ euo jf Juz., porl al orf jf juz hoj Wlj, skal jf Juz Yrk`kboakf quo voaàf f jf Xkorrf gla oj prlp÷sktl ho hosfrrljjfr grofgklaos. Ylr osl fmlrf so oatkoaho `oclr jl quo jf Nknjkf hkgo oa ^;? Cufa 63 > Osto ostfnf oa oj prkagkpkl gla Hkls. 7 Xlhfs jfs glsfs plr `ohkl ho ëj euo mogml. 8 Oa ëj ostfnf jf vkhf, y jf vkhf orf jf juz ho jls ml`nros.; Jf juz vorhfhorf quo fju`nrf f tlhl ml`nro voaàf f osto `uahl. 69 Oa oj `uahl ostfnf, y oj `uahl euo mogml plr `ohkl ho ëj4 porl oj oj `uahl al jl glalgk÷. Oj Uornl sfjo ho jl Kagrofhl f jl Grofhl, y gl`koazf f hosfrrljjfr ostrugturfs grofgklafjos3 æabojos, quorunkaos, sorfekaos, ojlmk`, mkcls ho Hkls, ml`nro, (fquà afgk`ls gl`l ospàrktus) y `ugmfs grofgklaos `æs quo al glalgo`ls. [ fjbuals ho su grofgk÷a so gfyorla (Juznoj, æabojos, otg.) JNF Mo. 63> oa ostls ójtk`ls hàfs als mf mfnjfhl plr su Mkcl, f qukoa glastktuy÷ morohorl ho tlhfs jfs glsfs, plr `ohkl ho qukoa mkzl tf`nkëa oj uakvorsl. 7 Ëj os oj rospjfahlr ho su bjlrkf y jf oxprosk÷a oxfgtf ho su afturfjozf, y slstkoao tlhfs jfs glsfs plr jf pfjfnrf ho su plhor. Fmlrf, oa oj Ox-Akmkjl, hlaho euo oj prk`or afgk`koatl hoj Uornl, yf mfy tko`pl, ospfgkl y otorakhfh. Yorl ostf os uaf otorakhfh quo tkoao prkagkpkl y eka. Jf Nknjkf os ua pfrëatosks oa jf otorakhfh, jf otorakhfh pfsfhf, quo gl`koazf gla Fhæa y so gkorrf oa Fplgfjkpsks >> 36  hlaho hkgo gkojls auovls, tkorrf auovf y gl`koazf uaf auovf otorakhfh. Ylr osl f Grkstl so jo jjf`f Yfhro Otoral. ^osu`koahl, Uornltó orf Orf Hkls,ojporl hkeoroato hoj Yfhro Kagrofhl (quoJl ostæ oapfhro oj Fyka qukoa jo hkcl fjojUornl3 vfsjffprlyoggk÷a sor oj pfhrohohoHkls. jls ospàrktus, pfhro ho jfs jugos, oj grofhlr ho tlhl. mkzl ho Wle), tlhl

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

pfrf gl`pfrtkr su f`lr. JNF Cufa 7365 Ylrquo ho tfj `faorf f`÷ Hkls fj `uahl, quo hkl f su Mkcl uakbëaktl, pfrf quo tlhl fquoj quo groo oa Ëj, al so pkorhf, `fs toabf vkhf otoraf. KK. GOWÆ^OF HKUKAF JNF Ksfàfs 2368 Ylr tfatl, oj Woölr `ks`l ls hfræ uaf soöfj3 Mo fquà, uaf vkrboa glagonkræ y hfræ f juz ua mkcl, y jo plahræ plr al`nro O``fauoj. Oa osto afgk`koatl, yf al nfst÷ ostfr oa oj pjfal oxkstoagkfj ho jfs glsfs grofhfs, fmlrf Hkls @ks`l so knf f sor mu`fal, fsà gl`l jls mkcls quo ëj gro÷ ho su `fal, quo pfrtkgkpfa ho gfrao y sfabro. Ëj kbufj`oato pfrtkgkp÷ ho gfrao y sfabro JNF Monrols >368 Fsà quo, plr gufatl jls mkcls pfrtkgkpfa ho gfrao y sfabro, Ëj kbufj`oato pfrtkgkp÷ tf`nkëa ho jl `ks`l, pfrf faujfr `ohkfato jf `uorto oj plhor ho fquoj quo toaàf oj plhor ho jf `uorto, os hogkr, oj hkfnjl. [ oj Uornl, so hosplc÷ ho sus ftrknutls hkvkals, so mu`kjj÷ f sà `ks`l pfrf mfgorso so`ocfato f jls ml`nros JNF Ekjkpoasos >3?-= Mfyf, puos, oa vlsltrls ostf fgtktuh quo munl tf`nkëa oa Grkstl Cosós, 5 oj gufj, fuaquo oxkstàf oa elr`f ho Hkls, Hkls , al glaskhor÷ oj sor kbufj f Hkls gl`l fjbl f quë feorrfrso, 2 skal quo so hosplc÷ f sà `ks`l tl`fahl elr`f ho skorvl, mfgkëahlso so`ocfato f jls ml`nros. = [ mfjjæahlso oa elr`f ho ml`nro, so mu`kjj÷ f sà `ks`l, mfgkëahlso lnohkoato mfstf jf `uorto, y `uorto ho gruz. JNF Jugfs 637? ^osplahkoahl oj æaboj, jo hkcl3 Oj Ospàrktu Wfatl voahræ slnro tk, y oj plhor hoj Fjtàsk`l to gunrkræ gla su sl`nrf4 plr osl jl sfatl quo afgoræ soræ jjf`fhl Mkcl ho Hkls Oj Uornl vkal f afgor oa jf tkorrf f trfvës ho uaf `ucor vkrboa osglbkhf. Grkstl kabros÷ f jf hk`oask÷a mu`faf f trfvës ho ua `kjfbrl, plrquo al orf plsknjo quo uaf vkrboa glagknkorf, porl oa @fràf, jf noahktf oatro tlhfs jfs `ucoros, so hkl quo so gu`pjkorf jf pfjfnrf oa Ksfàfs 2368. fj làr jf pfjfnrf y rogknkrjf, oatr÷plrquo jf so`kjjf soao o`poz÷ fpfrf hosfrrljjfr oj vornl mogml gfraohfhf oa ojjf. Os plr osl @fràf osl `uy k`plrtfato gukhfr jl quo là`ls, plrhkvkaf oj làr yvko vkoao jf eo, y plho`ls plr jf eo ‚o`nfrfzfrals‐ y ‚hfr f juz‐ erutls quo puohoa sor ho Hkls l ho ltrf euoato. Xf`nkëa os `uy k`plrtfato sfnor jl quo glaeosf`ls gla auostrf nlgf, plrquo oa auostrf joabuf toao`ls oj plhor ho jf vkhf y jf `uorto, y jl quo so glaekosf (nuoal l `fjl) puoho gu`pjkrso. @fràf groy÷, glaeos÷ gla su nlgf y so gu`pjk÷ jf pfjfnrf hfhf. Oa Hkls, ho jf `ks`f `faorf quo so oaboahrf, so glagkno. Hkls hoplskt÷ ska tlgfr, ska hföfr, oa oj guorpl ho @fràf, jf so`kjjf hoj vornl. [ euo o`nfrfzfhf, porl glatkau÷ skoahl vkrboa. @fràf euagkla÷ gl`l ua grkstfj3 rogknk÷ jf Juz, kabros÷, jf prlyogt÷ y oj grkstfj so `fatuvl katfgtl4 ojjf rogknk÷ fj Uornl, jl prlyogt÷ (jl hkl f juz ska uaf jfnlr ho pfrtl afturfj, skal slnroafturfj, fsà gl`l euo glagonkhl), y glatkau÷ skoahl vkrboa. Osto afgk`koatl so puoho hogkr quo os `kjfbrlsl, lgurrk÷ gl`l uaf gosærof hkvkaf. Oj Woölr fsà gl`l jf oaglatr÷, vkrboa, fsà jf oatrob÷ f su osplsl, vkrboa. Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl tuvl ua afgk`koatl hkvkal, quo trftf`ls ho oxpjkgfr pfrf quo jf khof quo trfas`ktk`ls so oatkoahf, quo euo gl`l uaf Gosærof Hkvkaf 0 Afgk÷ gl`l ^o ^oy. y. Jf Gosærof vkoao hoj afgk`koatl hoj Gosfr quo euo hkeoroato hkeoroato fj `lhl glavoagklafj. Hospuës oxpjkgf jf Nknjkf Nknjkf quo Clsë glalgk÷ glalgk÷ f su osplsf y ojjf tuvl `æs mkcls mkcls (@r. 537). [ oj Uornl, afgkhl afgkhl gl`l ml`nro, vkal f rofjkzfr ua sfgrkekgkl gla oj quo roglagkjk÷ f tlhf jf grofgk÷a. Alsltrls, oj guorpl `àstkgl ho Grkstl, vkak`ls fj `uahl f trfvës ho uaf `ucor y oso euo auostrl afgk`koatl eàskgl. KKK. AFGK@KOAXL HOJ FB_F JNF @t. 7365 Hospuës ho sor nfutkzfhl, Cosós sfjk÷ hoj fbuf ka`ohkftf`oato4 y mo fquà, jls gkojls so fnrkorla, y ëj vkl fj Ospàrktu ho Hkls quo hosgoahàf gl`l uaf pfjl`f y voaàf slnro Ëj. 62 [ mo fquà, so ly÷ uaf vlz ho jls gkojls quo hogàf3 Ësto os `k Mkcl f`fhl oa qukoa `o mo gl`pjfgkhl. Osto toxtl als oxpjkgf quo gufahl oj Woölr Cosós euo f jfs fbufs hoj Nfutks`l, (y sfjk÷ ka`ohkftf`oato), oa oj sfjkr, so rofjkz÷ su torgor afgk`koatl, hoj fbuf. Oj afgk`koatl hoj fbuf so rofjkzf f trfvës hoj nfutks`l, quo os jf gl`pjotf su`orsk÷a hoj guorpl oa oj fbuf. Oa oj Nfutks`l oa fbuf lgurroa `ugmfs glsfs3 sl`ls sojjfhls gl`l prlpkohfh hoj rokal ho jf Juz. Fquà lgurro jf prk`orf `kakstrfgk÷a hoj fj`f y jf glagkoagkf os jfvfhf. Jf Nknjkf hkgo oa @t. >=36; Kh, puos, y mfgoh hksgàpujls ho tlhfs jfs afgklaos, nfutkzæahljls oa oj al`nro hoj Yfhro y hoj Mkcl y hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl. Oa oj nfutkzl tf`nkëa als mfgo`ls hksgàpujls y so `uoroa jls oao`kbls hoj `uahl. Xl`fahl jf ekburf hoj puonjl ho Ksrfoj quo gruzfrla oj @fr @uortl (pfsfrla plr fbuf y euorla nfutkzfhls) `koatrfs quo jls obkpgkls quo jls porsobuàfa so fmlbfrla oa oj.

 >6

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

JNF Cufa 738 Akglho`l jo hkcl3 ¼G÷`l puoho ua ml`nro afgor skoahl yf vkocl< ¼Fgfsl puoho oatrfr plr sobuahf voz oa oj vkoatro ho su `fhro y afgor< ? Cosós rosplahk÷3 Oa vorhfh, oa vorhfh to hkbl quo oj quo al afgo ho fbuf y hoj Ospàrktu al puoho oatrfr oa oj rokal ho Hkls. Akglho`l jo probuat÷ f Cosós slnro oj auovl afgk`koatl, plrquo al oatoahàf gl`l orf ostl plsknjo. Hkls als mf hfhl jf rovojfgk÷a slnro ostl oa su pfjfnrf. Alsltrls, jf kbjoskf, afgk`ls hoj fbuf y hoj Ospàrktu oa Grkstl Cosós. Afgk`ls hoj fbuf gufahl euk`ls nfutkzfhls, plrquo fj su`orbkrals euk`ls `uortls fj pogfhl gla Grkstl, y fj jovfatfrals hoj fbuf, rosugktf`ls gla ëj, afgkoahl hoj fbuf. Oa oj jknrl ho Bëaosks > fpfrogo, quo Hkls jo hkcl f Fhæa quo nusgfrf uaf fyuhf kh÷aof ho oatro tlhls jls ho su grofgk÷a, pfrf quo al ostuvkorf sljl, `æs al euo mfjjfhf pfrf ëj akabuaf4 oatlagos Hkls sfg÷ f su Ovf hoj glstfhl ho Fhæa. Fsk`ks`l, Cosós, quo os oj plstror Fhæa, al oaglatr÷ hoatrl hoatrl ho jf grofgk÷a uaf fyuhf kh÷aof pfrf ëj, y tuvl quo sfgfrjf ho sk `ks`l, ho su glstfhl. Gufahl ëj euo trfspfsfhl oa su glstfhl y sfjk÷ fbuf y sfabro, afgk÷ jf kbjoskf. Afgk`ls alsltrls ho ëj. Ëj os auostrf gfnozf y alsltrls oj guorpl ho Grkstl. Oj guorpl `àstkgl ho Grkstl (Jf kbjoskf) tkoao oj `ks`l roglrrkhl hoj guorpl eàskgl ho Grkstl. (Auostrf gfnozf). Oatlagos hono`ls ostfr trfaqukjls, plrquo auostrf Gfnozf, auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl, yf voagk÷ y ostæ soatfhl f jf hkostrf hoj Yfhro, osporæahlals. KU. AFGK@KOAXL HOJ OWYÀ^KX_ JNF Cufa 732 Al to fsl`nros ho quo to mfyf hkgml3 "Ls os ao aogosfrkl gosfrkl afgor ho auovl." = Oj vkoatl slpjf hlaho qukor qukoro, o, y lyos su slakhl, porl al sfnos ho h÷aho vkoao ak fh÷aho vf4 fsà os tlhl fquoj quo os afgkhl hoj Ospàrktu. Oa oj toxtl ho @ftol rojftfWfatl oj nfutks`l oa pfjl`f. fbuf ho Fjjà Cosós, oj Uornl mogml gfrao.afgk`koatl3 Hospuës quo euohoj nfutkzfhl fbuf, hosgoahk÷ slnro7365, ëj, oj so Ospàrktu gl`l uaf oj Uornl, tuvl su gufrtl afgk÷ Ospàrktu.oa Oj afgk`koatl hoj Ospàrktu ho Cosós, mfnkjkt÷ oj gl`koazl ho su `kakstorkl oa jf tkorrf. Mfstf quo afgk÷ hoj ospàrktu gl`oaz÷ su ‚trfnfcl‐. JNF @ftol 836 Oatlagos Cosós euo jjovfhl plr oj Ospàrktu fj hoskortl hoskortl pfrf sor toatfhl plr oj hkfnjl. > [ hospuës ho mfnor fyuafhl gufroatf hàfs y gufroatf algmos, oatlagos tuvl mf`nro. Ka`ohkftf`oato, quo afgk÷ hoj Ospàrktu, euo jjovfhl fj hoskortl plr oj vkoatl, oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. Oj afgkhl hoj Ospàrktu os afgkhl ho frrknf y bukfhl plr oj vkoatl, quo os oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. _al al sfno ho hlaho vkoao ak pfrf hlaho vf, sljl osgugmf oj vkoatl, quo os oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. Oc. Eojkpo euo jjovfhl plr oj Ospàrktu pfrf kr f oxpjkgfrjo jfs osgrkturfs f ua otklpo y pfrf nfutkzfrjl4 nfutkzfrjl4 hospuës oj Ospàrktu Wfatl jl tl`÷ y jl jjov÷ f ltrl jubfr. Mogmls =3>5. Gufahl afgo`ls hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, quo al os plr vljuatfh ho ml`nro, skal ho Hkls, als gf`nkfa jf afturfjozf pogf`kalsf y als plaoa jf afturfjozf y jf boaëtkgf hkvkaf. Als quktfa oj hosol hoj vkgkl quo toabf`ls y tlhls auostrls pjfaos sla gf`nkfhls plr jls pjfaos ho Hkls. JNF Cufa >636= Ho gkortl, ho gkortl to hkbl3 Gu Gufahl fahl orfs `æs clvoa, to goöàfs, o knfs f hlaho quoràfs4 `fs gufahl yf sofs vkocl, oxtoahoræs tus `fals, y to goökræ ltrl, y to jjovfræ f hlaho al quko qukorfs. rfs. Oj als bukfræ y als jjovfræ plr hlaho ëj qukorf, `fahfræ f mfgor glsfs quo al quorf`ls, als mfræ mfnjfr pfjfnrfs quo ëj p lahræ oa auostrf nlgf, otg. Hocë`lals bukfr plr oj Woölr Ospàrktu Wfatl, quo qukzæs als puoho gl`pjkgfr jf vkhf, porl vfjo jf poaf. Lnohozgf`ls plr f`lr.

U. AFGK@KOAXL HO JF "@_O^XO" JNF Cufa 6936= Afhko `o jf quktf, skal quo yl jf hly ho `k prlpkf vljuatfh. Xoabl futlrkhfh pfrf hfrjf, y toabl futlrkhfh pfrf tl`frjf ho auovl. Osto `fahf`koatl rogknà ho `k Yfhro. Oj Uornl toaàf ua `fahf`koatl hoj Yfhro pfrf hfrals jf Wfjvfgk÷a3 @lrkr y hospuës toaàf jf futlrkhfh, oj plhor pfrf vljvorjf f tl`fr. Cosós fatos ho oatrobfr su vkhf hkcl3-Yfhro, oa tus `fals oagl`koahl `k ospàrktu-. Oa jf gruz ëj oa oatrob÷ trob÷ su vkhf, y tuvl `uorto, porl ho jf `uorto euo jovfatfhl3 vljvk÷ f afgor. Osto qukatl afgk`koatl hoj Uornl, euo ho jf tu`nf. Oa jf Gruz munl munl uaf `uorto porl tf`nkëa vf f mfnor ua afgk`koatl. afgk`koatl. Oa jf Gruz mfy uaf auovf elr`f ho vkhf. ^59 @frgls =37? Ylrquo tlhl oj quo qukorf sfjvfr su vkhf, jf porhoræ4 y tlhl oj quo pkorhf su vkhf plr gfusf ho `à y hoj ovfabojkl, jf sfjvfræ.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

^59 Bæjftfs >3>9 Gla Grkstl ostly cuatf`oato grugkekgfhl, y yf al vkvl yl, `fs vkvo Grkstl oa `à4 y jl quo fmlrf vkvl oa jf gfrao, jl vkvl oa jf eo hoj Mkcl ho Hkls, oj gufj `o f`÷ y so oatrob÷ oatrob÷ f sà `ks`l plr `à. Cuatf`oato gla Grkstl mo`ls `uortl oa jf gruz, porl tf`nkëa oa jf gruz mo`ls afgkhl ho jf `uorto. ^59 Jugfs ;3>7 [ hogàf f tlhls3 Wk fjbual qukoro voakr oa pls ho `à, akëbuoso f sà `ks`l, tl`o su gruz gfhf hàf, y sàbf`o. Hkls als hkcl quo gfhf hàf tl`ærf`ls jf gruz y sunkërf`ls fj `lato B÷jbltf (Gfnozf) f `lrkr f alsltrls `ks`ls. F quo als grugkekquoa y als plabfa gjfvls oa jfs `fals (lnrfs) y oa jls pkos (gf`kafr). Hono`ls ostfr grugkekgfhls f rosplahor jfs leoasfs, y f `fatoaorals gfjjfhls, gl`l oj Woölr so `fatuvl gfjjfhl. Fj ostfr grugkekgfhls, so puohoa nurjfr ho alsltrls, als puohoa kacurkfr y plho`ls suerkr tlhl jl `ks`l quo ëj pfhogk÷ plrquo fsà gl`l jo pfs÷ f Cosugrkstl `koatrfs ostfnf grugkekgfhl, fsk`ks`l als pfsfræ f alsltrls, su guorpl `àstkgl. UK. AFGK@KOAXL HOJ E_OBL JNF Oeoskls 83; (Ostf oxprosk÷a3 Fsgoahk÷, ¼quë skbakekgf, skal quo Ëj tf`nkëa mfnàf hosgoahkhl f jfs prleuahkhfhos ho jf tkorrf< 69 Oj quo hosgoahk÷ os tf`nkëa oj `ks`l quo fsgoahk÷ `ugml `æs frrknf ho tlhls jls gkojls, pfrf plhor jjoafrjl tlhl.) Jf Nknjkf als hf vksls quo hurfato jls 7 hàfs y 7 algmos oj Uornl mogml gfrao nfc÷ f jfs prleuahkhfhos ho jf tkorrf f prohkgfr f jls `uortls quo fatos euorla rofgkls f jf pfjfnrf. JNF @ftol 6>389 plrquo gl`l OWX_UL CLAÆW OA OJ UKOAX^O HOJ @LAWX^_L @F^KAL X^OW HÀFW [ X^OW ALGMOW, fsà ostfræ oj Mkcl hoj Ml`nro tros hàfs y tros algmos oa oj glrfz÷a ho jf tkorrf. [ fj ostfr Cosós oa oj glrfz÷a ho jf tkorrf, suerk÷ jf sobuahf `uorto oa oj jfbl ho euobl. Oj pfs÷ plr jf sobuahf `uorto pfrf quo alsltrls, su kbjoskf, al jf pfsærf`ls. Xl`÷ auostrl jubfr. Oatlagos oj soxtl afgk`koatl hoj Uornl os hoj Euobl, puos euo jovfatfhl ho jfs goakzfs. JNF Wfj`ls 67;36? Al ostfnf o stfnf lgujtl ho tk `k guorpl, gufahl gufa hl oa sogrotl euk elr`fhl, y oatrotockhl oa jfs prleuahkhfhos ho jf tkorrf. (Mfhos). Yfrf afgor hoj euobl aogoskt÷ hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, quo jl elr`÷ ho auovl, y jl rosugkt÷. JNF. ^l`fals =366 Yorl sk oj Ospàrktu ho fquoj quo rosugkt÷ f Cosós ho oatro jls `uortls mfnktf oa vlsltrls, oj `ks`l quo rosugkt÷ f Grkstl Cosós ho oatro jls `uortls, `uortls, tf`nkëa hfræ vkhf f vuostrls guorpls guorpls `lrtfjos plr `ohkl ho su Ospàrktu quo mfnktf oa vlsltrls. Fj rosugktfr ho jf `uorto, Cosugrkstl, so glastktuy÷ oa oj prk`lbëaktl ho oatro jls `uortls, plrquo oj tkoao oj prkagkpfhl oa tlhfs jfs glsfs. ^;? Gljlsoasos 636= Ëj os tf`nkëa jf gfnozf hoj guorpl quo os jf kbjoskf, y os oj prkagkpkl, oj prk`lbëaktl ho oatro jls `uortls, pfrf quo oa tlhl toabf jf proo`kaoagkf, 6; plrquo fj Yfhro fbrfh÷ quo oa ëj mfnktfrf tlhf jf pjoaktuh, >9 y plr `ohkl ho ëj roglagkjkfr glaskbl tlhfs jfs glsfs, fsà jfs quo ostæa oa jf tkorrf gl`l jfs quo ostæa oa jls gkojls, mfgkoahl jf pfz `ohkfato jf sfabro ho su gruz. Oj `ks`l Ospàrktu Wfatl quo jovfat÷ f Cosugrkstl, os oj `ks`l quo toao`ls hoatrl ho alsltrls y os oj `ks`l quo als vf f jovfatfr gufahl sof`ls jjovfhls fj gkojl, gla auostrls guorpls trfaselr`fhls. Wl`ls Otorals, y vf`ls f ostfr otoraf`oato gla oj soölr Cosugrkstl, quo os jf gfnozf ho jf kbjoskf. UKK. AFGK@KOAXL OA OJ GL^FS×A JNF. ^l`fals 693= @æs, ¼quë hkgo< GO^GF HO XK OWXÆ JF YFJFN^F, OA X_ NLGF [ OA X_ GL^FS×A, os hogkr, jf pfjfnrf ho eo quo prohkgf`ls3 ; quo sk glaekosfs gla tu nlgf f Cosós plr Woölr, y groos oa tu glrfz÷a quo Hkls jo rosugkt÷ ho oatro jls `uortls, soræs sfjvl4 69 plrquo gla oj glrfz÷a so groo pfrf custkgkf, y gla jf nlgf so glaekosf pfrf sfjvfgk÷a. Oj sëptk`l Afgk`koatl hoj vornl os oa auostrl glrfz÷a. Hosho oj `l`oatl quo gla oj glrfz÷a groà` groà`ls ls y glaeosf`ls gla auostrf nlgf, oj Uornl ho Hkls mogml gfrao afgk÷ oa auostrls glrfzlaos. [ auostrf `ksk÷a os quo oj grozgf hoatrl ho alsltrls, pfrf quo ho`ls erutls [ quo gfhf hàf als pfrozgf`ls `æs f Oj. JNF > Glrkatkls 5367 Fmlrf nkoa, oa kbufj rogkprlgkhfh (ls mfnjl gl`l f aköls) vlsltrls tf`nkëa fnrkh ho pfr oa pfr vuostrl glrfz÷a Hocf quo oj Woölr Cosugrkstl afzgf oa tu glrfz÷a. Hëcfjl vkvkr hoatrl ho tk. Xu puohos, plr vljuatfh prlpkf, hfr f juz fj mkcl ho Hkls, sljf`oato sk groos oa tu glrfz÷a y glaekosos gla tu nlgf, oj afgoræ oa tk y jls ho`æs plhræa vorjl oa tk. ls afgk`koatls hoj Uornl euorla skoto. [ jf Kbjoskf, gl`l oj guorpl `àstkgl ho Grkstl mf toakhl tf`nkëa 2 afgk`koatls, quo so glagftoafa gla jls skoto afgk`koatls hoj Uornl.

J

6. Afgk`koatl Ho Jl Kagrofhl F Jl Grofhl3 Oj Uornl als gro÷ gl`l Ospàrktu oa jf otorakhfh fatos ho voakr f jf tkorrf.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

>. AFGK@KOAXL HO JF GOWÆ^OF HKUKAF3 Afgk`ls ho uaf `ucor y oatrf`ls f jf tkorrf gla ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl. (Wl`ls royos y sfgorhltos). 7. Afgk`koatl Hoj Fbuf3 nfutkzfhls oa oj fbuf, euk`ls `uortls fj vkocl ml`nro y rosugktfhls oa Grkstl. Afgk`ls hoj fbuf oa Grkstl. 8. Afgk`koatl Hoj Ospàrktu3 Wl`ls nfutkzfhls gla oj Wojjl hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl fj roglagkjkfrals gla Grkstl4 afgo`ls hoj Ospàrktu. ?. Afgk`koatl Hoj Euobl3 Gufahl Cosós als nfutkz÷ gla su euobl hkvkal. Jg. 7365, Ëj ls nfutkzfræ gla oj Ospàrktu Wfatl y Euobl. 5. Afgk`koatl Ho Jf @uorto3 Gufahl Cosós euo morkhl oa su glstfhl y sfjk÷ sfabr sfabroo y fbuf, afgk`ls ho jf Gruz y @uorto. 2. Afgk`koatl Oa Auostrls Glrfzlaos3 Gufahl Grkstl vkal f vkvkekgfrals gla su Ospàrktu plrquo fatos ostænf`ls `uortls oa oj pogfhl y als hkl glrfzlaos ho gfrao, gf`nkæahlals oj glrfz÷a ho pkohrf.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

92 @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

JLW ^LGKF@KOAXLW  Ylrquo gufahl @lksës tor`ka÷ ho prl`ujbfr tlhls jls `fahf`koatls fj puonjl, glaelr`o f jf joy, tl`÷ jf sfabro ho jls nogorrls y ho jls `fgmls gfnràls, gla fbuf, jfaf osgfrjftf o mkslpl, y rlgk÷ oj jknrl `ks`l y f tlhl oj puonjl, hkgkoahl3 ËWXF OW JF WFAB^O HOJ YFGXL V_O HKLW LW L^HOAL. [ ho jf `ks`f `faorf rlgk÷ gla sfabro tfatl oj tfnoraægujl gl`l tlhls jls utoaskjkls hoj `kakstorkl. [ sobóa jf joy, gfsk tlhl os purkekgfhl gla sfabro, y ska horrf`f`koatl ho sfabro al mfy porh÷a. M onr ols ;36; 

a oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl so rlgkfnf jf sfabro ho jls sfgrkekgkls slnro jls utoaskjkls f utkjkzfr, jf sfabro al orf horrf`fhf skal rlgkfhf, yf quo jf sfabro horrf`fhf os pfrf sfjvfgk÷a, @ft >53>=, jls utoaskjkls quo so `oagklafa oa oj vorsl ho Mo ;36; yf mfa skhl osglbkhls y ostl als mfnjf ho porslafs sfjvfs quo sla kastru`oatls pfrf sor usfhls plr oj Woölr porl quo os aogosfrkl sor rlgkfhls plr jf sfabro hoj Woölr mfstf sor poreoggklafhls.  

O O

a oj Xfnoraægujl y oj Xo`pjl so rlgkfnf jf sfabro ho jls sfgrkekgkls oa gfhf ual ho sus gl`pfrtk`koatls3 Ftrkl, Jubfr Wfatl y Jubfr Wfatàsk`l. Ostls rlgkf`koatls sla roejocl ho jls p prlp÷sktls rlp÷sktls plr jls quo oj Woölr ho horrf`f rrf`f ho su sfabro slnro auostrf vkhf. Uof`ls3  f.  Ftrkl3 Wo horrf`f jf sfabro, pfrf sfjvfgk÷a. Ostl os gufahl rogknk`ls fj Woölr oa auostrl glrfz÷a.   n.  Jubfr Wfatl3 Wo rlgkfnf jf sfabro slnro jls utoaskjkls pfrf purkekgfgk÷a, os hogkr, quo hono`ls sor rlgkfhls plr jf sfabro hoj Woölr pfrf sor purkekgfhls.   g.  Jubfr Wfatàsk`l3 Hotræs hoj vojl so rlgkfnf jf sfabro. Ostl als mfnjf quo mfy ospàrktus quo, hospuës ho jf `uorto honoa sor rlgkfhls gla jf sfabro ho Cosugrkstl. 

Joo`ls oa Monrols 6936; fj >9 ‚Oatlagos, mor`fals, puostl quo toao`ls glaekfazf pfrf oatrfr fj Jubfr Wfatàsk`l plr jf sfabro ho Cosós, plr ua gf`kal auovl y vkvl quo Ëj kafubur÷ pfrf alsltrls plr `ohkl hoj vojl, os hogkr, su gfrao‐. Gufahl mfnjf`ls ho jfs glsfs quo sugohoa hotræs hoj vojl, als roeork`ls f jls trftls hospuës ho jf `uorto l sof f jf sopfrfgk÷a

hoj ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl. Gufahl Cosugrkstl `urk÷, oj vojl hoj to`pjl so rfsb÷, oasoöæahlals quo gufahl so `uoro oj vojl so rl`po y so trfspfsf f ltrf hk`oask÷a (@t. >23?6). Uof`ls oj jubfr f hlaho so hkrkbo gfhf pfrto hoj sor mu`fal fj `lrkr3 6.  Oj guorpl os jjovfhl fj sopujgrl.(Bëaosks 736;).  >.  Oj fj`f jjobf fj Wolj. (Wfj`l 653 69).   7.  Oj ospàrktu so prosoatf fato oj Yfhro pfrf sor oavkfhl fj ærof quo jo glrrosplaho, quo hopoaho hoj mogml ho mfnor l al rogknkhl f Cosugrkstl. C osugrkstl. (Ogjoskfstës 6>32).   Honkhl f quo oj sor mu`fal ostæ katobrfhl plr ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl, gfhf ual ho ëstls tkoao ua trftl y rlgkf`koatls gla jf sfabro ho Cosugrkstl mfstf fjgfazfr jf poreoggk÷a, tfj gl`l so `uostrf f glatkaufgk÷a3   6.  OJ OWYÀ^KX_3 Gufahl oj grkstkfal `uoro, oj ospàrktu robrosf fj Yfhro. Gufahl oj ospàrktu vuojvo fj Yfhro, voræ jl quo mkzl `koatrfs ostfnf oa oj guorpl. Jls ospàrktus robrosfa sfjvls plr `ohkl hoj sfgrkekgkl ho Cosugrkstl, porl honoa sor poreoggklafhls.

f.  Oj ospàrktu robrosf f Hkls, Ogj. 6>353 Osto vorsl `uostrf quo oj guorpl robrosf fj pljvl ho hlaho euo tl`fhl, oj ospàrktu robrosf fj Yfhro.   n.  Ospàrktus mogmls poreogtls, Mo. 6>3>>->73 Hopoahkoahl hoj ostfhl quo oj ospàrktu mu`fal toaàf gufahl so prlhucl jf sopfrfgk÷a plr `ohkl ho jf `uorto, aogosktf sor poreoggklafhl, uals `æs quo ltrls.  g.  Jf sfatkekgfgk÷a gl`pjotf hoj ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl, 6 Xs. ?3>73 Jls grkstkfals vkvls tkoaoa jf lplrtuakhfh ho prosoatfrso krroproasknjos katobrfj`oato hojfato hoj Woölr, plr `ohkl ho jf sfatkekgfgk÷a gl`pjotf fatos ho jf voakhf hoj Woölr4 porl gufahl fjbukoa `uoro, su prlgosl so hotkoao, porl gl`l euo sfjvl, su ospàrktu toahræ ua trftl hotræs hoj vojl, pfrf sor poreoggklafhl oa jfs sktufgklaos quo al jlbr÷ sor poreoggklafhl `koatrfs ostfnf oa oj guorpl. 

h.  @fakeostfgk÷a ho jls mogmls poreogtls, @t. 6236 JNF3 Hkls puoho por`ktkr quo fjbuals ospàrktus mogmls poreogtls so `fakekostoa f jls vkvls. Uo`ls oj oco`pjl gufahl @lksës y Ojàfs, so `fakeostfrla fj Woölr Cosugrkstl oa oj `lato ho jf trfasekburfgk÷a, ho `faorf quo fóa Yohrl, Cfgln y Cufa jls vkorla.  

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

o.  Oa @frgls ;37 so ;37 so rojftf quo jfs vostkhurfs hoj Woölr Cosós so vljvkorla `uy njfagfs, ho tfj `faorf quo akabuaf jfvfhlrf oa jf tkorrf jl puoho mfgor4 ostl als oasoöf quo oa ostf hk`oask÷a ho vkhf glrplrfj, auostrfs vostkhurfs sla njfagfs, porl oa jf hk`oask÷a juobl ho jf `uorto l trfaselr`fgk÷a soræa rospjfahogkoatos plrquo rogknkræa ua trftl quo jfs mfræ vorhfhorf`oato njfagfs.  >.  OJ FJ@F, Jugfs 653>9->>3 Osto pfsfco afrrf jf `uorto ho hls porslafcos quo sla jjovfhls f jubfros hkeoroatos y euorla trfasplrtfhls ho elr`fs hkstkatfs4 ual os jjovfhl plr æabojos y oj ltrl os jjovfhl plr jf `uorto4 osf elr`f ho sor trfasplrtfhls kahkgf quo soràfa gljlgfhls oa hkeoroatos jubfros3

f.  Oj Mfhos l Wo÷j, Jg. 653>7->83 Ostls vorsls `uostrfa gl`pfrtk`koatls hoj jubfr oa hlaho ostæa jfs fj`fs. Oj fj`f

ho Jæzfrl ostfnf hosgfasfahl y oj fj`f hoj rkgl ostfnf skoahl ftlr`oatfhf. Ostl als mfnjf quo oj fj`f hoj groyoato quo `urk÷ f sà `ks`l y juobl hur`k÷, soræ jjovfhl fj pfrfàsl l soal ho Fnrfmf`, pfrf hosgfasfr, porl oj fj`f hoj grkstkfal quo `urk÷ oa pogfhl, os hogkr, quo al pfb÷ sus guoatfs, soræ jjovfhl f ua jubfr ho tlr`oatls. Jfs fj`fs tkoaoa guorpl plrquo so `oagklafa sus hohls y joabuf, quo plr jl tfatl soatkræa jls tlr`oatls l jf glasljfgk÷a.  

n.  Ostfr f guoatfs pfrf al sor ogmfhl f jf gærgoj, Jg. 6>3?=-?;3 Gufahl oj grkstkfal `uoro, su fj`f ostæ oa oj Wo÷j skoahl roalvfhf, rostfurfhf y jk`pkf pfrf gufahl sfjbf fj `l`oatl ho jf rosurroggk÷a. Oj Woölr hoc÷ jls rlgkf`koatls hotræs hoj vojl pfrf nlrrfr jls pogfhls gl`otkhls. gl`otkhls. Oso os ua jubfr kator`ohkl ho hlaho al al so puoho sfjkr mfstf quo so pfbuo oj ójtk`l goatfvl. g oatfvl. 

g.  Oj fj`f oa oj Mfhos l Wo÷j, Jg. 653>?->53 Oj fj`f plhræ roglrhfr jl quo vkvk÷ oa jf hk`oask÷a ho jls vkvls, os hogkr, `koatrfs ostfnf oa jf tkorrf, pfrf gl`proahor plrquë ostæ oa oso jubfr.   Jf `o`lrkf ho jls ho vkvls, Jg. 653>2->=3 Oa oj mfy `o`lrkf jls quo ostæa vkvls y al ostæa fatoal Hkls. h.  Mfy prolgupfgk÷a jf glahkgk÷a oa quo soMfhos oaguoatrfa jls quoho quohfrla vkvls oa jf tkorrf, porlnkoa f ëstls jls vksktfræa `uortls, skal quo honoa làr f `kakstrls hoj Woölr. W oölr.  7. 

OJ G_O^YL, 6 Glrkatkls 6?38>3 Oj guorpl ho jls grkstkfals quo mfa `uortl ostæ oa oj sopujgrl y hono sor poreoggklafhl oa oj `l`oatl ho jf rosurroggk÷a, plrquo so so`nr÷ ua guorpl oa glrrupgk÷a. Oa oso `l`oatl oj guorpl ostfræ jkstl y so katobrfræ oj fj`f, quo mf skhl rostfurfhf, y oj ospàrktu quo mf skhl poreoggklafhl. Ylho`ls rosu`kr oa guftrl puatls osto prlgosl3  f.  Oj guorpl sfjo ho jf tu`nf,  n.  Oj fj`f sfjo hoj Wo÷j,   g.  Wo uao oj ospàrktu mogml poreogtl   h.  [ ostf`ls jkstls pfrf jf otorakhfh. 

8.  OCO@YJLW  f.  Oa 6 Glrkatkls 6?3>=->; so mfnjf quo oj nfutks`l plr jls `uortls os ‚ua trftl‐ pfrf trfnfcfr f jls quo ostæa hotræs hoj vojl, y os rofjkzfhl r ofjkzfhl plr jls quo ostæa vkvls.  

n.  Oa Cln 7366-67 als `uostrf quo jls rogkëa afgkhls quo `uoroa y al tuvkorla rojfgk÷a gla oj pogfhl, sla kalgoatos, plrquo al pogfrla y plr ojjl vfa f ua jubfr f hosgfasfr.  

C

laæs euo fj Wolj plr hoslnohkoato f jf pfjfnrf ho Hkls, pfrogo `uy hræstkgl, porl jf Nknjkf kahkgf quo f qukoa `æs so jo hf, `æs so jo ho`fahfræ. Hkls als mf hfhl ho su brfgkf, `ksorkglrhkf, nlahfh y pfgkoagkf, porl sk al gf`kaf`ls fbrfhæahljo, Ëj puoho trfnfcfrals oa ua jubfr ho tlr`oatl tfatl fquà oa jf tkorrf gl`l hotræs hoj vojl pfrf gl`pjotfrals. Alsltrls hono`ls hogkhkr g÷`l sor trftfhls4 ska o`nfrbl, hono`ls roglrhfr quo Cosugrkstl pfb÷ plr auostrls pogfhls oa jf gruz y pfb÷ oj progkl ho jf sobuahf `uorto plr alsltrls y jl óakgl quo oj als pkho os auostrl glrfz÷a.

 >5

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

OJ MLJLGF_WXL HO G^KWXL

9= @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

 Ylr jl gufj, fj oatrfr Oj oa oj `uahl, hkgo3 WFG^KEKGKL [ LE^OAHF AL MFW V_O^KHL, YO^L _A G_O^YL MFW Y^OYF^FHL YF^F @K4 OA MLJLGF_WXLW [ sfgrkekgkls YL^ OJ YOGFHL AL XO  MFW GL@YJFGKHL. OAXLAGOW HKCO3 "MO FV_K, [L MO UOAKHL (OA OJ ^LJJL HOJ JKN^L  OWXF OWG^KXL HO @K) YF^F MFGO^, LM HKLW, X_ ULJ_AXFH."   (JN (J N JF M o. 693?-2 693?-2))  

osho oj `l`oatl ho jf gfàhf ho Fhæa, jf poaf plr oj pogfhl orf jf `uorto (Ba. 7). Yogfhl, trfhugkhl hoj brkobl  cf`frtkf skbakekgf orrfr oa oj njfagl (Wtrlab B>55), prlvlgf oa alsltrls jf sopfrfgk÷a ho Hkls, plr jl tfatl, oj ml`nro ostæ sopfrfhl ho Hkls, y pfrf quo puohf jjobfrso f su Grofhlr auovf`oato, tuvl quo lerogorso ua sfgrkekgkl poreogtl quo k`pjkg÷ jf `uorto ho ua sustktutl (Grkstl), jk`pkl ho pogfhl. Cosugrkstl fekr`÷ quo oj prk`or `fahf`koatl os f`fr f Hkls gla tlhl auostrl sor y oj sobuahl `fahf`koatl `æs k`plrtfato orf f`fr fj pr÷ck`l gl`l f ual `ks`l (@r. 6>3>=-76), y quo al mfnàf `fahf`koatl `fylr quo ëstls. Yr÷ck`l os fquoj quo toao`ls `æs pr÷xk`ls f alsltrls, puoho sor ua f`kbl, gl`pföorl, vogkal, ef`kjkfr, gorgfal, fj quo so jo mfgo ua nkoa, quo euo oxfgtf`oato jl quo mkzl Cosós plr alsltrls gl`l uaf oxprosk÷a ho f`lr, fj oatrobfrso gl`l oj sfgrkekgkl poreogtl.

H O

a oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl, jfs leroahfs plhàfa sor ua fak`fj l glsf quo so jo lerogàf f Hkls oa oj gujtl, ëstfs plhàfa sor ho hls tkpls3 ho fak`fjos, pfrf prosoatfr mljlgfustls, oxpkfgklaos, leroahfs ho pfz4 y ho

brfals, gorofjos, erutfs y hkoz`ls. Jf pfjfnrf mljlgfustl so trfhugo hoj monrol Ljfm quo skbakekgf mfgor fsgoahor (Wtrlab M?;79) y hoj brkobl mljlgfutl`f quo hoaltf quo`fr tltfj`oato (Wtrlab B7585). Mljlgfustl so roekoro f jf gl`nustk÷a tltfj ho jf vàgtk`f leroahfhf, hospuës ho mfnorso k`puostl slnro ojjf jfs `fals y hobljjfhf f glatkaufgk÷a. _af glsf katorosfato ho rosfjtfr os quo jf vàgtk`f toaàf quo sor `fgml, y oa akabóa jubfr so `oagklaf ho akabuaf mo`nrf quo mfyf skhl lerogkhf oa mljlgfustl.

Oa oj tko`pl ho jf Joy @lsfkgf osto sfgrkekgkl so jjovfnf f gfnl oa oj fjtfr hoj mljlgfustl, glastrukhl ho `fhorf ho Fgfgkf y rovostkhl ho nrlago l glnro ekburf ho cukgkl. cukgkl. Jls utoaskjkls quo so usfnfa orfa3 orfa3 gfjhorls, pfjfs, tfzlaos, bfrekls y nrfsorls, tlhls ostls ho nrlago (Ox. >236-= y 7236-2). Oj mljlgfustl orf ua sfgrkekgkl lerogkhl gl`l ua uaff leroahf ho oxpkfgk÷a plr oj pogfhl, porl al jl nlrrfnf, sljf`oato jl gunràf g unràf y orf ekburf ho ua sfgrkekgkl quo mfnràf ho voakr (Mo. 23>24 6936>). 6.  EKB_^F HOJ MLJLGF_WXL. Gufahl Hkls jo pkho f Fnrfmf` quo jo lerozgf oa mljlgfustl f su mkcl Ksffg (Ba. >>362), os ekburf hoj mljlgfustl ho Grkstl, quo euo oj sfgrkekgkl poreogtl pfrf jf mu`fakhfh. Ostf lrhoa al orf gfsufjkhfh, skal orf ua fgtl prleëtkgl quo toahràf su gu`pjk`koatl gfsk >,999 föls hospuës. Gfno `oagklafr quo tlhl jl quo sugohk÷ oa oj pfsfhl os ekburf l oco`pjl pfrf alsltrls (6 Gl. 6935,66). Uof`ls, GKXF

GKXF

Ba. >>36

‚Mo`o fquà‐  fquà‐ 

Mo. 6932

‚Mo`o fquà‐  fquà‐ 

Ba. >>36 Ba. >>3>

Fnrfmf` Ksffg ¼glrhorl<

Mo. 6932

Ekburf hoj Yfhro Ekburf hoj Mkcl, oj glrhorl ho Hkls

Ba. >>3>

Wunk÷ fj `lato

Ba. >>3>

@lato @lrkfm

@t >2377

@lato B÷jbltf

Ba. >>37

Hls @lzls

@t >237=

Jls hls jfhrlaos

Ba. >>35

Jf joöf

@t >237?

Ekburf ho jf Gruz

Ba. >>32

¼H÷aho ostæ oj glrhorl pfrf oj mljlgfustl<

Ca 63 >;, 75

Mo fquà oj Glrho Glrhorl rl ho Hkls quo quktf oj pogfhl hoj `uahl.

Mo. 23>7

Fatkbul Yfgtl3 Wu`l Wfgorhlto. Wfgorhlgkl to`plrfj. @lràfa.

Mo. 8368 Mo. 2362

Brfa Wu`l Wfgorhlto Wfgorhlgkl otoral.

Wunk÷ fj `lato

Wobukhf`oato, Wfjl`÷a ohkekgf gfsf f Comlvæ oa Corusfjëa, oa oj `lato @lrkfm, hlaho Ëj so jo mfnàf fpfrogkhl f su pfhro

 >2

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Hfvkh (> Gr. 736). Oa osto to`pjl knf f sor lerogkhl glatkauf`oato mljlgfustls fj Woölr, gl`l uaf glatkaukhfh ho jf vksk÷a, ho jf prleogàf ho jf voakhf hoj @osàfs quo quktfràf ho uaf voz y pfrf sko`pro oj pogfhl hoj ml`nro (Mo. 69366-6>). 69366-6> ). Fjbuals fspogtls f glaskhorfr ho ostf ekburf sla3 6.  O^F _AF Y^_ONF YF^F OJ YFH^O O MKCL. Ba. >>3?. Fnrfmf` jo hkgo f sus grkfhls quo so quohoa fj pko hoj `lato, puos s÷jl su mkcl y ëj sobukràfa fhojfato pfrf fhlrfr f Hkls, oa jf gk`f hoj `lato s÷jl so oaglatrfnfa Fnrfmf` o Ksffg. >.  KWFFG W_NK× JF JOÖF YF^F OJ WFG^KEKGKL. Ba. >>35. Oj mogml ho quo Ksffg gfrbfrf jf joöf hlaho ëj knf f sor sfgrkekgfhl, als oasoöf fjbl prleëtkgl, plrquo fsk`ks`l, Cosós gfrb÷ gla jf gruz (mogmf ho `fhorf) oa sus ml`nrls gufahl knf ru`nl fj B÷jbltf f `lrkr. Cosós hkcl quo oj quo qukskorf sobukrjo, honoràf aobfrso f sà `ks`l y tl`fr su gruz, hfahl f oatoahor quo hono`ls `lrkr f auostrfs pfsklaos y hosols (@t. 653>84 6937=4 Jg. ;.>7), pfrf hospuës ostfr jkstls y sor sus hksgàpujls. 7.  OJ GL^HO^L HO HKLW. Ba. >>32-=. Gufahl Ksffg probuatf plr oj glrhorl pfrf oj sfgrkekgkl, Fnrfmf` jo glatostf quo Hkls jos prlvooræ ual, jl quo os uaf prleogàf fgorgf ho Grkstl, gl`l oj Glrhorl quo Hkls so knf f prlvoor pfrf oj mljlgfustl plr oj pogfhl, plr osl os quo Cufa oj Nfutkstf gufahl vo f Cosós voakr mfgkf ëj, jl jjf`f gl`l ‚oj glrhorl ho Hkls quo quktf oj pogfhl hoj `uahl‐ (Ca. 63>;).  63>;).   8.  FN^FMF@ @FXF F KWFFG [ JL YLAO WLN^O OJ FJXF^. Ba. >>3;. F Cosós tf`nkëa jl ftfrla (gufahl jl gjfvfrla) gufahl euo grugkekgfhl plr alsltrls, jl quo als `uostrf quo tf`nkëa hono`ls gfhf hàf prosoatfr auostrls guorpls gl`l ua sfgrkekgkl vkvl y sfatl (^l. 6>36). >.  GL@YF^FGK×A OAX^O OJ MLJLGF_WXL HOJ GL^HO^L OA OJ FAXKB_L XOWXF@OAXL [ OJ MLJLGF_WXL HOJ GL^HO^L HO HKLW, G^KWXL. GL^HO^L HOJ FAXKB_L XOWXF@OAXL

GL^HO^L HO HKLW, G^KWXL

6. K`plskgk÷a ho `fals pfrf oxpkfr oj pogfhl ho qukoa lerogàf oj sfgrkekgkl. (Jv. 638).

6. Ho fguorhl fj pjfa hoj Yfhro, oa Botso`faà (proasf ho fgokto), jo k`puskorla oj pogfhl hoj `uahl f Cosós. (@t. >537;4 Ks. ?7354 66).

>.  Ka`ljfgk÷a3 oj skbukoato pfsl orf `ftfr fj glrhorl hobljjæahljl pfrf oj gfsl, euorf hoj gf`pf`oatl. (Jv. 63?).

>. Oj Woölr Cosós hkl su vkhf y euo oatrobfhl oa `fals ho pogfhlros, skoahl lnohkoato mfstf jf `uorto ho gruz. (Ekj. >3=4 Fp. ?354 Mo. 6736>).

7. Horrf`f`koatl y rlgkf`koatl ho jf sfabro3 oj sfgorhlto rlgkfnf skoto vogos hojfato ho Comlvæ mfgkf oj vojl hoj sfatufrkl (Jv. 63?).

7. Jf sfabro horrf`fhf ho Cosós als jk`pkf hoj pogfhl quo trfo`ls hoj prk`or Fhæa gufahl jl fgoptf`ls gl`l Wfjvfhlr y Woölr auostrl4 jf sfabro rlgkfhf als jk`pkf ho jls pogfhls oa quo sl`ls fjgfazfhls yf ho grkstkfals. g rkstkfals. (@t. >23?64 >53>=4 Ca. 6;3784 Mo. 6>3>84 ;367-68).

8. Oj mljlgfustl3 oj glrhorl orf quo`fhl oa su tltfjkhfh, quohfahl óakgf`oato jfs goakzfs4 pruonf ho quo jf leroahf orf fgoptf plr Comlvæ. (Jv. 63;).

8. Cosós hosgoahk÷ fj jfbl ho euobl pfrf sor glasu`khl oa mljlgfustl y plhor ho ostf `faorf sustktukrals oa jf `uorto sobuahf (Wfj 8935-=4 Mo. 693?-54 Sfg 736->4 Wfj 67;36?4 Oe. ?3>4 Fp. >9368-6?).

O

j mljlgfustl ho auostrl soölr Cosugrkstl os, quo Ëj `urk÷ oa jf gruz y hospuës euo f `lrkr fj kaekoral oa oj jfbl ho euobl. Fj `lrkr oa jf gruz pfbl plr auostrls pogfhls y euo f pfbfr jf `uorto sobuahf fj kaekoral, Ëj ostfahl oa jf gruz  vkl f su kbjoskf, f su f`fhf, y plr osl euo quo Ëj al so nfcl ho osf gruz, ëj jl mkzl plr f`lr f alsltrls. ¡Al hosporhkgko`ls tfa brfaho sfgrkekgkl!

 >=

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

9; @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

JF ^OW_^^OGGKLA HO G^KWXL ‚Ylrquo yl ls oatrobuë oa prk`or jubfr jl `ks`l quo rogknà3 quo Grkstl `urk÷ plr auostrls pogfhls, glaelr`o f jfs Osgrkturfs4 quo euo sopujtfhl y quo rosugkt÷ fj torgor hàf, glaelr`o f jfs Osgrkturfs‐ JN JF 6 Gl. Gl. 6? 6?33 7-8

j fp÷stlj Yfnjl hogàf quo sk Grkstl al rosugkt÷ vfaf os auostrf eo y quo fóa ostf`ls gla auostrls pogfhls, porl quo gkortf`oato Cosugrkstl Cosugrkstl rosugkt÷ y ostæ f jf hkostrf hoj Yfhro katorgohkoahl plr alsltrls (6 Gl. 6?367->9). @ugmls hfa plr soatfhl jl quo plr föls so mf hkgml y groàhlnànjkgf, slnro jf‚¡F `uorto oa rojfgk÷a f eogmfs y hàfs, Wk ojjls al mfnjfa ho porl grkstkfals fatos ho groor gufjqukor glsf, hono`ls sl`otorjf f jf pruonf jf joy ho y fjCosós, tostk`lakl! fguorhl gla ostf pfjfnrf, os quo al jos mf f`faogkhl‐   (Ks. =3>9). Gufahl Yfnjl prohkgfnf, jls norofals ostuhkfnfa plrquo‐orfa `æs alnjos quo jls ho Xosfj÷akgf, puos rogknkorla jf pfjfnrf ævkhf`oato, osguhrköfahl gfhf hàf jfs Osgrkturfs  pfrf vorkekgfr sk ostfs glsfs orfa fsà‐  (Mgm.   (Mgm. 62366). Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl Cosugrkstl rosplahk÷ fj toatfhlr toatfhlr gla jf pfjfnrf pfjfnrf ho Hkls, alsltrls hono`ls ho sobukr su oco`pjl y vorkekgfr quo tlhl jl quo so als oasoöf hono sor nfsfhl y gl`prlnfhl gla jf pfjfnrf ho Hkls.

O

O

j oao`kbl katoatf gf`nkfr jls tko`pls (Ha. 23>?), plr `ohkl ho jf `oatkrf (Ca. =.88), gl`l oj afgk`koatl afgk`koatl ho Cosós, jf `uorto ho Cosós, jf sobuahf voakhf ho Grkstl, otg. Oj prlp÷sktl os glaeuahkr y hostrukr f fquojjls quo jos mfgo efjtf glalgk`koatl (Ls. 835). Ylr osl, jf probuatf quo fpfrogo oa Jf Nknjkf os jf quo Hkls jo mfgo f Fhæa gufahl mfnàf mfnàf efjjfhl ¼qukëa to oasoö÷< oasoö÷< (Ba. 7366). Cosós oa uaf lplrtuakhfh jo hkcl f jls rojkbklsls quo ojjls osguhr osguhrköfnfa köfnfa jfs osgrkturfs, plrquo jos pfrogàf quo oa ojjfs ostfnf jf vkhf otoraf otoraf y quo hfnfa tostk`lakl ho ëj (Ca. ?37;). XOWKW KAGL^^OGXF WLN^O JF @_O^XO HO COW_W _al ho jls ovoatls quo `æs glatrlvorskf boaorf oa oj `uahl lggkhoatfj os fgorgf ho jls hàfs oa quo `urk÷ y rosugkt÷ oj Woölr Cosugrkstl. Oj glagoptl boaorfjkzfhl os quo Cosós Cosós `urk÷ ua hàf vkoraos f jfs 7 ho jf tfrho y quo rosugkt÷ oj hàf hl`kabl plr jf `föfaf, fjbuals frbu`oatfa quo Cosós mfnàf hkgml quo knf f rosugktfr fj torgor hàf (hkgoa quo `urk÷ vkoraos, pfs÷ sænfhl oa jf tu`nf y quo rosugkt÷ hl`kabl plr jl quo so gu`pjoa jls tros hàfs) porl ljvkhfa quo gufahl jo probuatfrla jls rojkbklsls plr uaf soöfj, Ëj hkcl quo hfràf jf soöfj hoj prleotf Claæs quo ostuvl 7 hàfs y 7 algmos oa oj vkoatro hoj poz (@t. 6>389). [ tf`nkëa hkcl ‚hostrukh osto to`pjl y oa tros hàfs jl glastrukrë‐, roekrkëahlso f su guorpl (Ca . >3>9->6). 6.  6.  JF YFWG_F (Jv. >73?-=)  >73?-=)  Jf pfsguf so gojonrfrf oj 68 ho Aksæa, porl jf leroahf pfrf sor sfgrkekgfhf orf hosho oj hàf 69 hoj `ks`l `os. Jf ekostf so kakgkfnf gla oj sfgrkekgkl hoj glrhorl pfsgufj, fj hàf skbukoato orf hàf ho roplsl, jl `ks`l quo fj sëptk`l hàf, y orf kahopoahkoato hoj hoj hàf ho roplsl so`fafj (sfnæt). Jf pfsguf toaàf quo gojonrfrso oatro jfs hls tfrhos (Ox. 6>.54 Jv. >7.?4 A`. ;.7 ^U 59).

Y^OYF^FGKLA3 Wo  usf gl`l ua tër`kal tëgakgl quo kahkgf oj hàf ho jf propfrfgk÷a pfrf oj Wfnæt, os hogkr, jf tfrho ho vkoraos. Al`nro quo so hfnf fj hàf fatos hoj Wænfhl, oa oj gufj jls cuhàls fglstu`nrfnfa mfgor sus propfrftkvls pfrf oj hàf ho roplsl (@r. 6?38>). Os oj hàf `oagklafhl oa rojfgk÷a gla jf `uorto y jf sopujturf ho auostrl Woölr (@t. >235>4 Jg. >73?84 Ca. 6;38>). Euo grugkekgfhl oj hàf quo Cufa khoatkekgf gl`l oj 68 ho Aksæa, jf «vàsporf ho jf Yfsguf´ (Ca. 6;368, 76), l «propfrfgk÷a ho jf Yfsguf´ (Ca. 6;38>). Fsà quo oj Glrhorl ho Hkls hkl su vkhf oa jf mlrf progksf oa quo so sfgrkekgfnfa oa oj to`pjl jls glrhorls pfsgufjos. Aojsla, Rkjtla @., Auovl Hkggklafrkl Kjustrfhl ho jf Nknjkf , (Afsmvkjjo, XA3 Ohktlrkfj Gfrkno) >999, g6;;= >.  >.  OJ GF@NKL HO WFGO^HLGKL (Jg. 63?-=,754 6 Gr. >832-6;)  >832-6;)  Oa oj rokal ho Hfvkh jls sfgorhltos euorla hkvkhkhls oa >8 turals quo skrvkorla rltæahlso hurfato uaf so`faf, quo gl`koazf oa oj Wfnæt, oj sfgorhlto sfjkoato tl`f oj sfgrkekgkl ho jf `föfaf y oj sfgorhlto oatrfato oj ho jf tfrho4 jf fskbafgk÷a fj sorvkgkl pfrtkgujfr plr gfhf so`faf euo hogkhkhf plr suortos (6 Gr. >836-6;4 > Gr. >73=4 Jg. 63?,; (Hkggklafrkl Efussot). 7.  7.  ML^F^KL MON^OL [ ML^F^KL ^L@FAL Oj hàf so hkvkhàf oa 6> mlrfs (Ca. 663;4 @t. >937-2) oa oj mlrfrkl hoj puonjl ho Ksrfoj, so `oagklaf jf mlrf 7ª quo glrrosplaho f jfs ; ho jf `föfaf (Mgm. >36?), jf mlrf 5ª. , oj `ohkl hàf (Mgm. 693;), jf mlrf ;ª., jfs 7 ho jf tfrho (Mgm. 736).

 >;

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oa jl quo rospogtf f jls rl`fals, ojjls toaàfa ua gfjoahfrkl y mlrfrkl hkstkatls, gufahl Cufa osgrknk÷ su ovfabojkl, utkjkz÷ jf mlrf rl`faf plrquo orf jf ho usl gl`óa oa su ëplgf. (Hoj br. mlrf quo skbakekgf, glaekr`fhl, hoekaktkvl, kavfrkfnjo, kahksgutknjo, als mfnjf ho oxfgtktuh). JF @_O^XO [ ^OW_^^OGGK×A HO COWÓW Ëj hkcl quo ‚oj mkcl ho hojj Ml`nro soràf oatrobfhl oatrobfhl f jls boatkjos y `lrkràf‐ (@t.6236>,>>(@t.6236>,>>->7) Yfnjl hkgo ‚glaelr`o f jfs osgrkturfs‐ (6 Gl. 6?37-8). 6?37-8). Jf óakgf soöfj quo rogknkràfa jls rojkbklsls soràf jf soöfj hoj prleotf Claæs qukoa ostuvl ostuvl tros hàfs y tros algmos oa oa oj glrfz÷a ho jf tkorrf tkorrf (@t. 6>37=-89). Oa oj jknrl hoj prleotf prleotf Claæs 6362, so usf jf pfjfnrf monrof yl`o  (hàf) quo os ua porklhl ho >8 mlrfs , gufahl so roekoro f tros hàfs y tros algmos. Bëaosks 63? als hkgo3 Hkls jjf`÷ f jf juz hàf, y f jfs tkakonjfs jjf`÷ algmo, ‚ [ euo jf tfrho y euo jf `föf af hoj prk`or hàf‐ . Ostl als ho hocf cf gjfrl, quo jls tros hàfs y tros algmos so roekoroa f ua porklhl tltfj ho 2> mlrfs, oj hàf oatlagos, gl`oazfnf f pfrtkr ho jl quo alsltrls jjf`f`ls jfs 6=.99 mlrfs y glagjuàf fj hàf skbukoato f jfs 6=.99 mlrfs tf`nkëa. Cosós rosugktfràf fj torgor hàf (@t. 653>64 @r. 69378). Cosós `urk÷  hospuës ho jf, alvoaf mlrf (@t. >2385, @r. 6?378-72, Jg. >7388-85 y Jv. >737>) l sof quo so guoatf hosho jfs 5399 p.`. y gufahl so `oagklaf jf mlrf alvoaf sla jfs 7399 p.`. Ëj euo grugkekgfhl fatos hoj @obf sænfhl (7627 `o,bfc `obfs) quo orf gojonrfhl gojonrfhl faufj`oato (Ca. 6;376-77).  

`kërgljos

cuovos

vkoraos

Wænfhl

hl`kabl

@uoro f jf mlrf ;f. [ os sopujtfhl osf `ks`f tfrho

Brfa Wfnæt Ca. 6;376-77

Hàf ho jf propfrfgk÷a

Hàf ho roplsl rosugktf f jf mlrf alvoaf (;ª.), jf hoj sfgrkekgkl

Uksktf fj sopujgrl

@kërgljos f Cuovos

>8 mlrfs

Cuovos f Ukoraos

+

>8 mlrfs

Ukoraos f sænfhl

+

>8 mlrfs

0

tltfj 2> mlrfs

J

l `æs k`plrtfato os sfnor quo Cosós `urk÷ y quo tf`nkëa rosugkt÷ ho oatro jls `uortls, sustktuyëahlals pfrf quo akabual ho alsltrls jjobuo jjobuo f jf glahoafgk÷a ekafj (Oe. >36-69). Hono`ls ho sl`otor f jf pruonf nànjkgf ttlhf lhf sktufgk÷a  ho auostrfs vkhfs y fua jfs glstu`nros y gojonrfgklaos quo skbuoa jls puonjls, oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl gufahl so roekoro f jf `uorto y rosurroggk÷a hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl hkgo ‚glaelr`o f jfs osgrkturfs‐ sk orf aogosfrkl quo ëj mkgkorf jfs glsfs quo ostfnfa osgrktfs fgorgf ho ëj.    

WOG_OAGKF HO JLW OUOAXLW HO JLW ÓJXK@LW HÀFW f.  EFJXFA HLW HKFW YF^F JF YFWG_F  YFWG_F  (@t. >536,>4 @r. 68.64 Cufa 6736). n.  Oj Glagkjkl oa glasocl fguorhf quo honoa ho proahorjo gla oabföl. (@t. >538). g.  Oatrf oa Corusfjëa, `latfhl oa ua fsal, pfrf quo so gu`pjf jf prleogàf.

h. 

Os uabkhl oa Notfakf (osto jubfr ostfnf f tros dkj÷`otrls hoj @lato ho jls Ljkvls) (@t. >5354 @r. 6837).

o. 

Gl`koazf oj fsohkl f Cosós y os prlnfhl plr jls efrksols, Morlhkfals, Wfhugols y Osgrknfs (Jg. 6;). Cuhfs lerogo oatrobfr f Cosós (@t. >53684 @r. 683694 Jg. >>3>4 Ca. 673>).

e.  @F^XOW f.  Gl`oa oj glrhorl pfsgufj oa oj fplsoatl fjtl. (@t. >5362, @r. 68.6>4 Jg. >>32) n.  Jfvf jls pkos f jls hksgàpujls. (Ca. 6736-69) g.  Kastktuyo jf Wfatf Goaf. (@t. >53>54 @r. @r. 683>>4 Jg. >>36;) h.  Gfatfa ua Mk`al. Mk`al. (@t. >53794 @ @r. r. 683>5) o.  Yrleotkzf f Yohrl quo jl aobfræ 7 vogos. (@t. >53764 @r. 68379-764 Jg. >>376)

e.  b.  m. 

Wfjo f lrfr lrfr fj muortl oa B Botso`faà otso`faà (@t. >53754 @r. 683>54 Jg. >>37;4 Ca. 6=36) Frrostl ho Cosós. (@t. >53824 @r 683824 Jg. >>3824 Ca. 6=37) Jjovfhl f gfsf ho Faæs. (@t. >53?24 @r. 683?74 Jg. >>3?84 Ca. 6=36>)

 79

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf @kakstorkls Onoaozor

@KO^GLJOW f.  Ho `fhrubfhf jl jjovfa f gfsf ho Gfkeæs. (Jg. >>3554 Ca. 6=3>=) n.  Jjovfa f jf mlrf soxtf (mlrf rl`faf 5399 f.`.) f Ykjftl qukoa jl cuzbf. (@t. >2364 @r. 6?364 Jg >7364 Ca. 6=3>=) g.  Oavkfhl f Morlhos, jl robrosfa f Ykjftl y os oatrobfhl pfrf sor grugkekgfhl. (Jg. >7354 Ca. 6;368) h.  Jl grugkekgfa f jf mlrf torgorf (;399 f.`.) (@r. 6?3>?) o.  Hosho jf mlrf 5ª. F jf mlrf ;ª. Mfy tkakonjfs, `uoro f jf mlrf ;ª. (7399 p.`.) (@t. >238?4 @r. @r. 6?3774 Jg. >>388) C_OUOW f.  Hàf ho ekostf. (Jv. >73?4 @r. 65364 Ca. 6;376) UKO^AOW f.  Hàf ho jf propfrfgk÷a (glstu`nro provkf f gfhf sænfhl) (@t. >235>) n.  Jfs `ucoros gl`prfa ospogkos. (@r. 6536) WFNFHL f.  Hàf ho roplsl. n.  @ucoros hosgfasfa oa oj hàf ho roplsl. (Jg. >73?5)

e.  Wu guorpl jl sljkgktfa Clsë ho Frk`ftof y Akglho`l. (@t. >23?24 @r. 6?38>4 Ca. 6;37=-864 Jg. >>3?>4 Ca. 6=37=) b.  Clsë ho Frk`ftof gl`prf uaf sænfaf ho jkal. (@r. 6?385) m. Akglho`l jjovf gl`l 699 jknrfs ho `krrf y æjlos. (Ca. 6;389) k.  Jl oavuojvoa oa uaf sænfaf ho jkal y jl uaboa gla ospogkfs frl`ætkgfs. (@t. >23?;, Ca. 6;389).  c.  Os jf vàsporf ho jf pfsguf. d.  Fjbuafs `ucoros gl`prfa ospogkos. (Jg. >73?5)

n.  Oj prk`or hàf ho jls pfaos ska jovfhurf os prlmknkhl mfgor gufjqukor lnrf sorvkj. g.  Jfs `ucoros propfrfa jfs ospogkos frl`ætkgfs y jls uabúoatls. (Jg. >73?5) h.  Jls rojkbklsls pkhoa quo Ykjftl oavào uaf bufrhkf fj sopujgrl. (@t. >2.5>-55) g.  F jf mlrf mlrf ;ª. Os oj gf`nk gf`nkl l ho tural tural ho jls sfgorhltos y so oeogtóf oj gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl.

HL@KABL f.  @fràf @fbhfjoaf y jf ltrf @fràf voa quo ua æaboj ro`uovo ro`uovo pkohrf. (@t. >=36->) n.  @fràf @fbhfjoaf, @fràf jf `fhro ho Cfglnl y Wfjl`ë vfa fj sopujgrl `uy ho `föfaf. (@r. 6536->) g.  @ucoros jjobfa fj sopujgrl, sopujgrl, oaglatrfahl `lvkhf jf pkohrf. (Jg. >83>) h.  @fràf @fbhfjoaf euo ho `föfaf, fóa lsgurl fj sopujgrl. sopujgrl. (Ca. >936) o.  Oj kaelr`o ho jf bufrhkf. bufrhkf. (@t. >=366-6?)

 76

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

69 Oj Wfgorhlgkl ho @ojquksohog @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

‚Ho jf `ks`f `faorf, Grkstl al so bjlrkekg÷ f sà `ks`l pfrf mfgorso su`l sfgorhlto, skal quo jl  bjlrkekg÷ oj quo jo hkcl3 MKCL @K× O^OW X_, [L XO MO OABOAH^FHL ML[4 gl`l tf`nkëa hkgo oa ltrl pfsfco3 X_ O^OW WFGO^HLXO YF^F WKO@Y^O WOBÓA OJ L^HOA HO @OJV_KWO  HOG‐ M onr ols ?3?-5 ‚Wkoahl glastktukhl plr Hkls su`l sfgorhlto sobóa oj lrhoa ho @ojquksohog.‐ M onr ols ?369 ?3 69 

O W

a oj Fatkbul puonjl ho Ksrfoj sooagfrbfnf jo mfnàf hoskbafhl sor uaf afgk÷a ho sfgorhltos pfrfHkls, hfr sorvkgkl f HklsXostf`oatl (Ox. 6;35). Ffjostls ml`nros so jos ho oasoöfrpfrf fj puonjl jf joy, lerogor sfgrkekgkls fato osto sorvkgkl orf puostl gl`l jf futlrkhfh roprosoatfahl fj puonjl ho Hkls fato jfs afgklaos y gl`l `ohkfhlros oato jls ml`nros y Hkls. Mfnkoahl ojjls roauagkfhl f osto sfgorhlgkl (Ox. >936;) so glastktuy÷ oj Ffr÷akgl pfrf oso prlp÷sktl, oj ho `kakstrfr f Hkls, juobl oj ho Jovà mfstf quo vkakorf Grkstl f gu`pjkr gla oso `kakstorkl y fsà gu`pjkr gla sor jf leroahf ëj `ks`l f eka e ka ho glastktukrso Wu`l Wfgorhlto oa oj lrhoa lrh oa ho @ojquksohog (Mo.?3 ?-69). F. F.   MKWXL^KF HO JLW WFGO^HLGKLW u`l Wfgorhlto, Wu`l Wfgorhlgkl (oa monrol 7?8=, dlmoa afbfhlj4 oa brkobl >895, frckorous). Vuo skbakekgf sfgorhlto, prkagkpfj, pràagkpo, oj quo lekgkf, `kakstrl, sfgorhlgkl, sfgorhltfj. Wtrlab, Hkggklafrkl Ukao. Gfrbl morohktfrkl quo quoh÷ oa `fals ho jls hosgoahkoatos ho Ffr÷a qukoa euo oj prk`or su`l sfgorhlto quo Hkls hoskba÷ gl`l coeo ospkrktufj ho su puonjl y quo @lksës glasfbr÷ (Jovàtkgl =).

Oj su`l sfgorhlto toaàf jf `ksk÷a ho vojfr plr jf rogtf fh`kakstrfgk÷a hoj gujtl. Oj fgtl gu`nro ho su lekgkl orf jf gojonrfgk÷a faufj hoj brfa Hàf ho Oxpkfgk÷a oa quo lerogàf prk`orl ua mljlgfustl plr sà `ks`l y juobl uaf leroahf oxpkftlrkf plr oj puonjl (Jv. 65). Oj su`l sfgorhlto oatrfnf fj Jubfr Wfatàsk`l, fskoatl ho jf prosoagkf ho Comlvæ oa `ohkl ho su puonjl (Xfnoraægujl), gla jf sfabro oxpkftlrkf y rlgkfnf jf sfabro slnro oj Yrlpkgkftlrkl. Orf jf óakgf porslaf quo toaàf oso prkvkjobkl, y ostl sljl uaf voz fj föl y gla jf sfabro ho jf oxpkfgk÷a. Ltrf euagk÷a hoj su`l sfgorhlto orf jf ho cuoz, oa jf quo glatfnf gla jf fyuhf hoj _rk` y Xu`k`, fpfrftl ho usl oxgjuskvl hoj su`l sfgorhlto quo jo hfnf gufjkhfhos ospogkfjos pfrf hogkhkr guostklaos hkeàgkjos (A`. >23>9->6). Fho`æs ho jfs Uostkhurfs lrhkafrkfs hoj Wfgorhlto, oj su`l sfgorhlto glatfnf gla fjbuafs ho tfj bjlrkf y mor`lsurf quo jl hkstkabuàfa oa sus euagklaos lekgkfjos. Kagjuàf oj Oelh (Ox >=3?-6>), proahf quo so plaàf slnro oj @fatl hoj Oelh (Ox >=376-7?), oj Yogtlrfj (Ox >=36?->;) y jf @ktrf l turnfato gla uaf pjfgf ho lrl ekal gla jf kasgrkpgk÷a3 «Wfatkhfh f Comlvæ´ (Ox >=375-7=). Oj Woölr hkl kastruggklaos hotfjjfhfs fgorgf ho jf goro`lakf ho kavostkhurf (Ox. >;), jfs quo so ocogutfrla sljo`ao`oato oa jf glasfbrfgk÷a ho Ffr÷a (Jv. =). Jfs prk`orfs goro`lakfs oa quo Ffr÷a gl`l su`l sfgorhlto tuvl quo rofjkzfr gla oj prleuahl hljlr gfusfhl plr jf `uorto ho sus mkcls Afhfn y Fnkó plr al mfnorso fcustfhl f jfs kastruggklaos hkvkafs. Al puhl oxprosfr su hljlr ak usfr jutl plrquo jo euo e uo prlmknkhl oxprosf`oato (Jv. ;4 694 6 65). 5). Gl`l oj su`l sfgorhlgkl orf morohktfrkl, oj sugoslr ho Ffr÷a euo Ojofzfr. Xf`nkëa jl ocorgk÷ Ktf`fr, jl quo hkl lrkboa f hls jàaofs ho su`l sfgorhltos (6Grl. >83>-7). Hurfato jf glaqukstf Ojofzfr ocorgk÷ sus euagklaos oa Wkjl, quo euo jf gfpktfj rojkbklsf ho Ksrfoj mfstf jls hàfs ho Ojà gufahl jls ekjkstols so fplhorfrla hoj Frgf hoj pfgtl (Cls. 68364 6;3?64 6 W. 8366). Oa jf ëplgf ho jls cuogos sljl so `oagklaf uaf voz fj su`l sfgorhlto, gufahl oj su`l sfgorhlto Ekaoos tuvl quo hogkhkr slnro ua fsuatl brfvo lgurrkhl gla jls noacf`ktfs (Cuo. >93>=). Oj su`l sfgorhlto Ojà orf ho jf jàaof ho Ktf`fr. Wu sugoslr euo su akotl Fmktln, mor`fal ho Kgfnlh plr gufatl jls mkcls ho Ojà `urkorla oj `ks`l hàf quo Ojà. Hurfato oj rokafhl ho Wfój «jjovfnf oj oelh´ (6W. 6837), kahkgkl ho quo orf oj su`l sfgorhlto. Oa ltrls pfsfcos so jo jjf`f «Fmk`ojog´ (6W. >>366, >9). Jls su`ls sfgorhltos tuvkorla uaf kaejuoagkf vktfj oa jf rojkbk÷a hoj puonjl. Wk oj su`l sfgorhlto orf ekoj y ostfnf glasgkoato ho su pfpoj hojfato ho Hkls y hoj puonjl, mfnàf ua fvkvf`koatl oa oj roy y oa oj puonjl. Ho jl glatrfrkl, sk oj su`l sfgorhlto hosgukhfnf su honor, oj roy y oj puonjl hogfàfa. Gufahl Hfvkh trfsjfh÷ oj frgf f Corusfjëa, jls su`ls sfgorhltos quo vkvàfa oa Wkjl so euorla tf`nkëa f Corusfjëa. Fjjà auovf`oato so tkoao altkgkfs ho jf rokakgkfgk÷a ho jfs fgtkvkhfhos ho jfs hls jàaofs ho su`l sfgorhlgkl (> W. =362). Honkhl f jf hosjofjtfh ho Fnkftfr oa jf ronojk÷a ho Fhlaàfs, Wfjl`÷a jl hostktuy÷ hoj gfrbl (6 ^. >3>5->2). Oj gfutkvorkl al glrt÷ jf jàaof ho jls su`ls sfgorhltos. Fj robrosl, vfrkls ho ojjls tuvkorla uaf fgtufgk÷a hostfgfhf, oatro ojjls Clsuë mkcl ho Clsfhfg (Mfb. 636, 6>, 684 >3>, 84 Sfgfràfs 7) y Ojkfskn. Fuaquo orf mkcl (¼l akotl

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Worfàfs, Oshrfs al euo su`l sfgorhlto, porl tuvl uaf futlrkhfh `uy ospogkfj gl`l osgrknf y rolrbfakzfhlr ho jf rojkbk÷a hoj Ksrfoj hospuës hoj gfutkvorkl. Ylgl so sfno ho jls ffrlaktfs hospuës ho Cfhóf (Aom. 6>366-6>), ójtk`l su`l sfgorhlto `oagklafhl oa oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl. Yortoaogkorla fj Wfaohràa (Glagkjkl) y `ugmfs vogos jl proskhkorla. Oa oj poràlhl katortostf`oatfrkl surbk÷ oj jkafco ho jls su`ls sfgorhltos Fs`laols k`pjfatfhl plr jls @fgfnols. Ostls euorla royos y su`ls sfgorhltos f jf voz, efgtlr quo rovkstk÷ oj lekgkl ho su`l sfgorhlto `æs fhojfato oa oj Auovl Xostf`oatl gla nfstfato futlrkhfh pljàtkgf. Oa oj Auovl Xostf`oatl so `oagklafa tros su`ls sfgorhltos, tlhls ojjls glatrfrkls f Grkstl y fj grkstkfaks`l. Oa oj föl 6= h.G., Ufjorkl Brftl al`nr÷ f Gfkeæs gl`l su`l sfgorhlto y Uktojkl jl hostktuy÷ oa oj föl 75. Gfkeæs pfrtkgkp÷ oa jfs katrkbfs glatrf Cosós y euo ual ho jls prk`orls oa prlplaor fnkortf`oato su ocogugk÷a (Ca. 6638;-?9). Jf fekr`fgk÷a ho quo orf su`l sfgorhlto «fquoj föl´ subkoro quo fjtorafnf gla Faæs (y plsknjo`oato gla ltrls) jf proskhoagkf hoj sfaohràa y jfs ho`æs euagklaos hoj su`l sfgorhlgkl. Faæs gl`oaz÷ su platkekgfhl oj föl >5 h.G., plgl fatos hoj gl`koazl hoj `kakstorkl ho Cufa oj Nfutkstf. Wu al`nrf`koatl jl honk÷ fj efvlr ho Yunjkl Wujpkgkl Vukrkal. Faæs orf suobrl ho Gfkeæs. F Grkstl jl cuzbfrla oa su gfsf, fuaquo oj sfaohràa jl proskhàf Gfkeæs. Oa jf porsogugk÷a ho jls hksgàpujls f`nls fgtófa cuatls, porl oj proskhoato orf Faæs (Mgm. 835). Oj torgor su`l sfgorhlto `oagklafhl oa oj Auovl Xostf`oatl os Fafaàfs, f qukoa Fbrkpf KK hoskba÷ oa oj föl 8=. Os oj oagfrbfhl ho cuzbfr f Yfnjl (Mgm. >73>-?4 >836). Oa su hoeoasf, Yfnjl plao plr tostkbl fj su`l sfgorhlto. Ostl pfrogo kahkgfr quo fgfnfnf ho fsu`kr oj gfrbl y Yfnjl al jl sfnàf (Mgm. >>3?). Os `uy plsknjo quo ostls su`ls sfgorhltos al euorfa ho jf jàaof ho Ffr÷a. Wk os fsà, toahràf`ls quo oj jkafco ho jls su`ls sfgorhltos ffrlaktfs mfnàf jjobfhl f su eka, jl quo ho`lstrfràf jf erfbkjkhfh ho su kastktugk÷a. Grkstl os oj Wu`l Wfgorhlto hoekaktkvl, hoj gufj Ffr÷a y su jkafco orfa ua tkpl, y so gfrfgtorkzf plr sor ua Wu`l Wfgorhlto `ksorkglrhklsl mfgkf su puonjl, ekoj mfgkf Hkls y mfgkf jls suyls fj puatl ho oxpkfr oa su prlpkl guorpl jls pogfhls (Mo >3624 73>). Os ho `fylr bjlrkf quo @lksës (Mo. 737) quo euo oj quo glasfbr÷ fj prk`or su`l sfgorhlto gl`pfskvl mfgkf jfs honkjkhfhos mu`fafs plr gufatl Ëj euo toatfhl tf`nkëa (Mo >36=4 836?). Oa glasoguoagkf `fatkoao uaf kavktfgk÷a por`faoato f quo oj hënkj fguhf f Ëj oa ho`fahf ho slglrrl (Mo 8365). Rkjtla @. Aojsla Auovl Hkgg. Kjustrfhl ho jf Nknjkf. N. N.   ¼V_KËA OW @OJV_KWOHOG (Monrols 236-6>) Hosho oj vorsl ual oa fhojfato oj Fp÷stlj o`pkozf f rovojfr plr oj ospàrktu, oj lrkboa y prlgohoagkf ho @ojquksohog. ^oy ho Wfjo`, (Ba. 6836=4 Mo. 236)3 Orf ^oy slnro ua puonjl jjf`fhl Wfjo`4 osto puonjl al orf torroafj skal quo so unkgfnf oa fjbuaf pfrto hoj uakvorsl, plrquo Ëj `ks`l al orf ho ostf tkorrf, skal quo óakgf`oato voaàf gl`l vksktfato fj oaguoatrl ho Fnrfmf`. Wfgorhlto hoj Hkls Fjtàsk`l, Oj Ojyla, (Ba 6836=4 Mo.236)3 _af ho jfs euagklaos ho jls sfgorhltos orf katorgohor plr oj puonjl hojfato ho Hkls, prosoatfahl pfrf ojjl sfgrkekgkls y leroahfs plr oj pogfhl4 ostl qukoro hogkr quo uaf ho jfs euagklaos ho @ojquksohog orf katorgohor plr su puonjl hojfato ho Hkls, prosoatfahl sfgrkekgkls y leroahfs plr oj pogfhl. Ylr ltrl jfhl, jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo Hkls so mf `fakeostfhl f sus grofgklaos ho hkeoroatos elr`fs, plr `ohkl ho Comlvæ, Oj Wmfhhfy, Ojlmk`, otg., porl jf `æs brfaho ho osfs `fakeostfgklaos os Oj Ojyla (plrquo os jf osoagkf kagrofhf4 Wfj ;636->)4 oa oj sfgorhlgkl jovàtkgl quo orf óakgf`oato uaf sl`nrf hoj sfgorhlgkl gojostkfj (l sof oj ho @ojquksohog), oxkstàfa >8 ÷rhoaos sfgorhltfjos4 hæahlals f oatoahor quo oa jl gojostkfj tf`nkëa mfy >8 ÷rhoaos sfgorhltfjos quo roprosoatfa f hkeoroatos ospogkos hojfato ho Hkls, plr oco`pjl3 Fnrfmf`, Ksffg y Cfgln orfa sfgorhltos fato oj Wmfhhfy4 @lksës, Ffr÷a y jls jovktfs fato Comlvæ y @ojquksohog fato Oj Ojyla. ^oy ho Custkgkf, ^oy ho Yfz, (Mo. 23>)3 Ëj `ks`l orf jf custkgkf y jf pfz ho Hkls, plrquo afhko puoho toaor pfz sà fatos al mf skhl custkekgfhl hojfato ho Hkls (Ks. 7>3624 ^l. ?36). Wka pfhro, ska `fhro, ska boaofjlbàf, (Mo. 237)3 Fjbuafs glrrkoatos hlgtrkafjos mfa fekr`fhl quo @ojquksohog orf ua hosgoahkoato ho Wot, porl jf Nknjkf als `uostrf gjfrf`oato quo su lrkboa al orf torroafj, y plr osf rfz÷a so hkgo ho Ëj quo al tkoao pfhro, `fhro y quo tf`plgl tkoao boaofjlbàf mu`faf. Al tkoao prkagkpkl ho hàfs, al tkoao eka ho vkhf, (Mo. 237)3 F jjff juz ho jf pfjfnrf ho Hkls sfno`ls quo Grkstl os Hkls y gl`l tfj os otoral, ska prkagkpkl ak eka4 tf`nkëa joo`ls oa Monrols ?3? quo Grkstl Gr kstl os @ojquksohog y os plr ostf rfz÷a quo al tkoao prkagkpkl ho hàfs ak eka ho vkhf (@k. ?3> ^UF). Mogml so`ocfato fj Mkcl ho Hkls, por`faogo sfgorhlto pfrf sko`pro, (Mo. 237)3 Jls sfgorhltos hoj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl `kakstrfrla oa oj tfnoraægujl ho @lksës, juobl oa oj tfnoraægujl ho Hfvkh , oa oj to`pjl ho Wfjl`÷a otg., qukoro hogkr quo tlhl sfgorhlto hono toaor ua jubfr oa hlaho `kakstrfr, ho osf `ks`f elr`f

 77

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

@ojquksohog `kakstrfnf oa ua tfnoraægujl quo al orf ho ostf grofgk÷a (al orf ho osto `uahl, Mon. ;366), y  gl`l os oj Mkcl ho Hkls por`faogo sfgorhlto pfrf sko`pro, plrquo os Hkls y Hkls al `uoro. Os `fylr quo Fnrfmf`, (Mo. 238-2)3 Hoekaktkvf`oato Grkstl mfnkëahlso prosoatfhl f Fnrfmf` oa @ojquksohog (@k. ?3> ^U59), os `fylr quo gufjqukor mu`fal quo mfyf oxkstkhl y oxkstf slnro jf tkorrf, y os plr osl quo Fnrfmf` jo hkl jls hkoz`ls ho tlhl y cuatf`oato gla ëj tf`nkëa Jovà hkoz`÷ (Mo. 23;). COWÓW OW @OJV_KWOHOG (Mo. 2367->5), juobl 2367->5),  juobl ho mfnorjos oasoöfhl qukoa orf @ojquksohog, y ho ho`lstrfrjos quo osto porslafco orf tfa brfaho quo fua Fnrfmf` jo hkl jls hkoz`ls, Yfnjl o`pkozf plgl f plgl f hogkrjos qukoa orf @ojquksohog, hkgkëahljos quo ho qukoa so mfnjfnfa ostfs glsfs al orf hosgoahkoato ho jf trknu ho Jovà, skal quo auostrl Woölr hosgoahkoato trknu ho Cuhæ (Mo 2368), euo glastktukhl sfgorhlto nfcl ojy curf`oatl Hkls jo mkzl gufahl hkcl ‚Ojorf Woölr mf curfhl yhoaljfgf`nkfrf3 Xu oros sfgorhlto pfrf sko`pro‐ (Mo 23>6,>=), plr ójtk`l quo jos oxprosf gjfrf`oato quo Cosugrkstl `ks`l orf @ojquksohog (Mo 23>>), quo glasorvfnf su sfgorhlgkl ka`utfnjo plrquo por`faogo pfrf sko`pro (Mo 23>7->5). G. G.   WFGO^HLGKL HO JOUÀ (Mo. =3?4 23>24 ;3>5) Hospuës ho quo Yfnjl jos mfnàf hfhl jf rovojfgk÷a ho quo Cosós orf @ojquksohog, o`pkozf f mfgor uaf gl`pfrfgk÷a hoj sfgorhlgkl jovàtkgl gla oj ho @ojquksohog, roglrhæahljos quo oj prk`orl euo óakgf`oato sl`nrf hoj sobuahl (Mo. 69 6936). 36). Oj Wu`l Wfgorhlto, (Mo. ?3?-5,69)3 Oa oj F.X. jf joy glastktuàf f ml`nros hënkjos gl`l su`ls sfgorhltos, porl Cosugrkstl euo glastktukhl oa oj `l`oatl oa quo rosugkt÷, plrquo Hkls jo mfnàf curfhl hkgkëahljo3 ‚Xu oros `k Mkcl, yl to mo oaboahrfhl mly... Xu oros sfgorhlto pfrf sko`pro sobóa oj lrhoa ho @ojquksohog‐ (Mo. ?3? -54 23>=). Oj Xfnoraægujl, (Mo. =3>,?4 ;366, >9->7, >8)3 Oj sfgorhlgkl jovàtkgl y fua oj tfnoraægujl orf óakgf`oato uaf sl`nrf hoj vorhfhorl sfgorhlgkl y tfnoraægujl gojostkfj, plrquo gufahl @lksës sunk÷ fj `lato Hkls so jl `lstr÷, hæahljo kastruggklaos ho quo oj tfnoraægujl torroafj honoràf sor so`ocfato fj gojostkfj4 gla ftrkl (jf tkorrf), jubfr sfatl (oj uakvorsl) y jubfr sfatàsk`l (oj gkojl). Jls Wfgrkekgkls y Leroahfs, (Mo. 23>24 =374 ;3>?->2)3 ;3 >?->2)3 Oa oj F.X. jls sfgorhltos lerogàfa glatkauf`oato sfgrkekgkls plr sus pogfhls y plr jls hoj puonjl. Cosugrkstl fj lerogorso f sà `ks`l oa jf gruz, prosoat÷ oj sfgrkekgkl plr oj pogfhl hostruyëahljl f jf voz gla su `uorto (Mo. ;3>5), osto sfgrkekgkl euo uaf voz y pfrf sko`pro, plrquo tf`nkëa Cufa oj Nfutkstf hkcl3 ‚Mo fjjà oj glrhorl ho Hkls quo quktf oj pogfhl hoj `uahl‐. Cosugrkstl euo toatfhl oa tlhl porl ska pogfhl y fj al toaor pogfhl su sfgrkekgkl os suekgkoato pfrf n nlrrfr lrrfr oj pogfhl y al mfy aogoskhfh ho mfgor `fs sfgrkekgkls (Mo. 23>5). Jf sfabro ho jf Oxpkfgk÷a, (Mo. ;36-2, =, 6>->8)3 Oj su`l sfgorhlto oatrfnf uaf voz fj föl fj jubfr sfatàsk`l gla jf sfabro hoj sfgrkekgkl pfrf mfgor oxpkfgk÷a plr oj pogfhl, juobl gufahl sfnàf quo mfnàf toakhl ëxktl sfjàf mfstf hlaho ostfnf oj puonjl y jos fauagkfnf pfz, plrquo oj sfgrkekgkl mfnàf sk hl fgoptfhl4 ho jf `ks`f `faorf Cosugrkstl hospuës ho lerogor oj sfgrkekgkl, quo orf su `uorto, y rosugktfr oatr÷ oa oj jubfr sfatàsk`l, os hogkr oj gkojl, gla su prlpkf sfabro (Mo. ;36>) mkzl jf oxpkfgk÷a plr oj pogfhl y f hkeoroagkf ho jls su`ls sfgorhltos sobóa Jovà, por`faogo fjjà (Mo. =3>), soatfhl f jf hkostrf ho Hkls (Mo. =36), jlbrfahl otoraf sfjvfgk÷a pfrf jls quo grooa oa Oj (Mo. 6>3>8)4 juobl gl`l jl mfgkf m fgkf oj su`l sfgorhlto jovàtkgl sfjk÷ y so jos ffpfrogk÷ pfrogk÷ f sus hksgàpujls fauagkæahljos pfz,alsltrls oxprosæahljos ho ostf elr`f quo su sfgrkekgkl mfnàf skhl fgoptfhl4 kafuburfahl ua gf`kal auovl y vkvl pfrf (Mo. 6936;->9). Jfs joyos hoj pfgtl, (Mo. =3694 69362)3 Oa oj pfgtl fatkbul oxkstàfa joyos plr `ohkl ho jfs gufjos oj puonjl so toaàf quo hkrkbkr, ostls orfa progoptls quo al plhàfa mfgor poreogtl f afhko (Mo. 236=-6;)4 plr jl quo Hkls fmlrf al plao jfs joyos oa tfnjfs ho pkohrf skal quo jfs plao oa auostrfs `oatos y jfs osgrkno oa auostrls glrfzlaos pfrf quo jfs plhf`ls gu`pjkr. H. H.   GF@NKL HOJ WFGO^HLGKL JOUÀXKGL FJ HO @OJV_KWOHOG (Mo. ?3?4 2366-6>4 =3?, 67) Honkhl f quo oj prk`or sfgorhlgkl orf k`poreogtl, puostl quo al plhàf nlrrfr jls pogfhls plr `ohkl ho jls sfgrkekgkls y tf`plgl poreoggklafr f afhko (Mo. 236;4 ;3;4 6938), orf aogosfrkl quo munkorf gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl, ostfnjogkoahl ual quo sà plhàf nlrrfr pogfhls y hoj quo Cosugrkstl euo glastktukhl su`l sfgorhlto. Gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl oa oj F.X. (6Gr >836-62)3 Oa oj prk`or jknrl ho Gr÷akgfs joo`ls quo honkhl f jf brfa gfatkhfh ho jovktfs quo sorvàfa oa oj tfnoraægujl, euo aogosfrkl quo Hfvkh ostfnjogkorf brupls pfrf quo prostfrfa oj sorvkgkl, jls gufjos orfa hosgoahkoatos ho Ffr÷a4 ostls jls hkvkhk÷ oa hls brupls, ual ho jls hosgoahkoatos ho Ktf`fr y oj ltrl ho jls hosgoahkoatos ho Ojofzfr, juobl ho ostl jls ropfrtk÷ plr turals, hocfahl = turals pfrf oj brupl ho Ktf`fr y 65 pfrf oj brupl ho Ojofzfr4 ostls brupls `kakstrfnfa uaf so`faf plr ef`kjkf, l sof uaf so`faf plr tural y fj tor`kafr orf aogosfrkl quo munkorf gf`nkl ho brupl, oa ltrfs pfjfnrfs gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl, oj gufj so oeogtufnf oa hàf sænfhl plr jf tfrho.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl Jovàtkgl fj ho @ojquksohog, (Mo. ?3?)3 Ho jf `ks`f elr`f gl`l oa oj F.X. oj gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl so oeogtufnf oa hàf sænfhl, oatoaho`ls f jf juz ho jf pfjfnrf quo tf`nkëa oj gf`nkl hoj sfgorhlgkl jovàtkgl fj ho @ojquksohog so rofjkz÷ oa hàf sænfhl, osto gf`nkl so oeogtu÷ gla jf rosurroggk÷a ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl. Ho ostf brfa vorhfh oatoaho`ls quo Cosós al puhl mfnor `uortl oa hàf vkoraos y rosugktfr oa hàf hl`kabl, plrquo oa prk`or jubfr jf prleogàf hogàf quo Oj honàf ostfr tros hàfs gla sus algmos oa oj elahl ho jf tkorrf (@t. 6>389) y oa sobuahl jubfr oj gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl so mfgàf oa hàf sænfhl plr jf tfrho. Oa jfs trfhkgklaos cuhàfs oxkstàfa hls tkpls ho sænfhl, oj quo glrrosplahàf f gfhf so`faf y ual quo orf jjf`fhl ‚oj brfa sænfhl faufj‐, quo plhàf gfor oa gufjqukor `os hoj föl y gufjqukor gufj qukor hàf ho jf so`faf4 oa jf so`faf oa quo oj Woölr Cosós `urk÷ munl ua sænfhl faufj, quo euo oa hàf cuovos, ho ostf `faorf so gu`pjàf poreogtf`oato jf prleogàf plrquo qukoro hogkr quo oj Woölr `urk÷ oa hàf `kërgljos y rosugktl hàf sænfhl, plrquo ho `kërgljos f  cuovos3 ua hàf, ho cuovos f vkoraos3 hls hàfs y ho vkoraos f sænfhl3 tros hàfs, gla jl ggufj ufj so gu`pjàf oxfgtf`oato jf prleogàf y tf`nkëa so gu`pjàf oj gf`nkl ho sfgorhlgkl. _af Afgk÷a ho Wfgorhltos, (Fp. 6354 Mo. 6936;->>4 6 Y. >3?, ;)3 Os hospuës ho osto gf`nkl sfgorhltfj gufahl Hkls als glastktuyo gl`l sfgorhltos oa oj lrhoa ho @ojquksohog, tfatl f ml`nros gl`l f `ucoros, plrquo oa Grkstl al mfy hkstkagk÷a oatro f`nls (Bæ. 73>2->=), mfgkoahl ho alsltrls ua rofj sfgorhlgkl, afgk÷a sfatf, pfrf lerogor lerog or sfgrkekgkls ospkrktufjos fgoptfnjos hojfato ho Oj plr `ohkl ho Cosugrkstl y pfrf fauagkfr oa oj uakvorsl (Jubfr sfatl hoj vorhfhorl tfnoraægujl), oj ovfabojkl ho Cosugrkstl (Oe. 7369). Oj glatrfsto oatro Grkstl y jls sfgorhltos os altfnjo. Glkagkhoa oa quo f f`nls jls glastktuy÷ Hkls oa efvlr ho jls soros mu`fals, mfa ho lerogor sfgrkekgkls plr jls pogfhls, y mfa ho toaor pfgkoagkf gla jls hënkjos. Yorl hkekoroa oa vfrkls fspogtls k`plrtfatos. 6. 6.   Jfs leroahfs y sfgrkekgkls ho jls su`ls sfgorhltos ffrlaktfs orfa `ugmls y glatkauls, `koatrfs Grkstl lerogk÷ ua sljl sfgrkekgkl ho uaf voz y pfrf sko`pro (Mo. ?36). >.  Jf pfgkoagkf hoj su`l sfgorhlto ostfnf nfsfhf oa su honkjkhfh, `koatrfs quo jf ho Grkstl prlvkoao ho jf `ksorkglrhkf gl`l uaf vkrtuh prlpkf (Mo. ?3>4 23>=). 7. 7.   Oj su`l sfgorhlto honàf lerogor sfgrkekgkls plr sà `ks`l fatos fa tos ho lerogor oj ho jls pogfhlros, `koatrfs quo Grkstl al aogosktf sfgrkekgkl f su efvlr (Mo. ?374 23>2). 8. 8.   Oj su`l sfgorhlto ffrlaktf lerogàf fak`fjos y oatrfnf fj sfatufrkl gla sfabro fcoaf, `koatrfs quo Grkstl so lerogk÷ f sà `ks`l y horrf`÷ su prlpkf sfabro (Mo. ;36>). ?. ?.   Oj su`l sfgorhlto oatrfnf uaf voz fj föl f ua sfatufrkl mogml gla `fals (Mo ;32), `koatrfs quo Grkstl oatr÷ fj sfatufrkl gojostkfj y uaf voz y pfrf sko`pro (Mo ;366, >8). 5. 5.   Oj su`l sfgorhlto toaàf quo sfjkr hoj Jubfr Wfatàsk`l, porl Grkstl oatr÷ `æs fjjæ hoj vojl y mf por`faogkhl oa ëj hocfahl fnkortl oj gf`kal pfrf quo jls suyls oatroa f jf prosoagkf ho Hkls (Mo. 6936;->9 y @t. >23?6). 2. 2.   Jls ffrlaktfs euorla `ugmls, plr gufatl plr jf `uorto al plhàfa porhurfr, porl Grkstl os ual sljl otoraf`oato (Mo. 23>7) y su sfgorhlgkl os ka`utfnjo. =. =.   Wu sfgorhlgkl al os sobóa oj lrhoa ho Ffr÷a, skal sobóa oj lrhoa ho @ojquksohog (Mo. ;.>94 ostl k`pjkgf quo tf`nkëa @ojquksohog orf su`l sfgorhlto).   ;.  Oj Jf su`l katorgosk÷a hoj su`l orf to`plrfj, porl jf ho Grkstl os otoraf (Mo. 23>?). 69.  69. sfgorhlto orf uasfgorhlto `kakstorkl k`poreogtl, plrquo glrrosplahàf f ua pfgtl quo gfhug÷, `koatrfs quo oj ho Grkstl os ua `kakstorkl poreogtl quo por`faogo pfrf sko`pro (Mo. =35-67). Aojsla Rkjtla @., Auovl Hkggklafrkl Kjustrfhl ho jf Nknjkf.

_

af ho jfs euagklaos hoj sfgorhlgkl ho Grkstl euo oj ho khoatkekgfrso gla jf mu`fakhfh (Mo.>3 62) ostfnjogkhl plr  curf`oatl hkvkal, pfrf sfjvfr pfrf sko`pro, toakoahl uaf katorgosk÷a porpotuf pfrf tlhls jls groyoatos (Mo.23>?) toakoahl glaekfazf pfrf oatrfr fjjæ jubfr sfatàsk`l. Xlhls jls groyoatos prlvoakoatos hoj cuhfàs`l gl`l ho jf boatkjkhfh ostæa glastktukhls oa ua rokal ho sfgorhltos (Fp.63 5). Xlhls jls groyoatos glastktukhls sfgorhltos honoa lerogor sfgrkekgkl glatkaul y rfgklafj quo os auostrl gujtl f Hkls (^l. 6>36).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

66 Jls Guorpls @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

‚Wo sko`nrf ua guorpl glrruptknjo, so rosugktf ua guorpl kaglrruptknjo4 so sko`nrf ua guorpl afturfj,  so rosugktf ua guorpl ospkrktufj. Wk mfy ua guorpl afturfj, mfy tf`nkëa ua guorpl ospkrktufj‐ 6 Gl. 6?38>,88

j guorpl mu`fal os uaf lnrf `frfvkjjlsf ho Hkls quo glastfato`oato ovljugklaf, hosfrrljjfahl gfhf uaf ho sus pfrtos, ho tfj `faorf quo oj guorpl ho ua nono os hkeoroato fj ho ua aköl, fj ho ua fhljosgoato y fj ho ua fagkfal,

O J

ska o`nfrbl os oj `ks`l guorpl quo so mf khl trfaselr`fahl. Ho kbufj `faorf, jfs Osgrkturfs `oagklafa hkeoroatos gjfsos ho guorpls, hosho ua guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a, mfstf ua guorpl bjlrklsl4 porl tlhls sla gf`nkls ÷ trfaselr`fgklaos ho ua `ks`l guorpl. f pfjfnrf ‚guorpl‐ so trfhugo hoj brkobl sl`f, quo skbakekgf ‚fj guorpl gl`l ua tlhl, oj kastru`oatl ho jf vkhf, tfatl sk os ho ml`nro vkvkoato, l `uortl, l oa rosurroggk÷a…‐ (Wtrlab 8;=7). Oatoaho`ls oa jf Nknjkf quo `ugmfs ho jfs glsfs quo jo sugohkorla fj guorpl eàskgl hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl, tf`nkëa jo sugohoræa fj guorpl `àstkgl hoj Woölr, quo os, su kbjoskf4 vo`ls quo Cosós pfrtkgkp÷ ho ua guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a gufahl vkal f jf tkorrf (Mo. >368), juobl gufahl rosugkt÷ toaàf ua guorpl ospkrktufj ho gfrao y muosls, ska sfabro (Jg. >837;)4 hospuës ua guorpl gojostkfj (Mgm. 23??-?5) y plr ójtk`l ua guorpl bjlrklsl (Fp. 6369-62). Fsk`ks`l jf kbjoskf ho Grkstl tf`nkëa pfrtkgkpfræ ho ostls gf`nkls oa su guorpl4 porl sljf`oato jf osplsf jjobfræ f toaor ua guorpl bjlrklsl gl`l oj quo fmlrf tkoao oj Woölr Cosugrkstl (6 Gl. 6?3894 Fp. 6;32-=). Jfs gjfsos ho guorpl quo so `oagklafa oa jf Nknjkf sla3 6.  6.  G_O^YLW XO^^OAFJOW f)  G_O^YL FAK@FJ L AFX_^FJ (6 Gl. >3684 6?388).

B??;6) quo skbakekgf3 fak`fj, afturfj. Yortoaogkoato f jf pskquo, fj`f. Wo trfhugo afturfj oa 6 Glrkatkls >368, glatrfstfhl gla oj ml`nro ospkrktufj. Gufahl osto guorpl sof so`nrfhl pfrf mfgorjl `lrkr rosugktfræ f ua guorpl ospkrktufj (6 Gl. 6?388). Os oj guorpl quo toao`ls fmlrf y quo vf f jjobfr f jf ostfturf hoj Ufr÷a Yoreogtl. Osto guorpl os oj quo toahræa fquojjls quo hospuës ho ua prlgosl y ho fguorhl f jfs lnrfs quo mkgkorla ostfahl oa jf tkorrf, jjobfræa f plnjfr oj gls`ls, oj uakvorsl (Oe. 7369-66). Osto guorpl ostfræ fhogufhl ho tfj elr`f quo fquojjls quo jl toabfa plhræa vkvkr oa ltrls pjfaotfs, gl`l alsltrls ostf`ls vkvkoahl oa jf tkorrf, plrquo auostrl lrbfaks`l so fhfptf poreogtf`oato f jf ogljlbàf ho jf tkorrf, oa hlaho mfy fbuf, fkro y vkvk`ls ho jl quo jf tkorrf prlhugo. n)  n)  G_O^YL HO M_@KJJFGK×A (Ekjkpoasos 73>9->6). B?968) quo skbakekgf3 hoprosk÷a oa rfabl, mu`kjjfgk÷a, nfcozf, ostfhl mu`kjho. Ho fguorhl f jl fatorklr, osto guorpl tf`nkëa puoho sor jjf`fhl ho nfcozf, mu`kjho, vkj. Oa oj Wfj`l ?63? Hfvkh hkgo quo euo hfhl f juz oa kakqukhfh y glagonkhl oa pogfhl4 vo`ls gl`l Hkls trft÷ gla ëj f trfvës ho `ugmfs pruonfs, gla oj prlp÷sktl ho quo euorf jk`pkl ho jf glatf`kafgk÷a ho kakqukhfh y pogfhl. Oa ostf ekburf plho`ls oatoahor quo fjbl sk`kjfr sugohk÷ oa jf prooxkstoagkf gla alsltrls4 euk`ls glatf`kafhls ho kakqukhfh (6 Y. >3>?) y plr ojjl Hkls als prlpusl ua pjfa ho sfjvfgk÷a y jk`pkozf (Oe. 63784 @t. ;36>-67), quo o`pozfràf hæahlals ua guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a pfrf juobl oxfjtfrals f su tko`pl `ohkfato ua prlgosl ho lnohkoagkf y `kakstrfgk÷a (6 Y. ?354 Wtb. 8369). Osto guorpl os susgoptknjo ho sor toatfhl plr oj oao`kbl, os plr ostf rfz÷a quo Cosós puhl sor toatfhl plr oj hkfnjl oa oj hoskortl (@t. 836) porl ska pogfhl, os hogkr, Grkstl os Hkls y Hkls al puoho sor toatfhl (@t. 832)4 porl Grkstl euo toatfhl oa su guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a al fsà oa su osoagkf ho Hkls, oa su Hkvkakhfh (Ekj. >35)4 f hkeoroagkf ho alsltrls quo sà goho`ls f jfs toatfgklaos (^l. 73>7). Gufahl Hkls elr`÷ f Fhæa jo hkl ua guorpl ho ost ostfhl fhl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a, ostl al skbakekgf quo ëj soràf mu`kjjfhl glastfato`oato, skal quo su guorpl orf ho ua nfcl rfabl l ostfhl, plr jl quo honàf sor poreoggklafhl. Oco`pjls ho osto tkpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a sla3 Jugfs 638=, @fràf oxprosf brftktuh fj Woölr plr mfnorjf ojobkhl oa su ostfhl ho nfcozf. Mgm. =37>-77, jf Nknjkf mfnjf hoj ostfhl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a quo vkvk÷ Cosós gl`l glrhorl quo euo jjovfhl fj `ftfhorl. Osto guorpl k`pjkgf jf mu`kjhfh quo hono`ls toaor nfcl jf `fal ho Hkls quo roprosoatf jls gkagl `kakstorkls.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

g) g)   G_O^YL @L^XFJ (^l. 536>). B>78;) quo skbakekgf3 `lrtfjkhfh, toahoagkf f `lrkr. F jf voz quo Hkls pusl f Fhæa oa ua guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a, jo pusl ua guorpl `lrtfj (Ba. >362) quo toahàf f porogor. Ostf glasoguoagkf euo trfsjfhfhf f tlhf jf mu`fakhfh, porl óakgf`oato oa jls guorpls ho jls mkcls ho Hkls so `fakekostf jf vkhf ho Cosugrkstl (> Gl. 8366) plr `ohkl hoj Ospàrktu quo mfnktf oa alsltrls pfrf quo sof`ls trfaselr`fhls (^l. =366). Oa @ftol 693>= hkgo quo hono`ls to`or fj quo `ftf oj guorpl y oj fj`f, plr jl tfatl oj guorpl `lrtfj os jf su`f hoj guorpl y oj fj`f, oj gufj puoho sor hostrukhl plr oj Woölr oa oj kaekoral. Osto guorpl puoho ostfr nfcl sucogk÷a hoj pogfhl gufahl so lnohogo f jfs glagupksgoagkfs (Ca. =374 Wtbl. 6368-6?) y oa tfj gfsl oj rosujtfhl soræ jf `uorto4 porl Hkls als oxmlrtf f quo al rokao oj pogfhl oa osto guorpl `lrtfj, jjoaæahlals glastfato`oato ho su Wfatl Ospàrktu y al plr auostrfs prlpkfs euorzfs. h)  h)  G_O^YL HO YOGFHL (^l. 535) Yogfhl fhl vkoao ho jf pfjfnr fnrf monrof gmft fttt t 'tm ( >8 >89 97) quo skb kba akekgf pogfh gfhl4 pogfh gfhll-ggujpf4 pogfhlpurkekgfgk÷a4 leroahf plr oj pogfhl, Yogfhl3 orrfr oa oj gf`kal l al hfr oa oj njfagl, puoho kahkgfr uaf leoasf glatrf oj pr÷ck`l. Xf`nkëa vkoao hoj brkobl mf`frtkf (ζ >55), quo skbakekgf orrfr oa oj njfagl, porhor jf `frgf, al fjgfazfr jf `otf. Hkggklafrkl Ukao. Euo oa oj `l`oatl quo Fhæa pog÷, quo jo gljlgfrla ua guorpl ho pogfhl y hospuës ho ëj euo trfas`ktkhl f tlhls sus hosgoahkoatos. Euo oj pogfhl y oj guorpl ho pogfhl qukoaos glahoafrla f Fhæ Fhæa a f jf `uorto. Oj guorpl ho pogfhl os fgtkvfhl plr oj pogfhl, plr `ohkl hoj glalgk`koatl ho jf vorhfh (^l. 232-66), pfrf osgjfvkzfrals, frrfstrfrals y oabföfrals f vkvkr ho elr`f hosfbrfhfnjo hojfato ho Hkls y gl`l glasoguoagkf `ftfrals. Jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo oj Woölr al toaàf guorpl ho pogfhl (^l. =37), plr ojjl oj pràagkpo hoj `uahl, al toaàf afhf oa ëj (Ca. 68379). Osto guorpl ostf elr`fhl plr oj glacuatl ho rogoptlros ho glagupksgoagkf quo toao`ls oa oj fj`f y oa oj guorpl (^l. 23>7). Wobóa joo`ls oa jfs Osgrkturfs ëstfs sla joyos quo `ugmfs vogos toao`ls oa auostrls `ko`nrls y quo als jjovfa gfutkvls fj pogfhl y ho jfs gufjos sljf`oato Grkstl als puoho jknrfr, gufahl als jjoaf`ls hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl. Gufahl afgk`ls y ërf`ls nonos fóa al mfnàf`ls pogfhl4 porl jls rogoptlros ho glagupksgoagkf fjjà ostfnfa plrquo os fjbl quo morohf`ls oa jf sfabro, oa auostrf boaëtkgf4 gl`l oco`pjl plho`ls gktfr f uaf porslaf quo fmlrf tkoao prlnjo`fs gla oj fjglmlj4 sobóa jls gkoatàekgls mfa hosgunkortl quo ostl puoho honorso f quo oj grl`lsl`f 66 ho ostf porslaf voaàf hföfhl gla uaf prohksplskgk÷a mfgkf oj fjglmlj (6 Y. 636=). o) o)   G_O^YL HO @_O^XO (^l. 23>8) B>>==) quo skbakekgf3 gujpfnjo ho `uorto, `lrtfj, `lrtàeorl. Gl`l glasoguoagkf pogfhl hoj guorpl pogfhl, Fhæa y fojtlhf jf mu`fakhfh jo puskorla `uorto. Oa ^l`falshoj ?36>-67, oj yFp÷stlj Yfnjlho kahkgf quo fplr Fhæa pogfhl oatr÷ fj `uahl y gla ëjojjfguorpl `uortohoy ëstf f tlhls jls ml`nros quo pogfrla4 ska o`nfrbl, plr `ohkl ho Cosugrkstl vkal jf vkhf y jf rosurroggk÷a ho jls `uortls, pfrf quo oa Ëj tlhls sof`ls vkvkekgfhls (6 Gl. 6?3>6->>). Osto guorpl os jf glasoguoagkf ho jls ltrls fatorklros y os plr ostf rfz÷a quo tlhf jf mu`fakhfh ostæ glahoafhf f suerkr jf `uorto, kagjusl otoraf, sk al roglalgo f Cosugrkstl gl`l su Wfjvfhlr, qukoa sobóa oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl os oj óakgl quo als puoho jknrfr ho osto guorpl ho `uorto, sucotl f pfsklaos y joyos ho pogfhl (^l. 23>?)4 jf pfrto quo f alsltrls als glrrosplaho os `kakstrfr auostrl guorpl ho pogfhl, auostrl ml`nro vkocl, grugkekgfahl auostrf gfrao (Bæ. ?3>8). Gl`l ekburf e kburf ho auostrl ml`nro vkocl plho`ls vor f Bljkft qukoa euo `uortl plr Hfvkh (Grkstl) ho uaf pohrfhf (ostl os oj nfutks`l oa fbuf, ^l. 535)4 porl juobl jo glrt÷ jf gfnozf4 ostl os, jknrfrals hoj guorpl ho `uorto. Wfno`ls quo soro`ls tltfj`oato jknros `ohkfato ua prlgosl ho `kakstrfgk÷a yf quo oatoaho`ls quo auostrl guorpl ho pogfhl al euo hostrukhl tltfj`oato, skal rohugkhl f jf k`pltoagkf y quo gufahl auostrl Hfvkh (Grkstl) robroso jo glrtfræ jf gfnozf y soro`ls jknros. e)  G_O^YL HO JLW YOGFHLW HO JF GF^AO (Glj. >366). Gfrao vkoao B8?56) quo skbakekgf3 gfrafj, gfrafj`oato y gfrafj`oato hkspuostl. Oatro jfs gfrfgtoràstkgfs ho jf gfrao ostæa3 tkoao glrtf vkhf (Ksfàfs 8935)4 os hënkj (Ks. 7637)4 al so puoho glaekfr oa

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

ojjf (Cor. 623?)4 ostæ glahoafhf f `uorto (^l. =367)4 y gfo oa jf toatfgk÷a (@t. >5386). Jf gfrao os jf uak÷a ho jls hosols hoj fj`f gla oj fggklafr hoj guorpl. Oj guorpl ho pogfhl euo puostl plr oj pogfhl ho Fhæa, porl osto guorpl os plr jls pogfhls ho jf gfrao ho gfhf porslaf. Jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo jf katoagk÷a ho jf gfrao os oao`kstfh mfgkf Hkls, y vkvkr oa sus pogfhls prlhugo glrrupgk÷a (Bæ. 53=).

>.  >.  G_O^YLW GOJOWXKFJOW f) f)   G_O^YL OWYK^KX_FJ (6 Gl. 6?388). B86?>) quo skbakekgf3 al gfrafj, ospàrktu (hkvkaf`oato), slnroafturfj, roboaorfhl, ospkrktufj. Os oj guorpl gla oj gufj rosugktfa jls `uortls, os ua guorpl kaglrruptknjo, ka`lrtfj4 porl al poreoggklafhl plrquo os aogosfrkl quo tlhls sof`ls poreoggklafhls oa ua `ks`l tko`pl (Mo. 6637;-89). 66 37;-89). Osto os ua guorpl ho gfrao y muosls gl`l oj ho Cosós hospuës ho rosugktfr quo yf al toaàf sfabro. Os hkeoroato rosugktfr quo jovfatfrso, oa oj gfsl ho Jæzfrl gufahl oj Woölr jl vuojvo f jf vkhf, euo ua jovfatf`koatl, ëj al so jovfat÷ gla ua guorpl ospkrktufj, skal gla ua guorpl `lrtfj4 oj guorpl ospkrktufj os pfrf jls quo rosugktfa f jf `faorf ho Cosós. Hopoahkoahl ho jl quo mfyf`ls mogml ostfahl oa oj guorpl, soro`ls cuzbfhls oa oj trknuafj ho Grkstl y mfnræ qukoaos so quohfræa gla ua guorpl ospkrktufj. os pkrktufj. n)  n)  G_O^YL GOJOWXKFJ (6 Gl. 6?389) Gojostkfj vkoao ho jf pfjfnrf brkobf oplurfakls  (ο B>97>) quo skbakekgf3 slnro oj gkojl, gojostos, gojostkfj, oa jls gkojls. Os ua guorpl fhfptfnjo pfrf oatrfr f jls gkojls4 provkl f trfaselr`frso oa ua guorpl bjlrklsl gl`l oj hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl. Osto guorpl jo os hfhl óakgf`oato f fquojjls quo elr`fa pfrto ho jf alvkf hoj Woölr4 sla grkstkfals ho uaf sk`koato gojostkfj, gl`l jfs ostrojjfs oa jls gkojls (Ba. 6?3?4 6 Gl. 6?3?6). g)  G_O^YL HO BJL^KF (Ekj. 73>6)

B67;6) quo skbakekgf3 bjlrkf, bjlrkekgfr, bjlrklsl, mlarf, mlarlsl. Os oj prlgosl hospuës ho toaor guorpl gojostkfj4 os aogosfrkl quo oj guorpl gojostkfj so trfaselr`o oa ua guorpl ho bjlrkf pfrf quo sof ho uaf `ks`f afturfjozf gla oj Woölr4 yf quo hkgo jf Osgrkturf quo gufahl hls porslafs so gfsfa jjobfa f sor uaf `ks`f gfrao4 os plr ostf rfz÷a quo osto guorpl jos soræ hfhl sljf`oato f jls quo so gfsfræa gla Grkstl4 osto guorpl os uaf vostkhurf ho jkal ekal (Fp. 6;32-=). 7.  7.  X^FAWEL^@FGK×A HOJ G_O^YL Oj soölr Cosugrkstl vkal pfrf jknortfrals y uaf ho jf `faorfs ho jknortfrals hoj guorpl torroafj, quo os ho `uorto, os oj nfutks`l oa fbuf (^l. 536-=), gufahl sl`ls su`orbkhls oa oj fbuf, sl`ls sopujtfhls cuatf`oato gla Grkstl pfrf `uorto, porl gufahl sfjk`ls hoj fbuf, sl`ls rosugktfhls, fsà gl`l Oj rosugkt÷ ho oatro jls `uortls, pfrf quo faho`ls oa alvohfh ho vkhf. Ltrf ho jfs lrhoafazfs plr `ohkl ho jf gufj plho`ls jkbfrals `æs f Grkstl y sor jknorfhls hoj guorpl ho `uorto os jf Wfatf Goaf (6 Gl. 663>7->5), hlaho jf boaëtkgf ho Hkls so katrlhugo oa auostrf boaëtkgf pfrf jjobfr f sor pfrto ho Oj. Ho tfj `faorf quo gfhf voz quo pfrtkgkpf`ls ho jf goaf hoj soölr, vf`ls rohugkoahl fóa `æs oj guorpl ho pogfhl mfstf quo jjobuo fquoj hàf oa quo voabf Grkstl plr alsltrls, y auostrl guorpl torroafj, so glavkortf oa ua guorpl ospkrktufj, kaglrruptknjo o ka`lrtfj, fuaquo al poreoggklafhl. Juobl, jls quo fjgfagoa jf gfjkhfh ho alvkf, toahræa ua guorpl gojostkfj, y juobl osto guorpl gojostkfj so trfaselr`o oa ual ho bjlrkf, ho jf `ks`f afturfjozf gla oj Woölr.

O

j guorpl gl`l grofgk÷a ho Hkls so hono gukhfr, vfjlrfr, plrquo jl mkzl pfrf sor plrtfhlros ho su prosoagkf gl`l to`pjl y `lrfhf hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl (6 Gl. 7365). Jf trfaselr`fgk÷a hoj guorpl, os ua prlgosl hlaho oj nfutks`l y jf Goaf, tl`fa pfrto k`plrtfato oa `oabufr oj guorpl torroafj y quo oj guorpl gojostkfj sof ojovfhl. Oj prosoatfrso f Hkls gl`l ua sfgrkekgkl vkvl, fbrfhfnjo, roalvfahl auostrf `oato (^l. 6>3 6->), `ohktfahl oa jf joy ho Comlvæ (Wfj 6) y toakoahl jf `oato ho Grkstl, os pfrto ho osto prlgosl. Oa osto prlgosl os aogosfrkl quo als jk`pko`ls ho tlhf ka`uahkgkf ho jf gfrao y hoj ospàrktu (> Gl. 236) nusgfahl jf glasfbrfgk÷a y fsà oj Hkls ho pfz als sfatkekquo plr gl`pjotl (6 Xs. ?3>7).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

6> JF OAO^BÀF Y^K@KBOAKF HO HKLW @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

 Fatos quo afgkosoa jls `latos [ elr`fsos jf tkorrf y oj `uahl, Hosho oj skbjl y mfstf oj skbjl, tó oros  Hkls.  Wfj.. ;93>  Wfj ;93> ^U59 ^U 59

kls Ëj Otoral, prlpusl grofr plr `ohkl hoj Uornl jfs glsfs quo ostæa oa jls gkojls y oa jf tkorrf, jfs vksknjos y jfs kavksknjos osl kagjuyo jls trlals, hl`kakls, pltostfhos, prkagkpfhls l futlrkhfhos (Glj. 6365) pfrf ojjl, mkzl ospfgkls

H O

groftkvls oa jls gufjos euorla ostfnjogkhls jls gkojls y jf tkorrf4 tlhl ostl tuvl ua lrkboa oj gufj os Hkls `ks`l, qukoa oa su vljuatfh hkspusl grofr y ostfnjogor fjjà soros quo jo roglalzgfa y quo jo fhlroa. aorbàf so trfhugo hoj brkobl Oaorbokf y so usf pfrf hoal`kafr oj plhor ho Hkls. Osto plhor os oj quo fgtóf oa jf rosurroggk÷a ho Grkstl y auostrf (Oe. 6.6;->94 Glj. >36>), oa jf trfaselr`fgk÷a ho auostrl guorpl ho mu`kjjfgk÷a oa glaelr`khfh gla gla su guorpl ho bjlrkf (Ekj. 7.>6) y pfrf sor `kakstrl ho Oj, trfnfcfahl oselrzfhf`oato oa jf prohkgfgk÷a hoj Ovfabojkl (Oe. 7324 Glj. 6.>;).Uof`ls jls skbukoatos glagoptls Oaorbàf, Wobóa jf gkoagkf hoekao osto glagoptl, gl`l jf gfpfgkhfh ho ua sksto`f eàskgl pfrf rofjkzfr ua trfnfcl. Jf Oaorbàf, `ftorkf plsoo oaorbàf gl`l rosujtfhl ho su `lvk`koatl l ho su plskgk÷a oa rojfgk÷a gla jfs euorzfs quo fgtófa slnro ojjf. Jf oaorbàf so `fakekostf oa vfrkfs elr`fs, oatro ojjfs4 Oaorbàf `ogæakgf, tër`kgf, quà`kgf, ojëgtrkgf, rfhkfato l ft÷`kgf. Xlhfs jfs elr`fs ho oaorbàf puohoa glavortkrso oa ltrfs elr`fs `ohkfato jls prlgosls fhogufhls. Oa oj prlgosl ho trfaselr`fgk÷a puoho porhorso l bfafrso uaf elr`f ho oaorbàf, porl jf su`f tltfj por`faogo glastfato. Yrk`kboakl.   Wo trfhugo hoj khkl`f Jftàa prk`kboakus Yrk`kboakl. prk`kboakus y skbakekgf4 prk`ktkvl, prk`ktkvl, lrkbkafrkl, l quo hkl lrkboa. lrkboa. 6.  JF X^K_AKHFH Hkls X^K_AKHFH Hkls Fjtàsk`l pfrf `fakeostfrso f jfs grofgklaos, horkvf su osoagkf plr `ohkl ho tros porslafs ho jf hkvkakhfh3 f.  Oj Yfhro, Yfhro, qukoa os jf prk`orf porslaf mogmf vksknjo ho jf oaorbàf prk`kboakf su al`nro oa monrol os Comlvæ. n.  Oj Ospàrktu Wfatl su Wfatl su al`nro oa monrol os Oj Wmfhhfk quo trfhugkhl os oj L`akpltoato, Xlhlplhorlsl. g.  Oj Mkcl quo oa su `kakstorkl torroafj euo glalgkhl gl`l Cosós f qukoa jo euo hfhl fj ekafj ho su `kakstorkl tlhf bjlrkf y tlhl plhor plhor (@t. >=36=). Fuaquo fóa al mfnàfa skhl mogmls mogmls jls uakvorsls, uakvorsls, Hkls oa su sfnkhuràf hkspusl glsfs hosho fatos ho jf euahfgk÷a hoj `uahl, gl`l gl`l plr oco`pjl oj sfgrkekgkl ho su mkcl (6 Y.636;->9) jfs pfrænljfs (@t. 6737?) oj rokal (@t. >?378) tlhl ostl jl mkzl plr `ohkl ho Oj Mkcl (Ca. 636-8) Ylrquo oa Ëj euorla grofhfs tlhfs jfs glsfs, jfs quo mfy oa jls gkojls y jfs quo mfy oa jf tkorrf, vksknjos o kavksknjos4 sofa trlals sofa hl`kakls sofa pltostfhos4 tlhl euo grofhl plr `ohkl ho Oj y pfrf Oj (Glj. 6.65). Honkhl f quo Oj Hkls Fjtàsk`l (monrol Ojyla) al so mf `fakeostfhl auagf f jfs grofgklaos oa su osoagkf, plrquo mfnktf oa jf juz kafggosknjo (6 jfs Xk. tros 5365) y akabóa grofhl puoho jjjjobfr obfr mfstf fjjà, mf `lstrfhl f su grofgk÷a (^l. 636;->9) gufahl so horkv÷ oa porslafs ho sor jf trkuakhfh. Ëj so mkzl ovkhoato f jf so mu`fakhfh oa hkstkatls `l`oatls, f.  Oj Yfhro euo Yfhro euo vkstl plr @lksës y mfnjfnf gla ëj gfrf f gfrf (Ox. 77366). n.  Oj Mkcl mfnkt÷ Mkcl mfnkt÷ oatro alsltrls tl`fahl ua guorpl so`ocfato fj auostrl (Ca. 6368).  6368).   g.  Oj Ospàrktu Wfatl euo Wfatl  euo vkstl hosgoahor gl`l oa elr`f ho pfjl`f oj hàf quo so nfutkz÷ Cosós oa oj ràl Clrhæa (Jg. 73>>). Hkls os ho`fskfhl brfaho pfrf plhor vksufjkzfrjl oa su tltfjkhfh, al jl plho`ls oatoahor gla auostrf `oato, skal sljf`oato plr `ohkl ho jf eo (Mo. ( Mo. 6635) >.  >.  JLW OWYFGKLW G^OFXKULW  G^OFXKULW  Fatos ho gl`oazfr gl`oazfr f grofr jls uakvorsls, uakvorsls, tlhl oj ospfgkl jl lgupfnf Hkls, Hkls, oa oso tko`pl tlhl orf Hkls, sk Oj Woölr munkorf hkspuostl grofr oa oso `l`oatl, tlhl jl quo surbkorf l euorf grofhl toahràf quo sor glaskhorfhl ho kbufj kbufj `faorf gl`l Hkls. Yfrf ovktfr osl, y plhor gl`oazfr f grofr Hkls so rotrfo, osl skbakekgf quo hoc÷ ho lgupfr fjbuafs ærofs ho jl quo oxkstàf oa oso `l`oatl pfrf hfr jubfr f jls ospfgkls quo al ostfnfa lgupfhls plr ‚Hkls‐ hlaho puhkorf gl`oazfr ua gkgjl groftkvl, hoj quo vfa o`orbor o`orbo r jf sustfagkf l `ftorkf (Ba 636) y os fjjà hlaho gl`koazfa f sor grofhfs tlhfs jfs glsfs4 osls ospfgkls jls trfnfcf gl`oazfahl prk`orl f grofr tlhfs jfs glsfs kavksknjos, pfrf juobl hfr pfsl f jl vksknjo (Mo. 6637) os plr `ohkl hoj Uornl quo gl`oazfræ f grofr tlhfs jfs glsfs quo hkspusl oa su vljuatfh (Fp. 8366)

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oj lncotkvl quo Hkls tkoao fj rotrforso os oj ho gl`oazfr f prlhugkr ho jf afhf jls `uahls y qukoaos mfnktfràfa oa ojjls, gfhf ual ho jls ospfgkls quo hoc÷ vfgàls, euorla utkjkzfhls ho auovl, gufahl so hkl pfsl f jf grofgk÷a, gl`koazf f slpjfr y so jk`pkfa jls gkojls (Cln >5367) so mfgoa vksknjos jls jogmls hoj `fr y so hosgunroa jls gk`koatls hoj `uahl (> W. >>365) ho fjjà os hlaho gl`koazfa f surbkr jls ojo`oatls afturfjos quo als rlhofa gl`l plr oco`pjl jls gkojls, jf tkorrf (Ba. 63 =) y jfs ostrojjfs pfrf fju`nrfr plr jfs algmos (Ba. 6365). 7.  7.  JFW ^OX^FGGKLAOW [ O]YFAWKLAOW HO HKLW Ltrl prlp÷sktl ho jfs rotrfggklaos ho Hkls boaorfj`oato os jf ho trfor uaf oxpfask÷a, plr oco`pjl, plho`l plho`lss fprogkfr oa jf porslaf ho Cosugrkstl qukoa so rotrfcl glavkrtkëahlso oa oojj brfal ho trkbl quo gfy÷ f`æs tkorrf, pfrf plstorklr`oato oxpfahkrso `ugml erutl (Ca 6>3>8). Oso `ks`l eoa÷`oal jl fprogkf`ls hotfjjfhf`oato oa oj vfgkf`koatl ho trfyoahl Grkstl (Brglaskbl Doaalsks). Afrrf jf Nknjkf4 quo Grkstl Cosós, oxkstàf oa elr`f ho Hkls y so hosplc÷ f sà `ks`l tl`fahl elr`f ho skorvl, mfgkëahlso so`ocfato f jls ml`nros y mfjjæahlso oa elr`f ho ml`nro, so mu`kjj÷ f sà `ks`l, mfgkëahlso lnohkoato mfstf jf `uorto `uorto.. Ylr jl gufj Hkl Hklss tf`nkëa jo oxfjt÷ mfstf jl jl su`l (Ekj. >3?-69) Ylho`ls fprogkfr quo Oj so rotrfcl pfrf juobl oxpfahkrso oxpfahkrso trfyëahlals auovf`oato mfgkf Hkls y mfgkf jf otorakhfh 8.  8.  JF OAO^BÀF Y^À@KBOAKF OA JLW WO^OW M_@FALW Jf oaorbàf al so puoho grofr ak hostrukr, sljf`oato so puoho trfaselr`fr ho ua tkpl ho oaorbàf oa ltrf. Fj prkagkpkl Hkls sfg÷ ho su katorklr oaorbàf gl`oaz÷ jf grofgk÷a y `kjjlaos ho föls hospuës glatkaófa trfaselr`æahlso, hfahl vkhf f jl quo oxksto. Jf `ftorkf os sljl uaf elr`f ho oaorbàf, Oj Woölr jl quo mkzl gla jf mu`fakhfh oa prk`or jubfr euo trfaselr`fr jf `ftorkf tl`fahl pljvl ho jf tkorrf y jl trfaselr`f oa soros gla fjkoatl ho vkhf ho `faorf quo so glavkortoa oa ‚fj`fs vkvkoatos‐ (Ba. >32). Oj ml`nro os ua sor trkpfrtktl gla ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl, oa oj `l`oatl ho sor grofhl rogknk÷ ho pfrto ho Hkls jf oaorbàf glalgkhf gl`l ‚fjkoatl ho vkhf‐ monrol (Wtrlab M ?7;2) aosmf`fm quo so trfhugo gl`l fjkoatl, ospàrktu, glrrkoato, kaspkrfgk÷a, fj`f. Osto os oj prkagkpkl ho su vkhf, jl quo tlhls jls quo elr`f`ls elr`f`ls pfrto ho jf grofgk÷a mu`faf rogknk`ls, gla osto tkpl ho oaorbàf, jls soros mu`fals so puohoa roprlhugkr y `ujtkpjkgfr, fho`æs ho toaor hl`kakl slnro tlhfs jf grofgk÷a fak`fj (Ba. 63>=) oa boaorfj jls soros mu`fals tkoaoa tros tkpls ho oaorbàf3 f.  Oaorbàf eàskgf l fak`fj Ostf fak`fj Ostf os jf quo plsoo oj guorpl mu`fal y quo utkjkzf pfrf trfnfcfr, prlgrofr, `lvkjkzfrso, toaor gfpfgkhfh ho poasfr, otg. otg. jf puoho lntoaor ho hkeoroatos euoatos, porl jjff `æs k`plrtfato sla jls fjk`oatls quo glasu`o (Ba. 736;). n.  Oaorbàf hoj fj`f (brkobl fj`f (brkobl pskquo) oj fj`f so gl`plao ho katojogtl, katojogtl, jf vljuatfh, soatk`koatls y jfs o`lgklaos, os oj prkagkpkl vktfj ho jls soros vkvls. Boaorfj`oato rogkno kaelr`fgk÷a fj goronrl quo jo por`kto sor trfaselr`fhf oa poasf`koatls y fgtktuhos quo feogtfa oj guorpl, plr oco`pjl Hfvkh jo mfnjfnf f su fj`f pfrf quo puhkorf noahogkr fj Woölr y quo al ljvkhfrf akabual ho sus noaoekgkls (Wfj. 69736-7) Uof`ls ltrf fggk÷a ho jf oaorbàf hoj fj`f3  fj`f3  Gufahl so gl`koazf f ostuhkfr ua auovl `ohkgf`oatl, boaorfj`oato jo hfa f jls oaeor`ls ‚pjfgonls‐ uaf k`ktfgk÷a ho `ohkgkaf, nfsfhf oa fzógfr ska akabóa eær`fgl fgtkvl, y hf gl`l rosujtfhl quo porslafs oaeor`fs ho oaeor`ohfhos kagurfnjos, rogknfa uaf `oclràf fj groor quo jos hkorla uaf `oclr `ohkgkaf. Fjbuals prfgtkgfatos ho gkoagkfs lgujtfs utkjkzfa jf oaorbàf hoj fj`f, y jf jjf`fa oj plhor ho jf `oato l oaorbàf psàqukgf, ojjls rofjkzfa hospjfzf`koatl ho lncotls utkjkzfahl sljf`oato su poasf`koatl. poasf`koatl. Ltrf os jf tojopftàf quo os uaf glkagkhoagkf ho poasf`koatls l soasfgklaos oatro porslafs hkstkatfs oatro sk. g. Oaorbàf hoj ospàrktu  ospàrktu   oj ml`nro afturfj al puoho utkjkzfr ostf oaorbàf, oaorbàf, honkhl f quo al mf afgkhl ho auovl, oa gf`nkl oj ml`nro quo os Mkcl ho Hkls, rogkno ho pfrto ho Hkls osf oaorbàf quo so mfnàf porhkhl plr gfusf hoj pogfhl (^l. 73>7). Als prlplrgklafa auovf`oato osf oaorbàf, gufahl mfgoa `lrfhf oa alsltrls oj Ospàrktu ho Grkstl y oj Ospàrktu sfatl y plr jf gufj lntoao`ls jf vkhf otoraf (Ca.62374 Bfj 53=). Ostf oaorbàf so trfaselr`f hoatrl hoj ml`nro gfpfgktæahljo pfrf fgtufr glaelr`o f jls prlp÷sktls ho Hkls plr oco`pjl jls frtàekgos quo Hkls propfr÷ pfrf quo hksoöfrfa jfs vostkhurfs ho su`l sfgorhlto quo knf f utkjkzfr Ffr÷a toaàfa ‚ruwfgm‐ ho sfnkhuràf sfnkhuràf (Ox. >=37) Gufahl jjf`÷ f Nozfjooj y f Fmljkfn gl`l jàhoros oa oa jf glastruggk÷a hoj tfnoraægujl, euorla jjo jjoals als hoj ‐ruwfgm ho Ojlmk`‐ os hogkr Ospàrktu Ospàrktu ho Hkls quo so `fakeost÷ `fakeost÷ oa guftrl fspogtls, sfnkhuràf, oato oatoahk`koatl, ahk`koatl, glalgk`koatl y tlhf tlhf   mfnkjkhfh ho frtosfal (Ox. 7637) Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl hkcl f jf kbjoskf quo rogknkràfa ‚plhor‐ br. huaf`ks ostl huaf`ks ostl os plhor, euorzf, mfnkjkhfh, plhor kamoroato, gla oj gufj knfa f sorvkr gl`l tostkbls hosho Corusfjëa mfstf jjobfr f jl ójtk`l ho jf tkorrf. (Mgm. 63=) ho `faorf quo tlhls

89

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

euorla jjoals hoj ‚Ospàrktu Wfatl‐ y gl`oazfrla f prohkgfr, mfgor soöfjos, mfgkoahl `kjfbrls quo afhko plhàf gfjjfr (Mgm. 8365). Jf prl`osf hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl os vktfj oa jf vkhf hoj grkstkfal. ?.  ?.  JF X^FAWEL^@FGKLA HO JF OAO^BKF Oa auostrl `uahl mfy trfaselr`fgk÷a glastfato ho oaorbàf, plr oco`pjl oj potr÷jol uaf `ftorkf kafgtkvf puoho sor trfaselr`fhf y so glavkorto oa oaorbàf oa elr`f ho gl`nustknjos. Oa oj auovl pfgtl hono`ls prosoatfr auostrls guorpls guorpls oa sfgrkekgkl (^l. 6>3>) pfrf quo sof jknorfhf jf oaorbàf oaorbàf ho Hkls quo trfaselr`frf auostrf auostrf elr`f ho vkhf y als mfræ jknros ho jf prksk÷a ho ostf gfrao (^l.=366), atos ho sor euahfhl oj `uahl, euk`ls osglbkhls oa Grkstl (Oe.638). Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl hogjfrf quo Ëj os jf juz hoj

F

`uahl plrquo Oj tkoao jf oaorbàf prk`kboakf (Ca. =36>) fatos ho krso ho jf tkorrf hogjfrf quo hojob÷ f jf kbjoskf oj sor jf juz hoj `uahl (@t. ?368) osf oaorbàf prk`kboakf os trfsjfhfhf f jf kbjoskf pfrf quo puohf mfgor lnrfs ` `fylros fylros ho jfs quo Cosós mkzl gufahl ostfnf oa su `kakstorkl torroafj torroafj (Ca. 6836>). Cosós gu`pjk÷ su `kakstorkl jjoal hoj Ospàrktu Ospàrktu Wfatl y ho plhor, mkzl oj nkoa y sfafnf f jls lprk`khls hoj hkfnjl (Mgm. 6937=), fmlrf os jf kbjoskf quo tkoao f su hksplskgk÷a osf oaorbàf plr `ohkl hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, pfrf mfgor jfs lnrfs quo euorla propfrfhfs hosho fatos ho jf euahfgk÷a hoj `uahl.

86

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

67 JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO HKLW @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

 Oj quo mfnktf fj fnrkbl hoj Fjtàsk`l @lrfræ nfcl jf sl`nrf hoj L`akpltoato. Hkrë yl f Comlvæ3  Osporfazf `àf, y gfstkjjl `àl4 @k Hkls, oa qukoa glaekfrë.  Wfj.. ;636->  Wfj ;636->

af fpfroato glatrfhkggk÷a oa jf Nknjkf, os jf `fakeostfgk÷a ho Hkls oa elr`f vksknjo, plr oco`pjl gla @lksës o Ksfàfs, qukoaos voro`ls jl vkorla gfrf oaal glatrfpfrto joo`ls oa quo Cufa als 636=hosgunro quo f Hklsuaf afhko jo mf vkstl rovojfhf cf`æs. Oafgorgf oj prosoato ostuhkl quo fjfgfrf, Nknjkf so glatrfhkgo, skal prleuahkhfh ho jf `fakeostfgk÷a ho Hkls, jf gufj os G_H^KHK@OAWKLA.

_ H

kls os kaekaktl y auostrf `oato os ekaktf, plr jl tfatl gla ojjf al jl plho`ls glalgor, plr osl `fah÷ f su Mkcl Cosós pfrf roglagkjkfrals gla Oj, su Ospàrktu Wfatl quo als buàf f tlhf vorhfh y jls ? `kakstorkls pfrf jf ohkekgfgk÷a hoj  guorpl `àstkgl ho Grkstl (Oe. 8366-67). Houtorlal`kl 538 hkgo3 Lyo Ksrfoj, Comlvæ auostrl Hkls ual os (oj lrkbkafj monrol hkgo3 uaf uakhfh gl`puostf). F jf juz ho jf pfjfnrf plho`ls vor quo oj Hkls Ojyla hosho jf otorakhfh pfsfhf gro÷ uaf ef`kjkf oa jls gkojls os hogkr, Yfhro, @fhro o Mkcl, plr osl oa Oeoskls ?376-7> so als kahkgf3 plr ostl oj ml`nro hocfræ pfhro y `fhro y so uakræ f su osplsf y soræa uaf sljf gfrao. Brfaho os osto `kstorkl porl mfnj÷ gla roeoroagkf f Grkstl G rkstl y f jf kbjoskf. 6.  6.  JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO HKLW.  HKLW.  Jf gufhrkhk`oask÷a ho Hkls os jf `fakeostfgk÷a ho guftrl ojo`oatls quo gl`plaoa ua tlhl, guftrl hk`oasklaos l guftrl `fakeostfgklaos gla hkeoroato euagk÷a. Xrfhkgklafj`oato so als mf oasoöfhl quo Hkls os trkal, jl gufj os gkortl, porl jf trkakhfh os jf `fakeostfgk÷a ho Hkls (oj Fjtàsk`l) oa oj Yfhro, mkcl y Ospàrktu Wfatl. F Hkls gl`l osoagkf, afhko jo mf vkstl cf`æs, tfj gl`l so `uostrf oa jf skbukoato kjustrfgk÷a. Ostl jl plho`ls vor oa oj Wfj`l ;636-> gjfrf`oato, gufahl hkgo "Oj quo `lrf jf fnrkbl ho Ojyla y so fjlcf f jf sl`nrf hoj Wmfhhfk, hkgo Comlvæ -`k roeubkl y elrtfjozf- `k ojlmk` oa qukoa glaek÷. Ostls sla jls 7 al`nros prkagkpfjos ho Hkls y ho ostls so horkvfa `ugmls `æs. Fj fafjkzfr osto `ks`l pfsfco oa jf vorsk÷a ho jf Nknjkf Corusfjo`, oa sus hkeoroatos pfrtos, so ostuhkf quo3 f.  ‚Oj quo mfnktf fj fnrkbl hoj Fjtàsk`l‐ Ojyla, os oj Hkls Fjtàsk`l, jf osoagkf kagrofhf, jf oaorbàf prk`kboakf, Ëj al tkoao prkagkpkl ak eka, afhko jo f vkstl cf`æs (Ca. 636=). n.  ‚@lrf f jf sl`nrf hoj L`akpltoato (Ospàrktu Wfatl) Wmfhhfy, quo qukoro hogkr pogmls quo f`f`fatfa, mfgo euagk÷a eo`oakaf porl os `fsgujkal (ho fjbuaf `faorf oj guorpl so porhk÷ y fmlrf jf kbjoskf os su auovl guorpl (6 Gl. 7365). Hono`ls ho glaskhorfr quo tlhl jl grofhl os prlnfhl y plr jl tfatl so puoho porhor, oco`pjls3 Juznoj sojjl ho jf poreoggk÷a so glavkorto oa Wftfaæs plr ronojfrso y so pkorho (Ks. 6836>-68, Oz. >=36>-65). _af porslaf tkoao afturfjozf mu`faf, fj voakr f Grkstl fhqukoro jf hkvkakhfh ho Grkstl (Bf. 835) y jf hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl (^l. =3>5) porl sk jjobf fplstftfr (aobfr jf eo) so pkorho jf afturfjozf mu`faf, porl jl kagrofhl cf`æs. g.  ‚Hkrë yl f Comlvæ (oj Yfhro) osguhl `àl‐. Oj Yfhro so `fakeost÷ oa oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl y so mkzl vksknjo f @lksës (Ox. 77366) y mfnj÷ plr `ohkl ho sus skorvls jls prleotfs. Jf oxporkoagkf ho @lksës ho vor jf bjlrkf ho Hkls, euo f trfvës ho jf poöf quo os Grkstl (Ox. 773>>, Ca. 6832). h.  ‚@k Ojlmà` (Cosós) oa qukoaho glaekfrë‐. hoj yYfhro `ohkl mkcls hoj gufj tlhls jls 836>, quo grofa oa su al`nro tkoaoa jf noahkgk÷a sfjvfrso, Os hoojsor_akbëaktl porhlafhls ho sorplr jjf`fhls ho Hkls (Mgm. Ca. 636>).

8>

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

>.  >.  EKB_^F HO JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO HKLW.  HKLW.   f.  OJ F^GF HOJ YFGXL (Mo.;38 (Mo.;38). ). Oj frgf, ekburf hoj Ojyla, quo glatoaàf3 n.  Xfnjfs ho jf Joy3 ekburf hoj Yfhro, hfahl jls `fahf`koatls fj puonjl ho Ksrfoj oa oj fatkbul tostf`oatl oa tfnjfs ho pkohrf, fmlrf jfs osgrkno oa jls glrfzlaos y oa jfs `oatos plr `ohkl ho su Ospàrktu (Mo =369, 69365, > Gl 737), oj Yfhro hojobf oa oj Mkcl y hospuës oa oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. g.  Oj @faæ hoj Gkojl3 ekburf hoj Mkcl, Mkcl , oj pfa quo hosgoahk÷ hoj gkojl (Ca 53?9-?6). Oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj gl`k÷ `faæ pfrf vkhf por`faoato, alsltrls gl`o`ls `faæ pfrf vkhf otoraf. h.  Jf Ufrf ho Ffr÷a3 ekburf hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, ho Wfatl,  ho jf `ks`f `faorf quo jf vfrf ho Ffr÷a al toaàf vkhf y rovorhogk÷ y hkl erutl, fsà alsltrls quo ostænf`ls `uortls oa hojktls y pogfhls fj fnrkr auostrl glrfz÷a f Grkstl als mkzl rovorhogor y hfr erutls, oj f`lr y sus efgotfs (Bæ. ?3>>), y fmlrf so ostæ horrf`fahl slnro jf kbjoskf y fsà plhor hkeuahkr y prlgjf`fr oj ovfabojkl plr tlhl oj `uahl. 7. 7.   YFWFCOW HLAHO WO MFGO ^OEO^OAGKF HO JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO HKLW.  HKLW.   6.  Jugfs 637?3 637?3   Oj plhor hoj Fjtàsk`l to gunrkræ   Wfatl quo afgoræ (Mkcl)   Woræ jjf`fhl mkcl ho Hkls oj Yfhro   Oj Ospàrktu Wfatl voahræ slnro tk >.  Ksfàfs ;353 ;353 0 Ojyla   Yràagkpo ho Yfz 0 Cosós   Yfhro Otoral   Fh`krfnjo glasocorl 0 Ospàrktu Wfatl   Hkls Euorto 0 Yfhro 7.  Fplgfjkpsks 6;3 66-6;3 66-6;3 Al`nro quo afhko glalgo 0 Uornl ho Hkls 0 Cosós Ojyla Ekoj y Uorhfhorl Uorhfhorl 0 Ospàrktu Wfatl Wfatl ^oy ho ^oyos 0 Yfhro 8.  Oeoskls 736=. Oj f`lr ho Hkls tkoao 8 gfrfgtoràstkgfs3 Fagmurf Jlabktuh

Yrleuahkhfh Fjturf

8.  8.  JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO G^KWXL. Oa jf Nknjkf oaglatrf`ls quo Grkstl os `fakeostfhl gl`l3 Mkcl ho Fnrfmf` (@t. 636). Gl`l ml`nro (@t. ;35). Mkcl ho Hfvkh (@t. 636). Gl`l Hkls (@t. 68377) Oa jls ovfabojkls, Grkstl os `fakeostfhl gl`l3 @ftol0 jo÷a0 roy Jugfs0 ml`nro0 ml`nro @frgls0 nuoy0 skorvl Cufa0 æbukjf0 Hkls ?.  ?.  JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO JF KBJOWKF. Oa oj Gfatfr ho jls Gfatfros ?3> oaglatrf`ls3 Mor`faf pfjl`f y F`kbf Oa gufatl f su grogk`koatl (Gat. 5369). ^fyf gl`l oj fjnf Nojjf gl`l jf juaf

poreogtf. ^ospjfahogkoato gl`l oj slj Euorto gl`l ocorgktl oa lrhoa

5.  5.  JF G_FH^KHK@OAWK×A HO JLW AFGKHLW HO A_OUL. Ospàrktu prooxkstoagkfj (6Gl. ?3?). Wlpjl ho Ukhf (Cln 7>3=, Ogj 6>32). Ospàrktu ho Grkstl (^l. =3;). Ospàrktu Wfatl (6Gl. 536;). 2.  2.  LX^FW G_FH^KHK@OAWKLAOW OAGLAX^FHFW OA JF NKNJKF.  NKNJKF.  HOJ WO^ M_@FAL. Guorpl, fj`f, ospàrktu3 Yrooxkstoagkfj y slpjl ho Ukhf. HOJ OAO@KBL. Hkfnjl OAO@KBL. Hkfnjl (Fp. 6>3;), hrfb÷a, sorpkoato fatkbuf y Wftfaæs. M_OWXOW GOJOWXKFJOW. Yrkagkpfhls, GOJOWXKFJOW. Yrkagkpfhls, pltostfhos, blnorafhlros y muostos. X^OXF^GFW HOJ K@YO^KL ^L@FAL. Ylagkl Ykjftl, Morlhos, Eojkpo y Jksfakfs. JLW G_FX^L CKAOXOW HOJ FYLGFJKYWKW  FYLGFJKYWKW 

87

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

A

l plho`ls aobfr jl quo jf pfjfnrf als `uostrf ho jf prleuahkhfh hoj ovfabojkl ho Hkls, tlhl fquoj quo hosogmf oj glalgk`koatl ho Hkls os jjovfhl gfutkvl (Ks. ?367) porl oj quo akobf oj glalgk`koatl ho Hkls hospuës ho mfnorjl rogknkhl os hostrukhl y hosogmfhl hoj sfgorhlgkl (Ls 835). Oj Woölr Cosós hkcl3 @KW YFJFN^FW WLA UKHF [ WLA OWYÀ^KX_.

88

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

68 JF ^OKAF HOJ GKOJL @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

‚Oa gufatl f tk, al ruobuos plr osto puonjl, ak jovfatos plr ojjls gjf`lr ak lrfgk÷a, ak katorgohfs fato `à, plrquo al to lkrë. ¼Al vos jl quo ojjls mfgoa oa jfs gkuhfhos ho Cuhæ y oa jfs gfjjos ho Corusfjëa< Jls mkcls roglboa jf joöf, jls pfhros oagkoahoa oj euobl, jfs `ucoros propfrfa jf `fsf pfrf mfgor tlrtfs f jf rokaf hoj gkojl, y horrf`fa jknfgklaos f ltrls hklsos pfrf leoahor`o. ¼@o leoahoa f `à9   y al so fpfbfræ‐ C

X

lhfs jfs glsfs tkoaoa ua lrkboa oa Hkls (Ba. 636), oa oj óakgl Hkls grofhlr ho tlhl (^UF Ht. 538), tfatl ho jl vksknjo gl`l ho jl kavksknjo (Glj. 6365), y quo glatkauf`oato skbuo grofahl. Hkls grof ef`kjkfs, al a l grof soros fksjfhls y jf rfzf mu`faf glastktuyo oa uaf ho sus tfatfs grofgklaos. Wka o`nfrbl, fjbuals soros quo Ëj gro÷, so ronojfrla fato su grofhlr, y euorla quktfhls ho su prosoagkf, fuaquo al so jos qukt÷ jls ftrknutls gla jls guæjos euorla grofhls, gl`l plr oco`pjl3 Wftfaæs, qukoa gla jfs gfpfgkhfhos quo Hkls jo hkl pfrf quo gu`pjkorf hotor`kafhfs euagklaos, fmlrf jfs utkjkzf pfrf oj `fj.

A

uostrl Hkls grofhlr tlhl jl jjoaf oa tlhl (Oe. tlhl  (Oe. 63>7), oatlagos oa hotor`kafhl `l`oatl ho su grofgk÷a, Ëj honk÷ glatrforso pfrf mfgor ospfgkls pfrf quo sus grofgklaos, ho jl glatrfrkl, tlhl gufatl Hkls grofrf, jl mfràf oa Oj y soràf Ëj `ks`l. Hkls grof uaf ef`kjkf hkvkaf, pfpæ, `f`æ o mkcl. Hospuës ho mfgor jls ospfgkls, grof jls guorpls, l hkgml ho ltrf elr`f, jls oavfsos quo knfa f glatoaor Wu brfahozf, su osoagkf. Ho tfj `faorf quo, so puoho hogkr quo Hkls mkzl 7 guorpls pfrf jl quo soràf su ef`kjkf3 ua guorpl pfrf oj Yfhro, ua guorpl pfrf jf @fhro y ua guorpl pfrf oj Mkcl.

6.  L^KBOA HO JF ^OKAF HOJ GKOJL.  GKOJL.   Ostls guorpls sla guorpls hkvkals, y sla jjoafhls ho jf Osoagkf ho Hkls, pfrf quo glatkaóoa oj prlgosl, oa oj gufj oj Hkls Fjtàsk`l o`pkozf f rovojfrjo f osf ef`kjkf hkvkaf, oj pjfa ho sfjvfgk÷a. Oj Yfhro gl`proaho oj pjfa ho Hkls, oa oj gufj sljf`oato mfnràf uaf elr`f ho rosgftfr f jf mu`fakhfh, f trfvës hoj sfgrkekgkl hoj Mkcl, f jl gufj oj Yfhro fgoptf oj pjfa. Hospuës, oj Mkcl rogkno jf `ks`f rovojfgk÷a hoj pjfa hkvkal quo jo euo oxpuostl fj Yfhro y oj Mkcl tf`nkëa jl fgoptf4 porl gufahl jf @fhro rogkno jf rovojfgk÷a, al fgoptf oj pjfa. Gufahl oj Fjtàsk`l alt÷ jf fgtktuh aobftkvf oa oj guorpl ho jf `fhro fato Wu vljuatfh, gfstkb÷ su afturfjozf hkvkaf, quktfahl jf osoagkf ho Hkls quo Oj `ks`l mfnàf hoplsktfhl oa oso oavfso4 fj `l`oatl ho sopfrfr jf osoagkf, quohf jf porslaf quo alsltrls glalgo`ls gl`l Ospàrktu Wfatl4 Ylr osl tf`nkëa plho`ls hogkr quo oj Yfhro tkoao ua guorpl hkvkal y jf osoagkf hoj ospàrktu ho Hkls os glalgkhl gl`l oj ospàrktu hoj Yfhro. Oxksto tf`nkëa oj guorpl hkvkal hoj Mkcl quo jjovf hoatrl ho sà ua ospàrktu, quo so glalgo gl`l oj ospàrktu ho Grkstl. Yorl oj ospàrktu ho jf @fhro quoh÷ ska guorpl plrquo so ronoj÷ y oj ospàrktu quo `lrfnf hoatrl ho oso guorpl sfjk÷ oa oj `l`oatl. Xkoao quo quohfr gjfrl quo oa akabóa `l`oatl so mf hkgml quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl pog÷4 plrquo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl os Hkls y oa Oj al oxksto efjjf fjbuaf4 l soagkjjf`oato plho`ls hogkr quo Hkls al puoho pogfr plrquo oj pogfhl os glatrfrkl f su afturfjozf. afturfjozf. Gl`l glasoguoagkf ho ostf prk`orf prk`orf ronojk÷a glatrf Hkls, surbo surbo uaf oatkhfh eo`oakaf eo`oakaf (oj guorpl ho jf @fhro) quo jf Nknjkf jf khoatkekgf gl`l jf @fjhfh, Kakqukhfh y Nfnkjlakf (Sfg. ?3?-66) qukoa so futl-al`nr÷ ^okaf hoj Gkojl (Cor. 88362->;) y so fplhor÷ hoj ^okal ho jls Gkojls glavkrtkëahljl oa rokal ho tkakonjfs (Bë. 63>), nusgfahl quo jf grofgk÷a ho Hkls jo rkahkorf gujtl. Ojjf o`poz÷ gla uaf euagk÷a hkvkaf porl oa hotor`kafhl `l`oatl euo trfstlgfhl su guorpl oxtoral. >.  OJ G_JXL F JF ^OKAF HOJ GKOJL.  GKOJL.   Mkst÷rkgf`oato, f ostf pltostfh jo mf skhl roahkhl gujtl plr jf mu`fakhfh hosho jf fatkbúohfh, yf quo jf gkoagkf hoekao quo "...oj gujtl f jf rokaf hoj gkojl hftf ho 79,999 f >?,999 föls fatos ho Grkstl y quo glastktuyo ual ho jls prk`orls oco`pjls hoj `uahl osgujpkhf oa pkohrf gfjkzf gla uaf fjturf ho 66.? goatà`otrls y ostæ glaskhorfhf gl`l ua sà`nljl ho eortkjkhfh plr sus oxfborfhfs elr`fs faft÷`kgfs eo`oakafs...", hohugkëahlso quo oso gujtl os `æs fatkbul quo oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj. Ostf hklsf mf ostfhl roprosoatfhf f trfvës hoj tko`pl oa jls hkeoroatos puonjls3 f`orkgfals, gmkals, ferkgfals, ourlpols, otg., gfhf uaf ho osfs gkvkjkzfgklaos yf glalgàfa jl quo orf oj gujtl f jf rokaf hoj gkojl oa sus hkeoroatos al`nros, porl fj ekafj orf jf `ks`f pltostfh. Ylr oco`pjl "oa oj gujtl ho khljftràf f jf hklsf `fhro ho nfnkjlakf jjf`fhf Wo`krf`ks, so prlpfb÷ gla jf glaeusk÷a ho jls khkl`fs ho Nfnoj f tlhfs jfs robklaos ho jf tkorrf. Yfrf jls gmkals Wmka`umu4 jls bor`fals voaorfnfa f Mortf, jls obkpgkls f Ksks, oa jf Kahkf so jo glalgàf gl`l kahrfak, oa Cfp÷a gl`l F`ftorfsu, oa jf gujturf Fztogf jo jjf`fnfa glgmkquotzfj, jls Gmkpgmfs gl`l Nfgmuo, jls @ukzgfs gl`l Muktfgf, otg.,..." . _a ojo`oatl k`plrtfato hogufahl mfgor altfr os quo oj gujtl ff jf rokaf hoj gkojl oa oj oaglatrfrla glatkaoato f`orkgfal al ua jl trfcl rojkbk÷a gft÷jkgf, puostl quo jls ospföljos vkakorla hkgml glatkaoato, ojjls quo yf oxkstàf gujtl jf f jf rokaf hoj gkojl, y quo tf`nkëa gufahl so mfnjf ho osto gujtl, al so ostæ mfnjfahl ho @fràf, jf `fhro ho Cosós. Oa jls ójtk`ls vorsàgujls hoj gfpàtujl ? hoj jknrl ho Sfgfràfs, ostæ mfnjfahl ho ohkekgfr ua to`pjl y oj to`pjl quo ohkekgfràfa os f

8?

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

jf `fjhfh porl al jo plahràfa plr al`nro3 to`pjl hohkgfhl f jf `fjhfh4 skal quo, to`pjl hohkgfhl f jf rokaf hoj gkojl. Gla ostl oatlagos plho`ls vor gla gjfrkhfh oj gujtl quo mo`ls voakhl hosgrknkoahl, al os fjbl quo jf mu`fakhfh `lhoraf so mfyf kavoatfhl ak quo jf rokaf hoj gkojl sof @fràf jf `fhro ho Cosós. F @fràf jf mfa trftfhl ho kavljugrfr oa oso gujtl f jf rokaf hoj gkojl gufahl ojjf al tkoao afhf quo vor oa osl4 ojjf ostæ gl`pjotf`oato fcoaf f jl quo so mf `lvkhl oa jls fkros rospogtl f jf pltostfh jjf`fhf rokaf hoj gkojl. Jf gktf nànjkgf nfso als `uostrf g÷`l jf rokaf hoj gkojl jo ostæ bfafahl jfs ef`kjkfs oa oj gujtl f Hkls. Jf pltostfh jjf`fhf rokaf hoj gkojl ostæ hkgkëahljo f Hkls quo jfs ef`kjkfs quo Oj mf grofhl, jfs tkoao fmlrf ojjf y jo rkahoa gujtl hosho oj poquoöl mfstf oj `fylr y tlhls trfnfcfa oa jf propfrfgk÷a hoj gujtl f ojjf. Ylr osl os quo Hkls so `uostrf `uy `ljostl y jo hkgo f Coro`àfs quo al ruobuo plr ojjls plrquo Oj al jl osgugmfræ honkhl f jf leoasf quo tkoaoa jfs ef`kjkfs ho jf tkorrf oa glatrf ho Ëj. Ylhràf`ls hogkr kagjusl quo jf fhlrfgk÷a f jf rokaf hoj gkojl os fóa `æs leoaskvl quo jf fhlrfgk÷a fj `ks`l Wftfaæs plrquo sk vo`ls quë euo jl quo sugohk÷ gla Wftfaæs4 fuaquo al so jo ostæ custkekgfahl4 plho`ls vor quo ëj so rovoj÷ y oa fjbuafs vorsklaos hkgo quo oj quorunàa quo jl gunràf jl hospoö÷4 porl jf rokaf hoj gkojl os uaf pltostfh fóa `fylr oa corfrquàf quo Wftfaæs. 7.  7.  AL@N^OW HO JF ^OKAF HO JLW GKOJLW. Jf rokaf ho jls gkojls tkoao hkvorskhfh ho al`nros quo als glahugoa f sfnor guæjos sla jfs fgtktuhos ho ojjf. Jf Nknjkf `uostrf 8 elr`fs gl`l so puoho hogkr rokaf3 6. 6.   @FJDFM @FJDFM (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab M8875). Wo fpjkgf gufahl so roekoro f jf rokaf quo ostæ rokafahl plr ojjf `ks`f. Xfj os oj gfsl ho jf rokaf ho Wfnf (6 ^. 6936)4 ho jf rokaf Ufstk y ho jf rokaf Ostmor (Ost. 63;4 ;376). >. >.   @FJFD @FJFD (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab M88>2). Wo ostæ mfgkoahl roeoroagkf ho uaf quo euo glrlafhf pfrf rokafr, tfj gl`l so jos jjf`f f jls mkcls ho jls royos quo jls jl s sugohoràfa oa jls trlals. 7. 7.   WMOBFJ WMOBFJ   (Wtrlab M25;8). Wo ostæ fpjkgfahl oa roeoroagkf f uaf rokaf porl quo os osplsf hoj roy y gl`l tfj tkoao kaejuoagkf oa jf glrto. Ostf ekburf ho rokaf so fpjkgf oa jf osplsf hoj roy Frtfcorcos (Aom. >35) 8. 8.   BONK[^FM BONK[^FM (Wtrlab  (Wtrlab M6722). Osto tër`kal so fpjkgf gufahl so mfnjf ho jf `fhro hoj roy y gl`l tfj tf`nkëa tkoao kaejuoagkf. Oco`. ho ojjl3 @ffgf, jf `fhro hoj roy Fsf (6 ^. 6?367), tf`nkëa f jf `fhro rokaf hoj roy Clfquàa (Cr. >;3>). Ostls al`nros als hfa f oatoahor quo jf rokaf ho jls gkojls ostæ kavljugrfhf oa tlhfs jfs rojfgklaos katorporslafjos quo so puohoa toaor oa jf ef`kjkf, puoho rokafr plr ojjf `ks`f, puoho osporfr f sor glrlafhf, puoho kaejuoagkfr fj roy plr lgupfr oj jubfr ho osplsf ÷ puoho lgupfr oj jubfr ho jf `fhro hoj roy pfrf blnorafr f trfvës ho ëj. Ylr ltrf pfrto, os ho su`f k`plrtfagkf sfnor quo jf rokaf hoj gkojl ostæ trftfahl ho trfnfcfr oa jf ef`kjkf ho Hkls (kbjoskf) plr osl os k`plrtfato glalgor jf elr`f ho g÷`l so mf ostfhl kaekjtrfahl jf rokaf hoj gkojl oa jfs glabrobfgklaos hoj puonjl ho Hkls. 8.  8.  OJ X^FNFCL HO JF ^OKAF HO JLW GKOJLW OA JFW GLAB^OBFGKLAOW. Næskgf`oato GLAB^OBFGKLAOW. Næskgf`oato os f trfvës ho3 f) f)   JF XOAXFGK×A (^okaf Xfmpoaos, 6 ^. 66362-6;). Gufahl 66362-6;). Gufahl Hkls hksgkpjka÷ f Wfjl`÷a plr su khljftràf y plr al mfnor bufrhfhl su pfgtl y sus ostftutls, jo hkcl quo jo knf f frrfagfr oj rokal ho sus `fals y hærsojls f su skorvl, oj Woölr jo jovfat÷ vfrkls fhvorsfrkls pfrf quo gu`pjkr su Yfjfnrf, oatro ojjls ostfnf Mfhf`, qukoa orf hoj jkafco rofj oa Ohl`. Mfhfh sfjo muyoahl f Obkptl y oj Efrf÷a jo hkl plr `ucor f jf mor`faf ho su osplsf, jf rokaf Xfmpoaos. Ostf rokaf quo ostæ hosgrktf oa ostls pfsfcos, als fyuhfa f toaor uaf so`njfazf ho g÷`l jf rokaf hoj gkojl so qukoro katrlhugkr oa jf Kbjoskf hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl oa osto tko`pl. Jf pfjfnrf Xfmpoaos sobóa oj hkggklafrkl Mktgmglgd skbakekgf toatfgk÷a. Ho fquà so puohoa hosproahor vfrkls puatls4 oj prk`orl os quo gufahl mfnjf`ls ho toatfgk÷a, al plho`ls poasfr ka`ohkftf`oato oa oj hkfnjl plrquo oj al os jf toatfgk÷a4 ëj os oj toatfhlr y so jo glalgo tf`nkëa gl`l oj pfhro ho jf `oatkrf. F ëj jl oabföl jf kakqukhfh, pltostfh quo tf`nkëa hono`ls gl`proahor quo os jf `ks`f pltostfh jjf`fhf rokaf hoj gkojl. gk ojl. Wfatkfbl hkgo quo gufahl fjbukoa os toatfhl toatfhl,, al hkbf quo os toatfhl plr Hkls, yf quo Ëj al puoho sor toatfhl plr oj `fj ak tkoatf f afhko, skal quo gfhf qukoa os toatfhl gufahl os jjovfhl y sohugkhl sohugkhl   plr su prlpkf pfsk÷a (Wtbl. 6367-68). Wfatkfbl `uostrf gla gjfrkhfh jf sohuggk÷a, jf quo os uaf ho jfs prkagkpfjos euagklaos ho jf rokaf hoj gkojl fj lporfr oa jfs glabrobfgklaos. Wu trfnfcl os ostfr sohugkoahl f jls grkstkfals y `æs ospogàekgf`oato f jls skorvls ho Hkls, f jls ml`nros quo mfa oatrobfhl su vkhf fj sorvkgkl ho jf lnrf ho Hkls. Jf rokaf hoj gkojl jl mfgo ho osf `faorf plrquo sfno gkortf`oato quo fj gfor ua grkstkfal quo ostæ hoatrl hoj puonjl ho Hkls l fj gfor ua `kakstrl hoj ovfabojkl, fuaquo ësto so puohf rostfurfr, plrquo osgrktl ostæ quo skoto vogos gfo oj custl y so jovfatf (Yr. >8365) plr jf `ksorkglrhkf ho Hkls, tf`nkëa sfno quo gfhf voz quo ua `kakstrl gfo, gfoa `ugmfs lvocfs gla ëj. Ylr osl jls `kakstrls honoràfa ho roglrhfr quo oj mogml ho quo Hkls toabf oa su `fal ua vfsl y quo ostë noahkgkoahl f Wu puonjl gla oso vfsl, al skbakekgf quo mfyf fjgfazfhl oj brfhl ho poreoggk÷a y quo al aogosktf afhko quo katorgohf plr ëj gla lrfgklaos glastfatos hojfato ho Hkls pfrf quo Oj jl jknro. Comlvæ Hkls plao Wus pfjfnrfs oa jf nlgf ho qukoa toabf hksplskgk÷a oa su glrfz÷a y quo toabf uaf nósquohf glastfato oa katk`khfh gla Ëj4 porl osl al skbakekgf quo oj vfsl quo Hkls ostë usfa hl, ostë jknro ho jf toatfgk÷a.

85

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Hono`ls roglrhfr quo fóa Cosós euo toatfhl plr oj hkfnjl, y euo toatfhl vfrkfs vogos porl Oj al gfy÷ (Mo. 836?) y tf`plgl gforæ cf`æs, plrquo Oj os poreogtl4 porl jls `kakstrls y tlhl oj puonjl ho Hkls, fuaquo ostf`ls oa pls ho uaf poreoggk÷a, fóa al jf mo`ls fjgfazfhl y sk jf toatfgk÷a jjobf, hono`ls roskstkrjf lrfahl f Hkls oa tlhl tko`pl (Jg. >>389) pfrf quo Oj als elrtfjozgf4 fho`æs hono`ls goökrals jls jl`ls gl`l grkstkfals oselrzfhls y vfjkoatos4 tfatl ml`nros gl`l `ucoros4 y ostfr propfrfhls pfrf jf nftfjjf plrquo al jo plho`ls por`ktkr f jf rokaf hoj gkojl quo mfbf gfor fj puonjl ho Hkls oa sus sohuggklaos. n)  n)  @FXF^ OJ @LUO^ Y^LEËXKGL (rokaf Cozfnoj). 65376. Oj roy Fgfn porsovor÷ oa jls pogfhls ho Corlnlf`, y tl`÷ plr osplsf f Cozfnoj, mkcf ho Ot-nffj,   6 ^. 65376. Oj roy ho jls skhlakls, fhlrfhlrf ho Nffj, qukoa mkzl quo Fgfn jl skrvkorf y fhlrfrf. Cozfnoj os ekburf porslakekgfhf ho jf rokaf hoj gkojl y uaf ho jfs glsfs quo rofjkzf hoatrl ho jfs glabrobfgklaos os `ftfr f jls prleotfs, os hogkr, `ftf oj `lvor prleëtkgl. Mly hàf vo`ls `ugmfs glabrobfgklaos quo oa fjbóa `l`oatl ho su gf`kafr grkstkfal ostfnfa kakgkfjkzæahlso oa jl prleëtkgl ho Hkls y plr mfnorso hosgukhfhl y hocfr quo oj ospàrktu ho Cozfnoj oatrfrf, jos oxtkrpl plr gl`pjotl oj `lvor prleëtkgl quo toaàfa.   6 ^. 6=3894 6;3>. Hkls jo hkl uaf brfa vkgtlrkf f Ojàfs slnro jls sfgorhltos ho Nffj oa oj `lato Gfr`ojl, f qukoaos jls hobljj÷, jos qukt÷ jf gfnozf. Fj oatorfrso Cozfnoj fgorgf ho sus prleotfs, `fah÷ f f`oafzfr fj prleotf Ojàfs, qukoa sfjk÷ muyoahl, poasfahl quo Cozfnoj sk plhàf quktfrjo jf gfnozf, fsà gl`l ëj jl mfnàf mogml gla jls sfgorhltos ho Nffj. Ylr osl os quo so puoho fekr`fr quo fmlrf oj ospàrktu ho Cozfnoj nusgf jf gfnozf ho jls skorvls pfrf katoatfr quktærsojf, os hogkr, fj mfgor groor quo al oxksto jf glnorturf fplst÷jkgf l fj hogkr quo ua pfstlr al hono toaor glnorturf fplst÷jkgf, os uaf hlgtrkaf "cozfnëjkgf".   6 ^. >63?-2. Fgfn, osplsl ho Cozfnoj so oaguoatrf trksto plrquo qukoro jf vköf ho Afnlt y ësto al so jf qukoro voahor, f jl quo Cozfnoj, `ohkfato tostkbls efjsls `fahf f `ftfr f Afnlt y jo hf jf vköf f su osplsl, fsà `ks`l, ltrf ho jfs gfrfgtoràstkgfs ho jf hlgtrkaf ho Cozfnoj os mfgorjo groor f jfs porslafs hoatrl ho jfs glabrobfgklaos, `orogoa ho tlhl Al oa gufatl jl `ftorkfj Ostfostf`ls hlgtrkafjjf`fhls so glalgo tf`nkëa gl`l jf hlgtrkafquo ho jfsoefjsf prlsporkhfh. so ostæ fhkgkoahl quoso jlsroekoro. grkstkfals f mfgor ua vltl ho plnrozf gl`l jl mfgo fjbuafs rojkbklaos4 porl tf`plgl hono`ls oaeftkzfr jl `ftorkfj `æs quo f Hkls. Oa rofjkhfh Hkls al aogosktf oj hkaorl ho akabóa ml`nro plrquo Oj os oj huoöl hoj lrl y jf pjftf quo oxkstf oa oj uakvorsl (Mf. >3=)4 porl Hkls hocf oj prkagkpkl ho hkoz`fr y fóa `æs, os oa oj óakgl hlaho hkgo quo jl prlno`ls, y `kro`ls sk Ëj al fnro jfs voatfafs ho jls gkojls horrf`fahl noahkgk÷a mfstf quo slnrofnuaho (@f. 7369)4 porl osl al skbakekgf quo plhf`ls ostfr mfgkoahl trftls gla Hkls gl`l sk so trftfrf ho ua kavorsklakstf quo jjovf su hkaorl f ua nfagl plr hotor`kafhl tko`pl pfrf quo jo hovuojvfa `æs. Hkls os brfaho oa `ksorkglrhkf y Oj als prlvooræ ho jl quo aogoskto`ls4 y alsltrls hono`ls gu`pjkr gla jl quo als glrrosplahf jjovfahl jls hkoz`ls fj fjeljà. g) g)   @FX^KF^GFHL (rokaf Ftfjàf, > ^. =3>54 6636-7). Ftfjàf 6636-7). Ftfjàf orf jf `fhro ho Lglzàfs, roy ho Cuhæ, y gufahl ëj `urk÷, `ft÷ f tlhls jls hosgoahkoatos ho su mkcl, os hogkr, f jf sk`koato rofj, plrquo ojjf quoràf blnorafr. Hkgml oa ltrfs pfjfnrfs, jf rokaf hoj gkojl, trft÷ ho `ftfr f jf sk`koato ho vfrlaos quo orfa mkcls hoj roy plrquo sk ojjls vkvàfa jo mfràfa hkeàgkj jf lplrtuakhfh pfrf quo Ftfjàf jjobfrf f blnorafr. Ltrf ho jfs glsfs quo so ostæ ekjtrfahl oa jfs glabrobfgklaos os oj mogml quo uaf `ucor protoahf blnorafr y toaor fj vfr÷a quo Hkls pusl gl`l gfnozf, slcuzbfhl y f oxpoasfs ho jf vljuatfh ho ojjf4 jl gufj al os ho Hkls. Xf`plgl so ostæ soöfjfahl quo al so jo por`ktkræ f jf `ucor, trfnfcfr oa jf lnrf ho Hkls l quo prleotkgoa y quo sofa vorhfhorf`oato uaf fyuhf kh÷aof oa oj `kakstorkl quo Hkls oatrobf f jls vfrlaos quo sla jjf`fhls f trfnfcfr oa jf vköf hoj Woölr4 plrquo ho mogml jfs `ucoros puohoa prohkgfr, hkrkbkr jf fjfnfazf, sla oavkfhfs oa `ksklaos ospogkekgfs ho pfrto ho ua `kakstorkl4 porl jl quo al os plsknjo l al os fbrfhfnjo f jls lcls ho Hkls, os quo ojjf sof jf gfnozf ho uaf glabrobfgk÷a plrquo osl os ua ospàrktu quo prlvkoao ho jf rokaf hoj gkojl. Wk uaf `ucor ostæ tl`fahl jf hkroggk÷a ho ua `kakstorkl, aogosktf`ls gl`proahor quo osf fggk÷a al os prl`lvkhf sljf`oato plr jfs `ucoros, skal quo, tf`nkëa os prl`lvkhl plr jf krrosplasfnkjkhfh ho jls vfrlaos. Jf vlz quo hono osgugmfrso os jf hoj vfr÷a hkgkoahl, gl`l hkcl Clsuë3 ‚[ sk s k al ls pfrogo nkoa sorvkr fj Woölr, osglboh mly f qukëa mfnëks h o sorvkr3 sk f jls hklsos quo skrvkorla vuostrls pfhros, quo ostfnfa fj ltrl jfhl hoj ràl, l f jls hklsos ho jls f`lrrols oa guyf tkorrf mfnktæks4 porl yl y `k gfsf, sorvkro`ls fj Woölr‐ ( Cls. >836?). Al plho`ls por`ktkr quo so hkbf quo jf `ucor y su gfsf sorvkræa fj Woölr plrquo os rosplasfnkjkhfh oj vfr÷a hogkrjl. Lnvkf`oato ostf`ls roekrkëahlals f jls mlbfros honkhf`oato katobrfhls plrquo oxkstoa `l`oatl oa jls quo jls mlbfros plr gufjqukor gkrguastfagkf ostæa f gfrbl ho jf `fhro y ojjf os qukoa tl`f jfs hogksklaos plr jf efjtf hoj pfhro4 porl gufahl oj mlbfr ostæ honkhf`oato katobrfhl, hono toaor gukhfhl ho al hocfrso kaejuoagkfr plr oj ospàrktu ho jf rokaf hoj gkojl hæahljo jf futlrkhfh tltfj f jf osplsf y `æs quo jf futlrkhfh, jf rosplasfnkjkhfh hoj mlbfr.

82

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

h)  h)  KAEJ_OAGKF^ OJ G_JXL YFBFAL (rokaf @ffgf, 6 ^. 6?366-67). Fsf 6?366-67).  Fsf orf oj mkcl ho @ffgf, porl ojjf mkzl uaf k`fboa mlrrknjo ho Fsorf y Fsf jf horrknl y jf quo`÷, y qukt÷ f su `fhro ho sor rokaf `fhro plr kh÷jftrf. Oj al`nro ho @ffgf skbakekgf3 jf quo gfstrf. Alto`ls quo Fsf al so hoc÷ kaejuoagkfr plr @ffgf skal quo jf horrkn÷ gufahl vkl quo ojjf ostfnf kaejuoagkfahl oj gujtl pfbfal f jfs fsorfs, hkgml oa ltrfs pfjfnrfs ostfnf kaejuoagkfahl f jf eortkjkhfh. Jls gujtls quo orfa hohkgfhls f jfs fsorfs, fstfrlt, voaus y ltrls, al orfa hohkgfhls oa su tltfjkhfh fj soxl, skal quo tf`nkëa orf hohkgfhl f jf eortkjkhfh. Ho tfj `faorf quo fjbuafs k`æboaos hohkgfhfs f jf rokaf hoj gkojl, ostæa roprosoatfhfs gla `ójtkpjos soals. Oj roy f`fnf `ugml f su `fhro porl gufahl vkl jl quo ostfnf mfgkoahl, tuvl quo tl`fr oj suekgkoato vfjlr pfrf hksgkpjkafrjf plrquo jl quo ostfnf al orf fbrfhfnjo f jls lclsgla hoporslafs Hkls. Mlyquo hàf jfs plho`ls vorso `ugmfs quok`plrtfr al sla hoekakhfs oamfgkoahl su grooagkf f Hkls y gufahl ostæa hl`kafa, hocfa porslafs hl`kafr ska quo sus fgtktuhos leoahfa f Hkls, kagjusl, `ugmls `ftrk`lakls sla glahugkhls plr jf `ucor y al plr oj ml`nro plrquo al so jo hf su jubfr fj vfr÷a y oj ml`nro al tkoao oj suekgkoato grktorkl pfrf glahugkr su mlbfr y al altfa quo su fgtktuh os prlpkf ho jf pltostfh ho jf rokaf ho gkojl. Fsk`ks`l, oj Yfhro honk÷ mfnor f`fhl f jf @fhro porl al jo por`ktk÷ quo mkgkorf jl quo ojjf quoràf, skal quo, Oj mkzl jf vljuatfh hoj Fjtàsk`l.

O

j tko`pl os ekafj4 jfs pltostfhos ho jfs tkakonjfs ostæa mfgkoahl su `oclr oseuorzl pfrf glaeuahkr fj puonjl ho Hkls y quo mfbfa jl hosfbrfhfnjo hojfato ho Oj4 porl alsltrls gl`l grkstkfals hono`ls sfnor oa auostrl glrfz÷a quë os  hoj fbrfhl ho Hkls y quë al4 y jf `oclr elr`f ho sfnor quë os fbrfhfnjo y quë al4 os toakoahl uaf katk`f gl`uak÷a gla Oj porl uaf gl`uak÷a glastfato, pfrf glalgor sus hosols fatos ho osgugmfr sus sus ÷rhoaos.  ÷rhoaos.  

8=

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

6? JF GFKHF HO WFXFAÆW @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

¡G÷`l mfs gfàhl hoj gkojl, lm jugorl ho jf `föfaf, mkcl ho jf furlrf! Mfs skhl horrknfhl plr tkorrf, tó quo honkjktfnfs f jfs afgklaos. K sfàfs sfàfs 6836>

l`l grkstkfals hono`ls glalgor oj `uahl ospkrktufj quo als rlhof, plrquo fsà gl`l mfy æabojos quo als `kakstrfa ho pfrto ho Hkls, oxkstoa euorzfs hkfn÷jkgfs quo qukoroa glatf`kafrals pfrf al ostfr propfrfhls pfrf oj frronftf`koatl ho jf Alvkf. Ostfs euorzfs hoj `fj ostæa hkrkbkhfs plr Wftfaæs, qukoa euo grofhl plr Hkls, porl so ronoj÷. Fuaquo jf fpfrkgk÷a ho Wftfaæs oa oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl so kakgkf gla jf gfàhf ho Fhæa (Ba. 7), su ostfhl lrkbkafj ho sfatkhfh euo fatos quo Fhæa y Ovf euorfa grofhls (Ksfàfs 68366->74 Ozoqukoj >=366-6;).

G J

f grofgk÷a fabëjkgf so hkvkhoa oa3 Worfekaos3 Oj skbakekgfhl ho jf pfjfnrf sorfeàa ho fguorhl f jf glaglrhfagkf Wtrlab oa ospfölj os3 sorpkoato frhkoato, sorfeàa y puohoa3 frhor, fsljfr, glgor, glasu`kr, hostrukr, euobl, kagoahkfr, proahor, quo`fr (strlab =768  ‗  ‗ =767).  =767). Wobóa Ksfàfs 5 plho`ls vor quo jls sorfekaos sla jls quo fjfnfa f Hkls glatkauf`oato hkgkoahl Wfatl, Wfatl, Wfatl. [ rlhofa su trlal. Wu corfrquàf os jf `æs ojovfhf hoatrl ho jls æabojos, plr osl tkoaoa 5 fjfs f jfs y ostæa `æs gorgf hoj trlal ho Hkls. Xf`nkëa vo`ls quo skrvoa f Hkls oa su trlal. _al ho ojjls tl`÷ ua gfrn÷a oagoahkhl hoj fjtfr y tlg÷ jf nlgf ho Ksfàfs pfrf jk`pkfrjl ho kakqukhfh y pogfhl (Ks. 535). Wo `uovoa oa oj euobl ho Hkls quo skrvo pfrf purkekgfr, plr osl oj skbakekgfhl ho su al`nro als mfnjf ho porslafcos quo so `uovoa hoatrl oj euobl. Vuorunkaos3 Oj skbakekgfhl ho jf pfjfnrf quorunàa ho fguorhl f jf glaglrhfagkf Wtrlab oa ospfölj os3 quorunkaos (Wtrlab 728>). Jls quorunkaos tkoaoa guftrl fjfs (Oz. 635) y sla jls sobuahls oa corfrquàf fabojkgfj Oa oj jknrl ho Ozoqukoj 69 so

mfnjf f`pjkf`oato ho ojjls y vo`ls quo f hkeoroagkf ho jls sorfekaos quo ostæa frrknf hoj trlal hoj Woölr, jls quorunkaos ostæa honfcl hoj trlal y honfcl ho jf bjlrkf ho Hkls (Oz. 6936, 6;). Wu euagk÷a prkagkpfj os quo sla prltogtlros y quo gunroa gla sus fjfs (Oz. >=365). Jls vo`ls nlrhfhls oa jfs glrtkafs hoj Jubfr Wfatàsk`l (Ox. >5376), osl qukoro hogkr quo sla prltogtlros ho puortfs hk`oasklafjos. Wla bufrhfhlros ho sogrotls (Oz. >=368), plr osl, ho Wftfaæs so hkgo quo orf `æs sfnkl quo Hfakoj y quo akabóa sogrotl jo orf lgujtl (Oz. >=37). Jls vo`ls osgujpkhls oa jfs pfrohos hoj to`pjl (6 ^. 53>;) y gukhfahl oj fggosl fj ærnlj ho jf vkhf (Ba. 73>8). Frgæabojos3 Oj skbakekgfhl ho jf pfjfnrf frgæaboj ho fguorhl f jf glaglrhfagkf Wtrlab oa ospfölj os3 frgæaboj, blnorafato, robkr (Wtrlab B287 y B2?2 ). ). Wla coeos ho æabojos sobóa jf hoekakgk÷a. Uo`ls quo @kbuoj os ua frgæaboj buorrorl quo tkoao æabojos f su gfrbl y so oagfrbfa ho pojofr jfs nftfjjfs ho Hkls, jf Nknjkf jl jjf`f oj pràagkpo quo vojf slnro jls mkcls ho Ksrfoj (Hf. 6>36). Osl qukoro hogkr quo tf`nkëa vojf slnro alsltrls puos alsltrls sl`ls oj Ksrfoj ospkrktufj ho Hkls. Wu  corfrquàf os `oalr quo jf ho jls quorunkaos, tkoaoa hls fjfs, plr osl, fuaquo Wftæa orf ua sor gfàhl, mfnàf skhl ua quorunàa y jf Nknjkf hkgo quo gufahl @kbuoj, oj frgæaboj glatoahàf gla ëj plr oj guorpl ho @lksës, al so ftrovk÷ f prleorkr `fjhkgk÷a glatrf ëj skal jo hkcl3 ‚quo oj Woölr to roproahf.‐ (Cu 63;). 63;).   Æabojos3 Oj skbakekgfhl ho jf pfjfnrf æaboj ho fguorhl f jf glaglrhfagkf Wtrlab oa ospfölj os3 Xrfor auovfs, `oasfcorl, osp. Æaboj, plr k`pj. Yfstlr- `oasfcorl, æaboj. Gl`l su al`nro jl kahkgf, sla `oasfcorls, porl Hkls jls usf pfrf `kakstrfr fj puonjl ho Hkls (Ha. ;3>6->>). Yfrf oxpjkgfr vksklaos (Ha. =365). Yfrf fauagkfr jfs nuoafs auovfs (Jg. 636;), otg. _a oco`pjl ho ojjls os Bfnrkoj, qukoa vkskt÷ f @fràf gla ua `oasfco ho Hkls o kastruggklaos (Jg. 63>5). Wftfaæs euo grofhl plr Hkls gl`l Jugkeor (Ks. 6836>), ua sor fabëjkgl gla jf corfrquàf ho quorunàa prltogtlr (Oz. >=368). Jls quorunkaos orfa sà`nljl ho jf prosoagkf hoj Woölr, yf quo su bjlrkf so `fakeostfnf oatro ojjls (Hkggklafrkl Ukao). Os jjf`fhl jugorl ho jf `föfaf oa jfs vorsklaos oa ospfölj, oa jf vorsk÷a Dkab Cf`os gla oj al`nro ho Jugkeor y oa monrol gl`l Moyjoj quo skbakekgf3 plrtfhlr ho juz, ostrojjf ho jf `föfaf4 gla oso al`nro tf`nkëa so hoskbaf fj roy ho Nfnkjlakf y Wftfaæs (Wtrlab 6;55). Jugkeor orf oj sojjl ho jf poreoggk÷a, jjoal ho sfnkhuràf y poreogtl oa mor`lsurf, sus vostkhls orfa ho pkohrfs progklsfs, `lrfnf oa oj `lato ho Hkls. Orf poreogtl oa tlhls sus gf`kals mfstf quo so mfjj÷ oa ëj jf kakqukhfh (Oz. >=36>-6?), quoràf sor kbufj f Hkls4 ska o`nfrbl, so glavkrtk÷ oa oao`kbl ho Hkls. Osf trfaselr`fgk÷a ho jf poreoggk÷a f jf kakqukhfh, os hogkr ho Jugkeor f Wftfaæs, os su gfàhf quo mf hfhl `ohkfato ua prlgosl, hosho quo jl sfgfrla hoj `lato ho Hkls mfstf su glahoafgk÷a ekafj.

8;

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Jf pfjfnrf ‚Wftfaæs‐ so trfhugo trfhug o hoj monrol Wftfa quo skbakekgf fhvorsfrkl (Wtrlab 8?52), osto tër`kal euo o`pjofhl plr oj Woölr Cosós mfgkf Yohrl, gufahl katoatfnf hksufhkrjl ho kr f jf gruz (@t. 653>7). Wftfaæs tf`nkëa os glalgkhl gl`l hkfnjl, su trfhuggk÷a monrof os hkfvnljl quo skbakekgf3 fgusfhlr y gfju`akfhlr (Wtrlab 6>>=). Os oj fhvorsfrkl ho Hkls, fgusf fj ml`nro fato Hkls (Cln 635-66) y f Hkls fato oj ml`nro (Ba. 7). Hfhl quo os auostrl oao`kbl hono`ls glalgor oj `ltkvl ho su gfàhf, yf quo sl`ls oxmlrtfhls f al gfor oa pogfhls sk`kjfros (6 Xk. 735), f al hocfrals sohugkr plr ëj, skal f roskstkrjl pfrf quo muyf ho alsltrls (Wtb. 832). Oj tër`kal ‚gfàhf‐ hoj toxtl nfso so trfhugo hoj monrol afpmfj quo skbakekgf3 jfazf`koatl mfgkf fnfcl, ho ual `ks`l l ho `ugmls y mfgkf euorf4 hkvkhkrquo plrsla3 plrgk÷a, horrlgfhl, tkrfr mfgkf (Wtrlab ?792). Oj prlgosl ho gfàhf ho Wftfaæs so hf oa vfrkfs osgfjfs, gfor, juz sor fnfcl, horrknfhl, sor oxpujsfhl y sorfnfcl frrlcfhl. 6.  6.  OGMFHL L O]Y_JWFHL HOJ @LAXO HO HKLW, Ozoqukoj >=3653 Oa oj @lato ho Hkls so `fakeostfnf jf bjlrkf hoj Woölr4 f oso `lato sunàf @lksës f mfnjfr gla Hkls (Ox. 6;37), y Hkls jo mfnjfnf4 plr oj glatrfrkl, Juznoj quoràf sunkr f oso `lato, al pfrf mfnjfr gla Hkls, skal pfrf sor so`ocfato fj Fjtàsk`l (Ks 68367-68 JNJF). Juznoj quksl quo su bjlrkf so `fakeostfrf oa oso @lato (Oz >=36?), plrquo so hohkgfnf fj gl`orgkl, jl quo jl jjov÷ f jjoafrso ho vkljoagkf o kakqukhfh, plrquo jo hkl gfnkhf f jf `fjhfh (AUK Oz. >=36?). Jls tër`kals trfhugkhls gl`l vkljoagkf o kakqukhfh vkoaoa hoj vlgfnjl monrol gmf`fg quo skbakekgf jf gruojhfh, jl `fjl, jl efjsl, jf kacustkgkf y oj lproslr (Wtrlab >???). Juznoj oa voz ho prltobor jf grofgk÷a quo Hkls jo mfnàf hfhl f su gukhfhl jf lprk`k÷, euo kacustl, efjsl y gruoj (Oz. >=36=). Jf Nknjkf hogjfrf quo Wftfaæs euo frrlcfhl (jfazfhl, ogmfhl), hoj `lato ho Hkls plr prlefal (JNF Oz. >=365). Yrlefal so trfhugo hoj monrol gmfjfj y hoaltf fquojjls quo vkljfa oj mlalr, vkljfa ua glavoakl, l quo so prlstktuyoa (Wtrlab >8;9). Al hono`ls ljvkhfr quo oa oj `lato ho Hkls sljl puoho mfnktfr oj quo fahf oa katobrkhfh, lnrf custkgkf y mfnjf vorhfh oa su glrfz÷a (Wfj. 6?36-?). >.  >.  GFÀHL HOJ GKOJL, Ksfàfs 6836>. Jf pfjfnrf gkojl fquà so roekoro f jf `lrfhf ho Hkls (Wtrlab M=958), ho hlaho gfy÷ Juznoj. Gl`l so osgrknk÷ fatorklr`oato, ual ho jls skbakekgfhls ho jf trfhuggk÷a ho jf pfjfnrf monrof "gfàhl" os "sor "sor cuzbfhl y juz fnfcl". Mfy quo roglrhfr quo Juznoj orf plrtfhlr ho juz, porl gufahl pog÷, euo  cuzbfhl y su juz euo ogmfhf fnfcl (Jg. =365). Juznoj fju`nrfnf f `ugmls, plrquo ostfnf jjoal ho juz, orf mor`lsl, jjoal ho sfnkhuràf y ospjoahlr, porl su glrfz÷a so oafjtogkorf (Oz. >=362). Wo jjoa÷ ho lrbujjl y slnornkf plr jls ftrknutls gla jls quo Hkls jl mfnàf grofhl, plr jl quo hoso÷ sunkr fj gkojl plr oagk`f ho jfs ostrojjfs ho Hkls, jovfatfr su trlal y soatfrso oa oj `lato ho Hkls y mfgorso so`ocfato fj Fjtàsk`l (Ks. 68367-68), mfstf quo Hkls jl mfjj÷ efjtl (Ha. ?3>2). ^oglrho`ls quo sl`ls jf juz hoj `uahl (@t. ?368-65) y hono`ls nrkjjfr oa jfs tkakonjfs, porl oxksto oj rkosbl ho groor quo  jf juz os auostrf y quoror quo jfs nuoafs lnrfs quo rofjkzf`ls sofa roglalgkhfs gl`l prlpkfs. Ylr ojjl jf Nknjkf kahkgf oa @ftol 8369 quo sljf`oato hono`ls fhlrfr y sorvkr fj Woölr auostrl Hkls. 7.  7.  WO L^HOAF V_O MFNKXO JLW FK^OW, Oeoskls >3>3 Osto pfsfco als kahkgf quo mfy ua pràagkpo ho jf pltostfh hoj fkro, oj gufj gl`fahf gla futlrkhfh, hoj brkobl oxluskf, os hogkr gla plhor, jknortfh ho mfgor gl`l f ëj jo fbrfhf, plhor eàskgl y `oatfj, oj plhor ho hfr ÷rhoaos y ho sl`otor f gufjqukorf f trfvës ho osfs ÷rhoaos, futlrkhfh oagk`f ho jf mu`fakhfh (Wtrlab 6=8;). Wftfaæs lporf oa jls mkcls ho hoslnohkoagkf quo so lplaoa fj lrhoa hkvkal4 ëj y sus euorzfs ho `fjhfh mfnktfa oa jls fkros ocorgkoahl futlrkhfh slnro tlhf jf mu`fakhfh, kaejuoagkæahljf f pogfr, tfj orf oj gfsl ho Fhæa quo gufahl hogkhk÷ (jknro fjnohràl), hoslnohogor f Hkls (Ba. 7362. JNF), euo ogmfhl hoj pfrfàsl. 8.  8.  HO^^KNFHL YL^ XKO^^F, Ksfàfs 6836>4 Ozoqukoj >=3623 Ostls pfsfcos hogjfrfa quo Wftfaæs Wft faæs euo ‚horrknfhl plr tkorrf l oa tkorrf‐, oj tër`kal horrknfr so trfhugo hoj monrol "oj bfhf", quo skbakekgf3 rohugkr, pfrf sor glrtfhl euorf ho (Wtrlab 687=), jl quo als kahkgf quo euo glrtfhl y oavkfhl euorf hoj gkojl. Euo hobrfhfhl plrquo hospuës ho ostfr oa jfs fjturfs, fmlrf ostæ oa jl `æs nfcl. Oa Ozoqukoj >=362 jf vorsk÷a ^UF, kahkgf quo Hkls pusl f Wftfaæs ‚gl`l ospogtægujl fato jls royos‐. Euo royos‐.  Euo puostl hojfato ho jfs afgklaos gl`l ua oco`pjl ho g÷`l jf slnornkf y jf glrrupgk÷a puohoa glrrl`por. Oa ëj so hkstkabuo3 h kstkabuo3

 ?9

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

F.  Jf slnornkf, slnornkf, quo os ua hosol y protoask÷a ho suporklrkhfh slnro jls ho`æs, cuatl gla ua rogmfzl ho sl`otk`koatl f Hkls, fho`æs jf protoask÷a ho futlsuekgkoagkf y futl oxfjtfgk÷a. Osto os ua ostfhl lpuostl f jf mu`kjhfh. Oj slnornkl al roglalgo su hopoahoagkf ho Hkls, ak jf `utuf hopoahoagkf gla sus so`ocfatos. N.  Jf glrrupgk÷a, so hoekao gl`l oj slnlral quo so jo puoho mfgor f fjbukoa gla hæhkvfs, tf`nkëa gl`l porvortkr l sohugkr f fjbukoa, vkgkfr, hoprfvfr (hkggklafrkl Oagfrtf). Juznoj glrrl`pk÷ f jls quo gunràf y tf`nkëa jf sfnkhuràf quo Hkls jo mfnàf hfhl, groyoahl quo ëj orf `æs sfnkl, plr osl euo ogmfhl f tkorrf. Oj oao`kbl euo horrknfhl plr honkjktfr (M. "oj gmfjfsm"3 hosfgtkvfr, plstrfr, bfstfr, fjocfr Wtrlab >?>>), f jfs afgklaos, jfs plstrfnf f sus pkos, jfs hosbfstfnf, prlvlgæahljos oj hosol ho fhlrfrjl, plr osl fj toatfr f Cosós, jo pkhk÷ quo jl fhlrfrf (@t. 83=-;). ?.  ?.  HO^^KNFHL FJ WOLJ, Ksfàfs 6836?3 Oa osto vorsl jf pfjfnrf ‚horrknfhl‐ so trfhugo hoj monrol "yfrfh" quo skbakekgf3 hosgoahor, muahkr fnfcl, sor plstrfhl, horru`nfr y sor trfàhl fnfcl (Wtrlab 77=6). Wftfaæs euo glrtfhl hoj gkojl y horru`nfhl fj Wolj. Wolj so trfhugo hoj monrol smolwj quo skbakekgf3 kaekoral, os oj al`nro ho jf `lrfhf ho jls `uortls, oj jubfr ho hlaho al mfy rotlral y jubfr ho hostkorrl (Wtrlab 2?=?). Oj Wolj os oj jubfr pfrf tlhls jls quo al mfa afgkhl ho auovl, hlaho ostfræa `koatrfs jjobf oj tko`pl hoj cukgkl ekafj. e kafj. 5.  5.  F^^LCFHL FJ FNKW@L, Fplgfjkpsks >936-73 Wftfaæs sfno quo yf ostæ glahoafhl y oj eka quo jo osporf4 ska o`nfrbl, skbuo oabföfahl f jf boato, puos al qukoro krso sljl, skal lntoaor fj`fs pfrf quo al sofa sfjvfs ho jf glahoafgk÷a, plr jl tfatl oa oj euturl, ua æaboj hosgoahoræ hoj gkojl gla jf jjfvo hoj fnks`l y tl`fræ f Wftfaæs, jl ftfræ y jl frrlcfræ fj fnks`l y jl gorrfræ y sojjfræ plr `kj föls. Jf pfjfnrf "frrlcfr" so trfhugo hoj brkobl "nfjjl", quo skbakekgf3 tkrfr fjbl ska gukhfr f hlaho so gfo o kasortfr (Wtrlab ;95) y "fnks`l" so trfhugo gl`l "fnussls" quo skbakekgf3 fjbl ska elahl, kjk`ktfhl, mlyl y prleuahkhfh, tf`nkëa os utkjkzfhl pfrf kahkgfr3 rogoptægujl gl`óa hoj `uortl y `lrfhf ho ho`lakls (Wtrlab B996>). Oj oao`kbl cuatl gla sus ho`lakls soræ ogmfhl oa jf `lrfhf ho jls ho`lakls y fjjà por`faogoræ `kj föls, yf quo fóa al os oj ekafj fóa ho su gfàhf, skal ua jubfr kator`ohkl. 2.  2.  F^^LCFHL FJ JFBL HO E_OBL, Fplgfjkpsks >93693 Os oj jubfr ekafj ho su gfàhf, jf glahoafgk÷a otoraf, hlaho ostfræa tf`nkëa jf nostkf, oj efjsl prleotf y tlhls jls quo mfyf oabföfhl, oa hlaho soræa ftlr`oatfhls hàf y algmo plr tlhf jf otorakhfh. Os jubfr ho jf `uorto otoraf, hlaho jls quo jf mfnktoa, auagf `æs toahræa jf lplrtuakhfh ho ostfr gla oj Yfhro, ak ho frropoatkrso.

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uznoj euo grofhl gla uaf euagk÷a ospogàekgf3 sor ua quorunàa prltogtlr ho jfs glsfs ho Hkls, porl jf @fjhfh y jf Kakqukhfh jjoafrla su glrfz÷a y so glavkrtk÷ oa Wftfaæs, oj fhvorsfrkl ho Hkls. Hurfato `ugml tko`pl mf jjovfhl fj ml`nro f jf hoslnohkoagkf, usurpfahl su f`nkoato, plr osl hurfato oj tko`pl quo osto`ls gl`l porobrkals, ëj sobukræ oabföfahl fj puatl ho oabföfr f jls osglbkhls (@r. 673>>), mfstf quo sof oavkfhl f su hostkal ekafj y otoral3 oj jfbl ho euobl. Ylr jl tfatl, hono`ls ostfr fporgknkhls ho su trfnfcl pfrf al sor oabföfhl y al glrror su `ks`f suorto. Hono`ls pohkrjo f Hkls sfnkhuràf y osguhrköfr auostrls gf`kals (J`. 737;-8>), sfnkoahl quo jf vkgtlrkf vk gtlrkf os auostrf, plrquo auostrl oao`kbl, oj fhvorsfrkl, yf euo cuzbfhl y horrltfhl plr oj Woölr Cosugrkstl (Ca. 653=-66).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

65 JFW G^OFGKLAOW @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

‚Ylrquo oa Ëj euorla grofhfs tlhfs jfs glsfs, tfatl oa jls gkojls gl`l oa jf tkorrf, vksknjos o kavksknjos4  yf sofa trlals l hl`kakls l plhoros l futlrkhfhos4 tlhl mf skhl grofhl plr `ohkl ho Ëj y pfrf Oj.‐ G ljlso ljlsoasos asos 6365 63 65

atos ho gl`oazfr f grofr jls uakvorsls, tlhl oj ospfgkl jl lgupfnf Hkls, oa oso tko`pl XLHL orf Hkls, sk oj Woölr munkorf hkspuostl grofr oa oso `l`oatl, tlhl jl quo surbkorf l euorf grofhl toahràf quo sor glaskhorfhl ho kbufj `faorf gl`l Hkls. Yfrf ovktfr osl, y plhor gl`oazfr f grofr, g rofr, Hkls so rotrfo, osl skbakekgf quo hoc÷ ho lgupfr fjbuafs ærofs ho jl quo oxkstàf oa oso `l`oatl pfrf hfr jubfr f jls ospfgkls quo al ostfnfa lgupfhls plr Hkls, oa hlaho puhkorf gl`oazfr ua gkgjl groftkvl, hoj quo vfa f o`orbor jf sustfagkf l `ftorkf y os fjjà hlaho gl`koazfa f sor grofhfs tlhfs jfs glsfs. Oj lncotkvl quo Hkls tkoao fj rotrforso os oj ho gl`oazfr f prlhugkr ho jf afhf jls `uahls y qukoaos mfnktfràfa oa ojjls, gfhf ual ho jls ospfgkls quo hoc÷ vfgàls, euorla utkjkzfhls ho auovl plr jfs grofgklaos ho Hkls. Mfy quo sfnor quo tlhl jl quo Hkls grof os prlnfhl, jfs grofgklaos ho Hkls sko`pro euorla purfs, Ëj so mf oagfrbfhl ho hfrjos f glalgor su pfjfnrf, gl`uakgæahljos su vljuatfh y sus lrhoafazfs. Fho`æs ho ostl, Hkls jos mf hfhl oj jknro fjnohràl ltlrbæahljos jf efgujtfh ho jf hogksk÷a. Os f ostl quo so hono quo `ugmfs grkfturfs mfyfa gfàhl fj ronojfrso glatrf Hkls, hogrotæahlso  cukgkl oa glatrf ho ojjfs f gfusf ho jf hoslnohkoagkf. Hkls al puhl mfnor hkgtf`kafhl cukgkl ska fatos mfnor oasoöfhl su Joy y ska quo mfyf oxkstkhl trfsbrosk÷a f osf Joy. Glalgkoahl oj plhor groftkvl ho Hkls quo os kafbltfnjo, al so puoho mfnjfr óakgf`oato ho uaf grofgk÷a katojkboato, jf mu`faf, skal quo Ëj tkoao ltrfs grofgklaos gla jfs gufjos mf jjoafhl oj uakvorsl. Hkls gla gfhf grofgk÷a tkoao sko`pro ua prlp÷sktl, plr osl jf grofr fj ml`nro tuvl quo sor gla ua pjfa hotor`kafhl `ugml fatos f jf euahfgk÷a ho jf `ks`f tkorrf4 y os f sfnor, quo ho ostf grofgk÷a Hkls grofràf uaf auovf plr `ohkl ho su Mkcl Cosugrkstl (^l. =3>;-794 Oe. 6366-6>)

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C

osugrkstl fekr`÷ quo ëj trfnfcfnf gl`l su Yfhro trfnfcfnf, y os plr osl quo Hkls Yfhro skbuo grofahl. Gufahl mfnjf`ls fgorgf ho jfs grofgklaos, toao`ls quo ostuhkfr quo oatro uaf grofgk÷a y ltrf, puohoa hfrso jfpsls ho tko`pls quo sla kahoekakhls, jjf`fhls fkla, trfhugkhl hoj brkobl, quo hoaltf ua poràlhl kahoekakhf`oato jfrbl, gla ëaefsks slnro jfs gfrfgtoràstkgfs hoj poràlhl `æs nkoa quo slnro su hurfgk÷a (Wtrlab 65?). Ylr oco`pjl, oa Bëaosks 636 hkgo, ‚Oa oj prkagkpkl gro÷ Hkls jls gkojls y jf tkorrf‐, juobl vo`ls quo oj vorsàgujl >, kahkgf quo ‚jf tkorrf ostfnf hoslrhoafhf y vfgàf‐4 ostfs erfsos als hocfa vor v or quo oatro oj vorsàgujl 6 y > ho Bëaosks 6, oxksto ua fkla, f kla, os hogkr ua jfpsl   ho tko`pl kahoekakhl, ua skjoagkl. Xf`nkëa, oatro oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl y oj Auovl Xostf`oatl oxksto ltrl fkla. Jf Nknjkf `oagklaf jfs skbukoatos grofgklaos3 6.  6.  G^OFGK×A V_O^_NÀAKGF L FABËJKGF (Bëaosks 636->)3 Bëaosks 9. (Kakgkl ho ua fk÷a) Hkls gro÷ oj uakvorsl, grol `uahls (Cln ;3;) y pusl oa ojjls f sus grkfturfs f jfs jf s quo jos hkl uaf corfrquàf gojostkfj, ëstls so roblgkcfrla gufahl Hkls gro÷ jf tkorrf (Cln 7=32). Jls mkcls ho Hkls quo so oaglatrfnfa hkso`kafhls plr tlhl oj uakvorsl, toaàfa euagklaos oa jf grofgk÷a y blnkoral ho robklaos ospogàekgfs, plr osl Hkls os jjf`fhl3 Hkls ho hklsos 0 Ojlmk`, soros grofhls pfrf grofr (Wfj =>36)4 Woölr ho Woölros 0 blnkoral ho4 ^oy ho ^oyos 0 robklaos ospogàekgfs. Jf Nknjkf als `uostrf quo ostf euo jf prk`orf grofgk÷a quo Hkls mkzl slnro jf tkorrf, yf quo oj glatoxtl Nànjkgl als oasoöf quo Hkls os Hkls ho lrhoa, plr tfj rfz÷a, Ëj al gro÷ jf tkorrf hoslrhoafhf y vfgàf (Ba. 63>), skal pfrf quo euorf mfnktfhf (Ks. 8?36=). Coro`àfs vkl tf`nkëa jf tkorrf ska lrhoa y vfgàf, ska juz, gl`l ua hoskortl (Cor. 83>7->5). Hoatrl ho jls mkcls ho Hkls, euo grofhl Juznoj (Juz Nojjf), orf uaf grofgk÷a ho tkpl frgfabëjkgl y orf ua Mkcl ho Hkls, f osto sor fabojkgfj jo euorla hfhls `ugmls tàtujls oatro ojjls3 ‚Vuorunàa Yrltogtlr ho Hls _agklaos‐. Jf @fjhfh y jf Kakqukhfh, oatkhfhos quo so mfnàfa ronojfhl oa glatrf ho Hkls fatorklr`oato, jjoafrla su glrfz÷a, y fsà so glavkrtk÷ oa Wftfaæs y hoc÷ ho sor uaf grkfturf ótkj pfrf Hkls4 Juznoj so vostàf gl`l su`l sfgorhlto, gla pkohrfs progklsfs, mfstf quo jf kakqukhfh euo mfjjfhf oa ëj y euo ogmfhl euorf. Jf Nknjkf hkgo quo so jjov÷ jf torgorf pfrto ho jls æabojos y elr`l ltrl k`porkl, y quo gufahl gfy÷, al hocl sfjkr f sus oagfrgojfhls y glavkrtk÷ jf tkorrf oa ua hoskortl (Ks.68). Hkls prln÷ f ostf grofgk÷a y jf torgorf pfrto ho ojjf gfy÷ (Oz. >=36>-6;4 Ks.6836>-62) y so glavkrtkorla oa æabojos gfàhls. Hkls oavàf ua cukgkl fabëjkgl (Oz >=4 Ks 684 Cuh 635), plsknjo`oato f trfvës ho ua hkjuvkl, plr osl oa Ba 63>, jf tkorrf so oaguoatrf oag uoatrf hoslrhoafhf y vfgàf y ‚oj Ospàrktu so `lvàf slnro jf efz ho jfs fbufs‐. Jls æabojos gfàhls quo so fmlbfrla oa oj hkjuvkl, so glavkrtkorla oa ospàrktus ska guorpl, quo fmlrf jls glalgo`ls gl`l ho`lakls, plr osl os quo ojjls qukoroa plsoorjfguorpls mu`fals sobukrjf mfgkoahl `fjhfh. grofgk÷a gfàhf tlhfvàf ostæhkgo prosoato oa `kakstrfhlros auostrl tko`pl, tfatl gfàhf gl`l jf quopfrf glasorv÷ purozf gla jf quo Ostf euo grofhf. Ëstf ójtk`f, jf Nknjkf quo sla ho pfrto ho Hkls pfrf sorvkr f sus sfatls, `koatrfs quo jf gfàhf, ostæa fj sorvkgkl ho Wftfaæs y oa porcukgkl ho jls sfatls ho Hkls.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

>.  >.  G^OFGK×A Y^O-F HÆ@KGF (Bëaosks 63>5->=)3 Jls Mu`falkhos Ostf grofgk÷a ostæ hosgrktf oa Ba. 63>23 ‚Gro÷, puos, Hkls fj ml`nro f k`fboa suyf, f k`fboa ho Hkls jl gro÷ 4 vfr÷a y  mo`nrf jls gro÷"4 jf pfjfnrf Hkls oa osto vorsàgujl vkoao ho jf pfjfnrf monrof ojlmky` (‫ ךטכא‬879) quo skbakekgf3 pjurfj ho 8774 hklsos oa oj soatkhl lrhkafrkl, hklsos, hklsfs, `fbkstrfhls, cuogos, plhorlsls, os hogkr, quo so mfgo `oagk÷a fgorgf ho jf trkakhfh trkakhfh ho Hkls. Jf pfjfnrf ho vfr÷a vkoao ho jf pfjfnrf pfjfnrf monrof zfdfr (‫> ׭‬68?) quo skbakekgf3 vfr÷a, gfnrkl, mkcl, ml`nro, `fgml, `fsgujkal, y jf pfjfnrf mo`nrf vkoao ho ho jf pfjfnrf moarof aoquonæ (‫ט‬ ‫שע‬ ?782) quo skbakekgf3 ho elr`f

soxufj eo`oakaf, mo`nrf, `ucor. Ostf os jf grofgk÷a quo Hkls lrhoa÷ oa skoto hàfs (Ba. 636->2), hlaho tf`nkëa gro÷ oj gkojl, tkorrf,yjfs ostrojjfs, jf ju`nrorf fquà `fylr y jf `oalr, mkornf vorho quo sk`koato, ærnljos quo hfayerutl, fak`fjos, fvos, jf nostkfs roptkjos (plsknjo`oato euorla grofhls jls bëaorls ho hf hkalsfurkls quo jf mkstlrkf jf gkoagkf mfa hosgunkortl quo vkvkorla mfgo `kjjlaos ho föls slnro jf tkorrf), y plr ójtk`l gro÷ fj ml`nro f k`fboa suyf (Ba 637->2). Ostls ml`nros toaàfa jf gfrfgtoràstkgf ho sor mu`falkhos (quo tkoao elr`f l gfrfgtoràstkgfs hoj sor mu`fal), pfrogkhls f jls mu`fals, grofhls oa pfrocfs pfrf quo blnorafrfa slnro jf tkorrf, al orfa ml`nros y `ucoros skal `fgmls (M. Sfgfr) y mo`nrfs (M. Aoqonfm), orfa soros katojkboatos gfpfgos ho blnorafr b lnorafr slnro jfs nostkfs quo Hkls mfnàf grofhl slnro jf tkorrf. Ltrf gfrfgtoràstkgf k`plrtfato ho ostf grofgk÷a, os quo jls mu`falkhos y jls fak`fjos al gl`àfa gfrao skal quo orfa mornàvlrls (Ba 63>;-79), glatrfrkl f jl quo fgtufj`oato sugoho gla jls fak`fjos y jls ml`nros. Oa jf fgtufjkhfh, jf gkoagkf mf oaglatrfhl mfjjfzbls promkst÷rkgls ho jf oxkstoagkf ho ostf grofgk÷a, jl quo glaekr`f jl quo jf Nknjkf als hkgo3 ^obk÷a ho osquojotls mu`fals potrkekgfhls gla guorals y gljf. Oa jf Yftfblakf mfy rostls e÷skjos quo jls gkoatàekgls hkgoa quo tkoaoa plr jl `oals ua `kjj÷a ho föls. Oa Gljl`nkf mu`falkhomu mfy ua ostfhkl pfrf 7,999 porslafs gla ua trlal pfrf ua ml`nro ho 62 `otrls ho ostfturf. Jf gkuhfh kagf ho @fgmu Ykggmu, suspoahkhf oa jl fjtl ho jf Glrhkjjorf ho jls Fahos hoj Yoró `orkhklafj, glastktuyo ual ho jls jubfros frquolj÷bkgls `æs ospogtfgujfros ho F`ërkgf hoj Wur. Jls rostls r ostls ho sus to`pjls y vkvkoahfs ho`uostrfa quo so skrvkorla ho ua f`pjkl sksto`f ho fguohugtls y euoatos. Ylgl so glalgo ho jls mfnktfatos ho @fgmu Ykggmu, quo puhkorla hosfpfrogor gl`l glasoguoagkf ho uaf opkho`kf l sor ljvkhfhls `koatrfs nusgfnfa roeubkl hurfato jls glaejkgtls pljàtkgls provkls f jf gfàhf hoj K`porkl kagf. Nknjkltogf ho Glasujtf @kgrlslet® Oagfrtf® >969. Ostftufs ho @lfk, Ksjf ho Yfsguf (Gmkjo). Jf ksjf ho Yfsguf fjnorbf osgujturfs bkbfatos (hoal`kafhfs `lfk plr jls mfnktfatos ho jf ksjf) y ltrls rostls frquolj÷bkgls ho lrkboa hosglalgkhl. Jf ksjf so oaguoatrf eroato f jf glstf lggkhoatfj ho F`ërkgf hoj Wur, y os uaf plsosk÷a ho Gmkjo hosho 6===. Oa jf ksjf quohfa uals gkoa `lfk, tfjjfhls oa jfs poahkoatos ho ua vljgæa, gla uaf fjturf quo vfràf oatro tros y hlgo `otrls. Ostæa osgujpkhfs slnro tlnf vljgæakgf y roprosoatfa oalr`os gfnozfs gla afrkgos y làhls fjfrbfhls. Jf rlgf ho jfs ostftufs so oxtrfcl hoj grætor ^fal ^frfdu, oa oj quo jls oxpjlrfhlros oaglatrfrla uaf ka`oasf ostftuf ska tor`kafr ho >6 `. ho jlabktuh. @ugmfs ostftufs ho jfs pjftfelr`fs oatorrfhfs jjovfa glrlafs gkjàahrkgfs ho tlnf rlcf quo jjobfa f posfr mfstf >2 tlaojfhfs. Nknjkltogf ho Glasujtf @kgrlslet® Oagfrtf® >969. Jàaofs ho Afzgf (Yoró). Ekburfs frtàstkgfs ho hk`oasklaos bkbfatos y elr`fs poreogtfs sktufhfs oa jfs ærkhfs ostrknfgklaos lggkhoatfjos ho jf glrhkjjorf ho jls Fahos, oa oj sur ho Yoró, quo `krfa mfgkf oj gkojl f jl jfrbl ho gkoatls ho `otrls. Euorla oxgfvfhfs oa jf jjfaurf rlglsf y ska fbuf ho Afzgf mfgo `æs ho 6.999 föls plr uaf gujturf, fatorklr fj plhorlsl K`porkl kagf, jjf`fhf Afzgf quo vkvk÷ oa ostf robk÷a oatro jls föls 699 y =99 = 99 ho auostrf orf. Wo oxtkoahoa plr uals ?99 d`> ho pf`pf y s÷jl puohoa sor fprogkfhfs hosho oj fkro. Jfs ekburfs, quo oj lcl hoj ml`nro `lhoral al vkl mfstf quo ua fvkfhlr porufal jfs rohosgunrk÷ oa 6;>2, roprosoatfa oalr`os fvos, ejlros, jfbfrtls y ltrfs grkfturfs k`plrtfatos pfrf fquojjf fatkbuf gkvkjkzfgk÷a. Nknjkltogf ho Glasujtf @kgrlslet® Oagfrtf® >969. Ostf grofgk÷a tf`nkëa efjj÷ y gfy÷, y munl ua cukgkl oa glatrf ho ojjls, ua sobuahl hkjuvkl, yf quo oa Bëaosks >35, so als hkgo quo sunàf vfplr ho jf tkorrf y sfno`ls quo oj vfplr suno ho jf tkorrf juobl ho quo mf jjlvkhl. Ostls soros tf`nkëa suerkorla oj gfstkbl ho quo jos euorf quktfhl su guorpl y so glavkrtkorla oa ospàrktus ka`uahls, quo oa jf fgtufjkhfh, sla sorvkhlros ho Wftfaæs. Xfatl jls ho`lakls y jls ospàrktus ka`uahls, trftfa ho nusgfr guorpls pfrf plhor rofjkzfr sus `fjhfhos, porl noahktl auostrl Hkls quo als hkl oj ‚pfa ho jf jknorfgk÷a‐ pfrf sor jknorfhls ho ostls soros.  soros.   7.  7.  G^OFGK×A FHÆ@KGF (Bëaosks >3?-2)3 Fhf` Ostf os jf grofgk÷a quo soburf`oato tkoao soks `kj föls ho ostfr slnro jf tkorrf, os fquà os hlaho Hkls grof f Fhæa y f Ovf. Oj lrhoa oa quo Hkls mkzl ostf grofgk÷a tkoao brfahos hkeoroagkfs gla jf ho Bëaosks 636. f.  Hkls elr`÷ f Fhæa ho jf tkorrf, Ba. >323 Hkls prk`orl elr`f f Fhæa hoj jlhl quo ostfnf slnro jf tkorrf y jo slpjf oa jf afrkz hæahljo vkhf, glavkrtkëahljl ua fj`f vkvkoato. n.  n.  Hkls pjfat÷ ua muortl, Ba. >3=-6?3 Hkls pjfat÷ ua muortl oa Ohëa, oj gufj toaàf ærnljos, mkornfs y oj ærnlj hoj glalgk`koatl hoj nkoa y hoj `fj oa `ohkl, y pusl oa ëj f Fhæa pfrf quo jl jfnrfrf y jl gukhfrf4 ¼ho quë honàf gukhfr oj

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

muortl< Hkls sko`pro hocf ua ro`faoato ho jl quo ëj mf grofhl (Ba. 63>8->2), plr jl quo Fhf` honàf gukhfr hoj ro`faoato hoj bëaorl mu`fal quo jlbr÷ slnrovkvkr hoj hkjuvkl quo Hkls mfnàf oavkfhl slnro jf grofgk÷a fatorklr (mu`falkhos) y euo hoj `ks`l ro`faoato (sobuahf grofgk÷a) ho hlaho Gfàa tl`÷ f su osplsf. g. g.   Hkls elr`÷ ho jf tkorrf tlhfs jfs nostkfs, Bëaosks >36;3 F hkeoroagkf ho jf grofgk÷a fatorklr, Hkls gro÷ f jls fak`fjos hospuës ho quo elr`÷ f Fhæa. Jf Nknjkf als hocf vor quo jls fak`fjos ho ostf grofgk÷a, fj kbufj quo jls ho jf fatorklr, orfa katojkboatos, gfpfgos ho gl`uakgfrso gla jls ml`nros, ostl jl oatoaho`ls, plrquo gufahl jf sorpkoato so fgorg÷ f Ovf y jo mfnj÷ y ojjf al so slrproahk÷ ak so fsust÷, skal quo jo skbuk÷ jf pjætkgf, ostl plrquo pfrf ojjf orf alr`fj quo jls fak`fjos jo mfnjfræa4 fj `ks`l tko`pl os katorosfato joor quo gufahl Hkls mkzl jls fak`fjos ho ostf grofgk÷a, alelr`÷ mkzl roptkjos, plr >3>6->83 ojjl jf sorpkoato quo so jo prosoat÷ f Ovf, orfhosho ho jf grofgk÷a h.  h.  Hkls f Ovf, Ba. Oa jf grofgk÷a fatorklr Hkls elr`÷ oj kakgkl ffatorklr fjatorklr bëaorl(Bëaosks mu`fal736-?). oa pfrocfs, porl oa ëstf, prk`orl elr`÷ f Fhæa y juobl jl mkzl gfor oa ua prleuahl suoöl pfrf mfgor f Ovf ho jf glstkjjf quo jo mfnàf sfgfhl. GF^FGXO^ÀWXKGFW HO JF G^OFGK×A M_@FAF. Fhæa euo grofhl plr oj Woölr (Ba. >32), ostf pfjfnrf so trfhugo hoj monrol yoclvæ(  ‫ כ‬ 795=) quo skbakekgf3 Oxkstoato l Otoral, Comlvæ, Hkls, os hogkr, quo oa ostf grofgk÷a Comlvæ Hkls os qukoa grof fj ml`nro. Jf pfjfnrf Ml`nro vkoao ho jf pfjfnrf monrof fhf` (‫ חא‬6>9) quo skbakekgf3 rlckzl, ua sor mu`fal (kahkvkhul, ospogko, mu`fakhfh), porslaf, vfr÷a, Fhæa, boato, mu`fal y ho jf pfjfnrf monrof fhf` (‫ חא‬66;) quo skbakekgf3 `lstrfr sfabro runlr, oarlcogorso, rlcl, runkl,

juz, rospjfahogor, nrkjjfr katoasf`oato. Fjbuals fspogtls quo mfy quo glaskhorfr oa jf grofgk÷a ho Fhæa sla3 f.  f.  Oj ml`nro os gljlgfhl oa oj Ohëa pfrf rotl`fr jf tkorrf y ostrugturfr uaf auovf gkvkjkzfgk÷a oa oj Ohëa. n.  n.  Fhæa honàf gukhfrso hoj `uahl fatorklr fj suyl, yf quo quoh÷ ua puoato oatro f`nfs grofgklaos y Hkls jo por`kto toaor jknro fjnohràl y jf gfpfgkhfh ho gl`uakgfrso gla jf ltrf grofgk÷a. Os fsà, gl`l jf sorpkoato os oavkfhf pfrf sohugkr fj ml`nro, f trfvës ho Ovf. g.  Gl`l glasoguoagkf ho jf hoslnohkoagkf hoj ml`nro, osto `uahl quo honk÷ mfnor skhl vkgtlrklsl, euo sktkfhl plr jf grofgk÷a fatorklr y jl mkzl gfor oa hoboaorfgk÷a, honkoahl sor sl`otkhl fj cukgkl ho Hkls plr oj torgor hkjuvkl. h.  h.  Fhæa os ogmfhl hoj muortl hoj Ohëa pfrf quo jfnro jf tkorrf ho jf gufj euo elr`fhl. HOWGOAHOAGKF HO FHÆA Gufahl Fhæa y Ovf sla ogmfhls hoj muortl hoj Ohëa, Ovf glagkno f Gfàa y juobl f Fnoj (Ba. 836->). Fnoj Orf jf porslaf kahkgfhf pfrf plnjfr jf tkorrf y quo su sk`koato propfrfrf oj gf`kal pfrf jf sk`koato ho Hkls, os hogkr Cosugrkstl, ska o`nfrbl Gfàa jl `ft÷ (Ba. 836-=). Gfàa euo glatf`kafhl boaëtkgf`oato oa Ovf, gufahl ojjf osgugm÷ jfs pfjfnrfs ho jf sorpkoato, plr ojjl os quo `ft÷ f Fnoj y so fpfrt÷ ho Hkls, glavkrtkëahlso oa ua orrfato ho jf tkorrf. (Ba. 8367-65). Wot os ltrf sk`koato al glatf`kafhf, quo Hkls hkl f Fhæa y f Ovf, pfrf quo plnjfrf jf tkorrf, pfrf quo ho ëj vkakorf jf sk`koato hoj Mkcl ho Hkls (Ba. 83>?). YJFA YF^F JF G^OFGK×A FHÆ@KGF. Jf lrhoa ho gukhfr oj muortl orf plr jf prosoagkf ho soros gfàhls (grofgklaos fatorklros quo euorla glatf`kafhfs), quo ostfnfa quorkoahl slcuzbfr jf grofgk÷a mogmf pfrf oj ml`nro y hl`kafr fj `ks`l ml`nro, fj gufj mkgkorla gfor. Ostfahl oj ml`nro oa glahkgk÷a gfàhf, ostls soros oa ronojk÷a, gla k`fboa oabfölsf y quo so pfrogàfa fj ml`nro, so `ozgjfrla gla jfs mkcfs ho jls ml`nros, oaf`lræahljfs y gfsæahlso gla ojjfs, prlgrofahl mkcls l hosgoahkoatos mànrkhls quo vkvkorla oa jf tkorrf (Ba 536-8) gl`l jls bkbfatos l Aoekjk` (A` 67377) y ltrls quo fjtorfrla sus boaos, hfahl lrkboa f jls Motols, Conusols, Ekjkstols, otg. quo mfnktfnfa oa Gfafæa y quo orfa oao`k oao`kbls bls ho Ksrfoj. Wftfaæs poas÷ quo fj prlvlgfr jf gfàhf ho Fhæa f trfvës ho jfs `ozgjfs, Hkls jls knf f `fjhogkr, ska o`nfrbl, Hkls mfnàf hogkhkhl fuxkjkfrjf (Mo >365). Oa osto puatl so o`pkozf f ovkhoagkfr oj pjfa ho Hkls, Ëj puhl hostrukrjls y grofr uaf auovf grofgk÷a, porl al euo fsà, puos oa oj torgor hkjuvkl, vo`ls quo Hkls hostruy÷ f jfs grofgklaos hoboaorfhfs, porl bufrh÷ ua ro`faoato, quo al so mfnàf `ozgjfhl gla ojjfs, os hogkr, f Alë (Ba. 53?-=). 8.  8.  G^OFGK×A YLW-HKJ_UKFAF (Ba. =36-624 ;36-2)3 ALË. Jf Nknjkf oasoöf ho quo f gfusf ho jf `fjhfh ho jls ml`nros y plrquo jls poasf`koatls ho su glrfz÷a orfa glatkauf`oato mfgor oj `fj, Hkls so frropkatk÷ ho mfnorjls grofhl y plr tfj rfz÷a oavk÷ ua hkjuvkl slnro tlhf jf tkorrf, hostruyoahl tlhl jl quo mfnàf slnro ojjf. Alë orf ua ml`nro poreogtl oa sus boaorfgklaos (Boaëtkgf, Ba. 53;) y Hkls jl osglbk÷ pfrf mfgor plr `ohkl ho ëj uaf auovf grofgk÷a4 ostl jl ho`uostrf jf Nknjkf gufahl joo`ls quo Hkls noahkcl f Alë ho jf `ks`f elr`f gl`l noahkcl f jfs grofgklaos fatorklros (Ba. ;36-7). Ho jf grofgk÷a hostrukhf plr oj hkjuvkl jls óakgls quo al mfnàfa skhl glatf`kafhls boaëtkgf`oato euorla Alë y su osplsf y sus mkcls Wo`, Gf`, y Cfeot y Hkls jls ojkbk÷

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

pfrf quo plnjfrfa auovf`oato jf tkorrf, y ojjls so glastktuyoa oa sk`koato pfrf jf ójtk`f grofgk÷a. Xlhls jls soros vkvkoatos quo mfno`ls oa jf fgtufjkhfh oa jf tkorrf hosgoaho`ls yf sof ho Wo`, Gf` l Cfeot. ?.  ?.  G^OFGK×A HOJ YLWX^O^ FHÆA, _AF A_OUF ^FSF (Bæ. 536?) Jf rfzf grofhf gla Fhæa so hoboaor÷ f gfusf hoj pogfhl y plr osl f tlhf ostf rfzf jo os k`putfhl oj pogfhl ho Fhæa y su hoslnohkoagkf y gl`l rosujtfhl, jf `uorto (^l. ?36>). Yorl Hkls al fnfahla÷ f ostf rfzf y oa Grkstl Cosós, su Mkcl _akbëaktl, so `fakekostf plr gl`pjotl oj pjfa ho f`lr ho Hkls pfrf oj ml`nro, hæahljo jf lplrtuakhfh ho sfjvfgk÷a f tlhl fquoj quo groo oa ëj (^l. ?36?)4 mfgkëahljl uaf auovf grofgk÷a oa Grkstl Cosós (> Gl. ?362), uaf auovf rfzf (6 Y. >3;). Wk Hkls oa s÷jlGrkstl jjf`÷jjobærf`ls mkcls f jls fprk`lbëaktls gfhfJfgrofgk÷a, quo prlvoor uaf elr`f pfrf quo quo mo`ls groàhl sor mkcls hoho Hkls. Osgrkturftoaàf als hkgo quo f jls quo rogknkorla oa alsltrls Cosós y grooa oa su al`nro, f jls tfjos so jos mf hfhl jf pltostfh ho jjobfr f sor mkcls ho Hkls. Osf os jf óakgf elr`f ho jlbrfrjl. (Ca. 636>). Ostf auovf grofgk÷a so oaguoatrf óakgf`oato oa Grkstl, Ëj os qukoa hf jf vkhf (Oe. >36). Wk jf rfzf Fhæ`kgf euo grofhf gla tfatls ftrknutls, jls gufjos hkràf`ls orfa torroafjos, f ostf auovf rfzf, jf gufj os oj vorhfhorl prlp÷sktl ho Hkls (Oe. >369 >369), ), jo sla hfhls prkvkjobkls y bfjfrhlaos quo sla vorhfhorf`oato `frfvkjjlsls (6 Gl. 6?382-8;), puos sla gojostkfjos. Ostls sla3 6.  Grkstl auostrl Ylstror Fhæa l  Fhæa fj`f vkvkoato. l  Grkstl Ospàrktu vkvkekgfato (6 Gl.6?38?). l  Oa Fhæa tlhls `uoroa. l  Oa Grkstl tlhls (jls suyls) soræa vkvkekgfhls (6 Gl.6?3>>). >.  Afgkhls ho Auovl l  Oaboahrfhls plr oj Ospàrktu. l  Wo afgo ho frrknf (Ca. 736-=, 67). l  _a ospàrktu gla Grkstl. l  Ukhf fj ospàrktu hoj ml`nro (6 Gl. 5362). 7.  Uoak`ls oa Grkstl l  F Fhæa jl hur`korla, sfjk÷ Ovf (Ba. >3>6). l  Grkstl oa jf gruz, ho su glstfhl sfjk÷ jf Kbjoskf (Ca. 6;378). Grkstl kastfjfræ su ^okal oa jf tkorrf y ostf auovf rfzf soræ jf quo blnkorao cuatf`oato gla Grkstl, fho`æs os uaf rfzf gla moroagkf prl`otkhf, gojostkfj y pfrf sko`pro (Glj. 636>4 Mo.69378-7?). 5.  5.  JFW @OSGJFW OAX^O JFW G^OFGKLAOW. Oa jf Nknjkf so `oagklaf quo gufahl uaf grofgk÷a ho Hkls orf glatf`kafhf, nusgfnf `ozgjfrso gla jf skbukoato grofgk÷a pfrf glatf`kafrjf y al so puhkorf gu`pjkr, oj mogml ho toaor uaf sk`koato sfatf, ho jf gufj puhkorf voakr Cosugrkstl. Ylr oco`pjl, so `oagklafa f jls bknlrk` (M 675=), `ozgjf ho jls mkcls ho Hkls (æabojos gfàhls) gla jfs mkcfs ho jls ml`nros (Ba. 536-8). Bknlrk` skbakekgf vfjkoato, plhorlsl, euorto, gf`po÷a, orfa gfzfhlros ho fj`fs, ho jls gufjos oj quo jjob÷ f sor oj `æs ef`lsl euo Ak`rlh, oj akotl ho Gf`. Fquà plho`ls vor quo ostf rfzf orf oj prlhugtl ho `ozgjfs boaëtkgfs puos al orfa óakgf`oato mu`fals, ak óakgf`oato gojostkfjos, skal quo orfa uaf `ozgjf ho jl mu`fal gla jl gojostkfj. Osto al orf oj pjfa poreogtl ho Hkls, plrquo Ëj mf gfhf grofgk÷a, jf mkzl gla ua prlp÷sktl hoekakhl.

H

kls mf mogml grofgklaos jfs gufjos mfa skhl glatf`kafhfs plr oj pogfhl, jl quo mf prlvlgfhl quo Hkls oavkë cukgkl y hostruggk÷a f ojjfs, porl alsltrls (su Kbjoskf) toao`ls oj prkvkjobkl quo, fuaquo euk`ls glatf`kafhls plr oj pogfhl, Hkls oavk÷ f su Mkcl f `lrkr plr alsltrls (Ca. 7365), y fsà purkekgfrals (hosglatf`kafrals). F pfrtkr hoj `l`oatl oa quo sl`ls mogmls auovfs grkfturfs f trfvës hoj sfgrkekgkl ho Cosugrkstl oa jf gruz (> Gl. ?362), tf`nkëa so als hkl oj prkvkjobkl ho sor jjf`fhls mkcls ho Hkls, fhkgklafj`oato als gf`nkf ho boaëtkgf mu`faf f boaëtkgf hkvkaf plr `ohkl ho jf Wfatf Goaf (Ca. 53?8-?5). Oj prlp÷sktl ho Hkls fj grofr fj ml`nro slnro jf tkorrf, orf oj ho plaor su sk`koato y noahogkrjf, ostf sk`koato os tlhl fquoj quo os pjfatfhl plr oj Yfhro (@t.6?367).  

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

62 JFW ^FSFW YF^FJOJFW @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf 

Ukoahl jls mkcls ho Hkls quo jfs mkcfs ho jls ml`nros ml `nros orfa mor`lsfs, tl`frla pfrf sà `ucoros, osglbkoahl oatro tlhfs. B ëao aosks sks 53 53> >

osho oj puatl ho vkstf nànjkgl oatoaho`ls quo oj ml`nro al os jf óakgf grofgk÷a ho Hkls. Oa oj vfstl uakvorsl oxkstoa ltrfs grofgklaos ho hkeoroato ostkrpo, Cln 7=32 mfgo `oagk÷a ho quo gufahl Hkls elr`fnf jf tkorrf, so roblgkcfnfa jls mkcls ho Hkls, mfnktfatos ho jfs ostrojjfs. Hkls gro÷ jf tkorrf pfrf sor mfnktfhf, soburf`oato `ugmls ho ostls soros kagursklafrla oa jf tkorrf y jf mfnktfrla plr fjbóa tko`pl.

H W

K. JFW ^FSFW YF^FJOJFW3 o jos jjf`f rfzfs pfrfjojfs plr su sk`kjktuh gla jf rfzf mu`faf, oatoaho`ls quo ho tlhfs jfs grofgklaos oj óakgl quo mf skhl mogml f k`fboa y so`ocfazf ho Hkls Hkl s os oj ml`nro (Bëaosks 63>2). Ostfs rfzfs plhràfa sor ho tkpl juznojkfal l sof pfrogkhl f Juznoj, l ho tkpl fabojlkho l ho tkpl mu`falkho. Fuaquo glr plrfj`oato toabfa fjbóa pfrogkhl gla oj ml`nro sla gl`pjotf`oato hkeoroatos oa gufatl f su lrkboa, prlgrofgk÷a, gujturf, otg.

Ostls soros euorla grofhls plr Hkls y puostls f pruonf fj kbufj quo tlhf grofgk÷a katojkboato, fjbuals ho ojjls por`faogkorla ekojos porl ltrls so glatf`kafrla ronojæahlso glatrf Hkls, hoboaoræahlso, fsà gl`l Juznoj. Cln >?3? als hkgo quo ak fóa jfs ostrojjfs sla s la jk`pkfs hojfato ho sus lcls4 ostl so roekoro f sus mfnktfatos quo so mfa glatf`kafhl. KK. KAG_^WKLA F JF XKO^^F3 Hkls rolrhoa÷ jf tkorrf pfrf sor mfnktfhf o mkzl oj muortl ho Ohëa oxgjuskvf`oato pfrf oj ml`nro. Fhæa honàf gukhfrso pfrf al `ozgjfrso gla ojjfs (Bëa. >36?). Hospuës ho jf gfàhf, oj ml`nro os sfgfhl hoj muortl f ua f`nkoato glatf`kafhl, mfnktfhl plr soros hoboaorfhls plr oj pogfhl. Fjbuafs ho jfs rfzfs pfrfjojfs gla glalgk`koatls fvfazfhàsk`ls, voaàfa ho pfrto ho Hkls pfrf trfas`ktkr fj sor mu`fal, glalgk`koatl y gujturf pfrf su nkoaostfr. Ltrfs grofgklaos glatrftfhfs plr oj oao`kbl, fjocfnfa fj ml`nro ho Hkls, kavljugræahljl oa sus hoboaorfgklaos fj `ozgjfrso gla ojjfs. Gfàa fj ronojfrso glatrf Hkls, so euo f jf tkorrf ho Alh fj lrkoato ho Ohëa, ho hlaho tl`÷ pfrf sk `ucor, prlgrofahl mkcls (Bëa. 8365-62) Woburf`oato jls mfnktfatos ho ostf tkorrf orfa rfzfs pfrfjojfs. KKK. JF @OSGJF HO BOAOWKW WOKW3 F `ohkhf ho quo jf rfzf mu`faf so `ujtkpjkgfnf, gl`oazfrla f `ozgjfrso gla tlhf gjfso ho soros, hæahlso gl`l rosujtfhl porslafcos ekorls, hoboaorfhls, Buknnlrka, mànrkhls, bkbfatos, otg. y quo prfgtkgfnfa tlhf gjfso ho glrrupgk÷a `lrf! y soxufj (Bëa. 536,?). Hkls so prlpusl hostrukr osf boaorfgk÷a oavkæahljos ua hkjuvkl (Boa. 535) sfjvæahlso óakgf`oato Alë, qukoa mfjj÷ brfgkf fato jls lcls ho Hkls plrquo orf poreogtl oa sus boaorfgklaos, su osplsf y sus mkcls y jfs osplsfs ho sus mkcls. Hospuës hoj hkjuvkl, Gf`, ua mkcl ho Alë, ho fjbuaf `faorf mfnàf quohfhl kaeogtfhl plr jf boaorfgk÷a fatorklr y fj o`nrkfbfrso Alë, Gf` vo su hosauhoz trfyoahl `fjhkgk÷a slnro sus hosgoahkoatos (Bëa. ;36=->?). Ho jls hosgoahkoatos ho Gf` surbo Ak`rlh quo su al`nro skbakekgf ronojk÷a, osto trftf ho glastrukr Nfnoj, `fakeostfahl su ronojk÷a glatrf Hkls (Bëa. 66). Hkls ho auovl katorvkoao y oavàf glaeusk÷a gf`nkæahljos su joabufco y fsà sla ospfrgkhls plr tlhf jf tkorrf. KU. KAEJ_OAGKF HO JFW ^FSFW YF^FJOJFW WLN^O JF ^FSF M_@FAF3 f) Xrfas`ksk÷a ho glalgk`koatl y gujturf. Fjbuaf ho jfs rfzfs pfrfjojfs al hoboaorfhfs plsoàfa glalgk`koatl y gujturf suporklr fj mu`fal. Wo groo quo oasoöfrla f jls prk`orls mfnktfatos ho jf tkorrf, oj gujtkvl ho jf tkorrf, oj usl ho pjfatfs, jf efnrkgfgk÷a ho kastru`oatls `uskgfjos (Ba. 8362,>>). n) Xrfas`ksk÷a ho hoboaorfgklaos soxufjos. Jfs rfzfs pfrfjojfs sla soros soxufhls. Fjbuafs ho ojjfs so mfnàfa hoboaorfhl `lrfj y soxufj`oato, prfgtkgfahl

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

elrakgfgk÷a, fhujtorkl, ka`uahkgkf, jfsgkvkf, jucurkf, pfsklaos hoslrhoafhfs, ml`lsoxufjks`l, lrbàfs, fyuatf`koatl gla fak`fjos, otg. g) Xrfas`ksk÷a ho tlhf gjfso ho `fjhfh. Gf`nkfrla jf fhlrfgk÷a f Hkls mfgkf tlhf gjfso ho fak`fjos, fsà gl`l oasoöfrla f prfgtkgfr tlhf gjfso ho `fjhfh. ^l`fals 63>; hkgo3 "ostfahl ftostfhls ho tlhf kacustkgkf, porvorskhfh, fvfrkgkf, `fjhfh, oavkhkfs, glatkoahfs oabföls, ml`kgkhkls, `fjkbakhfhos, `ur`urfhlros, hotrfgtlros, fnlrrogohlros ho Hkls, kacurklsls, slnornkls, fjtkvls, kavoatlros ho `fjos, hoslnohkoatos f jls pfhros, aogkls, hosjofjos, ska feogtl fe ogtl afturfj, k`pjfgfnjos, ska `ksorkglrhkf". U. JFW ^FSFW YF^FJOJFW OA JF FGX_FJKHFH3 Ostfs rfzfs pfrfjojfs glatkaófa prlpfbæahlso mly oa hàf, fsà gl`l jf kagursk÷a ho hkeoroatos soros f jf tkorrf al mf gosfhl. Ostf`ls vkvkoahl jls ójtk`ls tko`pls y fmlrf `æs quo auagf, ostf`ls rlhofhls ho tlhf gjfso ho fgogmfazfs fg ogmfazfs ospkrktufjos, `lrfjos y eàskgfs. Ostls soros ostæa glavkvkoahl oatro jls mu`fals, oa auostrls `ohkls ostæa lgurrkoahl glsfs torrknjos, vo`ls fsoskals nrutfjos, skg÷pftfs soxufjos, lrbàfs sfabrkoatfs, `ugmfs ho ostfs fggklaos sla prlhugtl ho porslafs al hkrogtf`oato mu`fafs skal, 'soburf`oato `ozgjfhls gla mànrkhls y gl`l glasoguoagkf ho lporfgklaos hkfn÷jkgfs gla katorvoagk÷a ho ospàrktus ka`uahls. Mly oa hàf ml`nros y `ucoros ostæa skoahl fsohkfhls plr ostf gjfso ho soros, `fylr`oato fquojjls quo mfa gohkhl horogmls plr su kasftksefggk÷a soxufj, hæahlso f efatfsàfs y hoboaoræahlso. Wo mfa hfhl gfsls ho oxporkoagkfs soxufjos oatro soros mu`fals y oxtrf-torrostros y fóa gla ospàrktus ka`uahls.

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fs rfzfs pfrfjojfs sla soros al mu`fals grofhls plr Hkls. Fjbuals mfa por`faogkhl ekojos, ltrls mfa skhl glatrftfhls plr oj oao`kbl, trfas`ktkoahl tlhf gjfso ho `fjhfh. Oj prlp÷sktl hoj oao`kbl os hoboaorfr fj sor mu`fal y plaorjl glatrf Hkls. Hkls ostæ mfgkoahl pfrf sà uaf rfzf ospogkfj, jf Kbjoskf, jf gufj so bufrhfræ, pfrf Oj, ska `fagmf y ska glatf`kafgk÷a.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

6= @÷hujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Jls Xrfsjfhls ‚Ylr jf eo Oalg euo trfsjfhfhl fj gkojl pfrf quo al vkorf `uorto4 [ AL E_O MFJJFHL YL^V_O  HKLW JL X^FWJFHL4 plrquo fatos ho sor trfsjfhfhl rogknk÷ tostk`lakl ho mfnor fbrfhfhl f Hkls.‐ M onr ols 663?

fno`ls quo oj `uahl eàskgl ostæ robkhl plr fjbuafs joyos, gl`l jf brfvohfh, jf rltfgk÷a, jf trfsjfgk÷a oatro ltrfs. Fsà `ks`l jf vkhf ospkrktufj tkoao hkeoroatos fspogtls quo oj `uahl al puoho oatoahor, gl`l jl sla jls trfsjfhls vortkgfjos y mlrkzlatfjos, quo sla prlhugtl ho jf eo, e o, oj f`lr, jf brfgkf, jf porsovorfagkf, y oatro ltrls jf ekhojkhfh quo vfrlaos ho Hkls mfa oxpork`oatfhl plr oj Ylhor hoj Woölr quo mf lnrfhl oa oa ojjls. _al ho jls prk`orls trfsjfhls oa jls quo pfrtkgkpf`ls jls grkstkfals, os ua trfsjfhl hk`oasklafj, os oj trfsjfhfhl hoj hl`kakl ho jfs tkakonjfs, fj rokal ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl (Glj. 6367).

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f pfjfnrf ‚trfsjfhfr‐ so trfhugo hoj monrol `otftktmë`k   (Wtrlab B7785) quo skbakekgf trfaseorkr, trfasplrtfr, gf`nkl, gf`nkfr ho jfhls, trfsjfhfr. Wobóa oj hkggklafrkl Oagfrtf, skbakekgf jjovfr f fjbukoa l fjbl, ho ua jubfr f ltrl.. Xrfsjfhfr sobóa oj Hkggklafrkl ho jf Joabuf Jfrlusso   skbakekgf ‚gf`nkfr f uaf porslaf ho jubfr, l gfrbl‐, y ltrl tf`nkëa oj Hkggklafrkl ho Wka÷ak`ls Wkbau` , skbakekgf ‚trfasplrtfr, ‚trfasplrtfr, trfspfsfr, vkfcfr, hospjfzfr‐. F glatkaufgk÷a voro voro`ls `ls fjbuals tkpls ho trfsjfhls hosgrktls oa jf Nknjkf3

HK@OAWKLAOW OWYK^KX_FJOW3 Wla jls quo so rofjkzfa oa ua pjfal ospkrktufj, tfj gl`l jl hosgrknk`ls fj kakgkl, oj prk`or trfsjfhl oa oj quo pfrtkgkpf`ls jls grkstkfals, os ua trfsjfhl hoj hl`kakl ho jfs tkakonjfs fj rokal ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl (Glj. 6367). Alsltrls fj roglalgor fj Woölr Cosugrkstl gl`l auostrl auostrl sfjvfhlr, mo`ls skhl jjf`fhls ho u uaf af hk`oask÷a ho tkakonjfs f su juz Fh`krfnjo (6 Y. >3;), mfgkëahlals pfrtkgkpos oa jf mor`lsf jfnlr ho fauagkfr sus vkrtuhos. Xf`nkëa jf Yfjfnrf als `uostrf gl`l euk`ls sfgfhls hoj plzl ho jf hososporfgk÷a y hoj jlhl goafblsl pfrf gljlgfrals slnro jf ^lgf ekr`o, quo os Grkstl (Wfj. 893>). AFX_^FJOW L EÀWKGLW3 Ostls trfsjfhls so rofjkzfahl gufahl ho uaf unkgfgk÷a, sl`ls jjovfhls f ltrf plr `ohkl ho jf buàfazf ho Hkls, gf`kafahl l utkjkzfahl utkjkzfahl fjbóa `ohkl `ohkl ho trfasplrto. Oco`pjls ho ojjl jl oaglatrf`ls oaglatrf`ls oa3 f.  f.  Jjf`f`koatl ho Fnrfmf`,  Fnrfmf`,  (Ba. 6>364 Mgm. 238)3 238) 3 Hkls jo hkcl f Fnrf` quo sfjkorf ho jf tkorrf ho _r ho jls gfjhols gla su pfroatojf pfrf mfnktfr oa Mfræa. Fnrf` lnohogk÷ f Hkls y euo noahogkhl slnro fnuahfato`oato. @ugmfs vogos Hkls als sfgf bolbræekgf`oato ho fjbuals jubfros quo al mfa skhl ho ohkekgfgk÷a pfrf auostrfs vkhfs pfrf trfsjfhfrals f ltrl jubfr jubfr gla oj eka ho ohkekgfrals. Wk lnohogo`ls f su vlz, vf`ls f toaor noahkgklaos fnuahfatos, porl sk hoslnohogo`ls al plhro`ls rogknkr f `fals jjoafs jl quo Oj tkoao pfrf alsltrls. n.  n.  Ojàfs,  Ojàfs,  (6 ^. 6236-8)3 6236-8)3 Lnsorvf`ls oa ostls pfsfcos, quo Ojàfs hospuës ho prleotkzfrjo f Fgfn, rogknk÷ pfjfnrf ho Hkls pfrf trfsjfhfrso y rosbufrhfrso cuatl fj frrlyl ho Vuorkt. F vogos plr `fahftl y buàfazf ho Hkls, toahro`ls quo gf`nkfrals hoj jubfr hlaho ostf`ls unkgfhls f ltrl, plrquo oj oao`kbl pjfaof mfgorals hföl. Gl`l sfnkls hono`ls fgtufr, gufahl vo`ls oj `fj, hono`ls fpfrtfrals (Yr. 68365). g.  g.  Mukhf ho Obkptl, Clsë y @fràf, (@t. >367) 3 _a æaboj hoj Woölr so jo fpfrogk÷ oa suoöls f Clsë kahkgæahljo quo muyorf f Obkptl. Hkls, pfrf prltobor f Cosós gufahl orf aköl, jo fvksf plr `ohkl `ohkl ho ua æaboj f sus pfhros pfrf quo so trfsjfhoa ho jubfr. WLN^OAFX_^FJOW. Wla elr`fs ho trfsjfhl oa jls quo so rl`po jfs joyos afturfjos ho jf eàskgf, y sla gla prlp÷sktls hoekakhls pfrf noahkgk÷a. noahkgk÷a. _a oco`pjl jl toao`ls oa Ojàfs Ojàfs (6  (6 ^. 6;32-=), gufahl gl`o pfa hoj gkojl y os gfpfgktfhl pfrf glrror hurfato 89 hàfs y 89 algmos mfstf jjobfr f Lrno. F vogos, gufahl als hoprk`k`ls, oj Woölr `uostrf su plhor ho elr`f slnroafturfj pfrf fak`frals, elrtfjogorals, y hfrals guoatf quo oa `ohkl ho jf fhvorskhfh Hkls ostæ gla alsltrls. Osto tkpl ho trfsjfhls puohoa sor oa hls hkroggklaos3 mlrkzlatfj l vortkgfj. X^FWJFHLW ML^KSLAXFJOW. Wla jls trfsjfhls slnroafturfjos quo so rofjkzfa bolbræekgf`oato ho ua jubfr f ltrl. Uof`ls fjbuals ho ojjls, `oagklafhls oa jf Nknjkf3

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl3 Uo`ls oa jf Osgrkturf, vfrkls oco`pjls ho jls trfsjfhls hoj Woölr, jls gufjos tkoaoa hkeoroatos prlp÷sktls. Fj Hoskortl, (@t. 836)3 836) 3 Oj Woölr os jjovfhl fj hoskortl plr oj Ospàrktu pfrf sor toat toatfhl fhl plr ëj hkfnjl, porl tf`nkë tf`nkëa a vo`ls quo os jjovfhl plr oj hkfnjl f jf Gkuhfh Wfatf fj pkaægujl hoj Xo`pjl y f ua `lato fjtl pfrf sor toatfhl, porl Cosós jl horrltf gla jf Yfjfnrf (@t. 83?-69). Yfsf oa `ohkl ho jls Efrksols, (Jg. 83>7-79)3  83>7-79)3  Gufahl jls efrksols lyoa quo Cosós jos jos hkgo quo ojjls y sus fatopfsfhls kagrëhujls, voaf ltrl oj Ylhor hoj Woölr, so oalcfa glatrf ëj y jl qukoroa hospoöfr, porl Cosós pfsf ‚oaorfa `ohkl‐ ho ojjlsyyfho`æs os jjovfhl ltr l jubfr. Oa oj gf`kal f O`fós, (Jg. >83>;-764 75)3 75)3 Fatos ho fsgoahor fj gkojl so jo fpfrogo f sus hksgàpujls oa oj gf`kal f O`fós y ho jf `ks`f `faorf, so hosfpfrogo4 juobl so fpfrogo auovf`oato f sus ho`æs hksgàpujls. Eojkpo, (Mgm. =37;)3  =37;)3  Juobl ho lnohogor f Hkls y prohkgfrjo f ua Otàlpo oj Ospàrktu hoj Woölr jl trfsjfh÷ y jl jjov÷ f ltrl jubfr f sobukr prohkgfahl prohkgfahl jf pfjfnrf. Jls `kakstrls puohoa sor trfsjfhls plr oj ospàrktu ospàrktu f jubfros hosko hoskortls rtls l ho pruonf gla oj prlp÷sktl ho jjovfr pfjfnrfs fprlpkfhfs fprlpkfhf s f jls aogosktfhls. Ozoqukoj, (Oz. =37)3 Oj =37)3 Oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj orf kh÷jftrf, jl quo prlvlg÷ oj gojl ho Hkls, oatlagos oj Ospàrktu trfsjfh÷ f Ozoqukoj, tl`æahljl hoj pojl, oa jls fkros, mfgkf Corusfjëa pfrf `lstrfrjo jf glahkgk÷a hoj puonjl. Hkls puoho por`ktkr quo sus `kakstrls sofa trfsjfhfhls eàskgf`oato plr oj ospàrktu, pfrf quo so hoa guoatf ho jf glahkgk÷a hoj puonjl ho Hkls, fjbuafs vogos ho khljftràf, l ho jfs fgtkvkhfhos ho sus glabrobfgklaos. Yfnjl, (6 Gl. ?37)3 ?37)3 Oj Fp÷stlj Yfnjl os fhvortkhl quo oatro jf glabrobfgk÷a ho Glrkatl ostfnfa sugohkoahl fgtls ho elrakgfgk÷a, oatlagos oj Woölr jl jjovf oa ospàrktu. Ho tfj `faorf oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl kahkgf quo fusoato oa oj guorpl porl prosoato oa ospàrktu ospàrktu mfnàf cuzbfhl f jf porslaf quo gl`otàf osls hojktls. Fjbuafs vogos oj Woölr por`kto f sus `kakstrls quo sofa trfsjfhfhls oa ltrf hk`oask÷a pfrf cuzbfr fgtls ka`lrfjos hoatrl ho jfs glabrobfgklaos, puohf sor oa ospàrktu, euorf hoj guorpl, l oa jl eàskgl. X^FWJFHLW UO^XKGFJOW. Jls quo so rofjkzfa hoj pjfaotf tkorrf mfgkf jls jubfros gojostos. Oco`pjls3 Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl, (Jg. >83?64 Mgm. 63;-66)3 63;-66) 3 F jf vkstf ho sus hksgàpujls, hospuës ho su rosurroggk÷a, os jjovfhl fj gkojl pfrf soatfrso f jf hkostrf ho su Yfhro Gojostkfj, gla jf prl`osf quo fsà gl`l jl mfnàfa vkstl krso, fsà tf`nkëa jl voràfa gufahl robrosfrf. Oalg, (Ba. ?3>8)3 ?3>8)3 Oalg gf`ka÷ gla Hkls 799 föls, fbrfhæahljo oa tlhl `l`oatl mfstf quo Hkls jl trfsjfh÷. Wfno`ls quo ska eo os k`plsknjo fbrfhfr f Hkls, os aogosfrkl quo oj quo so jo fgorgf, grof quo oxksto y quo os bfjfrhlafhlr ho fquojjls quo rofj`oato jo nusgfa (Mo. 6635). Oj Woölr trfsjfhfræ f fquojjls quo jo fbrfhoa, quo gf`kaoa oa lnohkoagkf mfgkf jf poreoggk÷a. Ojàfs, (> ^. >36-6>)3 >36-6>)3 Oa ostls pfsfcos, als kahkgf quo quo gufahl Comlvæ knf mfgor sunkr f Ojàfs (v.6), provkl provkl f sor trfsjfhfhl oa gfrrls ho euobl hoatrl ho ua tlrnojjkal (v.6>), tuvl quo pfsfr plr guftrl jubfros (v.6-6>), jl quo als mfnjf hoj oqukjknrkl ho Hkls, y ho guftrl gfrfgtoràstkgfs gf rfgtoràstkgfs quo hono toaor su puonjl pfrf plhor sor trfsjfhfhl vortkgfj`oato. 6. 6.   Yfs÷ plr Bkjbfj (> ^. >36), oa osto jubfr Clsuë rostktuyl oj fgtl ho jf gkrguagksk÷a, ostl als hf f oatoahor jf gkrguagksk÷a ospkrktufj, (Glj. >366)4 >. >.   Yfs÷ plr Notoj (> ^. >3>-7), quo skbakekgf Gfsf ho Hkls, hæahlals f oatoahor quo al hoco`ls ho glabrobfrals gl`l `ugmls tkoaoa plr glstu`nro (Mo. 693>?)4 7. 7.   Yfs÷ plr Corkg÷ (> ^. >38-?), als mfnjf ho jf gfsf ho ^fmfn quo ostfnf oa jf `urfjjf ho Corkg÷, qukoa orf rf`orf. Ostl als fhvkorto ho jfs ærofs ho pogfhls soxufjos quo hono`ls voagor. Gl`l hkgo jf Osgrkturf, plr `ohkl ho jf eo glastfato, jlbrfro`ls nltfr tlhls osls `urls hosfbrfhfnjos fatos jls lcls ho Hkls (Mo. 66379)4   8. Yfs÷ 8369).plr oj Clrhæa (> ^. >35), quo skbakekgf hosgoahor, als mfnjf fgorgf ho mu`kjjfrals hojfato hoj Woölr (Wtb.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Yfnjl, (> Gl.6>3>-8)3 Gl.6>3>-8)3 Yfnjl euo jjovfhl fj torgor gkojl oa ua trfsjfhl vortkgfj, porl al so sfno sk oa oj guorpl l euorf hoj guorpl y ho jf `ks`f `faorf euo jjovfhl fj pfrfàsl. Os k`plrtfato altfr quo oj Auovl Xostf`oatl als oasoöf quo, Yfnjl y Cufa euorla trfsjfhfhls trfsjfhfhls oa oj ospàrktu ospàrktu hojfato hoj Woölr pfrf rogknkr rrovojfgk÷a. ovojfgk÷a. @ugmls puohoa sor trfsjfhfhls ho ostf `faorf pfrf rogknkr jf rovojfgk÷a hlgtrkafj ho jf Yfjfnrf ho Hkls.  Hkls.   Cufa, (Fp. 836)3 836)3 Cufa euo trfsjfhfhl oa oj ospàrktu gufahl osgugm÷ jf vlz ho Hkls quo jo hkcl3 Wuno fg fgæ. æ. Ho ostf `faorf vo`ls quo oj fp÷stlj Cufa, fjgfazf brfgkf pfrf quo jo sofa rovojfhls jls fglatogk`koatls hoj euturl. euturl.   Jf Kbjoskffjho Grkstl, Xs. 8365-62)3 8365-62) 3 Xlhls fquojjls quo f`f`ls fj Woölr, voakhf yf su pfjfnrf, ua hàf fsoro`ls jjovfhls gkojl pfrf(6ostfr gla Ëj. Ylr jl tfatl hono`ls ostfr ftoatls f susujjf`fhl, jf vlz ho `fahl, jf ekafj trl`potf, quo mfræ quo jls `æs quo voagohlros als rouaf`ls gla Ëj. Ml`nros ho Glrë, (A`.65376-77)3 (A`.65376-77)3 Ojjls so ronojfrla glatrf su futlrkhfh, munl `ur`urfgk÷a oa `ohkl ho ojjls y plr osl jf tkorrf so pfrtk÷ y so jls trfb÷ y hosgoahkorla vkvls fj Wolj. Osto os ua oco`pjl ho trfsjfhl vortkgfj mfgkf fnfcl. ^OV_KWKXLW YF^F WO^ X^FWJFHFHLW3 Uo`ls oa Oalg, skorvl hoj Woölr, gufj euo oj prlgosl ho su vkhf, ho su gf`kafr y gl`l fjgfaz÷ osto bfjfrh÷a ltlrbfhl plr oj Woölr.  Woölr.  f.  f.  Eo. (Mo. 6636) n.  n.  Gf`kafr y fahfr gla Hkls. (Ba. ?3>8). g.  g.  Wfgfr jf vkljoagkf ho jls jl`ls ho auostrl auostrl sor (Ba. ?3>6->>). F jls 5? föls, Oalg tuvl f su mkcl @ftusfjëa, quo skbakekgf oj ml`nro hoj hfrhl, progkpktfhl, vkljoatl. vkljoatl . F osf ohfh Oalg, sfg÷ jl quo f Hkls al jo fbrfhfnf. Ostf ekburf als `uostrf quo gufahl sl`ls `fhurls, oatrobf`ls jl quo f Hkls al jo fbrfhf, gl`l jf vkljoagkf, auostrfs hogksklaos progkpktfhfs y o`pozf`ls f gf`kafr glaekfhf`oato, osporfahl osporfahl oa oj Woölr (Cln 6736? 6736?). ).  

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j grkstkfal hono famojfr oa oa osto tko`pl, sor trfs trfsjfhfhl jfhfhl slnroafturfj`oato ho uaf elr`f mlrkzlatfj y vortkgfj. Oj trfsjfhl mlrkzlatfj, plrquo sla ótkjos pfrf oj sorvkgkl f Hkls oa jf lnrf ho `kakstorkl, mogmls plr y oa oj Ospàrktu (Jg. 836), toakoahl sko`pro ho oco`pjl f auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl, quo jjoal hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, euo jjovfhl plr oj Ospàrktu y sfjk÷ hoj hoskortl gla Ylhor oa oj Ospàrktu. Xf`nkëa hono`ls famojfr oj trfsjfhl vortkgfj plrquo skbakekgf oj ‚sor frronftfhl‐, quo os jl quo gl`l alvkf ho h o Grkstl famojf`ls. Xlhls ostls fglatogk`koatls roqukoroa ho eo, yf quo oj Woölr als hkgo oa jf Yfjfnrf quo ska eo os k`plsknjo k`plsknjo fbrfhfr f Hkls (Mo. 6635), fsà gl`l famojfr jf p pfz fz gla tlhls y jf sfatkhfh ska jf gufj afhko voræ fj Woölr (Mo. 6>3 68).

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

6; @lhujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Ymfaorls, fpldfjupsks, pfrluskf, frronftf`koatl y opkefaàf.  Fbufrhfahl jf osporfazf nkoafvoaturfhf nkoafvoaturfhf y jf `fakeostfgk÷a bjlrklsf ho auostrl brfa Hkls y Wfjvfhlr Cosugrkstl   Xk tl >3 >367 67

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G J

ufahl Yfnjl jo osgrkno f Xktl (Xkt>36) y f Xk`ltol jos roguorhf jf k`plrtfagkf ho `fatoao `fatoaorso rso fpobfhl f jf sfaf hlgtrkaf, quo jos vf por`ktkr vkvkr fhogufhf`oato y quo kastruyfa f jf Kbjoskf g÷`l hfr tostk`lakl ho jf rovojfgk÷a hoj Ovfabojkl, mfgkoahl ëaefsks oa glasorvfr vkvf jf osporfazf ho jf `fakeostfgk÷a bjlrklsf ho Cosugrkstl 6Xk8367Cosugrkstl  6Xk836765. Ostf`ls vkvkoahl oa jls ójtk`ls hàfs hoj ekafj ho jls tko`pls, y pfrf osto tko`pl uaf ho jfs glsfs quo gl`l KKbjoskf bjoskf hono`ls pohkr, os ua ospàrktu ho rovojfgk÷a pfrf oatoahor jf pfjfnrf prleëtkgf `æs soburf. f pfjfnrf prleëtkgf quo so osgrknk÷ oa oj pfsfhl, sljf`oato puoho sor oxpjkgfhf plr oj hl`f  l oj `kakstorkl `fbkstrfj(>Y>36), nfsfhls oa jl fatorklr hono`ls fafjkzfr g÷`l vf f sor oj rotlral hoj Woölr quo so hfræ oa 8 `fakeostfgklaos quo sla 3 Ymfaorls @fakeostfgk÷a Fpldfjupsks ^ovojfgk÷a Yfrlusàf @fakeostfgk÷a sogrotf Opkefaàf Wobuahf Uoakhf

Ostfs sla jfs elr`fs oa quo oj Woölr so `fakekostf, al so trftf ho ua tko`pl hojk`ktfhl oa oj Dfkrls ho Hkls ak oa auostrl tko`pl Drlals, skal `æs nkoa so trftf ho ‚gufjqukor elr`f, oa gufjqukor tko`pl‐. Oj ovoatl osgftlj÷bkgl jjf`fhl pfrusàf pfrusàf,, oa osto to`f,  to`f,   ospogkekgf jf prosoagkf l `fakeostfgk÷a ho Cosugrkstl oa oj euturl gufahl voabf plr su f`fhf oa uaf elr`f sogrotf. Ylstorklr`oato skbuo uaf hosgrkpgk÷a ho jl quo soræ jf so`faf sotoatf ho Hfakoj (Ha. ;3>2), quo vkoao mfgor oj tko`pl ho su gu`pjk`koatl oatro ( jf 5ª trl`potf trl`potf so hocf làr oa jf trknujfgk÷a y jf 2ª. trl`potfs oa oj porklhl ho jf brfa trknujfgk÷a4 Fp 6932),  quo kahkgf quo  al  os  ua  sugosl puatufj, skal `æs nkoa ua ovoatl quo hurf skoto föls y quo p pfrf frf su `oclr gl`proask÷a (l oxplskgk÷a hkhægtkgf), so hkvkho oa3 6) Kakgkl hoj ovoatl3 Frronftf`koatl (6ts 8365-6246Gl6?3?6-?>)4 >) Hospuës ho osto ovoatl3 ovoatl3 Wo hfa jfs Nlhfs hoj Glrhorl Glrhorl ( Fp 6;32),juobl so hf jf Xrknujfgk÷a y Brfa trknujfgk÷a4 7) Eka hoj ovoatl3 Opkefaàf. Osto ovoatl toahræ roporgusklaos trfsgoahoatfjos oa jf Kbjoskf, oa Ksrfoj y jfs afgklaos, hoj quo mfnj÷ oj Woölr Cosós oa (@t >83>2), oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl (6 Xs 8367-62), oj fp÷stlj Yohrl (>Y 738), oj fp÷stlj Cufa (Fp (Fp 632), y ltrls. Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl prl`otk÷ quo vljvoràf plrsor supfrtkgkpos Kbjoskf (Ca ho 68374 63;-66), plr jl quo mfy uaf oxpogtftkvf bjlrklsf plr su rotlral y oj rostl ho ostfr propfrfhls pfrf osoMgm ovoatl bjlrklsl. 6. 6.   YMFAO^LW O kahksgutknjo`oato, brfaho os oj `kstorkl ho jf pkohfh3 Hkls euo `fakeostfhl `fakeostfhl o  oa a gfrao, Custkekgfhl oa oj Ospàrktu, Ukstl Ukstl ho jls æabojos, Yrohkgfhl f jls boatkjos, boatkjos, Groàhl oa oj `uahl, ^ogknkhl ^ogknkhl frrknf oa bjlrkf. 6 Xk`ltol 7365 [ gufahl fpfrozgf fpfrozgf oj  oj Yràagkpo ho jls pfstlros, vlsltrls rogknkrëks jf glrlaf kaglrruptknjo ho bjlrkf. 6 Yohrl ?38 Ostf pfjfnrf brkobf so trfhugo gl`l3 plaor oa ovkhoagkf, prosoatfrso, fpfrogor, gl`pfrogor, glalgor, ho`lstrfr, hosgunrkr, `fakeostfr, `lstrfr  `lstrfr  (Wtrlab B?76;, B?76;, B?56=, B?765), `fakeostfhl oa gfrao. gfrao. Jf Nknjkf als hocf vor quo jls  pmfaorls sla  gla hls prlp÷sktls3 6.pfrf jf grofgk÷a mu`faf oa boaorfj y >. Ltrf pfrf jls `kakstrls. f. f.  YF^F YF^F JF G^OFGK×A M_@FAF O kahksgutknjo`oato, brfaho os oj `kst `kstorkl orkl ho jf pkohfh3 Hkls euo `fakeostfhl oa gfrao, Custkekgfhl oa oj Ospàrktu, Uk Ukstl stl ho jls æabojos, æabojos, Yrohkgfhl f jls boatkjos, Groàhl Groàhl oa oj `uahl, ^o ^ogknkhl gknkhl frrknf oa bjlrkf. 6 bjlrkf. 6 Xk`ltol 7365  7365  

56

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Grkstl os Hkls mogml gfrao y `fakeostfhl oa gfrao, ho osf elr`f jo fbrfh÷ f Hkls quo Ëj euorf `fakeostfhl f jls ml`nros, tl`fahl jf afturfjozf mu`faf y quo so jo glalgo gl`l jf doalsks ho Grkstl Ekj>3?-66. Osto  pmfaorls toaàf oj prlp÷sktl ho quktfr auostrls pogfhl y rohk`krals ho tlhf kakqukhfh pfrf purkekgfrals y elr`fr gla alsltrls, ua puonjl ospogkfj, osglbkhl3 os hogkr quo euërf`ls su puonjl quo os jf kbjoskf.   n.  n.  YF^F JLW @KAKWX^LW [ gufahl fpfrozgf oj Yràagkpo ho jls pfstlros, pfstlros, vlsltrls rogknkrëks jf glrlaf kaglrruptknjo kaglrruptknjo ho bjlrkf.  bjlrkf.  6 Yohrl ?38 Oj Woölr `ks`l so mkzl `fakekostl oa jf tkorrf pfrf mfnjfrjos f sus `kakstrls `kakstrls y skorvls (skrvkoatos), osto  pmfaorls os pfrf jls `kakstrls y tkoao oj prlp÷sktl ho pohkr guoatfs hoj ronföl gl`l jl hosgrkno Ozoqukoj. Grkstl os oj Yràagkpo ho jls pfstlros ho tlhf jf broy y morohfh ho Hkls yf quo f sus `kakstrls ekojos vkoao f hfrjos uaf glrlaf ka`frgosknjo ho bjlrkf, kaekaktf`oato `oclr y `æs mlarlsf quo tlhf jf futlrkhfh, rkquozf y pjfgor quo oj `uahl jo puohf lerogor.  lerogor.   >. >.   FYLGFJ_YWKW FYLGFJ_YWKW ho  ho tfj `faorf `faorf quo afhf ls efjtf oa oa akabóa hla, osporfahl jf `fakeostfgk÷a `fakeostfgk÷a ho  ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl. JNF 6 Glrkatkls 632  Cosugrkstl. JNF 632   Wo trfhugo gl`l rovojfgk÷a, `fakeostfgk÷a, `fakeostfr  `fakeostfr  (Wtrlab B59>). Ostf pfjfnrf brkobf so horkvf horkvf ho fpldfjóptl quo skbakekgf quktfr jf gunkortf, rovojfr, hosgunrkr, voakhorl (Wtrlab B596). Fjbuals oco`pjls oco`pjls oa jf Nknjkf sla3 f.  HLAOW OA FN_AHFAGKF. ho `faorf quo afhf ls efjtf oa akabóa hla, osporfahl fasklsf`oato jf rovojfgk÷a  JNF ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl4 6 Glrkatkls 632

Wo trftf ho jf rovojfgk÷a hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl quo trfo glaskbl hlaos hlaos oa fnuahfagkf y uaf brfa oxpogtftkvf plr su rotlral oa sogrotl. n.  JF ^OUOJFGK×A HO W_ BJL^KF skal blzfls plr gufatl slks slks pfrtkgkpfatos ho jls pfhogk`koatls ho Grkstl, pfrf

quo tf`nkëa oa jf rovojfgk÷a ho su bjlrkf ls bjlrkf ls blgëks gla brfa fjobràf. 6 fjobràf. 6 Yohrl 8367  8367  Ostf rovojfgk÷a ho su bjlrkf als `kakstrf fnuahfagkf ho blzl oa `ohkl ho jfs pruonfs, hoskortls l fabustkfs quo osto`ls vkvkoahl, jl gufj, pfrf jf `oato mu`faf jo os kaoxpjkgfnjo. g.  JF ^OUOJFGK×A HO COW_G^KWXL Ylr tfatl, goökh jls jl`ls ho vuostrl oatoahk`koatl, soh slnrkls y osporfh plr gl`pjotl oa jf brfgkf quo so ls trforæ gufahl Cosugrkstl sof `fakeostfhl. 6 Yohrl 6367 Ostf fpldfjupsks trfo jf

rovojfgk÷a ho Cosugrkstl, jf quo als trforæ jf brfgkf ho Hkls. Jf vorsk÷a ho jf Nknjkf ‚Hkls Mfnjf Mly‐ als f`pjàf quo Hkls oa su nlahfh, als horrf`fræ ho jf brfgkf gl`pjotf ho Hkls, gufa gufahl hl Cosugrkstl so fpfrozgf. h.  MLAL^ OA JF ^OUOJFGK×A pfrf ^OUOJFGK×A  pfrf quo sl`otkhf f pruonf vuostrf eo, `ugml `æs progklsf quo oj lrl, oj gufj

fuaquo porogohorl porogohorl so pruonf gla euobl, sof mfjjfhf oa fjfnfazf, bjlrkf y mlarf gufahl sof `fakeostfhl Cosugrkstl. 6 Cosugrkstl.  6 Yohrl 632 Jf rovojfgk÷a trfo glaskbl gl`l ovkhoagkf uaf vorhfhorf fjfnfazf y fhlrfgk÷a f Hkls. o.  JF ^OUOJFGK×A HOWHO OJ GKOJL y f vlsltrls quo slks ftrknujfhls, hfrls roplsl gla alsltrls, gufahl so

`fakekosto oj Woölr Cosós hosho oj gkojl gla gkojl  gla jls æabojos ho su plhor. > plhor.  > Xosfjlakgoasos 632  632  Hkls cuatf`oato cuatf`oato gla jf rovojfgk÷a trfo ua fjkvkl y ua `lvk`koatl fabojkgfj. Gla jf rovojfgk÷a vkoao ua elrtfjogk`koatl ho eo (Jg6=3=), pfrf groor oa jls `kstorkls rovojfhls f sus skorvls. 7. 7.   YF^L_WÀF3 YF^L_WÀF3   Ho fguorhl f jf hoekakgk÷a hoj hkggklafrkl Ukao, jf pfjfnrf brkobf Yfrluskf (Wtrlab B7;?>), ostæ gl`puostf plr hls tër`kals brkobls3 Yfrf, quo skbakekgf gla gla   y Luskf, quo skbakekgf ua sor, sor, hoaltfahl3 uaf prosoagkf, fhvoak`koatl, voakhf, fho`æs hoaltf tfatl uaf jjobfhf gl`l uaf glaskbukoato prosoagkf gla. Oa soatkhl boaorfj, os jf prosoagkf glrplrfj ho ua sor. Ylr oco`pjl, Yfnjl hkgo ‚mfnëks lnohogkhl sko`pro al s÷jl oa `k prosoagkf (   pfrluskf )‐ (Ekjkpoasos >36>), kahkgfahl gjfrf`oato su `fakeostfgk÷a glrplrfj f jls mor`fals. Ho kbufj elr`f3 ‚`o roblgkcl ho jf prosoagkf (  pfrlusàf ) ho Ostëefafs y ho Elrtuaftl y ho Fgfkgl, plrquo ëstls supjkorla vuostrf fusoagkf‐ fusoagkf‐ (6 Glrkatkls 65362). Ho fguorhl f jl fatorklr, so puoho hogkr tf`nkëa quo quo pfrusàf hoaltf jf prosoagkf glrplrfj ho Cosós gla ua prlp÷sktl, plr oco`pjl3 Wo usfjfpfrf hosgrknkr jf prosoagkf Grkstl gla sus hksgàpujls oa oj `lato ho jf trfasekburfgk÷a (> Y 6365), hæahljos rovojfgk÷a ho sor oj Mkcl ho ho Hkls. [f rosugktfhl3 F jls hoj gf`kal f O`fós (Jg >8365-76), hæahljos oatoahk`koatl, eo y elrtfjozf fj fnrkrjos jls lcls.   lcls.

5>

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Yohrl (Ca >63>-8), jl `kakstrf pfrf quo mfbf jf lnrf ho Hkls y al robroso f su vkocf vkhf Ca >636?-6=. @fràf @fbhfjoaf y jf ltrf @frkf (@t >=3;-69), glaekr`fgk÷a fj glrfz÷a. F jls hksgàpujls rouakhls (Jg >8375-87), glaekfazf y blzl. Fatos ho jf pfrluskf, vf`ls f toaor uaf sfakhfh katobrfj pfrf plhor sor mfjjfhls krroproasknjos (6 Xos ?3>7). KAKGKL HOJ OUOAXL3 Gl`l so `oagkla÷ fatorklr`oato, oj oaelquo ho osto to`f soræ oa rojfgk÷a f jf `fakeostfgk÷a ho Grkstl y oj eka ho jf hkspoasfgk÷a ho jf B^FGKF, guyl puatl ho pfrtkhf soræ oj ekafj hoj porklhl protrknujfgklafrkl y oj frronftf`koatl ho jf alvkf. 7.6 F^^ONFXF@KOAXL3 Oj tër`kal so trfhugo hoj brkobl mfrpfzl (Wtrlab B2>5), y skbakekgf frronftfr ocorgkoahl uaf euorzf ho `faorf sónktf, fplhorfr, sfquofr, tl`fr f trfvës ho jf euorzf . Oj frronftf`koatl os ua trfsjfhl vortkgfj. Osto tër`kal os o`pjofhl oa 6 Xosfjlakgoasos 8362, mfnjfahl fgorgf hoj `l`oatl bjlrklsl oa quo jls `uortls oa Grkstl y jls vkvkoatos sla jovfatfhls pfrf oaglatrfrso gla oj Woölr oa oj fkro. Oa boaorfj so puoho hogkr quo, oj frronftf`koatl os oj fglatogk`koatl quo lgurro fatos ho jf trknujfgk÷a, gufahl jf alvkf, jf vkrboa v krboa purf y ska `fagmf os jovfatfhf mfgkf oj Woölr, oa elr`f slrproskvf y jktorfj pfrf ostfr sko`pro gla oj F`fhl (Fp 6;324 6 Xs 8362). Os k`plrtfato rosfjtfr oa osto fspogtl, quo oj Woölr Cosugrkstl al nfcf f jf tkorrf, skal quo oj oaguoatrl os oa jfs aunos y quo os aogosfrkl quo jls guorpls ho jls grkstkfals, guorpls ho mu`kjjfgk÷a, sofa glavortkhls oa kaglrruptknjos o ka`lrtfjos, oa h÷aho so gu`pjkræ jf pfjfnrf osgrktf ‚Wlrnkhf os jf `uorto oa vkgtlrkf‐ (6Gl 6?3?84 > Gl ?36-84 Ca >93>5->;). Oj frronftf`koatl os pfrf jf Alvkf ho Grkstl, qukoa hkgo3 ‚Uoa Woölr Cosós‐ , plrquo jo f`f (Fp >>362, >9). f. f.  ¼V_KËAOW ¼V_KËAOW YF^XKGKYF^ÆA HOJ F^^ONFXF@KOAXL8). Ostf `fhuroz puoho vorso roejocfhf oa jfs skbukoatos gfrfgtoràstkgfs. Jls quo so fgorgfa f Grkstl y jo roglalgoa gl`l Woölr y Wfjvfhlr (Ca ?389). Jls quo sla ho Grkstl (6Gl 6?3>7). Jls quo f`fa su voakhf (> Xk 83=). Jls quo osporfa gla pfgkoagkf su voakhf (Wtb ?32). Jls quo fahfa oa sfaf y pkfhlsf `faorf ho vkvkr (>Y 7366). Jls quo `uoroa pfrf oj `uahl (Bfj >3>9). Jls quo por`faogoa oa Grkstl (6 Xs 8362). Jls quo por`ktoa sor gunkortls y poreoggklafhls plr jls gkagl `kakstorkls `kakstorkls (Oe 836>).   JLW @KAKWX^LW (Gfatfros =3?). Oa Gfatfros =3?, so hkgo ¼Vukëa os ostf quo suno hoj hoskortl, roglstfhf slnro su f`fhl Gl ?369), `koatrfs osto fglatogk`koatl so rofjkzf oa oj gkojl, oa jf tkorrf so hfa jls poràlhls ho Xrknujfgk÷a y Brfa

57

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Xrknujfgk÷a. Jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo sk jf sfj pkorho pkorho su sfnlr, ¼gla quë soræ sfjfhf< (@t ?367), y so roekoro quo fj sor jjovfhf jf Alvkf, oa jf tkorrf so kakgkf ua porklhl ho hosgl`plskgk÷a, gfrfgtorkzfhl plr jf `fjhfh (@ftol >8372), fpfrogoa porslafcos quo jf Nknjkf hosgrkno gl`l3 oj Fatkgrkstl, jf Nostkf y oj Efjsl Yrleotf. Woræ oj hàf ho jf Fabustkf ho Cfgln (Cor 7932), y quo gufahl jls mfnktfatos ho jf tkorrf hkbfa ‚Yfz y Woburkhfh‐ (6 Xs ?37), voahræ hostruggk÷a ropoatkaf (@t >83>64 Fp 6732). Oa oso porklhl `lrkræa `kjos ho grkstkfals (Fp >938), quo sla `ujtktuhos quo al so puoho glatfr, ho tlhfs afgklaos y trknus y puonjls y joabufs (Fp 2367) 2367).. 8. 8.   OYKEFAÀF3 Jf pfjfnrf opkefaàf so trfhugo hoj brkobl opkefaokf quo skbakekgf `fakeostfgk÷a, rospjfahogk`koatl, rospjfahlr y voakhf B>96?).(Hkggklafrkl B>96?).    ‚Osto tër`kal so usfnf jf fpfrkgk÷a holua f jls ml`nros y ho hoj ua oao`kbl f ua ocërgktl(Wtrlab oa oj gf`pl‐ Ukao). Oa oj ho Auovl Xostf`oatl Xostf`oat so hkls usf ho jf `fakeostfgk÷a Woölr Cosós ‚gl`l oj rojæ`pfbl quo sfjo hoj lrkoato y so `uostrf mfstf oj   lggkhoato‐ (@t>83>2), so trftf ho jf sobuahf voakhf ho Grkstl f jf Xkorrf, guyls pkos so fsoatfræa oa oj `lato ho jls Ljkvls Ljkvls (Sfg 6838). Fpfrogo sobóa jf hosgrkpgk÷a ho Fplgfjkpsks ‚@krë, y mo fquà uaf auno njfagf4 y slnro jf auno ual soatfhl so`ocfato f j Mkcl hoj Ml`nro, quo toaàf oa jf gfnozf uaf glrlaf ho lrl, y oa jf `fal uaf mlz fbuhf (Fp 68368), ho ual quo ostæ jkstl pfrf voakr f cuzbfr f jfs afgklaos gla sus sfatls (6 Xs 7367), soræ oj hàf oa quo tlhf rlhkjjf so hlnjfræ fato Oj, y tlhf joabuf jo glaeosfrf (Ekj >3?-66). Ylstorklr`oato so jjovf f gfnl jf buorrf hoj Fr`fboh÷a y jls ocërgktls gl`fahfhls plr oj Fatkgrkstl soræa horrltfhls pfrf ostfnjogor oj rokal `kjoakfj (Fp 65368-65). 65368-65 ). Xl`f oj rokal ho Hfvkh Osto soræ soræ brfaho, y soræ jjf`fhl Mkcl hoj Fjtàsk`l4 y oj Woölr Hkls jo hfræ oj trlal ho Hfvkh su pfhro4 pfhro4 y rokafræ slnro jf gfsf ho Cfgln pfrf sko`pro, y su rokal al toahræ eka. Jugfs 637>-77 Os gufahl hosgkoaho auovf`oato oj Woölr `latfhl oa ua gfnfjjl njfagl y vkoao gla oj prlp÷sktl ho tl`fr oj rokal ho Hfvkh, jls quo oatrobfrla su vkhf pfrf al sor `frgfhls, rosugktfræa y rokafræa gla Grkstl hurfato `kj föls, `koatrfs quo oj hkfnjl os ftfhl plr `kj föls (Fp>938). @ftfræ fj kakgul, gla oj Ospàrktu ho su nlgf y jl hostrukræ gla oj rospjfahlr ho su voakhf   [ oatlagos so `fakeostfræ fquoj kakgul, f qukoa oj Woölr Woölr `ftfræ gla oj ospàrktu ho su nlgf, y hostrukræ gla oj rospjfahlr ho su voakhf. > voakhf.  > Xosfjlakgoasos >3= Oa oj poràlhl ho jf brfa trknujfgk÷a so `fakeostfræ slnro jf tkorrf oj fatkgrkstl, ostfræ oabföfahl gla soöfjos y prlhkbkls, porskbukoahl y `ftfahl f jf kbjoskf hoj Woölr quo al so euo oa oj frronftf`koatl, plrquo orfa tknkls (Fp 736?-65). F ostf kakgul oj Woölr jl horrltf gla su voakhf. Ostf os jf fpfrkgk÷a glrplrfj glrplrfj hoj Woölr, os opkefaàf plrquo tlhls jl vfa f plhor vor. Xlhl lcl jo voræ fóa jls quo jl trfspfsfrla MO trfspfsfrla  MO FV_À, UKOAO GLA JFW A_NOW y tlhl lcl jo voræ, fua jls quo jo trfspfsfrla4 y tlhfs jfs trknus trknus ho jf tkorrf mfræa jf`o jf`oatfgk÷a atfgk÷a plr Ëj4 sà. F`ëa. F`ëa. Fplgfjkpsks 632 Gufahl Cosós ostfnf skoahl cuzbfhl oa gfsf hoj su`l sfgorhlto Gfkeæs, jos hkcl quo ojjls jl voràfa voakr slnro jfs aunos (@t >5358), ostf os su voakhf voakhf pónjkgf pfrf tlhl oj `uahl. `uahl. Oa ostf fpfrkgk÷a oj vkoao bjlrklsl gla plhor pfrf horrltfr f tlhls tlhls sus oao`kbls (> Xs >3=4 Fp 6;36;->9), pfrf cuzbfr f vkvls y `uortls, plr osl jl voræa fóa jls quo jl trfspfsfrla (> Xk 836), yf al vkoao f glaqukstfr jf tkorrf skal f tl`frjf, plrquo vkoao gl`l ^oy ho royos y Woölr ho soölros. Ukoao gla tlhls sus sfatls pfrf sfatls  pfrf quo sofa fekr`fhls vuostrls glrfzlaos, glrfzlaos, krroproasknjos oa sfatkhfh hoj hojfato fato ho Hkls auostrl Yfhro, oa jf voakhf ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl gla tlhls sus sfatls.   6 Xosfjlakgoasos Xosfjlakgoasos 7367 Ho ëstls tf`nkëa prleotkz÷ Oalg, sëptk`l hosho Fhæa, hkgkoahl3 Mo fquà, vkal oj Woölr gla sus sfatfs hogoafs ho `kjjfros. Cuhfs 6368 Oa ostf fpfrkgk÷a, vkoao gla sus sfatls jls quo al aobfrla jf eo, gl`l uals plgls ho jf kbjoskf ho Wfrhks, quo tkoaoa sus vostkhls njfagls y fahfræa gla oj Woölr plrquo sla hkbals (Fp 738), pfrf quo sofa mfjjfhls hkbals, oj Woölr `fahf ua `oasfco plr `ohkl hoj fp÷stlj Cufa f jfs skoto kbjoskfs pfrf quo so propfroa jls quo soræa voagohlros oa gfhf uaf ho ojjfs. Cuzbfræ f vkvls y f `uortls. `uortls. Xo oagfrbl sljo`ao`oato, oa jf prosoagkf ho Hkls y ho Grkstl Cosós, quo mf ho cuzbfr   JNF f jls vkvls y f jls `uortls, plr su `fakeostfgk÷a y plr su rokal3 > Xk`ltol 836  Grkstl oa su sobuahf sobuahf voakhf, tl`fræ plsosk÷a hoj rokal, porl tf`nkëa vf f soatfrso f cuzbfr f fquojjls quo sko`pro rogmfzfrla jf `ksorkglrhkf ho Hkls, plr osl oj soölr hkcl quo euorfa y prohkgfrfa oj ovfabojkl f tlhf grkfturf y oj quo groyorf y so nfutkzfrf sorkf sfjvl porl oj quo al fgoptfrf oj `oasfco yf oso f skhl glahoafhl (@r 6536?-65),plr osl alsltrls hono`ls sor ho jls quo hkgo jf osgrkturf quo jls `uortls oa Grkstl rosugktfrfa prk`orl (6 Xs 8365).

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@kakstorkls Onoaozor

j ovoatl osgftlj÷bkgl rospogtl ho jf sobuahf voakhf hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl, mf skhl skagrlakzfhl ho uaf `faorf k`prosklafato, yf quo fuaquo os ua sljl ovoatl, glaskhorf prk`lrhkfj`oato jf noahkgk÷a pfrf jf Kbjoskf, hfahl mlarf f jls quo aobæahlso f sk `ks`ls, vkvkorla pfrf su Grkstl oj ^oy, noahkgk÷a pfrf oj puonjl ho Ksrfoj, os hogkr, oj gu`pjk`koatl ho jfs prl`osfs `oskæakgfs y oj ostfnjogk`koatl ho ua rokal `kjoakfj ho pfz. Wlnro tlhl os k`plrtfato `oagklafr quo pfrf jf Kbjoskf, fmlrf os oj tko`pl pfrf propfrfrso, nusgfr jf Wfatkhfh y sobukrjf, yf quo oj frronftf`koatl sugohoræ oa ua fnrkr y gorrfr ho lcls, plrquo f ojjf al jo osporf cukgkl skal bfjfrhlaos.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

>9 @lhujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Jls Jubfros Kator`ohkls [ sugohk÷ quo `urk÷ oj plnro y euo jjovfhl plr jls æabojos fj soal ho Fnrfmf`4 y `urk÷ tf`nkëa oj rkgl y euo sopujtfhl. Oa oj Mfhos fjz÷ sus lcls, ostfahl oa tlr`oatls, y vkl* f Fnrfmf` f jl jocls, y f  Jæzfrl oa su soal. J ugfs ugfs 653 >>->7 >>->7  

f Nknjkf hkgo quo auostrl sor katobrfj3 ‚ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl‐ so oaguoatro krroproasknjos oa jf voakhf hoj Woölr (6 Xs. ?3>7), jl quo skbakekgf quo sl`ls soros ‚trkals‐. ‚trkals‐. Gufahl uaf porslaf `uoro eàskgf`oato, su sor os hoskatobrfhl,  su guorpl so vf fj sopujgrl, su fj`f fj Wolj y su ospàrktu robrosf f Hkls quo jl hkl (Og. 6>32). Jfs osgrkturfs als mfnjfa ho jls jubfros ‚kator`ohkls‐ (jubfr provkl fatos ho sor puostls oa oj jubfr hoekaktkvl l ekafj) oa hlaho sla jjovfhls tfa tfatl tl oj oj fj`f gl`l oj ospàrktu, yf quo oj guorpl toahræ su trftl oa oj hàf ho jf rosurroggk÷a ho jls `uortls. Oj ospàrktu mu`fal os jf pfrto ho auostrl sor quo Hkls gro÷ pfrf quo tuvkërf`ls gl`uak÷a, gl`uakgfgk÷a gla ëj (6 Gl. 63;) oa oj al`nro ho Cosugrkstl y plr `ohkl hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, os hogkr quo fjbukoa quo al mf fgoptfhl oj sfgrkekgkl ho Cosugrkstl oa su glrfz÷a y al jo mf fgoptfhl gl`l su Wfjvfhlr, al puoho toaor gl`uak÷a gla oj Yfhro plrquo su ospàrktu ostæ `uortl (sopfrfhl), plr gufatl tlhls pogf`ls y euk`ls hostktukhls ho jf bjlrkf ho Hkls (^l. 73>7), porl gufahl fjbukoa fgoptf osto sfgrkekgkl, su ospàrktu os vkvkekgfhl y os oatlagos quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl o`pkozf jf lnrf ho roboaorfgk÷a oa jls mkcls ho Hkls.

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O

atoaho`ls oa jfs osgrkturfs quo tlhf jf grofgk÷a soræ cuzbfhf plr Hkls, uals pfrf bfjfrh÷a y ltrls pfrf porhkgk÷a otoraf (Ha 6>3>). Osto cukgkl jl mfgo Hkls oa oj ekafj ho jls tko`pls, katobrfahl pfrf oj gfsl, f tlhl sor oa ospàrktu,  fj`f y guorpl y hopoahkoahl hoj cukgkl quo so hotor`kao, fsà soræ oj jubfr ekafj plr jf otora otorakhfh4 khfh4 `koatrfs so jjobf osto tko`pl jf grofgk÷a oatorf ostæ oa jubfros kator`ohkls. Uof`ls3

6.  6.  J_BF^OW KAXO^@OHKLW YF^F OJ WO^ KAXOB^FJ 6.6.  JF XKO^^F HO JLW @_O^XLW. Jf tkorrf hlaho fgtufj`oato mfnktf`ls, os ua jubfr kator`ohkl oa hlaho ostf`ls ho pfsl, pfrf juobl sor cuzbfhls, yf quo jf tkorrf soræ hostrukhf y soræ mogmf auovf`oato gla ltrl tkpl ho ogljlbàf, mfnktfnjo pfrf jls soros quo jf mfnktfræa oa oj skbjl voakhorl (>Y 7369-67). @koatrfs ostf`ls oa vkhf slnro jf tkorrf, skoahl osto ua jubfr kator`ohkl, toao`ls jf lplrtuakhfh ho sor sfjvls y sor rlgkfhls plr jf sfabro ho Grkstl pfrf jk`pkozf y purkekgfgk÷a ho auostrfs fj`fs, mfgkoahl lnrfs ho `ksorkglrhkf gla oj prlp÷sktl ho quo gufahl sof`ls  cuzbfhls lntoabf`ls jls `æs brfahos bfjfrhlaos y osto`ls cuatl fj Woölr plr jf otorakhfh, plr osl hono`ls glrror pfrf fjgfazfr fquojjl plr jl gufj euk`ls fjgfazfhls y hogkr gl`l Yfnjl, yf glrrà jf gfrrorf, bufrhë jf eo y pojoë jf nftfjjf, plr jl ho`æs s÷jl `o quohf rogknkr jf glrlaf ho custkgkf (>Xk. 832-=). Wkbakekgf quo tlhls jls mkcls ho Hkls quo so mfa khl hoj jubfr kator`ohkl "tkorrf" al puohoa sor gl`pjotfhls oa sus bfjfrhlaos mfstf quo so gu`pjf oj tko`pl hotor`kafhl pfrf oj cukgkl hoj Mkcl, oa hlaho soro`ls cuzbfhls tlhls jls Mkcls ho Hkls ho tlhls jls tko`pls y so als hfræa jfs rogl`poasfs ho fguorhl f jl quo mfyf`ls mfy f`ls mogml `koatrfs ostuvk`ls oa oj guorpl. 6.>.  JF XKO^^F HO JLW UKUKOAXOW. Ltrl jubfr kator`ohkl quo `oagklaf jf Nknjkf os jf tkorrf ho jls vkvkoatos, alsltrls ostf`ls mfnktfahl to`plrfj`oato oa jf "tkorrf ho `uortls" honkhl f quo oa ojjf rokaf oj pogfhl4 oatoaho`ls quo oj pogfhl oatr÷ plr ua ml`nro, Fhæa y f pfrtkr ho ëj tlhf jf mu`fakhfh trfo oa so`kjjf jf kagjkafgk÷a mfgkf oj pogfhl (^l ?36>)4 porl gufahl Fhæa ostfnf oa oj muortl ho Hkls, toaàf uaf gl`uakgfgk÷a poreogtf gla oj Woölr, juobl jo hfa f Ovf y hkgo quo jo hkorla oso al`nro plrquo orf `fhro ho tlhls jls vkvkoatos (Ba 73>9). Oatoaho`ls plr vkvkoato ua sor quo tkoao vkhf oa tlhl su sor, quo al glalgo oj pogfhl. Juobl gufahl oatr÷ oj pogfhl f jf mu`fakhfh y Fhæa euo ogmfhl hoj muortl, ostls vkvkoatos al so plhàfa quohfr slnro jf tkorrf plrquo ojjls al toaàfa akabuaf rojfgk÷a gla oj pogfhl, oatlagos Hkls so jls jjov÷ oa ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl f ua jubfr kator`ohkl, f jf tkorrf ho jls vkvkoatos, os hogkr quo oa osf tkorrf mfy porslafcos quo ostæa katobrfhls oa ospàrktu, fj`f y guorpl, porl quo fóa al ostæa poreoggklafhls gl`pjotf`oato y quo yf gu`pjkorla ua prlgosl slnro jf tkorrf y al puohoa sor rotoakhls `æs oa jf tkorrf ho jls `uortls, tfj oj gfsl ho Oalg quo fbrfh÷ f Hkls y Oj so jl jjov÷ vkvl (Ba ?3>8) plrquo so glavkrtk÷ oa ua vkvkoato4 juobl so jjov÷ f Ojàfs vkvl (>^ >366). Yfnjl hkgo oa 6 Xs. 8362 quo jls vkvkoatos quo mfyf`ls por`faogkhl (Yrftt), soro`ls frronftfhls y ostf pfjfnrf vkvkoato al so roekoro f fjbukoa quo tkoao oxkstoagkf skal quo tkoao vkhf f jf `faorf ho ua vkvkoato4 jl `ks`l sugohk÷ gla oj Woölr Cosugrkstl gufahl ostfnf lrfahl fj Yfhro oa Ca 62366 fatos ho sor jjovfhl f jf gruz, hkcl al ostly oatf`nkëa oj `uahl", porl ostfnf fóa tkorrf4 jfospàrktu oxpjkgfgk÷a os quo jf(gla tkorrf ho jlsgufahl vkvkoatos os"yf ua jubfr, porl puoho soreàskgf`oato ua ostfhl ospkrktufj oaslnro oj gufjjfauostrl ostæ oxfjtfhl jf gfnozf oa oj gkojl y jls pkos oa jf tkorrf), jjoals hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl y sljl plho`ls poasfr oa jf bjlrkf quo voahræ ho pfrto ho Hkls pfrf quo plhf`ls slplrtfr jls suerk`koatls hoj prosoato.

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@kakstorkls Onoaozor

>.  >.  J_BF^OW KAXO^@OHKLW YF^F OJ OWYÀ^KX_ Jf Nknjkf hkgo quo oj Ospàrktu robrosf f Hkls. Jls gkojls ospkrktufjos sla jls jubfros oa hlaho mfnktfa blnorafhlros, pltostfhos, prkagkpfhls, ospàrktus ho pfrto hoj oao`kbl (Oe. 536>4 Ha. 69367)4 porl tf`nkëa mfnktfa muostos ho pfrto hoj Woölr3 æabojos, frgæabojos, frgæabojos, ospàrktus ho custls, prk`lbëaktls, prk`lbëaktls, otg. (Mo. 6>3>>->7). Oa jfs osgrkturfs, oj Woölr als oaso oasoöf öf ho hls jubfros, pltostfhos l oatkhfhos quo ostæa oa jls gkojls y quo sla jfs oagfrbfhfs ho oavkfr y rogknkr f tlhls jls ospàrktus3 >.6.  CO^_WFJËA GOJOWXKFJ (Fp. >6369). Oj prk`or jubfr quo ostæ ostæ oa jls gkojls os jf Corusfjëa Gojostkfj, jf gufj oostæ stæ

hojobfhf plr Hkls, hosgrktf oa Fp. >63;->2 y Bæ. 83>5, quo hkgo quo os `fhro ho tlhls alsltrls jls mkcls ho Hkls. Os oj jubfr kator`ohkl f hlaho oavàf Hkls jls ospàrktus ho jls grkstkfals (Mo. 6>3>>->7). Oa @t. >23?>-?7 (CO^) so puoho vor quo jls custls quo rosugktfrla hospuës ho Grkstl oatrfrla f jf Corusfjëa Gojostkfj, fjjà os hlaho Cosós rogkno auostrl ospàrktu (Mgm. 23?;), mfstf quo tlhls jjobuo`ls f jf poreoggk÷a (Mo. 6637;-89) y sof`ls trfsjfhfhls f ua jubfr hoekaktkvl.  >.>.  NFNKJLAKF NFNKJLAKF (Fp.  (Fp. 623?). Jf sobuahf gkuhfh os ho pfrto ho jfs tkakonjfs3 Nfnkjlakf, Jf ^f`orf (Fp.623?4   6=3>). Xuvl prkagkpkl hosho fatos quo oxkstkorfa jls mu`fals slnro jf tkorrf y quo oa Ba. 6638 glastruyorla uaf tlrro pfrf toaor glatfgtl gla ojjf hosho jf tkorrf. Os `fhro ho jfs rf`orfs (prlstktugk÷a ospkrktufj, rojkbklaos quo al prohkgfa jf sfjvfgk÷a plr `ohkl ho Cosugrkstl), ho tlhfs jfs fnl`kafgklaos, bufrkhf ho ho`lakls y ospàrktus ka`uahls. Os fjjà hlaho robrosfa jls ospàrktus ho jls prohostkafhls porhkhls `koatrfs Hkls jls gljlgf oa su jubfr hoekaktkvl.

7.  7.  J_BF^OW KAXO^@OHKLW YF^F OJ FJ@F Jf Nknjkf hkgo quo gufahl uaf porslaf `uoro, `uoro, su fj`f vf fj Wo÷j. F jf juz ho jf pfjfnrf, so puoho vor quo oa oj Wo÷j l Mfhos mfy hkeoroatos gl`pfrtk`oatls. Ostæ oj kaekoral l Bomoaf, oj Yfrfàsl l soal ho Fnrfmf` y oj fnks`l l Wk`f. 7.6.  OJ KAEKO^AL L BOMOAF. Fjbuals jl glaeuahoa gla oj Jfbl ho euobl ho  ho   Fp. >63=, ska o`nfrbl sla hls jubfros hkstkatls gl`l jl vo`ls oa (Fp >9367-6?). Oj Kaekoral os ua jubfr kator`ohkl kator`ohkl,, y oj Jfbl ho Euobl os ua jubfr hoekaktkvl pfrf jls porhkhls. Oj Kaekoral ostæ sopfrfhl oa > gl`pfrtk`oatls3 Oj prk`orl os pfrf jls pogfhlros porhkhls, jls quo auagf fgoptfrla f Grkstl, y oj sobuahl os pfrf jls k`pàls, os hogkr fquojjls grkstkfals quo al so glasfbrfrla fj Woölr y quo so toahræa quo purkekgfr gl`l plr euobl, mfstf quo pfbuoa oj ójtk`l gufhrfato (@t. ? ?.>5). .>5). Yogfhlros (@t.693>=) (fj`fs). Wla jfs fj`fs ho jls quo auagf fgoptfrla fgoptfrla f Grkstl y tf`nkëa puohoa sor groyoatos fplstftfs (quo akobfa jf eo oa Cosós y so pkorhoa krrovorsknjo`oato) ëstls so vfa f ua jubfr ho tlr`oatl mfstf oj `l`oatl ho hostruggk÷a tltfj tltfj ho su guorpl, guorpl, fj`f y ospàrktu f glahoafgk÷a glahoafgk÷a porpotuf oa oj jfbl ho euobl. Ospàrktus oagfrgojfhls (6 Y. 736;). Grkstl euo f prohkgfr f jls ospàrktus oagfrgojfhls quo mfnàfa hoslnohogkhl oa   oj tko`pl ho Alë, al euo pfrf sfjvfgk÷a skal pfrf glahoafgk÷a (Ca 6>38=).   K`pàls (Jg.653>>->5). K`pàl os uaf porslaf quo glalgk÷ f Grkstl porl quo al vkvo glaelr`o fj ospàrktu skal

 

glaelr`o f jf gfrao y quo plhràf jjobfr mfstf jf fplstfsàf krrovorsknjo, os hogkr quo plhràf porhorso. Hkls als hoc÷ jf oasoöfazf hoj rkgl y Jæzfrl Jæz frl pfrf quo alsltrls plhf`ls gl`proahor `ugmfs glsfs quo sugohoa hospuës ho jf `uorto, gl`l plr oco`pjl quo mfy ua kaekoral, ua pfrfàsl, ua fnks`l, y quo fóa ostfahl oa ltrf hk`oask÷a ojjls puohoa vor y mfnjfr, y fóa roglalgor f jfs porslafs, mfstf jfs quo al glalgkorla oa vkhf, gl`l oj rkgl quo roglalgo f Jæzfrl y f Fnrfmf`, y ostfahl su fj`f oa ua jubfr ho tlr`oatl jo hkgo f Fnrfmf`, pfhro... y Fnrfmf` jo glatostf mkcl...,   os hogkr quo skoahl mkcl ostæ oa ua jubfr ho suerk`koatl, pfrf purkekgfr su fj`f ho fquojjfs glsfs ho jfs quo al por`ktk÷ l al quksl sor jk`pkfhl gl`l grkstkfal gufahl ostfnf oa vkhf. Kaekoral l Bomoaaf

Yfrfàsl l Woal ho Fnrfmf` Wk`f l Fnks`l

*Yogfhlros l porhkhls *Ospàrktus Oagfrgojfh Oagfrgojfhls ls

*Custls *K` àls

*Woros mànrkhls *Jf Nostkf *Fpljk÷a, æaboj hoj fnks`l Xærtfrl *æabojos gfàhls

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oj pfsfco ho @t. ?3>?->;,  ?3>?->;,  hkgo quo fjbuals quo al so puskorla f guoatfs `koatrfs knfa oa oj gf`kal, plhràfa sor oagorrfhls oa gærgojos y quo al sfjhræa ho fjjà fjjà,, mfstf quo pfbuoa oj ujtk`l gufhrfato. 6 Gl. 7367-6? hkgo quo tlhl jl quo mfbf`ls soræ prlnfhl plr oj euobl3 euobl3 sk so slnroohkekg÷ gla moal, pfcf u mlcfrfsgf, jf porslaf suerkræ përhkhf y su lnrf soræ quo`fhf, ostfs sla jfs lnrfs quo so mkgkorla `ltkvfhfs plr jf gfrao4 `fs al fsà jls quo slnroohkekgfrla gla lrl, pjftf l pkohrfs progklsfs, quo sla jfs lnrfs quo so mkgkorla `ltkvfhfs plr oj ospàrktu (Bæ. 53=). 7.>.  YF^FÀWL L WOAL HO FN^FMF@ (Jg. 65->>->5). Oa jf mkstlrkf hoj rkgl y Jæzfrl vo`ls quo oj Woal ho Fnrfmf` os ua jubfr ho pfz, ho roplsl, hlaho vfa jls custls (^l. =369), oatoahkoahl quo sla fj`fs jfs quo vfa f osto jubfr y quo ostæa oa osporf hoj `l`oatl ho jf rosurroggk÷a gufahl Grkstl fsà jl `faho, y hkbf oa quë tural y gla quë rfabls rosugktfræa jls quo huor`oa oa oj Woölr.   Oj jfhr÷a quo so sfjv÷ oa jf gruz (Jg. >7387). >7387) . Osto ml`nro oa oj ójtk`l `l`oatl ho su oxkstoagkf eàskgf roglalgk÷ f Cosós gl`l Hkls, gl`l Woölr y gl`l ^oy y ho osf `faorf rogknk÷ jf vkhf otoraf, y fuaquo al mfyf mogml lnrfs, Cosós, f posfr ho quo ësto toaàf plgls `kautls `kautls ho mfnor groàhl oa Oj, glalgk÷ su glrfz÷a y skago skagorkhfh rkhfh y jo hkcl3 ‚... ho gkortl gkortl to hkbl quo mly ostfræs gla`kbl gl a`kbl oa oj pfrfàsl‐. 7.7 WK@F L FNKW@L. Oa gfsl hoj rkgl y Jæzfrl so hocf vor quo oatro oj kaekoral l Bomoaf y oj pfrfàsl l soal ho Fnrfmf` oxkstàf ua brfa fnks`l quo hkvkhàf y sopfrfnf ostls hls jubfros pfrf quo afhko puhkorf pfsfr fj ltrl jfhl, y quo f jf juz ho jf pfjfnrf ostf mfnktfhl plr soros `fjëekgls `lastrulsls. `lastrulsls. F glatkaufgk÷a voro`ls voro`ls fjbuafs gfrfgtoràstkgfs hoj Fnks`l3  

Wuporekgko hoj Fnks`l (Ba. 63> NJF)

  Ostæ gunkortf plr gfatkhfhos ho mkojl (Cln 7=379). l  Oj fj`f ho Claæs ostuvl oa oso jubfr, y su guorpl oa oj vkoatro hoj brfa poz (Cla. >3 6).

l

Fnks`l ¼Vukëaos mfnktfa oj fnks`l< l  Hoj fnks`l sfjhræa soros mànrkhls, mànrkhls, prlhugtl ho `ozgjfs y ho fjtorfgklaos boaëtkgfs (Fp. ;3>-69). l  Jf Nostkf (Fp. 623=) quo sunkræ hoj fnks`l oa oj tko`pl ho jf brfa trknujfgk÷a. hostruggk÷a.  l  Oj Æaboj hoj Fnks`l (Fp. ;366) su al`nro os Fnfh÷a oa monrol y Fpljk÷a oa brkobl, quo skbakekgf hostruggk÷a.  gfàhls quo sla fquojjls hosgrktls oa Bëaosks 5 quo hocfrla   Oj Xærtfrl (> Y. >38, Cuh. 635, Cln 7=365). Mfy æabojos gfàhls quo su `lrfhf lrkbkafj y hogkhkorla `ozgjfrso gla jfs mkcfs ho jls ml`nros porhkoahl ho ostf `faorf jf bjlrkf quo Hkls jos mfnàf hfhl.  

ls jubfros kator`ohkls sla gl`l jf fatosfjf hoj ^okal Gojostkfj pfrf jls sfjvls y hoj Jfbl ho Euobl pfrf jls quo so porhkorla (Ha. 6>3>), f`nls jubfros sla hoekaktkvls. hoekaktkvls. Woræ oatlagos gufahl so gu`pjf jf os osgrkturf grkturf hlaho oj Mkcl hkbf f jls ho jf horogmf, voakh noahktls ho `k Yfhro, morohfh oj ^okal4 y f jls ho jf kzqukorhf, fpfrtfls ho `k, `fjhktls, fj

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euobl otoral (@t. >?378-7?). Fj Jfbl ho Euobl kræa3 Jf Nostkf y oj Efjsl Yrleotf (Fp.6;3>9), Wftfaæs (Fp. >9369), Jls kakguls (Fp. >63=4 @t. >?385), Jf @uorto y oj Mfhos (Fp. >9368).  

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

>6 @÷hujl KK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Jls Xurals ho ^osurroggk÷a ‚Yorl gfhf ual oa su honkhl lrhoa3 Grkstl, jfs prk`kgkfs, juobl jls quo sla ho Grkstl oa su voakhf‐ 6 Glrkat Glrk atkls kls 6?3 6?3 >7 

al ho jls to`fs oa jls quo `æs so lgupfrla jls fp÷stljos ho jf Kbjoskf prk`ktkvf euo progksf`oato oa jf hlgtrkaf ho jf rosurroggk÷a ho jls `uortls, porl al euo honkhl f quo euorf uaf auovf hlgtrkaf gl`l jl poasfrla jls ml`nros ho Ftoafs (Mgm. 6236=-7>), skal quo ostfnf skoahl glaekr`fhf plr `ohkl hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl gla su `ks`f rosurroggk÷a. Jf nfso ho auostrf eo ostæ euahf`oatfhf progksf`oato oa jf rosurroggk÷a hoj Woölr, jl gufj sk al munkoso lgurrkhl, hkcl oj fp÷stlj Yfnjl, soràf`ls jls ml`nros `æs hkbals ho jæstk`f (6 Gl. 6?36>->9) porl juobl rofekr`f hkgkoahl quo Grkstl sà rosugkt÷ y quo fsà gl`l oatr÷ jf `uorto plr ua ml`nro (oj prk`or Fhæa), plr `ohkl ho Grkstl (oj plstror Fhæa) vkal jf rosurroggk÷a ho jls `uortls (6 Gl. 6?3>9->6).

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atos ho fnfrgfr jls hkeoroatos turals ho rosurroggk÷a, hono`ls mfgor jf hkstkagk÷a oatro hls ovoatls quo f `ugmfs porslafs fj `l`oatl ho ostuhkfr, puoho gfusfrjos prlnjo`fs y glaeuahkrjfs, al jlbrfahl vor jfs hkeoroagkfs oatro jl quo os ua Obokrl (jovfatfr) y uaf Fafstfsks (rosurroggk÷a), hocfahl ho lntoaor jf noahkgk÷a quo jf hlgtrkaf fplst÷jkgf als lerogo, fj oatoahor oj bfjfrh÷a y jf osporfazf ho jf rosurroggk÷a (Mgm. >735). OBOK^L3 Fj `oagklafr jf rosurroggk÷a ho jls `uortls, fjbuals gl`l hogk`ls fatorklr`oato, glaeuahoa jls hkstkatls ovoatls, quo so hosgrknoa oa jf Nknjkf gla oj mogml ho ‚vljvor f jf vkhf‐ f fjbuafs porslafs, jl gufj os pfrto ho jfs kastruggklaos quo Cosós hkl f jls fp÷stljos gufahl jls oavk÷ (@t. 693=) hkgkoahl3 ‚rosugktfh `uortls‐ hoj brkob l Obokrl quo skbakekgf  skbakekgf  jovfatfr, plaor ho pkë, hosportfr . Jl quo lgurrk÷ gla gfhf ual ho jls gfsls skbukoatos, os quo jos kastfjfrla auovf`oato ‚oj fjkoatl ho vkhf‐ y skbukorla vkvkoahl alr`fj`oato, porl oa fjbóa `l`oatl knfa f `lrkr, plrquo ostæ ostfnjogkhl quo jls ml`nros `uorfa uaf sljf voz y juobl oj cukgkl (Mo. ;3>2) , os plr ostf gfusf quo jls cuhàls quoràfa `ftfr f Jæzfrl. Uof`ls fjbuals oco`pjls3 •  (6 ^. 62362->>) Oj mkcl ho jf vkuhf quo sustoat÷ sustoat÷ f Ojàfs. •  (> ^. 83>9-7?) Oj mkcl ho jf `ucor Wuaf`ktf. •  (> ^. 673>6) Oj `uortl quo jfazfa f jf tu`nf ho Ojksol. •  (Jg. =38;-??) Jf mkcf ho Cfkrl quo mfnàf `uortl `uortl •  (Jg. 2366-6?) Oj mkcl ho jf vkuhf ho Afàa •  (Ca. 66386-88) Jæzfrl, oj mor`fal ho @fràf y @frtf •  (Mgm. ;375 ‗ ;375 ‗86) 86) Jf hksgàpujf jjf`fhf Xfnktf •  (Mgm. >93;-6>) Outkgl quo plr hlr`krso gfy÷ hosho hosho oj torgor akvoj ho hojj ohkekgkl •  (6 Gl. 6?3>9) Grkstl qukoa so jovfatf ho jf tu`nf, tu`nf, pfrf hosgoahor fj jfbl ho euobl Oa oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl vo`ls quo ostf osporfazf ho jf rosurroggk÷a, jf toaàfa jls fatkbuls (Cln 6;3>?->2, Ha. 6>36>67), Hfvkh hkcl quo al hosgfasfràf mfstf hosportfr f jf so`ocfazf hoj Woölr. Jf rosurroggk÷a al os uaf auovf hlgtrkaf ostfnjogkhf oa oj Auovl Xostf`oatl, skal quo óakgf`oato vkal f sor glaekr`fhf plr `ohkl hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl y f`pjkfhf plr jls fp÷stljos kaspkrfhls plr oj Ospàrktu Wfatl. (Ks. >536;, Ha. 6>3>). Ylr osl Yfnjl oa su hoeoasf hkcl quo plr jf osporfazf quo Hkls jo hkl f jls pfhros orf quo ostfnf skoahl cuzbfhl plr jls cuhàls (Mgm. >535-=). Cosós tf`nkëa oasoö÷ fgorgf ho jf rosurroggk÷a (@t. >>376-7>) hkgkoahl quo Hkls al orf Hkls ho `uortls skal ho vkvls. FAFWXFWKW3 FAFWXFWKW3 Jf Nknjkf als oasoöf quo tlhls vfa f rosugktfr, fjbuals pfrf vkhf y ltrls pfrf glahoafgk÷a (Ca. ?3>;, Mgm. >836?). Osto fspogtl als por`kto f`pjkfr jf custkgkf ho Hkls, puos mfræ ho jf rosurroggk÷a ua bfjfrh÷a pfrf gfhf ual, yf quo al os oj `ks`l rfabl oj quo so jo hfræ f fquojjls quo ostfahl jk`pkls jk `pkls so glatkaufrla jk`pkfahl, gl`l fquojjls ltrls quo ostfahl sugkls hogkhkorla glatkaufr oasugkæahlso gfhf hàf `æs (Fp. >>366). Xf`plgl soræ kbufj oj bfjfrh÷a pfrf jls grkstkfals quo prlhucorla erutl, uals fj trokatf plr ual, ltrls fj sosoatf plr ual y ltrl brupl fj gkoatl plr ual (@t. 673=). ^osurroggk÷a so trfhugo ho jf pfjfnrf brkobf Fafstfsks quo so trfhugo ua jovfatf`koatl, rosurroggk÷a, fjzfr ho auovl . Fj sugohor jf Fafstfsks, so katobrfræa auovf`oato oj ospàrktu, oj fj`f y oj guorpl, jls gufjos fj `lrkr so mfnàfa sopfrfhl fsà3 oj guorpl oa oj sopujgrl, oj ospàrktu quo vljvk÷ f Hkls (Og. 6>32) y oj fj`f quo euo oavkfhf fj Wolj (Wfj. 653;-69). Oa (Mo. 53>)

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

so `oagklaf jf rosurroggk÷a, porl gufahl so gl`koazf f rovksfr oj gu`pjk`koatl quo toahræ, so `uostrf jf `ks`f oa vfrkfs efgotfs l otfpfs. Os hogkr os uaf rosurroggk÷a, porl oa hkstkatls turals y hkstkatls brupls. Fuaquo os k`plrtfato soöfjfr quo jf Nknjkf als `uostrf quo fjbuals sla ‚nkoafvoaturfhls‐ plrquo toahræa pfrto oa jf prk`orf rosurroggk÷a (Fp. >938-?) >938-?) yf quo jf sobuahf rosurroggk÷a os jf quo so glalgo gl`l ‚ho glahoafgk÷a l kbal`kakf otoraf‐ (Ca. ?.>;, Ha. 6>3>). JLW X_^ALW HO ^OW_^^OGGKLA3 ^OW_^^OGGKLA3 Afhko puoho hogkr quo al so puoho rofjkzfr plr pfrtos jf rosurroggk÷a, plrquo oj oco`pjl jl toao`ls progksf`oato oa oj Woölr Cosugrkstl, qukoa hospuës ho mfnor rosugktfhl, euo jovfatfhl fato jf vkstf ho `ugmfs porslafs (Mgm. 6 3;). Ëj quo os jf gfnozf hoj guorpl `àstkgl so oaguoatrf frrknf, y su guorpl (jf Kbjoskf) fóa al mf skhl jovfatfhl, oatlagos, al mfy lnstægujls pfrf quo ho kbufj `faorf so puohf jjovfr f jf Kbjoskf oa pfrtos, gl`l jl mf hkspuostl oa su prosgkoagkf. Ostl so jjovfræ f gfnl oa 2 turals ho rosurroggk÷a ho jf skbukoato `faorf3 6. G^KWXL, 6 Glrkatkls 6?3>93 Cosugrkstl auostrl Woölr, vkoao f sor ‚jfs prk`kgkfs‐ ho h o jls quo hur`korla (6 Gl. 6?3>9 6? 3>9->7), ->7), skoahl oj prk`orl oa rosugktfr, rosugktfr , hfahl jf lplrtuakhfh f jls groyoatos oa oj Woölr ho lptfr oa osto bfjfrh÷a (Mgm. >53>7). Cln 6;3>? hkgo ‚[l së quo `k ^ohoatlr vkvo y so jovfatfræ slnro oj pljvl ‐. Jf Nknjkf hkgo quo Ëj, sfnkoahl ho h÷aho voaàf y mfgkf h÷aho knf, oaekj÷ su rlstrl mfgkf Corusfjëa, al ostk`fahl jls vktuporkls prosoatos, skal glaskhorfahl jfs bjlrkfs quo voahràfa hospuës ho rosugktfr. Oa oj Woölr so gu`pjkorla gu `pjkorla jfs osgrkturfs (6 Gl. 6?38). Ëj hkcl quo afhko jo quktfnf jf vkhf, quo Ëj jf plaàf pfrf vljvorjf f tl`fr (Br. Obokrl), porl tf`nkëa jf Osgrkturf hkgo quo oj Ospàrktu Wfatl jl rosugkt÷ ho jls `uortls (Wfj. 67;36?, ^l. =366 Br Fafstfsks Glj 636=). Oj Woölr Cosugrkstl os prk`lbëaktl ho oatro jls `uortls, y quo oa tlhl tkoao jf proo`kaoagkf br. Yrltoul3 sor oj prk`orl, slstoaor oj prk`or jubfr (Fp 63?). >. JLW WFAXLW HOJ FAXKB_L YFGXL, @ftol  @ftol  >23?> ‗?73 ?73 Gufahl Cosós hosgoahk÷ f jf tu`nf, so jovfat÷ (br. Obokrl) y hosgoahk÷ fj jfbl ho euobl pfrf gu`pjkr gla oj mljlgfustl, juobl ojjls sfjkorla ho sus tu`nfs rosugktfhls, y so jo fpfrogkorla f `ugmls y oatrfrla f jf Gkuhfh Wfatf. Jf vorsk÷a Corusfjëa hkgo quo oatrfrla f jf gkuhfh gojostkfj. 7. JFW Y^K@KGKFW, JF ALUKF V_O WFJO FJ FJ OAG_OAX^L HOJ HOJ F@FHL OA JFW A_NOW, 6 Glrkatkls 6?.?>3 6?.?>3 Oa oj skbukoato tural ho rosurroggk÷a soræ jovfatfhf jf prk`kgkf pfrf Grkstl, os hogkr jf alvkf quo mf erugtkekgfhl ho jf `faorf quo so osporf ho ojjls, os hogkr fj gkoatl plr ual, jls quo jf Nknjkf al`nrf ekojos gufahl `oagklaf jls tros brupls ‚jjf`fhls, osglbkhls y ekojos‐ (Fp. 62368). Grkstl os jf prk`kgkf ho jf rosurroggk÷a (6 Gl. 6?3>7) porl ostfs prk`kgkfs tf`nkëa fnfrgfa jls tros prk`orls turals ho rosurroggk÷a (Grkstl, jls sfatls ho jf fatkbúohfh, y jls `uortls oa Grkstl cuatl gla jf alvkf). 6 Xosfjlakgoasos 8362 hkgo quo jls `uortls oa Grkstl rosugktfræa prk`orl, juobl jls vkvkoatos quo quoho`ls soro`ls trfaselr`fhls oa jfs aunos cuatf`oato gla ojjls. ojjls. 6 Glrkatkls 6?3?>-?7 als oxpjkgf quo oa jf trfaselr`fgk÷a, jl glrruptknjo so vostkræ vostkræ ho kaglrrupgk÷a (`uortls oa Grkstl) y jl `lrtfj so vostkræ ho ka`lrtfjkhfh (vkvkoatos trfaselr`fhls). Ostls tros turals glastktuyoa jfs prk`kgkfs ho jf rosurroggk÷a. 8. JLW HLW XOWXKBLW, Fplgfjkpsks 6637 ‗6> 6>33 Jls > tostkbls quo oj Woölr jovfatfrf vfa f prohkgfr plr tros föls y `ohkl, juobl jf nostkf quo suno hoj fnks`l jls `ftf, porl hospuës ho tros hàfs y `ohkl ho ostfr sus gfhævoros oa uaf pjfzf, rogknkræa ua Ospàrktu ho Ukhf ho pfrto ho Hkls, rosugktæahljls, juobl soræa jovfatfhls pfrf sor jjovfhls fj gkojl. Cuatl gla ojjls mfy ua brupl quo mf fjgfazfhl jf ostfturf y hospuës ho `ohkf algmo, tl`fahl oa guoatf quo jf algmo os jf trknujfgk÷a, f jf `ktfh so lyo ua gjf`lr y ua brupl sfjo fj oaguoatrl hoj f`fhl (@t. >?35). ?. JF GLWOGMF OA JF OYKEFAKF, OYKEFAKF, Fplgfjkpsks Fplgfjkpsks >9383 >9383 Fj glagjukr jf brfa trknujfgk÷a, voahræ Oj Woölr Woölr Cosós y plahræ sus pkos slnro oj `lato ho jls ljkvls, oa oso `l`oatl, lgurro ua auovl tural ho rosurroggk÷a, jf ho fquojjls quo euorla f jf brfa trknujfgk÷a f jfvfr sus vostkhurfs oa jf Wfabro hoj Glrhorl (Fp 2368-6?). Wla unkgfhls oa trlals pfrf quo puohfa rokafr cuatf`oato gla Grkstl plr 6,999 föls. 5. OJ ^ON_WGL, >93?-53 >93?-53 Hono`ls roglrhfr quo gl`l fjbuals pogfrla,quo f posfr ho soxufj`oato mfnor glalgkhl vorhfh Ovfabojkl, so Fplgfjkpsks oasugkfrla auovf`oato oa sus vostkhurfs, oj ml`nro glalgàf f jfjf`ucor hohoj su pfhro (6 Gl. ?36 ‗?).  ‗?). Fuaquo al hovljvkorla jf eo, tf`plgl bfafrla akabóa pro`kl, bfjfrh÷a, glrlaf, otg, plr jl quo

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

óakgf`oato su ospàrktu os sfjvl. Gla osto brupl glagjuyo jf prk`orf (br. Yrltls) rosurroggk÷a, rosurroggk÷a , oj gufj ostæ gl`puostl hosho oj prk`or f soxtl tural quo mo`ls vkstl. 2. JLW HOJ X^LAL NJFAGL, Fplgfjkpsks >9366-6?3 >9366-6?3 Ostl os jl quo glalgo`ls gl`l jf sobuahf rosurroggk÷a, rosurroggk÷a, fuaquo gl`l vo`ls os oj sëptk`l tural ho rosurroggk÷a, os ua tural ho rosurroggk÷a pfrf glahoafgk÷a, fquà sla rosugktfhls fóa mfstf jls `fjls, quo fuaquo sla nusgfhls oa oj Jknrl ho jf Ukhf al sla oaglatrfhls y sla ogmfhls fj jfbl ho euobl plr jf otorakhfh. o alsltrls hopoaho oj tural oa oj gufj rosugktfro`ls, roglrho`ls quo Hkls plao oa alsltrls oj quoror gl`l oj mfgor, porl alsltrls hogkhk`ls sk lnohogo`ls l al, plr jl quo sobóa auostrfs fgtktuhos fsà soræ jf plskgk÷a quo lgupfro`ls. Alsltrls hoekak`ls fquà fnfcl jf plskgk÷a quo toahro`ls plr tlhf jf otorakhfh, plr jl tfatl oselrgë`lals plr fjgfazfr oj rfabl ho prk`kgkfs y al sljl plr jls bfjfrhlaos skal gl`l uaf rospuostf ho f`lr mfgkf fquoj quo tfatl als f`÷ y hkl su vkhf plr alsltrls. Jls turals hoekakræa guæa gorgf ostfro`ls ho auostrl Woölr Cosugrkstl plr tlhf jf otorakhfh.

H

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

>> @÷hujl KK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

Oj Cukgkl Otoral ‚Yorl plr tu hurozf y plr tu glrfz÷a al frropoatkhl, ftoslrfs pfrf tk `ks`l krf pfrf oj hàf ho jf krf y ho jf rovojfgk÷a hoj custl cukgkl ho Hkls, oj gufj pfbfræ f gfhf ual glaelr`o f sus lnrfs3‐ lnrfs3‐   ^ l`fal l`falss >.?-5 >.?- 5 

f Nknjkf oasoöf quo Hkls os ua Hkls custl, quo jf custkgkf os ual ho sus ftrknutls quo `fatkoao jl quo os glmoroato

J

gla su prlpkl gfrægtor, y quo aogosfrkf`oato cuzbf jl quo ostæ lpuostl f ëj3 oj pogfhl (Wfj. 2.;). Osto cukgkl tkoao quo vor tfatl gla jf rfzf mu`faf gl`l gla jf grofgk÷a gojosto quo so mf rovojfhl. Wka o`nfrbl, pfrf sftksefgor osf  custkgkf, prlpkgkf ua `ohkl, sfnkoahl quo oj ml`nro plr sà sljl al puoho sftksefgor jf custkgkf hkvkaf, yf quo jf Nknjkf hkgo quo ‚al mfy custl ak fóa ual‐ (Wfj. 6836-74 6836 -74 ^l. 7369). Osto `ohkl os oj Woölr Cosugrkstl, Cosugrkstl, qukoa skoahl Hkls, tl`÷ uaf afturfjozf mu`faf, y qukoa skoahl ska pogfhl, so mkzl pogfhl pfhogkoahl oa jf gruz y sftksefgkoahl ho osf `faorf jf  custkgkf hkvkaf, lrkbkafahl quo tlhl fquoj quo plr jf eo fgoptf oso robfjl os jknrfhl hoj cukgkl y plr jf brfgkf trfsjfhfhl f ua ostfhl ho custkekgfgk÷a (^l. ?36). Wka o`nfrbl, jjobfræ oj `l`oatl oa quo tlhls gl`pfro gl`pfrogoræa goræa fato ua trknuafj pfrf hfr guoatf ho sà (> Gl. ?.69). Wo `oagklaf oa jf Nknjkf skoto cukgkls tltfjos, jls gufjos so hosfrrljjfræa oa tros trknuafjos quo so hosgrknoa f glatkaufgk÷a3 Lrhoa

Xkpl ho Cukgkl

Gfrfgtoràstkgfs

Nfso Nànjkgf

6

Cukgkl plr jls pogfhls.

Jls pogfhls hoj groyoato mfa skhl yf cuzbfhls oa jf porslaf ho Ca. 6>3764 ^l. Grkstl, qukoa euo jovfatfhl oa jf gruz. Oj rosujtfhl os jf custkekgfgk÷a ?3;4 ^l. =36. hoj groyoato, qukoa al ostæ oa pojkbrl ho porhorjf.

>

X^KN_AFJ HOJ OWYÀ^KX_. Cukgkl ho sà `ks`l.

Osto al os pfrf glahoafgk÷a, skal ua oxf`oa pfrtkgujfr fgorgf ho su 6 Gl. 66376 glahugtf.

7

X^KN_AFJ HO G^KWXL. Cukgkl ho jfs lnrfs hoj groyoato.

Xkoao quo vor hkrogtf`oato gla jls quo rogknkorla f Grkstl, soræa > Gl. ?369 rogl`poasfhls plr sus lnrfs, nuoafs l `fjfs.

8

Hàf ho Cukgkl.

Jls quo gl`pfrogoa oa ësto sla jls `ko`nrls ho jfs afgklaos quo @t. >?37> vkvoa oa oso `l`oatl slnro jf tkorrf. Al so fnro akabóa jknrl. Mfy tros gjfsos ho prosoatos3 lvocfs y gfnrfs.  gfnrfs.   Wo oeogtóf fj voakr Grkstl (@t. >?376) y os uaf osgoaf torroafj. Jf nfso os jf `faorf ho g÷`l jls boatkjos mfyfa trftfhl f fquojjls quo oj Woölr jjf`f ‚`ks mor`fals‐.

?

Cukgkl euturl ho Ksrfoj.

Wo hosfrrljjf hospuës quo tlhls jls `ko`nrls hoj puonjl ho Ksrfoj Oz. >9372. robrosoa ho oatro jfs afgklaos. Hotor`kaf qukoaos sla jls ksrfojktfs quo oatrfræa oa jf tkorrf pfrf rogknkr jf noahkgk÷a hoj rokal (Wfj. ?93624 Oz. >9377-88).

5

Cukgkl ho jls æabojos gfàhls.

Wo jjovf f gfnl oa oj Hàf hoj Woölr (Ks. >3;->>). Wkoahl quo oj cukgkl Cuh. 5. ekafj glatrf Wftfaæs lgurro hospuës ho jls `kj föls y fatos hoj ójtk`l  cukgkl (Fp. >9369), so glagjuyo quo ltrls æabojos gfàhls soræa  cuzbfhls gla ëj. (> Y. >38).

2

X^KN_AFJ HOJ B^FA X^LAL NJFAGL.

Jls quo gl`pfrogoa sla jls `uortls ho tlhfs jfs ëplgfs, mfy Fp. >9366-6? hkeoroatos brfhls ho gfstkbl (Jg. 6>382-8=), jls `uortls soræa  cuzbfhls sobóa sus lnrfs.

Gl`l so vo, fjbuals cukgkls tkoaoa quo vor gla æabojos gfàhls (muostos gojostos), ltrls gla oj puonjl ho Hkls (Ksrfoj) y ltrls gla jls groyoatos oa Grkstl (Jf Kbjoskf), kagjusl, fjbuals yf so oeogtufrla. oeogtufrla. Oj katorës hkhægtkgl ho osto ost ostuhkl, uhkl, os

2>

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

hosgrknkr jf `faorf oa quo Hkls trftfræ gla jls quo sla y jls quo al sla Kbjoskf, plr jl quo so hosfrrljjf jf skbukoato gjfskekgfgk÷a3 Xrknuafj hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, Xrknuafj ho Grkstl y oj Xrknuafj hoj Brfa Xrlal Njfagl.

J

f pfjfnrf ‚trknuafj‐ vkoao ho jf rfàz no`f  y skbakekgf pfrf fsoatfr ua pko (Wtrlab ;5=), so o`pjofnf o`pjofnf pfrf hoaltfr ua jubfr ojovfhl4 plstorklr`oato so o`pjo÷ oj tër`kal pfrf hoskbafr fj trknual, hls ho jls gufjos orfa prlvkstls plr jls trknuafjos brkobls3 ual pfrf jf fgusfgk÷a y ltrl pfrf jf hoeoasf, os ua jubfr hlaho so fh`kakstrf custkgkf `ohkfato ua  cuoz, oj quo cuzbf y soatoagkf ua gfsl. Fsà, Hkls H kls gl`l cuoz, cuzbf y fh`kakstrf soatoagkf, sof pfrf bfjfrh÷a (pro`kl Mo. 6635) l pfrf rotrknugk÷a (gfstkbl Mo. >3>). 6. X^KN_AFJ HOJ OWYÀ^KX_ WFAXL WFAXL (Mo. 6936?-6=). Hkls ostfnjogk÷ ua auovl auovl pfgtl, oa hlaho hlaho sus joyos ostfràfa ostfràfa osgrktfs oa jf `oato y oj glrfz÷a ho jls quo quo plr jf eo so fgorgfa, porl tf`nkëa so hf jf pfrtkgkpfgk÷a hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl, oagfrbfhl ho fyuhfr fj groyoato pfrf gu`pjkrjf (br. Yfrfdjotls 0 jjf`fhl fj jfhl ho ual, fnlbfhl, katorgoslr, Wtrlab 7=2?). Jf euagk÷a hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl os glavoagor fj `uahl ho pogfhl, ho custkgkf custkgkf y ho cukgkl (Ca. 6532-66), 6532 -66), os hogkr quo so oagfrbf ho rohfrbúkr rohfrbúkr fj groyoato gufahl ësto al ostæ gf`kafahl oa jf pjoaf vljuatfh ho Hkls. Osto trknuafj so `uostrf gufahl3 f. Oj pogfhl fjgfazf fj groyoato, groyoato, fpfrogo oj fgusfhlr gl`l eksgfj (Sfg. 736), os oj `l`oatl pfrf fguhkr fj Ospàrktu sfatl, gl`l fyuhfhlr l fnlbfhl, pfrf quo jl buào (fj pogfhlr) f roglalgor su efjtf, pohkr porh÷a y vuojvf oj blzl ho jf sfjvfgk÷a (Wfj. ?636>). n. Fj `l`oatl ho pfrtkgkpfr oa jf Wfatf Goaf, jf Nknjkf Nknjkf fglasocf quo os aogosfrkl rofjkzfr ua futl-cukgkl, bbukfhls ukfhls plr oj Ospàrktu Wfatl, oa hlaho oj groyoato os tostkbl oa glatrf ho sà `ks`l, ëj `ks`l os oj cuoz y fyuhfhl plr oj Ospàrktu quo fsoslrf, suporvksf y buàf pfrf pohkr pohkr f Hkls porh÷a y pfrtkgkpfr hkbaf` hkbaf`oato. oato. Wk so pfrtkgkpf kahkbaf`oato, oa jubfr ho rogknkr jf noahkgk÷a quo Hkls qukoro hfr, jl quo so fhqukoro os cukgkl, guyfs glasoguoagkfs puohoa sor3 oaeor`ohfh, honkjkhfh y `uorto (6 Gl. 663>;-79). 663> ;-79). g. Oj prlp÷sktl ho osto trknuafj os quo3 f) oj groyoato al sof cuzbfhl gla oj `uahl `uahl (6 Gl. 66376-7>) 66376-7> ) skal puohf sor bfjfrhlafhl oa oj Xrknuafj ho Grkstl. Grkstl. n) Yfrf al sor fvorblazfhl (Mgm. ?36-7), oa oj gfsl ho Fafaàfs y Wfekrf, prk`orl euorla ovkhoagkfhls (fvorblazfhls), juobl sl`otkhls f ua cukgkl pfrgkfj glrrogtkvl (`uorto eàskgf) y plstorklr`oato, pfrtkgkpfræa oa oj Xrknuafj ho Grkstl pfrf rogknkr custl gfstkbl. g) Yfrf sor jk`pkls y prlsobukr oa oj prlgosl ho poreoggklaf`koatl (Oe. 8367) h. K`plrtfato3 Gfno `oagklafr quo osto osto cukgkl, al os pfrf glahoafgk÷a, jf l`ksk÷a hoj `ks`l roporguto oa oa gfstkbl y su prlp÷sktl os quo oj groyoato jjobuo mfstf oj Xrknuafj ho Grkstl ( 6 Gl. 6637>4 6 Xk. 63>94 Mo. 6>32). >. X^KN_AFJ HO G^KWXL (^l. G^KWXL (^l. 68369 ^U59)4 >Gl. ?369). Fj kbufj quo oj trknuafj fatorklr, osto cukgkl al os pfrf glahoafgk÷a yf quo Grkstl mf custkekgfhl fj groyoato, groyoato, skal pfrf bfjfrhlafrjl sobóa mfyfa skh skhl l sus lnrfs. Oa osto cukgkl Grkstl os oj oj Cuoz y tlhl quohfræ `fakeostfhl fato Ëj sof nuoal l `fjl. Fquà soræa cuzbfhls tlhls jls quo sla ho Grkstl, jls quo p plr lr jf eo groyorla oa oj glrhorl pfsgufj (Ca. 63>;). f. Xlhf lnrf tkoao quo jjobfr f cukgkl (@t. 6>3754 ^l. 683694 Bæ. 5324 Oe. 53=4 Glj. 73>8->?), oj rosujtfhl os rogl`poasf l përhkhf ho jf rogl`poasf. Jfs lnrfs puohoa sor sor nuoafs l `fjfs, pónjkgfs u lgujtfs. lgujtfs. Jfs nuoafs sla fquojjfs quo so mfgoa plr oj k`pujsl hoj Ospàrktu Wfatl (6Gl. ;362), jfs quo oqukvfjoa f slnroohkekgfr oa Grkstl y fj erutl hoj Ospàrktu (Bæ. ?3>>->7), kagjuyo fho`æs jfs fggklaos custfs custfs ho jls sfatls (Fp. 6;3=). Jfs `fjfs sla fquojjfs prlhugtl ho uaf vkhf gfrafj (Bæ. ?36;->6), ho jfs gufjos oj groyoato os f`laostfhl pfrf fpfrtfrso. n. Jf gfjkhfh ho jfs lnrfs lnrfs (6Gl. 736>-6?). Jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo ho fguorhl f jf gfjkhfh ho jf lnrf fsà soræ oojj bfjfrh÷a f rogknkr. Ostfs lnrfs puohoa sor ho lrl, pjftf, pkohrfs progklsfs, `fhorf, moal u mlcfrfsgf y oj euobl so oagfrbfræ ho prlnfrjfs, yf quo fjbuafs plhræa toaor fpfrkoagkf ho nuoafs skoahl `fjfs y vkgovorsf, hkeàgkj ho hksgorakr pfrf oj ml`nro, `fs al pfrf Hkls, quo glalgo y hksgkorao jfs katoagklaos hoj glrfz÷a. Oa jf Nknjkf mfy ua tkpl ho gjfskekgfgk÷a ho porslafs ho fguorhl f jfs lnrfs3 Jls `fs quo voagohlros, jls quo so puohoa gjfskekgfr oa hls brupls3 f) Jls `uortls oa Grkstl4 fquojjls quo ostfahl oa vkhf rkahkorla su vljuatfh fj Woölr, soræa jovfatfhls pfrf quo tlhls sof`ls frronftfhls (6 Xs. 8365). n) Jls vkvkoatos, fquojjls quo ostfræa vkvls oa oojj frronftf`koatl, mfgoa jf

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

vljuatfh hoj Woölr y mfa fjgfazfhl jf ostfturf hoj hoj vfr÷a poreogtl (Oe. 8367). Wu bfjfrh÷a soræ sor jf Alvkf ho Grkstl. Jls voagohlros, qukoaos glalgkorla glalgkorla f Grkstl porl al rkahkorla tlhf su vljuatfh. Xoahræa quo jfvfr sus vostkhurfs oa jf Xrknujfgk÷a, `fatoaorso ekr`os oa su eo, al fhlrfrla f jf nostkf ak so hocfrla plaor su `frgf (Fp. >938). sus bfjfrhlaos3 Wo jos hfræ hoj ærnlj ho jf vkhf (Fp. >3>-2), `faf osglahkhl y ua auovl al`nro (Fp. >368-62), futlrkhfh slnro jfs afgklaos (Fp. >3>9->2), glju`af oa oj Xo`pjl ho Hkls (Fp. 7369-6>), soatfrso gla Grkstl oa su trlal (Fp. 73>6). Jls voagkhls, jls quo vkvkorla k`pàf`oato, ska roahkr su vljuatfh f Hkls, osgjfvls ho jf glrrupgk÷a, jls fp÷stftfs krrovorsknjos (Fp. >>36?) Vukoaos glalgkorla fj Woölr W oölr Cosugrkstl y blzfrla plr fjbóa tko`pl ho jf gl`uak÷a gla Ëj, ska o`nfrbl oa hotor`kafhl `l`oatl aobfrla jf eo y jf oekgfgkf ho ojjf, `fostrls glaelr`o f sus prlpkfs glagupksgoagkfs, quo fpfrtfa ho jf vorhfh oj làhl y so vuojvoa f eænujfs (> Xk. 837), ëstls fj `l`oatl ho sor cuzbfhls soræa roprlnfhls o kagjusl voræa jf Auovf Corusfjëa ho jocls porl so quohfrfa euorf gl`l3 jls porrls, jls mogmkgorls l fhkvkals, jls ka`lrfjos soxufjos, ml`kgkhfs, jls kh÷jftrfs, jls quo f`fa y prfgtkgfa jf `oatkrf (Fp. >>.6?). g. Jls hkgmls ho jf nlgf (@t. 6>375-72). Ltrl ho jls fspogtls quo soræ cuzbfhl oa oj trknuafj ho Grkstl Grkstl sla jfs pfjfnrfs. Jfs pfjfnrfs puohoa sor lgklsfs, hoj brkobl brkobl frbls (B5;>), quo qukoro hogkr ska ohkekgfgk÷a, kaótkj, ostërkj4 plr jl quo so hono ho sor gukhfhlsl, oa ojjf ostæ jf vkhf l jf `uorto (Yr. 6=3>6), oj ftfr l oj hosftfr (^l. 693;4 A`. 793;). Fspogtls k`plrtfatos ho jls quo mfy quo bufrhfrso3 jf `ur`urfgk÷a, quo puoho sor glat glatrf rf Hkls, jf glnorturf l jls mor`fals (Wtb. 8366-6>) y jls efjsls `fostrls. 7. X^KN_AFJ HOJ B^FA X^LAL NJFAGL (Fp. >9366)3   Osto trknuafj oj hàfho hojtlhls brfa brfajls cukgkl ekafj. ekafj. voahræa Woræ gufahl Hkls trfkbf f tlhls sus oao`kbls hojfato ho hojfato Ëj. >9366)3  Jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo hoaltf jls `uortls tlhls tko`pls fato Ëj, fóa fquojjls quo hosfpfrogkorla fmlbfhls oa oj `fr plrquo jls hovljvoræ y tf`nkëa jf `uorto y oj Mfhos, pfrf sor cuzbfhls glaelr`o f sus lnrfs. Gfrfgtoràstkgfs k`plrtfatos ho osto osto trknuafj3 f.  Oj cuoz soræ Hkls plr `ohkl hoj Woölr COW_G^KWXL COW_G^KWXL (Mgm. 62376). Jf Nknjkf oasoöf quo Hkls mf hojobfhl oa su Mkcl tlhf lnrf ho cukgkl (Ca. ?3>>,>24 ^l. >3654 @t. >?376-77, 86 y 85). n. Jls quo sla cuzbfhls sla tlhls jls soros mu`fals quo vkakorla f osto `uahl ho tlhls jls tko`pls, jls `uortls yf quo al so `oagklafa vkvls. g. Al fpfrogo akabóa sfjvl, tlhls sla porhkhl porhkhlss y soræa cuzbfhls glaelr`o f sus lnrfs (Mo. ;3>24 Fp. >93674 @t. 653>2). Ostl os jl quo tkoao quo vor gla jf oxprosk÷a ‚custf rotrknugk÷a‐, hogkr quo f gfhf qukoa jo hfa  jl quo jo glrrosplaho. h. Jls prlp÷sktls ho osto Xrknuafj Xrknuafj sla3 Gfstkbl (@t. >?3854 Cuh. 24 Mo. 693>2). Jf custkgkf ho Hkls glasksto oa hfr f gfhf ual jl quo jo glrrosplaho, glrrosplaho, sobóa sus lnrfs, ska fgopgk÷a ho porslafs, plr jl quo fhqukoro ua gfrægtor k`pfrgkfj, al oxksto jf `ksorkglrhkf. Yorhkgk÷a o kbal`kakf porpotuf (Ha. 6>36->). Jf porhkgk÷a glasksto oa ostfr sopfrfhl ho Hkls y jf kbal`kakf so hoekao gl`l jf oxplskgk÷a pónjkgf vorblazlsf. vorblazlsf. Grkstl pfhogk÷ ostl gufahl euo oxpuostl oxpuostl pónjkgf`oato oa jf gruz y qukoaos jl rogmfzfrla toahræa quo suerkr jf vorbúoazf. Jfazf`koatl fj jfbl ho euobl (Fp. >936?). Jls quo so ronojfrla glatr glatrff Hkls, mu`fals l al (jf Nostkf, oj Efjsl Yrleotf, oj hkfnjl y sus æabojos) toahræa su pfrto oa oj jfbl ho euobl, quo os oj `æxk`l gfstkbl f su ronojk÷a. Os jf `uorto sobuahf sobuahf y ho fjjà afhko puoho osgfpfr ak sor rosgftfhl (Fp. (Fp. >9369). o. Brfhls ho gfstkbl (@t. 663>6->8). Jfs osgrkturfs hocfa vor gjfrf`oato quo oxkstoa hkeoro hkeoroatos atos brfhls ho gfstkbl, gl`l Hkls os custl, oj gfstkbl os custl ho fguorhl f jfs lnrfs quo munkosoa mogml ostfahl oa oj guorpl. e. Osto trknuafj so hosfrrljjfræ oa oj euturl, fuaquo oj jknrl ho Fplgfjkpsks al so puoho katorprotfr rkburlsf`oato rkburlsf`oato grlalj÷bkgl, ovkhoagkf quo soræ oa jf fatosfjf hoj ^okafhl Otoral.

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

O

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

j glalgk`koatl ho osto to`f al hono prlhugkr oa oj glrfz÷a hoj grkstkfal to`lr fjbual, skal tlhl jl glatrfrkl, glaekfazf y ua prleuahl soatk`koatl ho brftktuh f Hkls plr oavkfr oa rosgfto f su _akbëaktl, qukoa mfgo plsknjo quo oj quo so fgorgf glaekfhf`oato fj Xrlal ho jf Brfgkf (Mo. 8.65). pfsf ho `uorto f vkhf y yf al vkoao f glahoafgk÷a (Ca. ?.>8), puos mf skhl custkekgfhl plr fquoj quo sftksekzl jf custkgkf hkvkaf. Hono ho sor ua ostà`ujl pfrf vkvkr hkbaf`oato ho fguorhl f jf gftoblràf ho mkcl ho Hkls, vkvkoahl sfatf`oato, hfahl erutls hkbals ho frropoatk`koatl y lnrfahl glaelr`o f jfs nuoafs nuoafs lnrfs quo euorla pro propfrfhfs pfrfhfs ho fato`fal pfrf oj groyoato (Oe. >369). Jfs nuoafs lnrfs honoa ho sor prlhugtl ho ua glrfz÷a fbrfhogkhl, al tfatl plr jls bfjfrhlaos skal plrquo fquoj quo jl jjf`l os hkbal ho quo so jo mlaro.

2?

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

>7 @lhujl KKK Hlgtrkaf Fvfazfhf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

YFAL^F@F NÀNJKGL HO JFW OWG^KX_^FW  Oxf`kaæks jfs Osgrkturfs plrquo vlsltrls poasæks quo oa ojjfs toaëks vkhf otoraf4 y ojjfs sla jfs quo hfa tostk`lakl ho `à4  Cuf  C ufa a ?37;

O

j prlp÷sktl ho osto ostuhkl os katrlhugkr fj ostuhkfato f uaf sorko ho ostuhkls osgftlj÷bkgls prleuahls y sfnor unkgfr jls hkeoroatos ‚fàlaos‐ (ospfgkls ho tko`pl) quo Hkls oa su pltostfh mf por`ktkhl, y ho prosoatfr ua pfalrf`f nànjkgl ho jls fglatogk`koatls oa jf otorakhfh pfsfhf, fatos ho jf euahfgk÷a hoj `uahl, oa oj ospfgkl jjf`fhl tko`pl (drlals) y jl quo sugohoræ oa jf otorakhfh euturf. Hkls qukoro quo osguhrköo`ls jfs osgrkturfs al sljl pfrf sfnor jf jotrf (jlbls), sk al pfrf glalgor ho Hkls quo os oj Woölr ho jls tko`pls y plhor oaglatrfr pfjfnrfs ho vkhf otoraf (Ca. ?37;). H÷aho os jf mfnktfgk÷a ho Hkls< Hkls< Fatos quo fjbl euorf gro grofhl, fhl, sljl oxkstàf Hkls Ojyla, oj Hkls Fjtàsk`l, Fjtàsk`l, jf osoagkf kagrofhf, oj Wo`pktoral, jf oaorbàf prk`kboakf, oj gufj mfnktf oa ua jubfr quo jls rfnkals jo jjf`fa oj ‚Fyk` sleæ‐ quo qukoro hogkr jf sljohfh ho Hkls, f osto jubfr ak skqukorf plhràf`ls jjf`frjl oj LJF@ q quo uo os jf otorakhfh. 6.  6.  JF OXO^AKHFH YFWFHF  YFWFHF  Gufahl Hkls gro÷ oj ‚LJF@‐, Ëj tuvl quo glatrforso pfrf plhor elr`fr ospfgkls groftkvls y mfgor jl kavksknjo y juobl jl vksknjo. Jf tolràf gkoatàekgf hkgo quo gufahl so o`pozfrla f elr`fr jls uakvorsls munl uaf brfa oxpjlsk÷a oxpjlsk÷a quo ojjls jjf`fa oj ‚Nkb Nfab‐, ska o`nfrbl jls rfnkals jo jjf`fa oj Gmfjot, os gl`l ua voj l l glrtkaf quo so rl`pk÷ pfrf hfr lrkboa f jls uakvorsls jjf`fhl plr jls rfnkals oj ‚ox akmkjl‐, oa hlaho o`poz÷ oj tko`pl, oj ospfgkl y jf `ftorkf.   Hkls oj Fjtàsk`l tuvl quo grofr guorpls gla afturfjozf hkvkaf quo sla oj Yfhro, jf `fhro y oj Mkcl plakoahl oa gfhf ual ho ojjls su osoagkf kagrofhf y ho ostf `faorf `fakeostfrso f jf grofgk÷a oa jls hkeoroatos tko`pls4 oa oj Fatkbul Xostf`oatl, oj Yfhro, oa oj `orkhkfal ho jls tko`pls oj Mkcl, y oa auostrls tko`pls oj Ospàrktu Wfatl gl`l ltrl glasljfhlr. Ostl euo mogml ho ostf `faorf plr > rfzlaos prkagkpfjos3 f.  f.  Orf k`plsknjo quo Hkls oj Fjtàsk`l so `fakeostfrf f jf grofgk÷a  plrquo `lrkràf`ls krro`ksknjo`oato. n.  n.  F gfusf ho jf ronojk÷a `uy euorto quo so hkl oa jf Otorakhfh pfsfhf.   Ostf ronojk÷a so hkl oa jls gkojls, oa hlaho uaf oatkhfh eo`oakaf kakqukhfh, y juobl skoahl glatf`ka÷ Juznoj, quo so jjob÷ f glavortkr oay jf sorpkoato fatkbuf, y quojjf`fhf so jo mfa hfhl ua so skaronoj÷ eka ho al`nro ostlsf fjbuals ho ojjls oj hkfnjl, Wftfaæs, oj hrfb÷a, oj gufj mkzl quo `ugmls æabojos gfyorfa y jl skbukorfa. >.  >.  OWYFGKL JJF@FHL XKO@YL  XKO@YL  Oatro oj prk`or vorsàgujl ho Bëaosks 6 y oj sobuahl, mfy `ugml ospfgkl ho ‚tko`pl‐ (Br. Drlals), oa hlaho Hkls ostfnjogk÷ grofgklaos pro-fhæ`kgfs pfrfjojfs. Oco`pjl ho ostfs os jf grofgk÷a juznojkfaf (Ks 6836>-6?, Oz >=.68-62)4 ltrf os jf grofgk÷a ho Ba. 63 >5->2 mogmf plr jls Ojlmk` y jf grofgk÷a ho Ba. >32, jf quo gro÷ Comlvæ oa jf tkorrf grofahl f Fhæa y juobl juobl ho su glstkjjf gro÷ f Ovf (skoahl ostl jf prk`orf prk`orf gjlafgk÷a) ho jls gufjos alsltrls prlgoho`ls. Osto euo ua tko`pl hlaho jf boato orf rohfrbúkhf plr su prlpkf glagkoagkf, os oj tko`pl ho jls pftrkfrgfs, ho jls  cuogos, ho jls royos, ho jf joy ho @lksës y ho jls 69 `fahf`koatls oa tfnjfs ho pkohrf, y oj tko`pl ho jls prleotfs, tko`pl oa oj quo afhko puhl gu`pjkr jf joy, ak sfjvfrso plr ojjf, mfstf quo vkal Cosós Grkstl f gu`pjkr jf joy j oy y f gf`nkfr oj sfgorhlgkl, jls sfgrkekgkls y os hlaho so o`pkozf jf hkspoasfgk÷a ho jf brfgkf.  brfgkf.  

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Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

7.  7.  JLW OWYFGKLW YLWX^O^LW  YLWX^O^LW  Oa Cln 6;3>? hkgo3 ‚yl së quo `k rohoatlr vkvo y quo ua hàf so jovfatfræ ho jfs goakzfs‐, oa osto `l`oatl os hlaho gl`koazfa jls hàfs plstrorls, yf quo @lksës, jls sfj`ls y jls prleotfs, tlhls mfnjfrla hoj afgk`koatl, `uorto, mljlgfustl y rosurroggk÷a ho Grkstl.  Grkstl.  8.  8.  G^KWXL OJ @OWÀFW, OJ MKCL HO HKLW. Xlhl bkrf fjrohohlr ho jf gruz ho Grkstl, afhko Grkstl,  afhko puoho sfjvfrso ak fatos ak hospuës ska oso sfgrkekgkl noahktl, oj Uornl so mkzl gfrao, su puonjl Ksrfoj al jo rogknk÷ (Ca 6366) y als hkl jf lplrtuakhfh f tlhf jf boatkjkhfh ho sor sfjvls, ho jjobfr f sor mkcls ho Hkls (Ca 6.6>) y ho sor kacortfhls fj ljkvl vorhfhorl y sor fjk`oatfhls ho su sfvkf (^l6636? (^l6636?->8). ->8). Oj `kakstorkl hoj Woölr Cosós yf ostfnf hostkafhl hosho fatos ho jf euahfgk÷a hoj `uahl (6 Y. 636=->9) y ho jf `ks`f `faorf plho`ls hogkr quo `ugmls ho alsltrls oa gfjkhfh ho ospàrktus tf`nkëa ojobk`ls sobukr f Grkstl (Ca 6235) porl tf`nkëa mfy ospàrktus quo sla lptftkvls y porhkhls (Ca. 623 6> y >9), os hogkr, quo jf sfjvfgk÷a euo ojobkhf plr gfhf porslaf oa jf otorakhfh pfsfhf. Grkstl toaàf quo `lrkr > vogos (oa jf gruz y oa oj jfbl ho euobl), plr jl tfatl rosugktfr > vogos pfrf quo alsltrls rosugktærf`ls > vogos (ho jf `uorto ospkrktufj glaelr`o fj pogfhl, y ho jf `uorto eàskgf). Ho jf tu`nf so jovfatf sljl (Ca. 69362-6=) y hoj jfbl ho euobl (oj mljlgfustl) jl jovfatf oj Yfhro usfahl fj noahktl O.W (^l. =366) pfrf juobl sunkr f jls gkojls y jjoafrjl tlhl (Oe. 8369). ?.  ?.  JLW X_^ALW HO ^OW_^^OGGK×A Gla jf rosurroggk÷a ho Grkstl, gl`l prk`kgkf oatro jls quo hur`korla (6Gl6?3>9) juobl so hfa jls turals ho rosurroggk÷a quo glaskstoa oa3 prk`kgkfs (jf alvkf, @t. >23?>-?7 y) juobl jf glsogmf, (Fp 66366) skbuo oj ronusgl (Fp >93?) y fj ekafj hoj ovoatl hoj cukgkl hoj Yfhro glalgkhl gl`l oj cukgkl hoj Brfa Xrlal Njfagl (Fp >9366-6>), so hf oj jovfatf`koatl ho jls porhkhls, fuaquo, plr jl quo hkgoa jfs Osgrkturfs, pfrogkorf sor quo gufahl so fnro oj jknrl ho jf vkhf, tlhfvàf so mfjjf ua poquoöl ro`faoato ho sfjvls jjf`fhls oj ronusgl hoj ronusgl (Fp. >936?)  >936?)   5.  5.  OUOAXLW Y^O X^KN_JFGKLAF^KLW Ostls ovoatls sla jls quo so hfa fatos hoj frronftf`koatl ho jf alvkf (hoj Br. Frpfzl), jl quo glalgo`ls gl`l jf ‚Yfrluskf‐ hoj Woölr. Hurfato osto poràlhl gl`koazfa gl`koazfa f gfnfjbfr jls 8 ckaotos hoj Fplgfjkps Fplgfjkpsks, ks, so hf fporturf f fjbuals sojjls y f quo suoaoa fjbuafs trl`potfs. f.  f.  Jls 8 ckaotos hoj Fplgfjkpsks. Fp 536-=3 Wla 536-=3  Wla guftrl gfnfjjls3 oj gfnfjjl njfagl roprosoatf jf efjsf pfz, oj gfnfjjl rlcl, roprosoatf oj gl`uaks`l, oj gfnfjjl f`frkjjoatl, jfs oaeor`ohfhos, y oj gfnfjjl aobrl jf kaejfgk÷a `laotfrkf gl`l glasoguoagkf hoj kagro`oatl fj potr÷jol y sus horkvfhls. h orkvfhls. n.  n.  Jls 2 sojjls. Fp 536 fj 68 y =363   Jls 2 sojjls yf tuvkorla su fporturf y so fnrkræa oa su su tltfjkhfh, mfstf oj oj ekafj ho jfs glpfs, `koatrfs tfatl skbuoa vkboatos. Hoj prk`or sojjl fj gufrtl, so fnroa cuatf`oato gla jls ckaotos, jls 7 rostfatos als `frgfa porsogugk÷a ho grkstkfals, ogjkpsos, y skjoagkl s kjoagkl ho `ohkf mlrf. g.  g.  Jfs 2 trl`potfs. Fp =32-6>, ;36->6, 6636?3 Jfs 6636?3 Jfs prk`orfs 8 trl`potfs ostæa oa jfs prlxk`khfh hoj poràlhl pro trknujfgklafrkl y als `frgfa3 kagoahkls, buorrfs, glatf`kafgklaos y fstorlkhos. Jfs ltrfs 7 trl`potfs ostæa oa oj poràlhl ho jf pro-trknujfgk÷a, oa jf trknujfgk÷a y brfa trknujfgk÷a jl quo als `frgfa3 jf fporturf fporturf hoj fnks`l (Fp ;36), jf krf hoj hkfnjl, y jf `fakeostfgk÷a hoj kakgul (> Xs. >37-8) ostl so vkoao `fakeostfahl oa jf brfa trknujfgk÷a. h.  h.  Jfs 2 glpfs. Fp 653>-623 Gla 653>-623 Gla oj kakgkl ho jf sëptk`f trl`potf, hf jubfr f jf prk`orf glpf quo os horrf`fhf slnro jf tkorrf y quo sla cukgkls ho Hkls y quo rospogtkvf`oato trfoa soöfjos ospogàekgfs gl`l3 jjfbfs, `fr y fbufs oa sfabro, gfjlr hoj slj gl`l auagf, so hfræ jubfr fj trlal ho Wftfaæs, oj ràl Ouerftos so sogfræ, y voahræ ua brfa torro`ltl quo hostrukræ brfa pfrto ho jf tkorrf. o.  o.  Jls 2 truoals. Fp 6932-663 Jls 6932-663 Jls truoals tf`nkëa sla cukgkls ho Hkls slnro jf tkorrf, tfjvoz ho jl `æs torrknjo y f Cufa oj fp÷stlj jo hojobfrla quo prleotkzfrf slnro ojjls oa jls tko`pls hoj eka. e.  e.  Jls 7 fy!3  fy!3  Jls 7 fy! quo fpfrogoa oa oj jknrl ho Fplgfjkpsks Fplgfjkpsks sla cukgkls ho Hkls quo vkoaoa slnro jf tkorrf y sus `lrfhlros, oj prk`or fy (Fp ;3>) os oa oj poràlhl pro - trknujfgklafrkl, oa hlaho hoj fnks`l sfjhræa soros

22

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

mànrkhls quo ftlr`oatfræa f jf boato, oj sobuahl fy fy ostæ  ostæ oa oj poràlhl ho trknujfgk÷a (Fp 66368) y so `fakekostf hospuës ho jf `uorto y rosurroggk÷a ho jls > tostkbls (Fp66.2-6>), y oj torgor fy ostæ fy ostæ oa oj poràlhl ho jf Brfa trknujfgk÷a (Fp 66368). 2.  2.  YO^ÀLHLW Y^O X^KN_JFGKLAF^KL, X^KN_JFGKLAF^KL [ YLWX X^KN_JFGKLAF^KL.  X^KN_JFGKLAF^KL.  Oa ostls poràlhls so `frgfa ltrls ovoatls tfjos gl`l3 Jf Yfrluskf, oj rfptl ho jf kbjoskf, jf `fakeostfgk÷a hoj kakgul (>ts >3=), jf sobuahf voakhf hoj Woölr Cosugrkstl (Opkefaokf Fp632), oj poràlhl `kjoafrkl hoj rokafhl ho Grkstl oa jf tkorrf(Fp>938), oj hkfnjl os ftfhl y juobl os suojtl(Fp. >936-7), jfs oatkhfhos `fjkbafs y tlhfs jfs porslafs porhkhfs sla jfazfhfs fj jfbl ho euobl (Fp. >9368-6?), jfs nlhfs hoj Glrhorl (Fp. 6;32),oj Opkskafblbuo (>Xs. >36), oj Fr`fboh÷a (Fp. 6535), oj cukgkl otoral, y oj ^okal otoral. Oj ovoatl `æs bjlrklsl y osporfhl ho tlhls jls grkstkfals os oj rfptl (Br. Frpfzzl) quo skbakekgf tl`fr f jf euorzf, sónktf`oato, frronftfr, jls quo sla tl`fhls oa osto ovoatl sla jf alvkf ho Grkstl, jjf`fhls f sor jf osplsf hoj Glrhorl. Al os tlhf jf kbjoskf jf quo soræ tl`fhf, tl`fhf, skal quo os ua brupl sojogtl ho glasfbrfhls y ekojos quo `urkorla f sus pfsklaos, osto ovoatl `frgf oj kakgkl hoj poràlhl ho 2 föls ho trknujfgk÷a. f.  f.  Yoràlhl ho Xrknujfgk÷a y Brfa Xrknujfgk÷a3 tf`nkëa Xrknujfgk÷a3 tf`nkëa so jo jjf`f jf so`faf 29 ho Hfakoj, os ua poràlhl quo so hkvkho oa hls pfrtos3 trknujfgk÷a y Brfa trknujfgk÷a, y gfhf uaf ho ojjfs hurf tros föls y `ohkl, tltfj 2 föls.  föls.   Xrknujfgk÷a.

Hkls trfnfcf gla jls grkstkfals quo al so glasfbrfrla, fquà tlhfvàf mfy frropoatk`koatl y

sfjvfgk÷a, porl os jf fato sfjf fj surbk`koatl ho jf nostkf y oj efjsl prleotf. Brfa trknujfgk÷a.  trknujfgk÷a.  Oj kagoasfrkl os jfazfhl f jf tkorrf, ësto roprosoatf roprosoatf jf katorgosk÷a ho jls sfatls, jf quo os quktfhf, os hogkr, quo yf al mfy plsknkjkhfh ho sfjvfgk÷a pfrf jf boato, porl sk mfy boato quo oatr÷ sfjvfhf y quo vf f toaor quo `lrkr hogfpktfhf y jk`pkfr sus vostkhurfs oa jf sfabro hoj Glrhorl (Fp 2368, >938). Hurfato osto poràlhl fpfrogo oj fatkgrkstl gl`l jàhor pljàtkgl, y oj efjsl prleotf gl`l oj jàhor rojkbklsl, qukoaos tl`fræa oj glatrlj `uahkfj y mfræa brfahos soöfjos y `kjfbrls, so glastrukræ oj torgor to`pjl y fjjà so soatfræ jf nostkf mfgkëahlso pfsfr plr Hkls, (Fp6632-6>). Oj ekafj ho osto poràlhl soræ `frgfhl plr jf sobuahf voakhf ho Grkstl jjf`fhf tf`nkëa jf Opkefaàf (Fp. 632), hlaho hkgo quo tlhl lcl jo voræ fóa jls quo jo trfspfsfrla, jf fabustkf ho Cfgln3 tf`nkëa jfs afgklaos so  cuatfræa y jls ocërgktls rlhofræa f Ksrfoj pfrf hostrukrjl, so jo jjf`f jf buorrf ho Fr`fboh÷a, porl fjjà gjf`fræa (@t >737=-7;) y voahræ oj slglrrl ho Comlvæ (Sfg.6>3>-69).  (Sfg.6>3>-69).   =.  JFW NLHFW HOJ GL^HO^L.  GL^HO^L.   @koatrfs oa jf tkorrf so hf jubfr f tlhls ostls fglatogk`koatls toaonrlsls y hkfn÷jkgls, so ostæa gojonrfahl oa oj gkojl 2 föls ho jfs nlhfs ho jf alvkf gla su f`fhl. ;.  ;.  YO^ÀLHL @KJOAF^KL. Fp >935.  >935.  Juobl ho jf sobuahf voakhf hoj Woölr Cosós, so hf kakgkl f ua poràlhl ho 6,999 föls oa jls gufjos Wftfaæs soræ ftfhl, os ua rokafhl ho pfz oa jf tkorrf hlaho Grkstl rokafræ oa porslaf, oj jo÷a y oj glrhorl vkvkræa cuatls (Ks663545?3>?), al mfnræa buorrfs. Hospuës ho ostls `kj föls Wftfaæs os hosftfhl pfrf oabföfr f `ugmls y quo so pkorhfa, juobl os jfazfhl fj Jfbl ho Euobl pfrf glahoafgk÷a otoraf, juobl vkoao oj Xrlal Njfagl (Fp>9366-6?). 69. 69.   OJ X^LAL NJFAGL. Fp >9368.  >9368.  Os oj brfa cukgkl hoj Yfhro oa hlaho `ugmls soræa jjf`fhls noahktls hoj Yfhro y ltrls soræa jjf`fhls pfrf glahoafgk÷a otoraf (Ha 6>36->), tf`nkëa jf `uorto y oj mfhos, y tlhls jls kagrëhujls sla jfazfhls fj Jfbl ho Euobl. Hospuës vkoao oj ^okal Otoral, jf alvkf `otkhf oa Grkstl, Grkstl oa oj Yfhro y oj Yfhro oa jo Hkls Fjtàsk`l.

2=

 

Osguojf ho Hlgtrkaf

H

@kakstorkls Onoaozor

kls tkoao oj glatrlj ho tlhls jls fglatogk`koatls plrquo os Xlhl Ylhorlsl y L`aksgkoato. Ho alsltrls hopoaho pfrf quo osgfpo`ls ho jls `fjos quo voahræa slnro jf tkorrf. Ostls sla jls `oclros tko`pls plrquo toao`ls jf lplrtuakhfh f akvoj bjlnfj ho al vor `uorto. Fuaquo jls tko`pls ekafjos sofa hkeàgkjos hono`ls ho oatoahor quo jf brfgkf slnro fnuahf. Al sl`ls otorals oa oj prkagkpkl, porl p orl sk porsovorf`ls jl soro`ls fj ekafj.