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LEOPAfRA THE

QUEEN

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LEOPA|RA THE

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Vritten by FroNl MncDoNALD Illustrated by

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A Dorling Kin dcrslel. Book

KINCS

Dorling

Contents

Kindersley

LONDON NEW YoRK SYDNEY, DELHI,

MU\lCIl

PARIS

and IOHANNESB LIRG

P.oj..1 Editor 5ue lldacloush Art Fditor Cathcr ne Cddnnnh Senior Edltd \1n.ic (,reen\ood Sen,or Art Editor Carole

6 Clropnrna's

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P(bhhing Manager layre |aLons

Cul]l'* N.n,azle lladoth DTP Designcr

Manasins Art Editor iacqrLe

lla,lits I). , |i.e lacket Desisi.. Production Kak O lr.r,l.dnI la.oby Consulta.i Dr Sa ) ,\fn Aslnot Specialphotosrapiy 14\,\lcu er AIL{:tr Dun. Pi.ture Rese!(hc. Frf!6ka

EGYPT

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I-trr tN cT-EOPATRA'S ECYPT

16 INro rxrr-r

34 1B CITvER AND CHARMINC

20 Rovar- BEAUTY

22 A povrRrul PRoTECToR

QurrN oF KINCS 36

Wan vzrru RoME 3B THr elrrr-E oF

ACTIUT\4

40

Dnrgar AND DrsHoNouR

24

To carsan's RoME 26 Tnouslrs AT HoME

42

Tur otalu

on

CLEOPATRA

Arrrn

44 cLEoPATM

46

CleopatRa's sroRY FACT AND FICTION

2B AnRrvrNc IN srYLE

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CI,FOPATRA

S ECYI]'I

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AT \rAR

FRov nN EARLY AGE, CLEOPATRA knew that her family was at war - with the people it ruled, and

with itself. The people suffered under the cruelty of Cleopatra's father Ptolemy XII - and they resented his

Pirnp.y i lOij 18 ll I wa! oic of rhe n,.st brillianr gc.crk of h s tlnre By helpine Ptoleny Xllhe hoped r0 in.reas. Ronrin

alliance with Rome. In 58 BC, the citizens of Alexandria rioted, and chased Ptolemy out of Egypt. Ptolemy fled to Rome,and Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice, became queen. In 55 BC, Ptolemy returned to Egypt. Helped by Roman general Pompe-r. he snatched back power from Bcrenicc, and ruled as pharoah once more. Ptolemy then gave orders for Berenice to be executed RIVALS FOR PO\(/ER All Ptolemy XII's childrer hoped to rule, and this nlade them rivals Cleopn!-as older si+er, llerenice IV, rulcd mvst€rioudy tsercnice

had

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Ptokry- hdt Jon ldrllrtr: Clr.t,rr1 ! ,nt,tr un ,:altl Lnru l\/ Ckrttt Trytl,rdd Yl. I lNror ll' 8r ri rr al$llntnt hatr ub' dn. ,ntrr nili r lir lhro(,!dr, Aar,tu

Symbols of power CTFeI,rrR,\'i rt rttt. drc Prolcmics introrlLrccd many changes ro Eg-vpt One ol the mort rnrponant rr.ar thc usc oi c,:lrns ior tradc Beiore the Ptolemles. coin\ r'ere almost unkno\r,n: [gl ptian nrerchanrs ba.tered ierchanged goorls lnstcarl ( oins also carriccl a political nressage lrrages on rhc Ptolrmics .orrs shorued Lherr as rich and porverlul

)

Portralt of Ptolcmr XII

lLd !r hav. r1,.,, f.,n n.incd rn.ir.i Eg]fLran str"! crcrthrnghtrc. rerc :tum Ih..riof,i rorthorC,ecre Th.r rarLeLl r rlr th. 9 .a: F:ra,.rh- .L :. linl Lh.ms.lv.i lg!!ri trir 'lh..trr'.! r t|e Ten:FJe oL I L.,rs rt idau !ro\- f'lolenrr \ll ..n!!.,if!

The I'toiennes

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ROMAN ENlPIRE

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CLEOPA I RA'S ECYPT

Tur suN GoD

DAUCHTER

Ho,res for the sods Trnrpl(s \'.r. bu,lr a\ h.nnes I0 the gods Thc rr.*s ntr.le ollernss ol

i.rod drifl aid f.enr t. the I0l! *arucs.YeN di! The n,ort imfon.nt rEn,rler \.ei e lrei[]!! por..hLl D,saii:a1rcn\ Th.y own.d iams

or.hrAs librri.s afd (..rksh.rr. rnd c,nrl.ved mr.r' s.,1,an.

CLrop,qtRA \rAS No\r PToLEMY XII's i oldest suryiving child. When he dled she would become queen, as the wife of her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII. This was exciting, but also terrifying. Cleopatra remembered what had happened to her sisters, and feared that enemies might try to kill her too. But Cleopatra lr.as clever. She made friends with powerful courtiers. She prepared herr.l[ [or governr])ent b1 learning nrany languages including Egyptian (al1 the other members of her family only spoke Creek). She also rrsed rcligion to support her claim to the throne. Clcopatra called herself tl.re Sun Cod's daughter,

l,hich

u,as an

an.ient roval title Tre

sacred bull of Buchis

Esyprians Lreli.!.d !1,at !h. srcrcd bulls ,n a temp e r1 ll!.his wir.rh.nrn godAnri Re,r animal ilnr Soon after she becane queen Cleop:Ln Lri'(llcd dou the N,le $Lh a ne[l!.ho!!. BLr.1r6 hu]l T. the Eljr pr,a. proplc rl. Lrulls n.rc a.ds trnd b! ralinr. parr L. rh...r.n,.nr ( lc.ftrnr vas sh.\'ins are peoDle rlul sh. r.$..r.d th.i, !.d\

Orly mcn

crs oi rhc ro-r,rl irnrl-r or rn.srs and rne(esss.oul.l ente, rhe Llark innerJ,rne ol cach lemple \'hcre 1lr s!rl!. ,n rh. g.d

q,i.r

Cods and goddesses I tKF AIt rHE Ptolcnics and their queens betore her (.leopatra said praycrs and nade ollerrngs

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.

Fgypt Traditlonally. lsis and HaLhor protectecl Fgyptran queens irorr harm.

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6Th. Q.,..n, th.

Lady of the Two Lands, the father-

loving goddess, rowed the Bull in the barge of Amon to Hermonthis.g

PO\(/ERFUL

l ranslat.d

Cleoparra needed their who belorged to r;ch, i All priesrs .ecerved a sh madc to rhc gods, and ot

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r.nrp c lr rds llrrsrspcnt Lhcir templts and many served oliicrals al court So CIeopaLra !enerors slhs to the most lsrporrint tcmplcs, to cncouragc thcir pri(sts.o help her stay in power

l..r \rrr( FN_r He\IrDRrss l,ii. Dtl,.r Pi.lln.i.,liid j t ,,f.nn' t\rc r tdllLMSS.!; .,l.toil li,ntr! i,rft,ol oJrL.

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NCIENT RECORDS INDICATE THAT CLEOPATRA RULED

A*uh

her lather lor a short time. And after his death in 51 BC, 18-year-old Cleopatra was determined

:1:J;i;YJ;-' of the time, she married her 12-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII (Llke all the Ptolemies before her, she did not want to marry outside the royal family, because that might weaken its power.) In law, Ptolemy now had the right to rule, but his sister said that he was too young. Cleopatra wanted to rule - alone. However, Cleopatra knew that many nobles and royal officials supported her brother's right to rule. And Ceneral Pompey, her dead father's powerful ally, had plans to govern Egypt for 66lf cl.oputra's nose Rome. The young Cleopatra knew had been shorter, she would need to use all her charm the whole face of the intelligence to remain queen. world would have been chansed.

11

Blaise Pas.al (French

philosopher, conmeniinc on Cleopat.a's legendary

A .arued relief in trndidonal Egyptia. sryle at the Temple of liathor at Dendeia

beaury.Iron iis Pensies

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Persordlity, eou vbet youtt1. Throughout histot'y, sbe hds ttlu,rtys beeu Portrtr1'ed as ltea iJtl, ,ts h lhis nLarble heal Howurer, noboly krcu.s Jor stue what sltt actually looked like

TEENAGL

QUEEN

Lrru rx CLEOPATRA,S ECYPT Clgopnru

AND HER FAMILY LIVED IN

Alexandria, Egypt's splendid capital city. The city had been founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, and it had grown and prospered over 300 years of rule by the Ptolemies. Alexandria was one of the most important ports in the ancient world, and it was home to an exciting multicultr-rral civilization, which blended Creek, Egyptian,

fhis be Ltii!l{all fa,ntifs slnr*\ i. harn.s,.Ll lo a nr[;:D"i, ia rL.odcn wa!(. rheelr As die or walk.d rouid, lhc a h€el turned liln.swatcrhonthe Nile !o the f el,ls Ox.. st,ll full \ttel $lr.ek in lsrpr lodrv

!r

and Middle Eastern ideas and beliefs. But to most ordinary Egyptians, Alexandria seemed strange and foreign - just like the Ptolemies themselves. In the tirst t$.o years of Cleopatra's reign the Nilc failed to llood. There rvere crop failures and farnines, and many ordinary people starved. As mler of Egypt, Cleoparra nceded to help the people and win their support but she also needcd to please the

66 ro. by nature the land produces more fruit than do other lands, and still more when

,

watered...

)) I

conhisticated cirizens of Alexandtia i i

TRAVELLINC BY BOAT modcl oi a Thrs "ooder boar $,ar iood in a tomb

L$ptrans volrld ha!e

ur and doirn Lhe Nil. to tike.rops ro

sarled

Frcr

file

. Thc N,le is are.vorkl's loisc* ivcr k !trn! Ior 6.69! kn, il 160

D,lesj froh *r. highlafds ol Cedrral AiriLa 10 the \l.dite,E.ean Sea . T.day the Nile i\ darnncd at

A$! i. hrt

in Cleopahs nnre lt fl.o.leLl n lunc bccause.f ,aintr ater ir. ried lrom thc hiehlands The lanll beside rhc ivcr rernained NLle,n€Gr unnlAueust or S€pt rber . Alrer th. tloods, the lanLltras Love(n rn d,,ck. fertile dud It was tlry cnousl, to ploq.jh b Novcn,ber, thc sra,t of rhe Enptian fame$'r,e

\.,,i,rar

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is i la.g. ir.. ,rf l.\ lrnrg land in rh. d.rlrt oi f.trh.m Fglpi, $rro,dr.g a ii!+ wa!!r lah! Th. ro:l ,s ieriile aid rhc Iak! frcvrLl!-s qir.r ior growng c,ors Llfd.i rhe ,uE of the l\olem,es nafy (-,,..k sc(].,s n,.'.d th.( add ,r Nis a brsy id pn)sfen$ rretr

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Ir.igation wnternrg the Iand lisr'flu iannG ilsc lsed r.l,,l I a bu.leL iiren !r a l!,rs r!oden trnn, t. l,ft nit.i i,. n th! riv.i r. inr!rre rh.,r lanLl The fuleoles introdLr.ed a n,ichine n, lifti,rs va(er

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IN CLEOPATRA

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More winel .

Br.FL)lir. THE

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BESIDE THE NILE Nlosr Es)Trlaf families Llved in country tov'ns and \.illa8es beside rhe swrling watcrs ot thc Rlver Nilc Thq. \,orked as iariners builders, traciers, ard crahworkers, as thelr anceston had done lor

T1LLLL

of thc

Ptolemies wine l,as rare and expensile, and nost

Igyptians drank beer The (,rccks prelcrrcd r'.rne so they brought neri, ri-inemakirg skills io Fgl,pr

P{.,0, s , r.ra! .,rl ,r?tdl!n,r]r,,iitr,imin. .l,oir.' u,IrnJ,li0,., ldlPl .

l

'l Thr. rall pa,nrinrr \l,Ns l.uh NorkeLs hirrnms irtrl (cadns !nD.s

TEENACE

QUI]EN

Ixro EXrLE FOR THE FIRST

T\/O

YEARS OF HER REICN

Cleopatra managed to keep control of Egypt, but she had many enemies. One of the most powerful was Pothinr-rs, her brother Ptolemy's chief advisor. He did not like the way Cleopatra made many important government decisions without consulting him. Also Ptolemy XIII was nearly 16 years old, and was demanding his share ol power. ln 48 rr . Cleoparra d:*g*ygisdd&

Youns PLolcmy Xlll relie,l heivrl) oi a.lYi.e sivrn bt n4) .ffl.hl Porhinus and l\'adeE oi r

nal sroips .i.oLles at

Ptolemy and Porhinu* were plotting Lo tend.oldiers to kidnap her, and guessed that they plannedto ki1l her. Cleopatra knew that she must leave Egypt. She set sail

dre

ior Syria. There, Cleopatra hoped to rccruit an army, to help hcr rvin back her throne from her broLhe,' r, ho had nor' .erzed .hc thtorte SEEKINC SUPPORT Lo go to Syria becatrsc rhe Prolemrcs had once,uled thcrc Thc

Cleolatra chose Clc.ntrrra ancertd his {pporLets urth

l't,rl.n\

XIII tr.Ll

d,snl a ol ier

our po,rcr,l,kc ths bLon:c corn, sLnrck

culv ,n

her rergn It

curcs

h.r po,.ait ai.ld0es no! shoa her

aholiiin,

fir,

r'i.

looii

kins ol S)na $.as also an enem| oi Rome Llkc (ileopaLra, he fearcd that hrs orvn country v,ou d be taken over by Lhe nighLy Roman cniprre

inrr lI sr"'i,,i,r, !,n, .1.,d. irr Tin u;5l,ni] r. rri..t

d,rL

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BATTLE FOR PO\TER ,lulius Cae*r and Ponpev had once betn clc,se comrades but rn .1S N{ rhey becanre rilals Ior suprene porier rn Rome Then clash led to irshtine

belveen rival Ronan arnies, enr1rns *rth the llittle of Pliai\al!r at *ttch lulius Caesar

MED]TERRANGAN

Ph'rdls:, Palnt.y sdtd

l'$tly

ta

Elytt

C.esdr

A TREACHEROUS ACT Cleopatra sought help '4. V'hile rn Syria, hrr guardran lronpe!

hunrrd to EgypL where he KLPL\L v,\Tc i td.ld(r! l.rrrit.lJDr

ii,Jt, rl, r,,J.J,f,lj

hoped

lhnr Plolemv and Cleopalr-a would olier hr more-v ard soldiers Bur Ptolenrl's supporters murdered Pompey as qoon:s hc lardcd ln Alcx:rrlrla

po,rne!

fEEN]\CE

QUF, I]N

ClrvrR AND

-

-

voice .

CHARIVIINC

voice. As if her CAESNR ARRIVED IN ECYPT IN 48 BC, just four days after Pompey was killed. was an instrument of . many strings, she could When Caesar landed at Alexandria, pass from one language ptolemy XIII,s supporters offered him to another ... and she rl

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.

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Ee -"... "r{ :' '"'-!d'

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1 rr However, Lhe wantedl by this brutal1 murder. to keep the peace - he had come to Egypt to collect a huge sum of money that he claimed

"

Cleopatra's father had orved hrm. So he ordered Cleopatra and Ptolemy to meet rvith him to discuss a peace treaty. Cleopatra did not trust her brother, and knew that there was a real dar]ger that she would be killed if she came face to face t ith any of his advisors. She knew that she needed Caesar's protection. Onc night (ileopatra had herself smrrggled into (laesar's

roorr

she rtas about to use all her-

charm and intelligence to $,in his support.

HtDDtN

r: \r\ \

Courase and lo-valry A oerchanr called Apollodonts ms FeruarleLlb! Clcopurr t ,i;k his l,le 1. nnusgl. h.r ift., the heallr :uarrlcd ralace

A C]FT FOR CAESAR oltcn scnt rich grits to powrrlul people So Cacsar u.ould not hrvc btn nrLprised x,her Clcopatras RLrlcrs Lke Cleoparra

scnrnr brouehL hin a beaurltul .arpct (llcoprtra q!rcklr' ga,red Caesars qtPpon bur she \1il1 had erenri.s in

Alcxandria CarsaL wfo had arivcd wrth onlr a sna I army ol mcn was happy Lo f,nd ar ally in such a hostile c,Ly

8

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CHAR

IIN.,

I.ri ,,tri,?r. ri..r,r, .1,ir ii.r r,t J. ri,r r'l]' r

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PLOT ACAINST CAESAR Irothinus Irto enrrs .fi.t advlsri iound c,rL Lhat C'leopalla ror Caesars surrport he flottcd asaLrsr him Cae\ars l,arb.r

\Y hcn hacl

hcrrcl Porhrnus. plars ard Pothlnus v,as txccurtLl \ltanlhrle \srnoe csc;ped r,om rhc .lry ro toin lorccs uiLli Crntra Achillas and rLe Eq'pLran

aml arairsr

Cacsar

C eopatra rsed l,er krorlrdgc md lnrell,red.r L! !1a! ,f !o\'!, l'h.I\.1e., es helped ro rk. Al.\aidrii ,nnr a grear Lrntrt oilc:m,rg lr Clcopams t ne the j,bnr. ras

l,ir,ri!ii i,r rli,.!rr,;,, -,i,rr il lit;; l;rnl ,n;ili,) lnr ... Lf ri ni,,l.r

th grc:tcst,r

rhe

Nrld

!i rhe rhtt hnlurgls rsrJ,n E$f r,n Cl.ofatras rnlr.ad be ie.n on t1,. Ii.t!rta Sr,rr. h,crogh fh\ !s!d in, ,oril de.iees aid Texr.

ir'rG de!.ti. rr tter s mnl,lieLl iotr h,eilsh pl,sr and a,(.t

r.lrgr.us a 01

rongnei Cleopx,a ws fin,oo. n)r her kn.r ledcc ol thev l:rsuages dd

Iir lcrii Strt ii,, ilrb

PTOLLNlY'S FURY \\']len

Prolcm-v

Xlll

hea,d

LhaL

(ileoparra was wrth Cresar he ran out.t rbe palac. and thir\ dow hrs crol\r in a tcrriblr iagc The paLace tas nou E€r1?tlan ann)

I\olemy to lea',t thr

ci.,

an.1 oin htr sisrer

4..1r".,.,1 C,...ral

Ach,llas Divs aiter the *,ar rn Alerandria rnded Plolemys l,ody was tound rn the harbour

Roval

BEAUTY

Clropnru

m,f..s \fere nade 0{ hishly polbhed erals so

The handle ol tlrtr drnror shap.d l,k. a sc[iir si,l wc ii€ i lotus ilo\.er

s

KNE\(/ THAT LooKINC

good was important. An impressive appearance helped her to get her own way - with Caesar, and with the Egyptian people too. She chose what she wore for each occasion with care. It is thought that for official public duties, Cleopatra wore Egyptian costume - a long, pleated linen shift decorated with beads and embroidery. In the privacy of her palace, Cleopatra probably preferred Creek-style robes of soft linen or smooth silk. Vhatever the occasiolr, Cleopatra knen that she must appear impressive,

powerful, and in control.

KFEPINC CI,FAN A1l Lgyprans Iiked to feclclcan and fresh Vcalthy EgypLrans, likc

CleopatLa woulcl have had baths, *,hilc orclina,r' the Rive. Nile

lnd mincrls Nlalacl,ite

ilea.lorel and iron or e lLeie lround uD a.d n,rcd

w,rh waler !o nak. colourings for cvcs lps ard chceks

Fragrances and flovers The lgypt;ans valued the *.rnl |.tr,K il.\rr f.n

ROYAI

BEAUTY

LOOKINC L]KE A QUEEN

Images of Cleopatra

tore

Wr oo Not knorv ruhat Cleoparra looked like

Vrirh her rraditional Eglprian sosn CIeopalra

a heavy wig. She also wore rhick make-up, eyeLlds vere coloured.

Eetpran st),le Her

all the portraiis that have suwir.ed look very different The fearures and hairstl,le of this Roman head rratch her coin portraits, bu! Cleopatra rn,oLrld

her eyes were outlined, and her

cheels uere rcL,oed

t)$t

i.rtl

a'.a1.1-a,, u,,'n ".1'"u

1' .r ,r-

lglPL

a_

poftraits sho\{ Cleopatra as a goddcss, and rvcre not lntr.ndcd to he lile like

Traditio.al Egyptiar

FINISHINC TOUCHES

(ilcopatra ivore beautituI lerveLlery, elaborate make rp and rich pertume Somctimes, her nails and the palms

of hcr hands v,ere de.orared

wirh patte.ns in lrenna

ftr!,r.J A R,i. r Jair, tldd,Jrid fu Ril$l.'llf hillh,l d n 1;rr

!lol,r]t,

striking that it stunned the onlooker, but she made an inescapable impression on people around her ... the

intelligence of all that she said and did,

4oJJ.sr 11/,,lld uLo tr!tr

W::W ww,ru ru

W:

w;:m W,,,,w* w;:^h;w;:m'w: OR THE FIRST TIME IN YEARS, CLEOPATRA

felt secure. Her enemy Ptolemy XIII and

Jur-rr-rs Clr.srn Laesrtr was a

brilliant artny commander and anbitious nLler oJ

his advisors were dead, and Caesar promised to protect her and her new husband - her surwiving brother, 1 1-year-old Ptolemy XlV. Vith Caesar, she sailed down the Nile, to meet her subjects and impress them with her power. Rumours said that Cleopatra was pregnant with Caesar's child. When Caesar returned to Rome, he left 15,000 men to guard her.

Ronc.

Th

aalls were decorated witb cdruel relieJs. Hu4e po*raits oJ (,leopatrd antr ber sor C,tesarion (Caesar s cbild) temple

were later c,troed here.

Ptolemy's sons beiri dead, Caesar settled the kingdom Lrpon the youngest, in conjunction-" with Cleopatra, the elder of the two sisters, who always continued ' had under his protection

guardianship.) \i/ritcf The temple ol Hatho., Dd,dera CleopatR maI have lniied rhc tmple on her Nile .ruise witir Cacsar to nrake offeinlrs t.

bv one

oflL'tu

otli.cL, from Tl,e i,._4lsx d"m vr r7 Bc l Caesar s

l

A POVERFUL

PRO'IECTOR

To CAESAR,S

ROME Arren

TAKTNG coNTRoL IN ECYPT,

Caesar returned to Rome in 46 BC where he was welcomed as a hero. Cleopatra soon hurried to join him. She claimed that she was negotiating a peace treaty between Egypt and Rome, but she also wanted to make sure of Caesar's protection. Cleopatra brought her son Caesarion and teenage pharoah Ptolemy XIV with her. She did not want her brother or his advisors to try to seize power in Egypt rvhile she rvas away. Many Romans were shocked by the relationship between Caesar and Clcopatra. They wer.e afraid that Caesar rvould name Cacsarion as his heir that Cleopatra's son n ould become rurler of Rome. A',i' !1

o.r. r art]Jli iivo,rl,

.x r.lr,,, i, tdlr.l.,

tl,

iL,r,

rd..ni,',t. 41,6,r! fnro,n!,r r, d Lrr tt,i.rl r/ltr.

t,!hi

,rai. ,mt

{r

rr. rr,J Tr':irI

Th it.r.,,, l..r,l. ri.oLtriir,r rd!,!. t. i,iMij,ir,1.rn ii. rr]'

lJ tl,1r,:r,i,lri io rr tit'. !l:;r, i. i(l 11,,, ,r,r' .r,tri L,.i CAESARS TRIUNTPH

Cacsar cclcbrared hrs vicrorics bv paradrns his .aprivcs rhtuuglr the ill..ts ot l{omr Cleopirn-as ristcr.

Anrroe. r'ho fad

Lcd drc EAyDrlar aftnv aeainst Ciesar was draggcd through rhe sLreeLs harefcadcd and ,n chans IL uas a disgracc lor a rcman to appear rn pub|c rhls wa-r' ir r.a, rhc (ulron lor Ron,ar rorer ro ircar a long cloak and !erl oulside rheir homcs. Ho*,cvcL ALsin,:,e iras 1uc[-v urlikc othcr crpto,cs, she vas not ki led Cacsar icarcd LhrL rhe Romans mlg)rt dor if rhcv law a prin.ess publlcl-v trccurcd.

Tl,rs sccnc. irom a I lollyrrrd nlm callen I-i.oliri! nade if r96i, shora Cle!patri

Irlavcd b) El,uaheth Taylo,) ari..ins ro Rome w th he, \on C.esar(rn

TRtLt\11.H

Li..ih,r I.$i,o, r, ll iil. i0,'i J to Ro,ri,l J,n,s I a i,rr1L d|mrl ,,,1tr,r.(l Ui. ,rrJ,ri,*il)

CAESAR S RoN1 E

'.ik

"#r'].r.fl{6( t t.,,ut. the queen ... although the gifts she promised me were of a literary nature and not beneath my dignitv

Temples and tributes To

for his victory a! the baitle built a nev remple in Rome dedrcated to Venus Cenctrix iVenus the 'Crra! Nlother"l Caesar also paid for a Lreautiflrl sta!ue c,l Cleopatra ro be prrt on drspla), in the tenple it shorved her as a morher holding Caesarion in her arms. (-,IVE TH.\NKS

c,l Pharsalus,.lrrlius (laesar

11

R. ,an \Ldte' Cice,o, altcr aleopatrr off.rcd htu bools tne ]\lcra"d"a library hofi l-etr.i{

\:

ro

Ati.us, at

Bc

-

l

Thb

Cle.pah nay.d in oi..f aae*rs splendtl vrlhs n Ro r. Sh. hcld..uii theie idy,tL.g l.adiis

.llen !j thlm i.h s,fr! $n theii liie.LlJnp and iuflnir

f,.ru!

sh.lrs thc ,oins oi the

Romrn forun inu,leL square and neer nc pl..el qh.i! Ca.sir built his renplt 1,r V..us ai.ncriir

The goddess oi love ll,lnc Caeirs iamil!.l.imcd .le\.rdl i.om V(nus So ii \rs

gr.at h.n.ui ior CkopaLr. o |av. hei ( r. in rhe !.mp]. a

Ro,nans nr vtr,t her an,l

Sh. hop.d to

THE DEATH OF CAESAR As a rovarcl ior his vrctorics the SeDale made 'sole rulcrl tor the ntrL ten Caesar drctalor years rn.16 u(: Tivo |cars latcr, he.uas nra.1e dr.tator lor liic tluL some Ronars iearecl that (lacsar was be.onnns roo poeerturl and that he $.anled to be

kinS Abour slxty con\pirarcrs dc.ldcd he nnbt be killed

I,ri!, L;rrr tr/\,i,1,hJ r, J,,ri. lal!! r l;!.t, naiiri t 1t-J'

A POVI,RIUI-

PROTIICTOR

TnousLES AT

HOME

AprEn Cnesnn vAS N4URDERED in 44 BC, the shocking news spread like wildfire round the Roman world. Cleopatra - who was in Rome when the murder happened - lost no time in hurrying back to Egypt. Now that Caesar ,

,

1 /

her prot.ecLor. wat dead. her kingdom was once more in danger. Manv hostile countries saw Egypt as a rich prize, and hoped to conquer it. Cleopatra

kept her son Caesarion close by her side, because she feared that he might be murdered by Caesar's enemies. Ptolemy XIV disappeared Lile ba.L in Es!pt $as nol rasy l,i Cleoparia Sie r,1ed ro $i. {ppon l.om Al.rrndian .obles br oilen.s thern ri.h r.\r.rds Sh.

.!rp.a..d ,n a qindoir oi .udicicc

rlal

Nalacc and

thr.(

n

drc

eiirs to the c,or.d

O,!'jon ral.rrrr,r,

But nmy people stillsaw her as a rnitor becarse oihe, l,ie.Ll\hip rilh Ca.qi i.d

her

mystcriously, and pcoplc said that Cleopatra had poisoned her br.other, so that she could ru1e Egypt ruith hcr young son. r_l;dr, rhl) r,,,']i ln l ,1,5r.r,

ntr irh,ai ri 1r i,,

IL lula,, r(,,ir i+r h.rr, ."..t,,, L,r i,rr!.r ro;ri,lr

lons\i!i1to R.m.

Rich rewards TRADITIoNALIy, tHAR(lAHs AND qucens ol Egypt rervarded loyal scrvicc with rich gifts of necklaccs madc lrc,nl gold Like earlier

r' ,/ 't r.)val nrlcrs thc Ptolemv dvnasLv h",l r-,.-.,, ,rg,.l irL'. ''..!. and othcr treasures rvhich had bccn

given to past pharoahr as tribute honl cc,nqucrcd pc,,p1cs, or paid as taxcs Th,s nc.klac. i, .all.d

a.d s mad. f.dn

a

ors

.ollar oi honoor oi gol.lring!

Thousrnds oi-vcars reo nlas grv.. to n. afcicfr l s-vfnan fobli N a Evaid

26

\

i. t.*1,1,,r.'

"",r,4

r.t,,,

'I ROtJBl. l,S

r\l

HOMI]

FAN,IINE AND DISEASE

Iior two ) ears dlo lns Cleopatra s rersn, thc Nilc floods iailed Therc vas not rnough $,aler in rhc rivci to sPread Lrch md ovcr the frclds or 1rl iraisar. them As a resulL farmer c,ops and arrmals dlcd and many ordirarl fanrlies suiiered fron,

Ihe l..l,le tlood rvr =.,4; cl ='; F Z - . t - > -^'27= c66! | 9 t lri . a , ! ! i- !

.

r. aa

l-li

..u cL- o:i.

- a: q e,E -. . 4 - i:

..-,''=.=.;

-i: t

a::Er : - i-!* o\

F

| a =, =;:i

r - -!-1 La-:r: '