Divinitation OA

November 11, 2017 | Author: Andrea Zingarelli | Category: N/A
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DIVINATION, POLITICS, & Ancient Near Eastern Empires

Edited by Alan Lenzi and Jonathan Stökl

Ancient Near East Monographs – Monografías sobre el Antiguo Cercano Oriente Society of Biblical Literature Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente (UCA)

Divination, Politics, and Ancient Near Eastern Empires

Ancient Near East Monographs General Editors Ehud Ben Zvi Roxana Flammini Editorial Board Reinhard Achenbach Esther J. Hamori Steven W. Holloway René Krüger Alan Lenzi Steven L. McKenzie Martti Nissinen Graciela Gestoso Singer Juan Manuel Tebes

Volume Editor Martti Nissinen Number 7 Divination, Politics, and Ancient Near Eastern Empires

Divination, Politics, and Ancient Near Eastern Empires

Edited by Alan Lenzi Jonathan Stökl

Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta

Copyright © 2014 by the Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or published in print form except with permission from the publisher. Individuals are free to copy, distribute, and transmit the work in whole or in part by electronic means or by means of any information or retrieval system under the following conditions: (1) they must include with the work notice of ownership of the copyright by the Society of Biblical Literature; (2) they may not use the work for commercial purposes; and (3) they may not alter, transform, or build upon the work. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.

The Ancient Near East Monographs/Monografi as Sobre El Antiguo Cercano Oriente series is published jointly by the Society of Biblical Literature and the Universidad Católica Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Políticas y de la Comunicación, Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. For further information, see: http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/Books_ANEmonographs.aspx http://www.uca.edu.ar/cehao

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Divination, politics, and ancient Near Eastern empires / edited by Alan Lenzi and Jonathan Stokl. pages cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature ancient Near East monographs ; Volume 7) Includes index. ISBN 978-1-58983-996-0 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983-998-4 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-997-7 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. Divination—Middle East—History To 1500. 2. Mythology , Middle Eastern—History—To 1500. 3. Occultism—Religious aspects—Judaism. 4. Middle East—Religion. 5. Religion and politics—Middle East—History—To 1500. 6. Assyro-Babylonian religion. I. Lenzi, Alan, editor of compilation. BL613.D59 2014 133.309394—dc23 2014010036

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