Quarter 1 Music Grade 10

MUSIC IN THE 20TH CENTURY Quarter 1

REVIEW 1. Who is known as the “Poet of the Piano” in the Romantic Period? a. F. Chopin c. R. Schumann b. L.V. Beethoven d. N. Paganini

2. How will you describe the music of the Romantic period? a.highly ornamented b.simple and elegant c.passionate and expressive d.plain and sometimes imitative

3. The composer who reflected the characteristics of Classical and Romantic music in his compositions for he was able to live in the middle of both era? a.W. A. Mozart c. F. Chopin b.J. S. Bach d. L. V. Beethoven

4. A piano composition often of a romantic character which is associated with the night. a.Nocturne c. Scherzo b.Ballade d. Impromptu

5. He is known as the greatest piano virtuoso of the Romantic era who made significant contributions in piano pedagogy and piano recitals? a.R. Schumann c. L.V. Beethoven b.F. Liszt d. N. Paganini

NAME THE COMPOSERS AND TITLE OF THE COMPOSITION 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

20th century saw the rise of distinct musical styles that reflected a move away from the conventions of earlier classical music.

IMPRESSIONISM

• preceeds Romantic Period • dramatic emotionalism of Romantic Period were replaced in favour of moods and impressions

• Most impressionist works centered on nature and its beauty, lightness and brilliance.

•Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it. •was meant to create an emotional mood rather than a specific picture.

•In terms of imagery, impressionistic forms were translucent and hazy, as if trying to see through a raindrenched window.

Music compositional characteristics

•use of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone, chromatic scales and pentatonic scales.

• Sounds of different chords overlapped lightly with each other to produce new subtle musical colors.

• Chords did not have a definite order and a sense of clear resolution.

• lack of tonic-dominant relationship which normally gives the feeling of finality to a piece, moods and textures,

•harmonic vagueness about the structure of certain chords •use of the whole-tone scale

Foremost proponents

•French composers: Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel

•Ottorino Respighi (Italy) •Manuel de Falla (Spain) •Isaac Albeniz (Spain) •Ralph Vaughan Williams (England)

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862-1918)

• Primary exponent of the impressionist movement and the focal point for other impressionist composers.

• Changed the course of musical development by dissolving traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.

Debussy_ Suite bergamasque - 3. Clair de l une (1890-1905).mp4 Debussy_ Children's Corner - 6. Golliwog's cake-walk (1906-1908).mp4 SADDLE Bench 30s (Richard Gomez).mp4 SCULLER Bench (Richard Gomez).mp4

MAURICE RAVEL 1875-1937

Compositional Style • Uniquely innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment. • Intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended chordal components

• demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer which is the character, ability, or skill of a virtuoso – a person who excels in musical technique or execution.

• Harmonic progressions and modulations are not only musically satisfying but also pleasantly dissonant and elegantly sophisticated.

• His refined delicacy and color, contrasts and effects add to the difficulty in the proper execution of the musical passages.

• Work is programmatic in nature, visual imagery is either suggested or portrayed. • Works deal with water in it flowing or stormy moods as well as with human characterizations.

Sample works • - Maurice Ravel BOLERO - Wiener Philhar monic.mp4 • Ravel - Rapsodie espagnole - Barenboim. mp4 • Martha Argerich,Ravel Jeux d'eau.mp4

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874-1951)

Compositional style • dissonant to atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic harmonies • Although full melodic and lyrical interest, his music is also extremely complex, creating heavy demands on the listener.

Western Diatonic Scale

The Chromatic Scale

Atonality • Music that is not in any key. • Applies when there is no tonal centre and all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are of equal importance, each of which functions independently.

• Debussy’s music foreshadowed atonality but it was Schoenberg who wrote atonal music and further developed it into the “12-note” system.

• The traditional concept of consonances and dissonances do not apply in atonal works.

• The Difference Between Tonal & Atonal M usic _ Piano & Music Tips.mp4 • Bernstein on Schoenberg.mp4 • Bernstein on Schoenberg Part II.mp4 • Glenn Gould-Schoenberg-Pierrot Lunaire opus 21 (HD).mp4 • Arnold Schoenberg - Transfigured Night fo r String Sextet, Op. 4.mp4

OTHER MUSICAL STYLES • PRIMITIVISM - Music is tonal through the asserting of one note as more important than the others. New sounds are synthesized from old ones by juxtaposing two simple events to create a more complex new event.

Primitivism has links to Exoticism through the use of materials from other cultures. Nationalism through the use of materials indigenous to specific countries, and Ethnicism through the use of materials from European ethnic groups.

• Eventually evolved in Neo-classicism -Neoclassicism in music was a twentiethcentury trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971)

Compositional Style • Music reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai RimskyKorsakov • asymmetrical rhythm. • nationalistic musical style

• Despite its “shocking” modernity, his music is also very structured, precise, controlled, full of artifice, and theatricality.

• Stravinsky_ Le sacre du printemps _ The Rite of Spring - Jaap van Zweden - Full H D.mp4 • Pétrouchka (1947); First Part - Danse Rus se by Igor Stravinsky __ Animation by Vict or Craven.mp4 • Stravinsky Petrushka - Yuja Wang.mp4

• Stravinsky_ The Firebird _ Gergiev · Vien na Philarmonic · Salzburg Festival 2000. mp4

BELA BARTOK (1881-1945)

Compositional Style • Neo-classicist, primitivist, and nationalist – used Hungarian folk themes and rhythms • Used changing meters and syncopation

• Compositions were successful because of their rich melodies and lively rhythms.

• Béla Bartók, No. 88, Duet for Pipes.mp4

NEO-CLASSICISM • a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

• Moderating factor between the emotional excesses of the Romantic period and the violent impulses of the soul in expressionism.

• A partial return to earlier style of writing, particularly the tightly-knit form of the Classical period, while combining tonal harmonies with slight dissonances.

SERGEI PROKOFIEFF (1891-1953)

COMPOSITIONAL STYLE • regarded today as a combination of neo-classicist, nationalist and avant-garde • progressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, resolving dissonance

• Yuja Wang - Prokofiev_ Piano Concerto No. 3 in C major, Op. 26 (Claudio Abbado, LUCERNE FESTIVAL).mp4 • Yuja Wang plays Prokofiev _ Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Opus 16.mp4

FRANCIS POULENC (1899-1963)

• A member of young French composers known as “Les Six”.

COMPOSITIONAL STYLE • rejected the heavy romanticism of Wagner and the so-called imprecision of Debussy and Ravel • coolly elegant modernity, tempered by a classical sense of proportion

OTHER MEMBERS OF “LES SIX” • • • • •

George Auric (1899-1983) Louis Durey (1888-1979) Arthur Honegger (1882-1955) Darius Milhaud (1892-1974) Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983)

• Poulenc - Mouvements Perpetuels No 1 Zakarij Laux.mp4 • Gloria (Francis Poulenc).mp4 • Francis Poulenc - Suite Pour Piano.mp4

AVANT-GARDE MUSIC • closely associated with electronic music • deals with the parameters or the dimensions of sound in space

• Exhibited a new attitude toward musical mobility, whereby the order or note groups could be varied so that musical continuity could be altered.

• Improvisation was a necessity in this style, for the musical scores were not necessarily followed as written.

• For example, one could expect a piece to be read by a performer from left to right or vice versa.

• Or the performer might turn the score over, and go on dabbling indefinitely in whatever order before returning to the starting point.

Avant-garde composers United States of America •George Gershwin •John Cage •Leonard Bernstein •Philip Glass

• The unconventional method of sound and form, as well as the absence of traditional rules governing harmony, melody and rhythm, make the whole concept of avant-garde music still strange to ears accustomed to traditional compositions.

Composers who used this style:

•Oliver Messian •John Cage •Philip Glass •Leonard Bernstein •George Gershwin •Pierre Boulez

GEORGE GERSHWIN (1898-1937)

Musical style • incorporated jazz rhythms with classical forms • His “mixture of the primitive and the sophisticated” gave his music an appeal that has lasted long after his death.

• His melodic gift was considered phenomenal, as evidenced by his numerous songs of wide appeal.

• A true “cross-over artist” in the sense that his compositions remain highly popular in the classical repertoire, as his stage and film songs continue to be jazz and vocal standards.

• considered the “Father of American Jazz”

• MUSIC 10 videos\George Gershwin - The Man I Love.mp4 • Norah Jones - Summertime.mp4 • Porgy & Bess _Summertime_.mp4 • Someone to Watch Over Me - Julie Andrews.mp4 • G. Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue, FORTISSIMO FEST 2010.mp4

LEONARD BERNSTEIN (1918-1990)

• endeared himself to his many followers as a charismatic conductor, pianist, composer and lecturer

• His philosophy was that the universal language of music is basically rooted in tonality. This came under fire from the radical young musicians who espoused the serialist principles of that time.

• Achieved pre-eminence in two fields: conducting and composing for Broadway musicals, dance shows and concert music.

• Best known for his compositions for the stage: West Side Story (1957) Romeo and Juliet (American version)

• • • •

West Side Story-Tonight (Ensemble).mp4 West Side Story-Tonight.mp4 West Side Story-Somewhere.mp4 Glee - America.mp4

PHILIP GLASS (1937- )

• one of the most commercially successful minimalist composer • explored the territories of ballet, opera, theatre, film, and even television jingles

Musical style • distinctive style involves cell-like phrases emanating from bright electronic sounds from the keyboard that progressed very slowly from one pattern to the next in a very repetitious fashion.

• Aided by soothing vocal effects and horn sounds, his music is often criticized as uneventful and shallow, yet startlingly effective for its hypnotic charm.

• Knee Play 5 (live) - Philip Glass, _Einstein on the Beach_.mp4 • Philip Glass _Music in Fifths_ by Nicolas Horvath.mp4

MODERN NATIONALISM • A looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern technique with folk materials.

Composers of this genre

• Bela Bartok • Sergei Prokofieff

“Russian Five” Modest Mussorgsky Mili Balakirev Alexander Borodin Cesar Cui Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov

SUMMARY

• IMPRESSIONISM - made use of whole-tone scale - applied suggested, rather than depicted, reality

- created a mood rather than a definite picture - had a translucent and hazy texture; lacking a dominanttonic relationship

- made use of overlapping chords, with 4ths, 5ths, octaves, and 9th intervals, resulting in a non-traditional harmonic order and resolution

• EXPRESSIONISM - revealed the composer’s mind, instead or presenting an impression of the environment - used atonality and the 12-tone scale, lacking stable and conventional harmonies

• It served as a medium for expressing strong emotions, such as anxiety, rage and alienation.

• NEO-CLASSICISM - partial return to a classical form or writing music with carefully modulated dissonances. It made use of a freer seven-note diatonic scale.

• AVANT-GARDE - Associated with electronic music and dealt with the parameters or dimensions of sound in space.

• Made use of variations of selfcontained note groups to change musical continuity, and improvisation, with an absence of traditional rules on harmony, melody, and rhythm.

• MODERN NATIONALISM - A looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern techniques with folk materials.

Impressionist composers

•Claude Debussy •Maurice Ravel

Expressionism

• Arnold Schoenberg • Igor Stravinsky – also neo-classicist, primitivist

neo-classical, modern nationalist, primitivist

•Bela Bartok •Sergei Prokofieff – also avant-garde but not primitivist

Neo-classic

• Francis Poulenc and other members of “Les Six”

20 Century Musical Styles th

• Electronic Music - music being produced electronically and recorded on tape. It may refer to synthesized sounds or everyday sounds.

• Musique concrete or concrete music – music that uses the tape recorder

• Mario Davidovsky - Synchronisms No. 5.mp4

EDGARD VARESE (1883-1965)

Musical style • emphasized on timbre and rhythm • Invented the term “organized sound”, which means that certain timbres and rhythm can be grouped together in order to capture a whole definition of sound.

• Use of instruments and electronic resources made him the “Father of Electronic Music” and he was described as the “Stratospheric Colossus of Sound.”

• Poème Electronique.mp4

Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-

)

Musical style • total serialism( influenced by Schoenberg, Messiaen, Webern) • heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic sense.

• Stockhausen -- Hymnen.mp4 • Karlheinz Stockhausen _Helicopter String Quartet_.mp4 • Stockhausen Studie II.mp4

CHANCE MUSIC • refers to a style wherein the piece always sounds different at every performance because of the random techniques of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become part of the music.

• Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone.

• As such, the combination of external sounds cannot be duplicated as each happens by chance.

JOHN CAGE (1912-1992)

• became one of the most original composers in the history of western music • He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to achieve new sounds.

• John Cage - 4'33_.mp4 • John Cage - Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano [1_5].mp4 • John Cage's Prepared Piano w_ Stephen Drury.mp4 • John Cage playing amplified cacti and plant materials with a feather.mp4 • Tim Ovens plays John Cage · Sonata X for Prepared Piano.mp4

SUMMARY • New musical styles created by the 20th century classical composers were truly unique and innovative. • Experimented with the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo and timbre in daring way never attempted before

• Among the resulting new musical styles were electronic music and chance music. These expanded the concept of music far beyond the conventions of earlier periods, and challenged both the new composers and the listening public.