English: Quarter 4 - Module 2: Giv Ing T Echnical and O Perational D Efinitions

10 English

Quarter 4 – Module 2 : Giv ing T echnical and O perational D efinitions

English – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4– Module 2: Giving Technical and Operational Definitions First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Jenny Rose S. Sumagaysay, EdD Editor: Crisilda N. Estravela Reviewers: Renelda D. Espinas and Crisilda N. Estravela Illustrator: None Layout Artist/ Typesetter: Josephine V. Austero Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V

Anna Lee A. Amores, EdD

Joeyleza M. Arcilla, EdD,

Rosela R. Abiera

Marcelo K. Palispis, EdD

Maricel S. Rasid

Nilita L. Ragay, Ed.D.

Elmar L. Cabrera

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental Office Address: Tele #: E-mail Address:

Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 [email protected]

CONTENT

PAGES

WHAT I KNOW

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WHAT’S IN

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WHAT’S NEW

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WHAT IS IT

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WHAT’S MORE

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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

WHAT I CAN DO

ASSESSMENT

GLOSSARY

ANSWER KEYS

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REFERENCE LIST

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Pre-assessment:

Directions: Tell whether the statements below are true or false. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the answer in your answer sheet.

a. True

b. False

1. Operational definition is the specific meaning of a word or phrase given in their specific context. 2. The purpose of defining the term in a research study is to keep them unambiguous, thereby reducing errors. 3. There are rules to follow in defining terms operationally. 4. There are universally accepted definitions of terms/variables. 5. An operational definition is the same with conceptual definition. 6. You need an operational definition because you can't measure anything without one, no matter how good your conceptual definition might be. 7. In technical writing, words or terms used are defined operationally. 8. Tell whether this statement is an example of an operational definition. Intelligence level is defined operationally by its measurement such as the result of an IQ test.

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WHAT’S IN Let us have a short review on how to make definitions by arranging the steps in making a definition. You can put the sequence of the steps by writing numbers 1-4 in the first column.

Sequence

Steps in Making a Definition Classify the term. Specify what classes/category a word belongs to according to a standard dictionary definition. Research the word’s origins. Look up your chosen word in the dictionary or in another etymology dictionary. Provide traditional details about the term. Explain any physical characteristics or traditional thoughts used to describe your term of choice. Use examples to illustrate the meaning.

Are you ready to learn more? Then, what are you waiting for? Continue reading. Have fun!

WHAT’S NEW Directions: Observe closely the picture below. Then, answer the question that follow:

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• What could happen when a word or phrase is not understood in the same way by everyone on a team?

WHAT IS IT

to create it.

Now you will learn what an operational definition is all about and how Let us start with conceptual definition. A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, what your constructs are by explaining how they are related to other constructs. In other words, conceptual definition is just the literal or core sense of a word. There is nothing read into the term, no subtext; it's just the straightforward, literal, dictionary definition of the word. In technical writing, however, there are words that are used in specific ways in different disciplines. You call it operational definition. Let us use tongue as an example. It is probably a word that the reader immediately understands but understands incorrectly depending on context. A tongue, if defined conceptually, can be a structure in a mouth, a strip of land, part of a shoe, a language, part of a belt buckle, part of a bell, or anything that is shaped like a tongue. This is an example of a commonly used word that is used in uncommon ways. It is an example of a problem that may be avoided if the technical writer defines terms that are likely to be misunderstood or not understood. In order to perform this function, the technical writer must watch for words of this type when doing research and must seek to understand the operational definitions of these words. What is an operational definition? ▪ Operational definition is the specific meaning of a word or phrase given to it by the group of people who use the word in their specific context. ▪ Operational definitions assign meaning to a variable by specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure, categorize, or manipulate the variable.

▪ Operational definition is stated in terms of operations or procedures that must be carried out in observing or measuring that which is being defined. 13

▪ Example: “Intelligence relates positively to achievement” implies that the higher the intelligence level of a person, the better he achieves. Also, the intelligence level maybe defined operationally by its measurement i.e. the result of an IQ test, while the achievement level can be measured by an achievement test whether standardized or teacher-made. ▪ The sole purpose of defining the terms or variables in a research study operationally is to keep them unambiguous, thereby reducing errors. How to define the terms/variables operationally?

▪ In fact, there is no hard and first rule for operationally defining a variable. Operational definitions may vary, depending on your purpose and the way you choose to measure them. ▪ Neither are there any universally accepted definitions of all the variables. A researcher can logically choose a definition of a variable that will serve his or her purpose. ▪ Whenever possible, operational definitions used by others in their work of good standing could be used so that the results can be compared. Operational Definition in Research ▪ It is critical to operationally define a variable in order to lend credibility to the methodology and to ensure the reproducibility of the results of the study. Another study may identify the same variable differently, making it difficult to compare the results of these two studies. ▪ An operational definition serves four purposes: ▪ It establishes the rules and procedures the researcher uses to measure the variable. ▪ It provides unambiguous and consistent meaning to terms/variables that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways. ▪ It makes the collection of data as well as the analysis more focused and efficient. ▪ It guides what type of data and information we are looking for.

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Example situations/contexts where operational definition is necessary ▪ Suppose a study classifies students according to the grades they received: A, B, C, etc. But the task is not that easy if you must determine which students fall in which grade since there is seldom any universal rule for grades. To do this, you need an operational definition. ▪ Suppose further that we want to make 4 categories of knowledge: ‘no knowledge,’ ‘low knowledge,’ ‘medium knowledge’ and ‘high knowledge.’ We decide to define these knowledge levels as follows: High knowledge = 15 or more correct answers. Medium knowledge = 8 to 14 correct answers Low knowledge = 1 to 7 correct answers No knowledge = No correct answers.

Why do you need an operational definition when you already have a perfectly good conceptual definition? ▪ In your conceptual definitions you explain what your constructs are by showing how they relate to other constructs. This explanation and all of the constructs it refers to are abstract — their existence is only as real and concrete as the thoughts you have while you watch a seagull soar past on a stiff breeze. To work with your constructs, you must establish a connection between them and the concrete reality in which you live. This process is called operationalization. Your operational definitions describe the variables you will use as indicators and the procedures you will use to observe or measure them. You need an operational definition because you can't measure anything without one, no matter how good your conceptual definition might be. Why should you use Operational Definitions?

▪ Operational Definitions put workable meaning into our everyday terminology. ▪ To communicate effectively and avoid misinterpretations, members of a team, data collectors, and both internal and external customers and suppliers or a certain group must use the same Operational Definitions for the same concepts.

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▪ Misunderstandings waste time; but worse, they add variation to your process. Consequently, it is vitally important to develop Operational Definitions especially if you are doing research.

WHAT' S MORE Directions: Identify which definitions belong to conceptual or operational definitions by putting a check mark

in its corresponding box.

Definition

Conceptual

Operational

1. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. 2. Adolescence refers to teenage years ranging from 13 - 19 years. This may vary in research. 3. A tongue is a structure in a mouth, a strip of land, part of a shoe, a language, part of a belt buckle, part of a bell, or anything that is shaped like a tongue. 4.

Academic achievement pertains to the performance of the learners based on the grade point average in all subject areas for SY 20202021.

5. Thirst is a distressful feeling of not accessing water for a period of 18 hours. 6. Guilt is a painful feeling of self-reproach. 7. Thirst is a distressful feeling caused by a desire or need for water.

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1. How did the writer end his critique?WHAT

I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Review the lesson on GIVING TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS. Then, write your reflection in your notebook by completing the statements below. I have learned that ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ I have realized that _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ I will apply ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

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WHAT I CAN DO Let us practice more! Directions: Make a short essay highlighting the importance of using operational definition. You may provide examples and/or experiences that would relate to your content. Be guided by the rubric below.

Now, you can take a short break, relax your mind, do personal necessities, then, return to your study table and do this final activity

Now, you can take a short break, relax your mind, do personal necessities, then, return to your study table and do this final activity.

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ASSESSMENT You are almost done! It is time for you to be assessed whether you achieved our objectives for this module. Are you ready? You may begin… Directions: Develop an operational definition of emotions, behaviors, and states of being. For each of the following statements, please provide an operational definition for the underlined words. While you are doing this, keep in mind that an operational definition clarifies how the researcher should go about measuring the process, activity, or thing.

1. The experimenter wants to figure out how recreational drugs affect a person’s sense of humor. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

3. Does this drug help people overcome their tiredness? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Are college athletes not as smart as regular students? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. People dream more if they have eaten a big meal three hours before going to sleep. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

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GLOSSARY The following terms used in this module are defined as follows: conceptual- It is pertaining to concepts or to the forming of concepts critical- A critical approach to something involves examining and judging it carefully. definition- A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). dream- A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. operational- This term pertains to a particular use or function smart- This is having or showing a high degree of mental ability tiredness- It is the state of wishing for sleep or rest; weariness. unambiguous- This word means expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant.

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What I Know 1. a .a .b .b .b .a .a . What’s In 2-1-3-4 What’s New(Possible answer -

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If a word is not understood the same way by everyone, it could lead to misunderstanding.

What’s More 1. Conceptual 2. Operational 3. Conceptual 4. Operational 5. Operational 6. Conceptual 7. Conceptual What I have Learned (Answers may vary. ) What I can do. (Answers may vary. ) Assessment Possible Answers)(Answers may vary) 1. The sense of humor is the ability and will to enjoy certain things and situations. It is a situation whereby a person finds some things funny and enjoys doing or seeing them happen. It can be determined by exposing a person to the things that are perceived to be funny and observing if they will find them funny. 2. A friendly person is the one who avoids conflicts and is easy to approach. For example, a person who greets people with a smile, asks and answers questions, loves being close to others, and engages in social chats is considered friendly. A person who is harsh and unwilling to engage is considered unfriendly. It can be measured by considering how people relate to others. 3. Tiredness is when one feels fatigued and exhausted, and this can be determined by analyzing the way people feel when they wake up or during the day when they have not engaged in physical activities that could make them tired. It can be det ermined by analyzing how one responds to a requirement to carry out simple tasks . 4. The level of smartness of a person can be determined by the number of issues they can solve in a given time. A test could be taken, and the results compared to determine the scores higher than the rest. A person who scores less can be said to be not as smart as the others. 5. Dreaming is an act that happens when one falls asleep. However, if one dreams for only half of the time they are asleep, then a person who dreams for the entire sleeping time or about 75% of the time, is considered dreaming more. It depends on the time that one spends sleeping.

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ANSWER KEYS

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REFERENCE LIST

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). APA. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from https://dictionary.apa.org/operational-definition Basic Tools for Process Improvement. (n.d.). Elsmar. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from https://elsmar.com/pdf_files/Navy-TQL/opdef How to write operational definition of terms? (n.d.). Editage Insights. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from https://www.editage.com/insights/howto-writeoperational-definition-of-terms iEduNote.com. (2021, February 2). Operational Definition in Research. https://www.iedunote.com/operational-definition Savage, B. (n.d.). Operational definition (What is it? When is it used?). PQ Systems. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from https://www.pqsystems.com/qualityadvisor/DataCollectionTools/ope rational_definition.php Sockolov, E. (2018, December 4). Operational Definition Psychology – Definition, Examples, and How to Write One. One Mind Therapy. https://onemindtherapy.com/research/operationaldefinitionpsychology-definition-examples-and-how-to-write-one/ Studypool Homework Help - Operational Definitions Worksheet.edited. (n.d.). StudyPool. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from https://www.studypool.com/documents/1188940/operational definiti ons-worksheet-edited

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